European Supremacy and Modern European Thought

Chapter 23-24

Second Ind. Revolution

Focused on steel, chemicals, electricity and oil First-R.R. and expansion

Electricity

Supply power anywhere Improve quantity and quality of work Growth of cities Transportation-subways

The Tube-Gr. Br. 1882

Automobile

1880’s Wealthy toy Henry Ford

Assembly line Car affordable Demand other goods increases

Impact

Competition increases Technology-goods from other countries

Refrigeration Food prices drop Department stores-Sears Roebuck

Growth of Cities

England People living in cities of 20,000 or more

1801 – 1.5 million – 17% 1851 – 6.3 million – 35% 1891 – 15.6 million – 54%

Way more than most other places

Conditions

Space is at a premium – houses built wall to wall

No Yards 10 people one room Unsanitary – sewers left open Bathrooms-are you kidding?

Edwin Chadwick

British Administrator

disease caused poverty

Closed sewers picked up garbage

Led to first public health laws

Louis Pasteur

Miasmatic theory vs. germ theory

Germs can be controlled by heat

development of vaccines and antiseptic

Money, Money, Money

Distribution of income Huge gap between

rich and poor Rich have a smaller

tax burden

Europe Reads

Primary education Newspapers, books explode Literacy opening up opportunities

Middle Classes

Many occupations, political beliefs – trying to become new aristocracy

Buying second homes in the country Began to marry into noble family Upper middle class – very successful

industrialists Middle middle class – Dr.’s, lawyers, merchants Lower middle class – shopkeepers, small trader

Middle Class Culture (Expenses)

Home life focus-food buy homes, not rent Education for children – books, music, travel Code of behavior hard work self discipline personal achievement

Working Classes

4 out of 5 people Physical labor – farm or factory Three divisions 1) Highly Skilled-engineers 2) Semiskilled-carpenters 3) Unskilled-house servants

Unskilled workers

Domestic servants – 1 out of 7 people in GB

Majority are women – 1 out of 3 women

Low pay live with bosses

Working Class Leisure

Alcohol – a problem Sport – horse racing

and soccer Music – new music

halls constructed; wide variety of music

Decline in church attendance

Marriage

Economic consideration Families protect daughters

a virgin is “worth more” Illegitimacy explosion

1 of 3 births out of wedlock Prostitution – “The oldest profession in the

world”

Contagious Disease Acts

Prost. Take medical exams Discrimination against women Push to legalize Prost. Victim or Criminal? Wanted gov’t support for children Vital to society Contraception-Better society

Gender Roles

Farm – men and women work together Industrial Rev. – move up in social status

women expected to stay home Separate spheres –

Women home men work

Women did work Less money and discrimation

Once married, a husband takes over a wife’s legal rights “In law husband and wife are one person, and

the person is the husband.” Many women rebelled – went to work 1882 – women given full property rights Many women become leaders in the

socialist movements

Women control the money Husbands get an allowance All major economic decisions were made

by the wife Also expected to pamper her husband

Child Rearing

Infant mortality-high Mother’s try not to get to attached This changes mid-19th C. 1860 – avg of 6 children 1890 – avg of 4 children 1920 – avg of 2.5 children Why is the rate decreasing?

Children no longer an economic asset Parents can now afford to provide a more

expensive education Parents expect more from children

European Jews

Discriminated against-middle ages Identified with money and banking Dreyfus Affair

Dreyfus Affair

A. Dreyfus-French Jewish officer Gave secrets to Germans Life On “Devils Island” Not Guilty French and C.C. not want to be

embarrassed

Press goes nuts Retried and found guilty again Eventually Dry. Pardoned Fr. Not talk about it. Pushes France to the left Conservatives defend actions

Zionism

Theodor Herzl- “The Jewish State” 1896 Separate state for Jews Appealed to poor Jews from ghettos

Charles Darwin 1808-1882

“On the Origin of Species” Did Not originate concept of evolution Natural Selection

Species changed or evolved over time Fit will survive “natural selection” “might makes right”

The Descent of Man-1871

Natural Selection applied to humans Man’s moral nature Religious sentiments Physical makeup Developed over time in order to survive We fit into our enviornment

Thomas Huxley 1893

Defends Darwin Argued against Spencer How society should not act

Friedrich Nietzsche 1844-1900

Germany-Christianity is a useless sacrifice of flesh and spirit….

“War and courage have accomplished more great things than love of thy neighbor…”

Many leave church Can now live without it…..

Herbert Spencer 1820-1903

Society better through competition Weak are protected-society fails “Might makes right”

Christianity Attacked

1835-David Friedrich Strauss “The Life of Jesus” Bible-story of Jesus

Myth Created by people of that time What they wanted in a good story No proof Educated move away from religion

Morality

Question the cruelty and unpredictablity God-sacrifices own son Perfect human being Personal satisfaction Conflict teaching

R.C. and the Modern World

Pope Pius IX 1864 Intimidated by Liberals and unification of

Italy “Syllabus of Errors” Church against contemporary science,

philosophy and politics. 1910-priests take anti-modern oath

Social sciences

Thinkers apply scientific methods to the study of society

August Comte – “Father of Sociology” Study of social interactions “Nature vs. nurture”

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis Modern Psychology New generation Challenges old ways

of thinking Understand human

behavior Question why?

Impressionism

Began late 19th C. Paris Name given by an art critic as an insult Ordinary subject matter Visible brush strokes Changing qualities of light (passage of

time) Movement

Monet, Impression, Sunrise, 1872

Monet, Water Garden and Japanese Footbridge,1900

Degas, Blue Dancers,1895

Degas, losing his vision

Renoir, Dance at Moulin de la Galette, 1876

Renoir, Girl with a Watering Can, 1876

Post-Impressionism

Very similar to impressionists Distortion of forms Unnatural, arbitrary colors

Seurat, Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1884-6

Seurat, La Parade (detail), 1889

Van Gogh, Room at Arles, 1889

Van Gogh, Sunflowers, 1889

Van Gogh, Wheatfield with Crows, 1890