Treaties of Rome – SEA

(1956-1986)

Aparna Prasannan

Meghabarna Das

G V S Vaishnavi

Timeline

• Treaties of Rome: EEC, EURATOM• CAP, Empty Chair Crisis, Luxemburg Compromise• Merger Treaty• 1st Enlargement• EMU, EMS, ECU• 2nd Enlargement• European Parliament• Schengen Agreement• SEA

Treaties of Rome-1957

• EEC

• EURATOM

• Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, West Germany

• EFTA: free trade; not economic and political integration. 1960: Austria, Britain, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland

EEC and EURATOM

• 9 member Commission, Council of ministers (decision making), • 7 member Court of justice, 142 member parliamentary assembly-all 3• Reduce barriers to people, money, goods, services

• EURATOM: common market for atomic energy – primary focus on research• Merger Treaty:1965

Common Agriculture Policy

• Empty Chair Crisis

• Luxemburg Compromise

• Qualified Majority Voting

UK in EU

• 1946-Churchill- ”Britain was with Europe but not of it. We are interested and associated but not absorbed”

• Suez crisis

• Access to rich EEC market

First Enlargement

Charles de Gaulle

Georges PompidouCharles de Gaulle- “Europe is the means for France to recover what it ceased to be after Waterloo: first in the world”

Question

• One country , France influenced major issues in various stages in the history of EU. Was it really a good start?

Was France’s influence for the better or for worse?

Food for thought

• Supranationalism vs Inter-governmentalism

Why do you think this shift happened? How do you think this might further or hamper the European integration process?

AIM: SINGLE CURRENCY

Lower cost of transactions

Easy travel

Strengthen European role at international level

BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM

Creation of the Economic and Monetary Union

• 1969: Barre Plan

• 1969 , December : The Hague Summit

• 1970: Werner Report

• GOALS

– full liberalisation of capital movements

– irreversible convertibility of currencies

– the permanent locking of exchange rates

– possibly a single currency

• 1971, March: Experimental Launch of the First Stage

• 1971, August: The collapse of the Bretton Woods system

SNAKE IN THE TUNNEL

• 1972: Basel Agreement

• Bilateral margins between their currencies limited to 2.25%

• 1973: Collapsed

European Monetary System

• 1979: Jenkins European Commission

• The basic elements of the arrangement were: – The ECU

– An Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)

– An extension of European credit facilities

– The European Monetary Cooperation Fund created in October 1972 and allocates ECUs to members' central banks in exchange for gold and US dollar deposits.

European Currency Unit

• Artificial "basket" currency - used by the member states of the European Union (EU) as their internal accounting unit

• Weighted average of the participating currencies

• Forerunner of the ‘Euro’

Exchange Rate Mechanism

• Fixed but adjustable rate system

• Participating countries are obliged to the band

• Adjustments of central rates were possible by consent

• Realignments were necessary to compensate for differences in inflation rates

SECOND ENLARGEMENT

• 1981: GREECE

• 1986: SPAIN & PORTUGAL

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Parliamentary Assembly - 1951 3 communities, 1 assembly From appointed assembly to elected parliament

Summit Conference in Paris (1974)First direct elections - 1979

Enlargements Gradual increase in powers

First extension of Parliament’s budgetary powersunder Treaty of Luxembourg (1970)

Treaty of Brussels (1975) Right to scrutinize EU accounts Assess whether Commission rightly spent the EU budget

Single European Act (1986) Parliament’s assent is mandatory before a country joins EU

The emblem of Parliament until 1983

The Parliament's hemicycle

SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT (1986 – 87)

First major revision to the Treaty of Rome (1957)Major factors which triggered the formation of SEA

Effects of SEA

Single biggest market and trading powerCommunity institutions- new policy areasEP, Council of Ministers- new powersECJ – Court of First InstanceEuropean Political CooperationCohesion policy

SCHENGEN AGREEMENT (1985)Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders

Signatures of the Schengen Agreement on 14 June 1985

A simple sign marks the border between Spain and Portugal

Schengen, Luxembourg

Security for citizens and travellers Visa Information System (VIS) Schengen Information System (SIS)

KEY RULES Harmonization of Visa Policies Allowed residents in border areas freedom to cross borders Reduced speed of vehicle checks – allowed vehicles to cross borders without stopping Enhanced police cooperation and stronger Judicial cooperation

Delor’s Commission (6/1/1986)

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ftu/pdf/en/FTU_1.3.1.pdf

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13194723

http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/index_en.htm

http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/free_movement_of_persons_asylum_immigration/l33020_en.htm

http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/institutional_affairs/treaties/treaties_singleact_en.htm

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545933/Single-European-Act-SEAhttp://www.dadalos-europe.org/int/grundkurs2/etappe_3.htm

http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/political-guides-eu-history-timeline-of-key-eu-events-politi

REFERENCES

http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/introducing_euro_practical_aspects/l25007_en.htm

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/aboutparliament/en/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_4.1.1.html

http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/emu/road/ems_en.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/emu/road/delors_report_en.htm

http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/ECU.html

http://aei.pitt.edu/7148/1/002383_1.PDF