Evaluating Soil Phosphorus and Evaluating Soil Phosphorus and Surface Runoff Phosphorus Surface Runoff Phosphorus

Relationships at the Plot and Relationships at the Plot and Watershed ScaleWatershed Scale

David R. GermanDavid R. GermanDr. Ronald H. GeldermanDr. Ronald H. Gelderman

James R. GerwingJames R. GerwingSouth Dakota State UniversitySouth Dakota State University

Dr. Frank V. SchindlerDr. Frank V. SchindlerSouthwest Minnesota State UniversitySouthwest Minnesota State University

Sources of N and P to Watershedsin Central United States

(1995 GAO report to U.S. Congress)

Atmosphere Fertilizer Manure Point Source

Nitrogen Phosphorus

Manure applications based on the N needs of a crop results in application of P in excess of what the crop can use

In Agricultural Phosphorus and Eutropication. USDA-ARS, ARS-149. July 1999. A.N. Sharpley, T. Daniel, T. Sims, J. Lemunyon, R. Stevens, and R. Parry

In Agricultural Phosphorus and Eutropication. USDA-ARS, ARS-149. July 1999.A.N. Sharpley, T. Daniel, T. Sims, J. Lemunyon, R. Stevens, and R. Parry

Objectives:

• Develop correlation between runoff P and soil test P on select soils of South Dakota using rainfall simulation.

• Relate field runoff to indoor runoff.

Procedures:

• Identify Field Sites• Select Sites ranging

from low to high STP• Use National P

protocol (SERA-17)• Outdoor Rainfall

Simulation• Indoor Rainfall

Simulation

285

6

210

100

34

Moody: Y = 0.0035STP + 0.0687; R2 = 0.93Vienna: Y = 0.0027STP + 0.0772; R2 = 0.94Poinsett: Y = 0.0035STP + 0.1156; R2 = 0.76Kranzburg: Y = 0.0038STP + 0.0055; R2 = 0.77Barnes: Y = 0.0032STP + 0.1155 R2 = 0.76

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350Olsen P (ppm)

TDP

(ppm

)

Vienna Moody Poinsett Kranzburg Barnes

A

Field TDP runoff versus STP

Kranzburg: TDP = 0.0059STP - 0.0725; R2 = 0.97Poinsett: TDP = 0.0046STP + 0.039; R2 = 0.97

Vienna: TDP = 0.0025STP + 0.0695;R2 = 0.96

Barnes: TDP = 0.0039STP + 0.03; R2 = 0.91

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Olsen-P (ppm)

TDP

(ppm

)

Kranzburg Poinsett Vienna Barnes

A

Indoor TDP runoff versus STP

Conclusions:

• As STP increases, the amount of phosphorus dissolved P in runoff also increases.

• The increase is linear over the ranges tested.

• Field runoff highly correlated to indoor runoff.

P Loss on a Watershed Scale

• Soil test P vs. Runoff P Relationships on a Watershed Scale.

• Can data from field plots predict P in runoff at the watershed scale?

Watershed size:

• South = 5.17 acres.

• Middle = 5.53 acres.

• North = 5.6 acres.

Olsen STP: .5 acre grid

• South = 112 ppm.

• Middle = 83 ppm.

• North = 72 ppm.

Middle Watershed

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Stage (ft)

Lite

rs/S

econ

d

North Watershed

0505

20253035

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Stage (ft)

South Watershed

05

101520

253035

4045

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8Stage (ft)

Lite

rs/S

econ

d

Middle Watershed

y = 78.767x2 - 4.8367x + 0.2818R2 = 0.9984

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Stage (ft)

South Watershed8/13/06 Event

-0.08-0.06-0.04-0.02

00.020.040.060.080.1

0.120.140.160.18

2:15:0

0 AM

2:45:0

0 AM

3:15:0

0 AM

3:45:0

0 AM

4:15:0

0 AM

4:45:0

0 AM

5:15:0

0 AM

5:45:0

0 AM

6:15:0

0 AM

6:45:0

0 AM

7:15:0

0 AM

7:45:0

0 AM

8:15:0

0 AM

8:45:0

0 AM

9:15:0

0 AM

9:45:0

0 AM

10:15

:00 AM

10:45

:00 AM

11:15

:00 AM

11:45

:00 AM

12:15

:00 PM

12:45

:00 PM

1:15:0

0 PM

1:45:0

0 PM

2:15:0

0 PM

2:45:0

0 PM

3:15:0

0 PM

3:45:0

0 PM

4:15:0

0 PM

4:45:0

0 PM

5:15:0

0 PM

Sample Date

Stag

e

Watershed P Rainfall Events

1.71 1.78

0.77

2.74

6.16

1.07

1.17

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

55.5

66.5

3/1/2006 4/1/2006 5/1/2006 6/1/2006 7/1/2006 8/1/2006 9/1/2006

Rainfall Date

Rain

fall

Am

ount

(inc

hes)

Watershed Runoff vs. Seedbed Plot vs. Mature CornAll 2006 Events

1.4

1.81.6

0.20.2

0.3 0.40.30.2

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

North Middle South

ppm

Watershed RunoffAll 2006 EventsSeedbed PlotRunoff 6/28-29/06Mature Corn PlotRunoff 8/22-23/06

Watershed Runoff vs. Seedbed Plot vs. Mature Corn PlotRunoff Event April 28-30, 2006

1.4

2.1

1.1

0.3 0.2 0.40.2 0.3 0.2

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

North Middle South

ppm

Watershed RunoffApril 28-30, 2006

Seedbed PlotRunoff 6/28-29/06

Mature Corn PlotRunoff 8/28-29/06

Watershed Runoff vs. Seedbed Plot vs. Mature Corn PlotRunoff Event August 13, 2007

0.6

2.0

1.2

0.3 0.2 0.40.2 0.3 0.2

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

North Middle South

ppm

Watershed RunoffAugust 13, 2006

Seedbed PlotRunoff 6/28-29/06

Mature Corn PlotRunoff 8/22-23/06

Watershed Runoff vs. Seedbed Plot vs. Mature CornRunoff Event September 1-3, 2006

1.41.6 1.7

0.20.3 0.20.20.3

0.2

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

North Middle South

ppm

Watershed RunoffSeptember 1-3, 2006

Seedbed Plot Runoff6/28-29/06

Mature Corn PlotRunoff 8/28-29/06

Watershed Runoff vs. Seedbed Plot vs. Mature CornRunoff Event September 16, 2006

0.0

2.0

1.0

0.20.3 0.2

0.20.3 0.2

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

North Middle South

ppm

Watershed RunoffSeptember 16, 2006

Seedbed Plot Runoff6/28-29/06

Mature Corn PlotRunoff 8/28-29/06

Total Rainfall

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

12:0

0 A

M

1:26

AM

2:52

AM

4:19

AM

5:45

AM

7:12

AM

8:38

AM

10:0

4 A

M

11:3

1 A

M

12:5

7 P

M2:

24 P

M

3:50

PM

5:16

PM

6:43

PM

8:09

PM

9:36

PM

11:0

2 P

M

12:2

8 A

M

1:55

AM

3:21

AM

4:48

AM

6:14

AM

7:40

AM

9:07

AM

10:3

3 A

M

12:0

0 P

M

Inch

es

9/2/069/1/06

Total Rainfall: 6.16 Inches

Rainfall Intensity9/1/06 to 9/2/06

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

12:0

0 AM

1:26

AM

2:52

AM

4:19

AM

5:45

AM

7:12

AM

8:38

AM

10:0

4 AM

11:3

1 AM

12:5

7 PM

2:24

PM

3:50

PM

5:16

PM

6:43

PM

8:09

PM

9:36

PM

11:0

2 PM

12:2

8 AM

1:55

AM

3:21

AM

4:48

AM

6:14

AM

7:40

AM

9:07

AM

10:3

3 AM

12:0

0 PM

Inch

es p

er H

our

9/1/06 9/2/06

Total Rainfall: 6.16 Inches3.47 Inches

1.49 Inches1.20 Inches

Watershed size (acres) and discharge9/1/06 to 9/7/06

5.17 5.53 5.60

2.25 2.53

1.09

0.001.002.003.004.005.006.00

South Middle North

acresinches of runoff

South Watershed 9/1-3/06 Runoff Event

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

5

9/1/

06 3

:36

AM9/

1/06

7:1

2AM

9/1/

06 1

0:48

AM9/

1/06

2:2

4PM

9/1/

06 6

:00

PM9/

1/06

9:3

6PM

9/2/

06 1

:12

AM9/

2/06

4:4

8AM

9/2/

06 8

:24

AM9/

2/06

12:

00PM

9/2/

06 3

:36

PM9/

2/06

7:1

2PM

9/2/

06 1

0:48

PM9/

3/06

2:2

4AM

9/3/

06 6

:00

AM9/

3/06

9:3

6AM

9/3/

06 1

:12

PM9/

3/06

4:4

8PM

ppm

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

feet

Tot Dissolved Phos mg/L (ppm) Total Phosphorus mg/L (ppm) Stage

North Watershed 9/1-3/06 Runoff Event

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

9/1/

06 3

:36

AM

9/1/

06 7

:12

AM

9/1/

06 1

0:48

AM

9/1/

06 2

:24

PM

9/1/

06 6

:00

PM

9/1/

06 9

:36

PM

9/2/

06 1

:12

AM

9/2/

06 4

:48

AM

9/2/

06 8

:24

AM

9/2/

06 1

2:00

PM

9/2/

06 3

:36

PM

9/2/

06 7

:12

PM

9/2/

06 1

0:48

PM

9/3/

06 2

:24

AM

9/3/

06 6

:00

AM

9/3/

06 9

:36

AM

9/3/

06 1

:12

PM

ppm

00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.82

feet

Tot Dissolved Phos mg/L (ppm) Total Phosphorus mg/L (ppm) Stage

TDP flow weighted concentration (ppm)9/1/06 to 9-5/06

1.90

1.461.64

0.23 0.330.15

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

South Middle North

watershed runoffplot runoff

TDP flow weighted concentration (ppm)9/1/06 first 30 min of runoff

0.86

1.18

0.61

0.230.33

0.15

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.4

South Middle North

watershed runoffplot runoff

Olsen P vs. TDP

R2 = 0.91750.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

0 50 100 150 200 250

Olsen P

TDP North

South

Middle

Vienna

Partners:

• SD Agricultural Experiment Station• SD Dept. Environment and Natural Resources• Water Resources Institute• SD Extension Service • SD Beef Industry Council• SD Corn Utilization Council• SD Soybean Utilization Council• East Dakota Water Development District