1. Evaluating risks in the informal milk value chain in Northeast India-with particular focus on risk communication through stakeholders involvementJohanna Lindahl, Manish Kakkar, Purvi Mehta, Ram Deka, Delia Grace9th Food Safety and Quality Summit, New Delhi, India2-3 December 2014

2. Presentation outlineBackgroundRisks and benefits of milkDairy in IndiaThe importance of stakeholdersThe Assam studyMethodsResultsConclusions 3. Milk consumption in IndiaMilk consumption 46 kg per capita in 1983; 62 kg per capita in 1997; and, 106 kg in 2011-12Estimated total annual consumption of 60 million megatonsIndia consumed 13% of the milk in the world 4. The importance of milkNutritiousImportant animal-source food for many vegetariansOften targeted towards women and childrenAdapted for growing offspring 5. Food-borne diseasesFood-borne diseases are very important1.4 million children die every year of diarrheaThe majority is food and water-associatedAnimal-source food over-represented as a cause 6. Risks and benefits with dairy Pathogens from the cow and from the milkMycobacterium bovisBrucella spp.Bacillus anthracisSalmonellaEHECStreptococcus spp.Staphylococcus aureusClostridium spp.Listeria spp. 7. Risks and benefits associated with dairy- What else is in the milkMicrobial loadAdulterants 8. Risks and benefits associated with dairy- What else is in the milkAntibiotic residuesFrequently detectedPesticidesHigh percentage of milk samplesMycotoxins- aflatoxinsDetected in many milk samples, sometimes high levels 9. Aflatoxins are a major issueEconomic impactProduction lossesRegulation costsHealth costs (hard to know)Health impactAcute poisoningCancerImmunosuppressionStunting?Invisible toxinOdourlessHeat-stable 10. Confrence internationale Africa 2013 sur lEcosant Farmer ConsumerEconomic flowAflatoxin flow Human exposure Feed producer AB1AB1AB1-> AM1 AM1Corn/feed produced at farmCorn/feed purchased Milk produced at farm AB1 AM1Treatments Feed seller FarmerVeterinary services Milk retailer Agricultural services Consumer 11. Risks and benefits of urban dairyGood and badCloseness to the market, farm inputs & servicesReduced cost & time for transportationIt is an opportunity to provide food for the family and an incomeLocal markets for live/ dead animalsPoor sanitation & inadequate space for farm waste disposalLiving in close proximity to the animals keptHigh density of people and animals 12. Confrence internationale Africa 2013 sur lEcosantThe importance of dairy production-AssamOne of the poorest statesOver 30 million people, 27% ruralAgriculture accounts for of the state domestic product8.5 million cattle, >90% indigenous97% marketed in the informal traditional marketMost initiatives focus on the organized sector12 13. FAT(%)SNF (%)Added waterTotal bacteria (log)Total coliforms (log)UHT3.67.963.50Pasteurised3845.53.5Raw3.16.620.56.14.12007 screening 14. PathwaysTrader Hotels Restaurants 15. Adulteration- a problem?1.Producers in 2009: 0-66% water added2.Traders in 2009: 2-55% water added3.Producers in 2012: between 0-28 % water added4.Traders in 2012: 0-31 % water addedAdulteration occurs at every step!Consumers can not tell the difference!No clear association with bacterial count 16. More milk production & marketing More livelihood benefits Better health for men and animals More organised dairyingBetter hygieneBetter milk qualityLess milk spoilageLower incidence of mastitisHigher demand for milkPremium priceBetter social status of market actorsBetter linkages with other actors Motivation Training Monitoring Certification Licensing Branding Business developPolicy EnvironmentDairy Development DepartmentConsumerFriendly approachSweet makersCottage processorJCMCDairy Dept.Vety Dept.Health Dept.MunicipalityDistrict AdmILRIProducersTradersUnorganized Dairy Development Model in Assam 17. Working with stakeholdersUsing outcome mappingSocial changeMeaningful development outcomesIdentify all relevant stakeholdersRisk communication 18. Risk communicationRisk communicationInteractive, participatoryRisk managementPoliciesRisk analysisScientific 19. Confrence internationale Africa 2013 sur lEcosantThe Assam studyConcerns about milk quality in AssamTraining to promote knowledge and hygiene amongst producers and tradersThe objectives was to evaluate the improvements in knowledge19200920122009-2011ProducerTradersTotal20094051755802012161226387Total566401967 20. Confrence internationale Africa 2013 sur lEcosantTraining on hygieneTraining & monitoring on hygienic milk production and handlingProducers and trainers in Kamrup districtMedia and information campaigns20 21. Stakeholders identified1.Dairy Development Department (DDD)2.Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Department (AHVD)3.Guwahati Municipal Corporation (GMC)4.Health & Family Welfare Dept.5.Assam Agricultural Competitiveness Project (AACP, World Bank sponsored) Joint Coordination & Monitoring Committee (JCMC) 22. Confrence internationale Africa 2013 sur lEcosantCan diseases be transmitted from dung?22Believe diseases can be transmitted from dungProducers20092.7% (11/404)201237.2% (60/161)***Trained (2012)69.8% (37/53)***Untrained (2012)21.3% (23/108)Traders20091.1% (2/175)201247.1% (106/225)***Trained (2012)63.9% (78/122)***Untrained (2012)27.2% (28/103)Comparison between 2009 and 2012 survey Comparison between trained and untrained 2012 Comparison between 2009 and untrained 2012 23. Confrence internationale Africa 2013 sur lEcosantCan diseases be transmitted by milk?23Believe diseases can be transmitted from milkProducers200913.0% (52/401)201235.4% (57/161)***Trained (2012)64.2% (34/53)***Untrained (2012)21.3% (23/108)Traders20099.1% (16/175)201241.5% (93/224)***Trained (2012)64.8% (79/122)***Untrained (2012)13.7% (14/102) Comparison between 2009 and 2012 survey Comparison between trained and untrained 2012 Comparison between 2009 and untrained 2012 24. Confrence internationale Africa 2013 sur lEcosantIs the milk completely safe after boiling?24Believe milk is completely safe after boilingProducers200996.0% (380/396)201293.1% (148/159)Trained (2012)86.8% (46/53)*Untrained (2012)96.2% (102/106)Traders200989.1% (156/175)201293.8% (212/226)Trained (2012)91.8% (112/122)Untrained (2012)96.2% (100/104)*Comparison between 2009 and 2012 survey Comparison between trained and untrained 2012 Comparison between 2009 and untrained 2012 25. Confrence internationale Africa 2013 sur lEcosantWhich diseases can be transmitted?TuberculosisFood poisoning/ gastrointestinal diseaseGeneral disease symptoms (fever, cough, cold)WormsProducers20093.5% (14/405)18.3% (74/405)0.3% (1/405)4.7% (19/405)20128.7% (14/161)**36.0% (58/161)***11.2% (18/161)***9.3% (15/161)*Trained (2012)18.9% (10/53)***64,2% (34/53) ***20.8% (11/53)**9.4% (5/53)Untrained (2012)3.7% (4/108)22.2% (24/108)6.5% (7/108)***9.3% (10/108)Traders20094.0% (7/175)9.7% (17/175)0% (0/175)2.9% (5/175)201213.7% (31/226)***42.9% (97/226)***11.5% (26/226)***4.0% (9/226)Trained (2012)23.8% (29/122)***61.5% (75/122)***20.5% (25/122)***6.6% (8/122)*Untrained (2012)1.9% (2/104)21.2% (22/104)**1.0% (1/104)1.0% (1/104)25Comparison between 2009 and 2012 survey Comparison between trained and untrained 2012 Comparison between 2009 and untrained 2012 26. What do you use most often to wash your hands?TradersUntrained- 74% answered soapTrained 92% answered soap (p