evaluating the financial performance of pension funds

8/14/2019 Evaluating the Financial Performance of Pension Funds

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Cvmaumtgle tdc Iglmlogma

Pcrikrjmloc ki Pclsgkl Iulbs

Vgodmrb Dglz, Dcglz P. Vubkapd,

Pmfak Mltkal, mlb Numl Wcrjk

Cbgtkrs

B G V C O R G K L _ G L B C Y C A K P J C L R

Iglmloc


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Cvmaumtgle tdc Iglmlogma Pcrikrjmloc ki

Pclsgkl Iulbs


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Pcrikrjmloc ki Pclsgkl IulbsVgodmrb Dglz, Dcglz P. Vubkapd,

Pmfak Mltkal, mlb Numl Wcrjk

Cbgtkrs


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60=0 Rdc Gltcrlmtgklma Fmlh ikr Vcoklstruotgkl mlb Bcvcakpjclt / Rdc Ukrab Fmlh

=4=4 D _trcct LUUmsdgletkl BO 602??Rcacpdklc> 606-25?-=000Gltcrlct> www.wkrabfmlh.kreC-jmga> [email protected]

Maa rgedts rcscrvcb

= 6 ? 2 =? =6 == =0

Rdgs vkaujc gs m prkbuot ki tdc stmii ki tdc Gltcrlmtgklma Fmlh ikr Vcoklstruotgkl mlbBcvcakpjclt / Rdc Ukrab Fmlh. Rdc iglbgles, gltcrprctmtgkls, mlb okloausgkls cxprcsscb gl tdgsvkaujc bk lkt lcocssmrgay rciacot tdc vgcws ki tdc Cxcoutgvc Bgrcotkrs ki Rdc Ukrab Fmlh kr tdc

ekvcrljclts tdcy rcprcsclt.

Rdc Ukrab Fmlh bkcs lkt eumrmltcc tdc moourmoy ki tdc bmtm gloaubcb gl tdgs wkrh. Rdc fkulb-mrgcs, okakrs, bclkjglmtgkls, mlb ktdcr glikrjmtgkl sdkwl kl mly jmp gl tdgs wkrh bk lkt gjpaymly nubecjclt kl tdc pmrt ki Rdc Ukrab Fmlh oklocrlgle tdc acema stmtus ki mly tcrrgtkry kr tdcclbkrscjclt kr moocptmloc ki suod fkulbmrgcs.

Vgedts mlb Pcrjgssgkls

Rdc jmtcrgma gl tdgs pufagomtgkl gs okpyrgedtcb. Okpygle mlb/kr trmlsjgttgle pkrtgkls kr maa ki tdgswkrh wgtdkut pcrjgssgkl jmy fc m vgkamtgkl ki mppagomfac amw. Rdc Gltcrlmtgklma Fmlh ikrVcoklstruotgkl mlb Bcvcakpjclt / Rdc Ukrab Fmlh clokurmecs bgsscjglmtgkl ki gts wkrh mlb wgaa

lkrjmaay ermlt pcrjgssgkl tk rcprkbuoc pkrtgkls ki tdc wkrh prkjptay.Ikr pcrjgssgkl tk pdktkokpy kr rcprglt mly pmrt ki tdgs wkrh, pacmsc sclb m rcqucst wgtd okjpactcglikrjmtgkl tk tdc Okpyrgedt Oacmrmloc Ocltcr Glo., 666 Vkscwkkb Brgvc, Bmlvcrs, JM 0=76?,S_M8 tcacpdklc> 754-530-42008 imx> 754-530-22508 Gltcrlct> www.okpyrgedt.okj.

Maa ktdcr qucrgcs kl rgedts mlb agoclscs, gloaubgle sufsgbgmry rgedts, sdkuab fc mbbrcsscb tk tdcKiigoc ki tdc Pufagsdcr, Rdc Ukrab Fmlh, =4=4 D _trcct LU, Umsdgletkl, BO 602??, S_M8imx> 606-366-62668 c-jmga> [email protected].

G_FL> 754-0-46=?-4=37-3cG_FL> 754-0-46=?-4=90-=BKG> =0.=379/754-0-46=?-4=37-3

Agfrmry ki Oklercss Omtmakegle-gl-Pufagomtgkl Bmtm

Cvmaumtgle tdc iglmlogma pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulbs / Vgodmrb Dglz ... Xct ma.Z, cbgtkrs.p. oj. (Bgrcotgkls gl bcvcakpjclt)

Gloaubcs fgfagkermpdgoma rcicrclocs mlb glbcx.G_FL 754-0-46=?-4=37-3 (mah. pmpcr) G_FL 754-0-46=?-4=90-==. Pclsgkl trustsCvmaumtgkl. 6. Vmtc ki rcturlCvmaumtgkl. G. Dglz, Vgodmrb P. GG. Ukrab Fmlh.DB5=03.2.C7? 60=0??=.63'62bo66

600702?506

Okvcr pdktkermpd> Mzgz EhbcjgrOkvcr bcsgel> Lmyakr Bcsgel


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v

Prcimoc mlb Mohlkwacbejclts xg

Mffrcvgmtgkls xv

Odmptcr = Cvmaumtgle tdc Iglmlogma Pcrikrjmloc ki

Pclsgkl Iulbs =

Dcglz P. Vubkapd, Vgodmrb Dglz, Pmfak Mltkal,

mlb Numl Wcrjk

Fmoherkulb mlb Jktgvmtgkl ikr tdc

Vcscmrod Prkermj =

Rdc Gjpkrtmloc ki Mpprkprgmtc Jcmsurcs

ki Pcrikrjmloc ?

Kvcrvgcw mlb _ujjmry ki tdc Fkkh 5

Pkagoy Gjpagomtgkls ki tdc

Vcscmrod Iglbgles =4

Lktcs 66Vcicrclocs 6?

Okltclts


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Odmptcr 6 Glvcstjclt Pcrikrjmloc ki Prgvmtcay Jmlmecb

Pclsgkl Iulbs> Kvcrvgcw ki tdc Mvmgamfac Bmtm 63

Pmfak Mltkal mlb Umabk Rmpgm

Bcsorgptgkl ki Prgvmtcay Jmlmecb Pclsgkl

Iulbs mrkulb tdc Ukrab 69

Mbbgtgklma Prkfacjs wgtd tdc Bmtm Vcpkrtcb kl

Glvcstjclt Vcturls ?3

Prcagjglmry Kfscrvmtgkls irkj tdc Glgtgma

Bmtm Vcvgcw ?3

Lktcs ?9Vcicrclocs ?5

Odmptcr ? Iglmlogma Pcrikrjmloc ki Pclsgkl Iulbs>

Ml Cxpakrmtkry _tuby ?7

Cbumrbk Umahcr mlb Mueustk Geacsgms

Gltrkbuotgkl mlb Kvcrvgcw ki Iglbgles ?7

Pkrtikagk Pcrikrjmloc Jcmsurcjclt 20Vcqugrcb Bmtm 3?

Rdc Pclsgkl Iulb Bmtmfmsc 39

Acema mlb Mbjglgstrmtgvc Oklsgbcrmtgkls 34

Vcsuats 90

Okloausgkls 95

Mllcx> Okultry Pcrikrjmloc Imot _dccts 97

Lktcs 72

Vcicrclocs 72

Odmptcr 2 Pkrtikagk Odkgoc, Jglgjuj Vcturl Eumrmltccs,

mlb Okjpctgtgkl gl Bciglcb Okltrgfutgkl

Pclsgkl _ystcjs 75

Pmfak Omstmcbm mlb Dcglz P. Vubkapd

M Jkbca Coklkjy 77

Cqugagfrguj Pkrtikagks ulbcr Fclodjmrhgle

Oklstrmglts =0?Bgsoussgkl =05

Mllcx =04

Lktcs ==3

Vcicrclocs ==9

vg Okltclts


9/300

Odmptcr 3 Amfkr Jmrhct Slocrtmglty mlb Pclsgkl

_ystcj Pcrikrjmloc ==7

Kagvgm _. Jgtodcaa mlb Nkdl M. Rurlcr

Pclsgkl _truoturcs mlb Dujml Ompgtma

Slocrtmglty =60

Gltcrmotgkls fctwccl Dujml Ompgtma

Slocrtmglty mlb Pclsgkl Pcrikrjmloc =6?

Gltcermtgle Dujml Ompgtma Slocrtmglty gltk

Jkbcas ki Pclsgkl Kutokjcs =?=

Fclodjmrhs ikr Pclsgkl Pcrikrjmloc =?7Okloausgkls mlb Pkagoy Gjpagomtgkls =23

Lktcs =29

Vcicrclocs =3=

Odmptcr 9 Pclsgkl Iulbs, Agic-Oyoac Mssct Maakomtgkl,

mlb Pcrikrjmloc Cvmaumtgkl =37

Imfgk O. Fmeagmlk, Omrkaglm Iuemzzm, mlb

Egkvmllm Lgokbmlk

Jctdkbkakegoma Gssucs gl Bcvcakpgle Kptgjma

Pkrtikagks Rdmt Gloaubc Pclsgkl-_pcogigo

Pmrmjctcrs =9?

Mssct Maakomtgkl wgtd Dujml Ucmatd =94

M Fmsgo Agic-Oyoac Jkbca =56

Ucaimrc Vmtgks ikr Pcrikrjmloc Cvmaumtgkl =7=

Okloausgkls =72Lktcs =75

Vcicrclocs =74

Odmptcr 5 Mppagomtgkl ki Mbvmlocs gl Iglmlogma Rdckry

mlb Cvgbcloc tk Pclsgkl Iulb Bcsgel gl

Bcvcakpgle Coklkjgcs 60?

Augs J. Ygocgrm

Eakfma Rrclbs ki BO Pclsgkl _ystcjs 602Pkagoy Odmaaclecs ki BO Pclsgkl _ystcjs 603

Gllkvmtgkls gl Pclsgkl Iulb Bcsgel 605

Agic-Oyoac Glvcstgle 607

Pclsgkl Iulb Bcsgel gl Bcvcakpgle Coklkjgcs 6=3

Okltclts vgg


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Pcrikrjmloc Cvmaumtgkl ki Glvcstjclt Kptgkls 666

Okloaubgle Vcjmrhs 6?4

Vcicrclocs 6?7

Odmptcr 4 Iuturc Bgrcotgkls gl Jcmsurgle tdc Iglmlogma

Pcrikrjmloc ki Pclsgkl Iulbs> M Vkulbtmfac

Bgsoussgkl 62?

Okjjcltmry fy Hcgtd Mjfmodtsdccr 622

Okjjcltmry fy Kagvgm Jgtodcaa 63=

Okjjcltmry fy Augs Ygocgrm 634Okjjcltmry fy ^vg Fkbgc 692

Glbcx 697

Igeurcs

6.= Rktma Msscts mlb Mssct Maakomtgkl, 6002 ?=

?.= Rdc _dmrpc Vmtgk 2=

?.6 _dmrpc Vmtgks ki S._. _tkohs mlb Fklbs, Igvc-WcmrVkaagle Cstgjmtcs 30

?.? _dkrt-Rcrj Akoma Ourrcloy _dmrpc Vmtgks 93

?.2 Akle-Rcrj Akoma Ourrcloy _dmrpc Vmtgks 99

?.3 Gl-_mjpac _cacotgkl Vcturls 95

?.9 Kut-ki-_mjpac _cacotgkl Vcturls 94

3.= Pmttcrls ki Cmrlgles kvcr tdc Agictgjc, wgtd Umec Acvca

Glbgomtkr> Cxoaubgle mlb Gloaubgle ^crk Cmrlcrs =63

3.6 Pclsgkl Okltrgfutgkl Pmttcrls gl Odgac fy Mec>Pcrocltmec ki Mvmgamfac Wcmrs gl Udgod Okltrgfutgkls

Ucrc Jmbc =64

9.= Amfkr Glokjc Prkocss =54

9.6 Agic-Oyoac Prkigacs ki Oklsujptgkl, Glokjc,

mlb Ucmatd =57

9.? Pkagoy Iulotgkls> _clsgtgvgty tk _tkohs =40

9.2 Pkagoy Iulotgkls> _clsgtgvgty tk Fklbs =40

9.3 Mec Prkigacs ki Kptgjma _tkoh mlb Fklb

Dkabgles (Mvcrmecs) =469.9 Mec Prkigacs ki Kptgjma _tkoh mlb Fklb Dkabgles,

Fclodjmrh Omsc =43

9.5 Mec Prkigacs ki Kptgjma _tkoh mlb Fklb Dkabgles,

Dged Vgsh Mvcrsgkl =49

vggg Okltclts


11/300


Akw Vcpamocjclt Vmtgk =45


Dged Vcpamocjclt Vmtc =44

9.=0 Mec Prkigacs ki Kptgjma _tkoh mlb Fklb Dkabgles,

Bcorcmsgle Vcpamocjclt Vmtgk =47

5.= Fmamloc _dcct ki Rypgoma Paml Pmrtgogpmlt 607

5.6 Fmamloc _dcct ki Rypgoma Paml Pmrtgogpmlt wgtd

m _mic Nkf 6=0

5.? _tyagzcb Agic-Oyoac Mssct Maakomtgkl 6=6

5.2 Vcmagstgomaay Omagfrmtcb Agic-Oyoac Pkrtikagk Maakomtgkl 6=?5.3 Okrrcamtgkls morkss Gltcrlmtgklma Cqugty Jmrhcts 6=7

5.9 Cstgjmtcb Agvc-Oyoac Amfkr Cmrlgles ki Odgacml Jmacs 66?

5.5 Bgstrgfutgkl ki Amfkr Cmrlgles gl Iglma

Ukrhgle Wcmr 662

Rmfacs

6.= Prgvmtcay Jmlmecb Pclsgkl Iulbs Gloaubcb gl

Rdgs _tuby, fy Okultry mlb Ikrj ki Prkvgsgkl 656.6 Glvcstjclt Vceuamtgkls 67

6.? Fmsgo _tmtgstgoma Glikrjmtgkl kl Vcma Glvcstjclt

Vcturls fy Coklkjy ??

?.= Pcrikrjmloc Jcmsurcs 22

?.6 Cxmjpac ki Prkpcr Omaouamtgkls ki Pclsgkl _ystcj Vcturls 32

?.? Eclcrma Bcsorgptgkl ki tdc KCOB Pclsgkl Iulb Bmtmfmsc 35

?.2 _ujjmry ki Glvcstjclt Vceuamtgkls 37

3.= Dkw Dujml Ompgtma Vgshs Rrmlsamtc gltk PclsgklKutokjcs> M Irmjcwkrh =62

3.6 Agic-Oyoac Cmrlgles Prkigacs Vcpkrtcb gl S._. Jgorkbmtm =69

3.? Cxmjpacs ki Pclsgkl Jkbcagle Mpprkmodcs =?6

3.2 _gjuamtcb Bgiicrcloc fctwccl m BO Mookult Fmamloc

mlb m BF Aujp-_uj Mjkult> Mec 93 Vctgrccs Mrrmycb

fy Rclurc ]ugltgac (kl Aklecst Nkf) mlb Agictgjc

Cmrlgles ]ugltgac =?7

3.3 _clsgtgvgty ki Kptgjma BF Pclsgkl Vcpamocjclt Vmtc

tk Dujml Ompgtma Vgsh =209.= Ucaimrc Emgls =70

9.6 Ucaimrc Vmtgks =7?

5.= Pkrtikagk Okjpksgtgkl gl Jmlbmtkry Pclsgkl Iulbs

(Bcocjfcr 6005) 6=3

Okltclts gx


12/300

5.6 Ompgtma Jmrhcts Mssujptgkls 669

5.? _ujjmry Rmfac ki _gjuamtgkl Vcsuats 664

5.2 _gjuamtgkl Vcsuats ikr Glvcstjclt _trmtcegcs Udcl

Amfkr Glokjc Gs Lklstkodmstgo 6?0


Amfkr Glokjc Gs _tkodmstgo mlb Slokrrcamtcb wgtd

_tkoh Vcturls 6?6


Amfkr Glokjc Gs _tkodmstgo mlb Okrrcamtcb wgtd

_tkoh Vcturls 6?2

x Okltclts


13/300

xg

Rdgs vkaujc gs tdc prkbuot ki m pmrtlcrsdgp kremlgzcb fy tdc Ukrab

Fmlh tdmt gloaubcs tdc Kremlgsmtgkl ikr Coklkjgo Ok-kpcrmtgkl mlb

Bcvcakpjclt (KCOB), twk prgvmtc scotkr cltgtgcs wgtd wkrabwgbc

pclsgkl-rcamtcb fusglcss mlb m sgelgigomlt gltcrcst gl pufago pkagoytdc

GLE Erkup dcmbqumrtcrcb gl tdc Lctdcramlbs mlb FFYM wgtd dcmb-

qumrtcrs gl _pmglmlb YF, tdc Butod Msskogmtgkl ki Glbustry-wgbc

Pclsgkl Iulbs. Matdkued lkt ikrjmaay jcjfcrs ki tdc pmrtlcrsdgp, tdc

Mjcrgoml Okuloga ki Agic Glsurcrs (MOAG), wdgod prkvgbcb iulbgle,mlb tdc S.H. Bcpmrtjclt ikr Ukrh mlb Pclsgkls, tdrkued m stmii scoklb-

jclt tk tdc KCOB, mask suppkrtcb tdc wkrh. Rdc pmrtlcrsdgp rcprc-

sclts m prkjgsgle mpprkmod tk kremlgzgle mlb iglmlogle pkagoy rcscmrod

kl gssucs ki gjpkrtmloc tk gltcrlmtgklma pkagoy mlb rcscmrod glstgtutgkls

mlb tdc fusglcss okjjulgty.

Rdc prkncot krgeglmtcb wgtd m prkpksma irkj GLE tk clemec gl m

rcscmrod pmrtlcrsdgp wgtd tdc Ukrab Fmlh, igrst jmbc gl 6006. Gt cxcj-

pagigcs tdc Butod gbcma ki okaacotgvc ciikrt mlb pufago-prgvmtc okkpcrmtgkl.Kvcr tdc okursc ki tdc clsugle twk ycmrs, tdc pmrtlcrsdgp tdmt wms ikrjcb

wms cxtclbcb tk gloaubc tdc ktdcr glstgtutgkls, mlb m prkermj ki rcscmrod

cjcrecb irkj tdc bgsoussgkls mjkle gts jcjfcrs.

Prcimoc mlb Mohlkwacbejclts


14/300

Rdgs wkrh wms glgtgmaay bgrcotcb tkwmrb m okjpmrmtgvc mlmaysgs ki tdc

iglmlogma pcrikrjmloc ki tdc jmly ikrjs ki iulbcb pclsgkl mrrmlecjclts

tdmt dmvc cjcrecb kvcr tdc amst scvcrma bcombcs gl ml mttcjpt tk msscss tdc

qumagty ki glvcstjclt jmlmecjclt mlb tk bgsocrl mly imotkrs tdmt jmy

dmvc fccl rcspklsgfac ikr bgiicrclocs gl tdcgr pcrikrjmloc. Ms tdc ciikrt

prkercsscb, gt fcomjc rcmbgay mppmrclt tdmt lcgtdcr tdc lcocssmry bmtm lkr

m icmsgfac jctdkbkakey wms mvmgamfac tdmt okuab suppkrt m orkss-lmtgklma

okjpmrgskl ki iglmlogma rcsuats. Gt mask fcomjc cvgbclt tdmt tk bk tdgs gl m

jcmlgleiua wmy wkuab rcqugrc tdc bcvcakpjclt ki skjc typc ki okultry-

spcogigo fclodjmrh tdmt wms bcvcakpcb gl oklsgbcrmtgkl ki tdc glokjc

rcpamocjclt mlb oklsujptgkl-sjkktdgle kfncotgvcs ki m pclsgkl systcj.Rdgs rcikouscb tdc wkrh ki tdc pmrtlcrsdgp kl tdc oklsgbcrmtgkl ki tdc

jmly rgsh mlb ktdcr imotkrs tdmt just fc oklsgbcrcb gl tdc oklstruotgkl

ki suod m fclodjmrh8 mask cxmjglcb wcrc tdc jctdkbs tdmt jgedt fc

uscb tk bcrgvc tdc fclodjmrh ikr tdc ulgquc pclsgkl systcjs mlb kpcr-

mtgkl ki tdc iglmlogma jmrhcts gl bcvcakpgle okultrgcs.

Rdc wkrh prcscltcb gl tdgs vkaujc gs tdc rcsuat ki tdc ciikrts ki jmly

glbgvgbumas wdk wkrhcb okkpcrmtgvcay gl tdc spgrgt ki tdc pmrtlcrsdgp kvcr

scvcrma ycmrs. Rdc pmrtlcrsdgp wms glgtgmaay kremlgzcb fy Vgodmrb Dglz kitdc Ukrab Fmlh, Irmls vml Akkl mlb Dmshk vml Bmacl ki GLE Erkup, mlb

Numl Wcrjk ki tdc KCOB. Vkfcrt Dkazjmll ki tdc Ukrab Fmlh mlb

Mlbr Amfkua ki tdc KCOB prkvgbcb jmlmecjclt suppkrt gl tdcgr

rcspcotgvc glstgtutgkls. Rdc rcscmrod prkermj mlb pufagomtgkl wcrc

pamllcb mlb kvcrsccl fy m Okkrbglmtgkl Okjjgttcc tdmt gloaubcb Pmfak

Mltkal mlb Numl Wcrjk ki tdc KCOB8 Vgodmrb Dglz, Dcglz P. Vubkapd,

mlb Vkfcrtk Vkodm ki tdc Ukrab Fmlh8 Ygkactm Ogurca mlb Dmshk vml

Bmacl ki GLE8 Omrjcl Prcz bc Julgmgl mlb Pmtrgogk Srrutgm ki FFYM8mlb Vclshc Fgczcvcab irkj YF.

Jmly ktdcrs, wdksc wkrh bkcs lkt mppcmr gl tdgs fkkh, jmbc gjpkr-

tmlt okltrgfutgkls tk tdc ciikrt fy ulbcrtmhgle rcscmrod tdmt uatgjmtcay

wms lkt gloaubcb gl tdc vkaujc mlb fy prkvgbgle gbcms mlb tdkuedtiua

okjjcltmry tdmt ercmtay okltrgfutcb tk tdc bgrcotgkl mlb tdc qumagty ki

tdc rcsuatgle stubgcs. Rdcsc sodkamrs gloaubc _kamlec Fcrstcgl, Eklzmak

Omjmrek, Melgcszhm Odak l-Bkjglozmh, Nkmqul Okrtcz, Pgktr Bclbcrshg,

Acklmrbk Bmz Fmrrcgrk, _mlbrm Ejcz, Cstcfml Nmbrcsgo, Vkss Nklcs, Okl

Hcmtgle, Lgcas Hkrtacvc, Jmrgusz Hufzbya, Fmrtdkab Hugpcrs, AkrclmJmsgms, Mafcrtk Jusmacj, Rdck Lgnjml, Vgomrbk Pmsquglg, _tcpdmlgc

Pmyct, Ikls ]ugx, Rkly Vmlbac, Mjfrkegk Vglmabg, Oamrm _cvcrglskl, Ncml-

Jmro _maku, Nks _gcsbcbks, Bmrgusz _tmlhk, Igklm _tcwmrt, Umabk Rmpgm,

xgg Prcimoc mlb Mohlkwacbejclts


15/300

mlb Rkjms Ugniicas, ms wcaa ms tdc jmly pmrtgogpmlts gl scvcrma rcscmrod

ikrujs mlb scjglmrs gl wdgod tdc wkrh wms prcscltcb mlb bgsousscb.

Rdc cstmfagsdjclt mlb kpcrmtgkl ki tdc pmrtlcrsdgp wms mask sup-

pkrtcb fy jmly glbgvgbumas wdk kvcromjc tdc jmly furcmuormtgo durbacs

rcqugrcb ikr tdgs typc ki clbcmvkr tk suooccb8 tdcy gloaubc Mlbrcm

_tujpi, Nmlc Hgrfy-^mhg, _kpdgm Brcwslkwshg, Lmloy Pgltk, mlb Vgodmrb

^codtcr mt tdc Ukrab Fmlh. Rdc pufagomtgkl wms mfay suppkrtcb fy Pmkam

_omamfrgl, Bclgsc Fcrecrkl, mlb Mzgz Ehbcjgr, wdk, gl mbbgtgkl tk jml-

megle tdc jmly bctmgas ki tdc pufagomtgkl, eclcrkusay okltrgfutcb tdc

okvcr pdktk.

Gl mbbgtgkl, tdc wkrh okuab lkt dmvc fccl ulbcrtmhcl wgtdkut tdcstrkle suppkrt ki jmly pckpac wgtdgl tdc rcspcotgvc glstgtutgkls wdk

prkvgbcb tdc lcocssmry suppkrt tk clmfac tdc okjjgtjclt ki tgjc mlb

clcrey tk jmhc tdc prkncot pkssgfac. Rdcsc gloaubc Nml Lgnsscl, ikrjcray

tdc Eakfma Dcmb ki Pclsgkls mt GLE Erkup8 Cbumrbk Iucltcs, tdc Eakfma

Dcmb ki Pclsgkls mlb Glsurmloc mt FFYM8 Pctcr Fkrebkrii, ikrjcray tdc

Bgrcotkr ki YF8 Irmlh Hkstcr mlb Eugaacrjk Mrtdur mt GLE Erkup8 mlb

Frmb _jgtd mt tdc MOAG.

Prcimoc mlb Mohlkwacbejclts xggg


16/300


17/300

xv

fp fmsgs pkglt

OOMPJ oklsujptgkl ompgtma mssct prgogle jkbca

OBO okaacotgvc bciglcb okltrgfutgkl

OCC Ocltrma mlb Cmstcrl Curkpc

OGCFM Okjjgttcc kl tdc Glvcstjclt ki Cjpakycc Fclcigt

Msscts

OYmV oklbgtgklma Ymauc mt Vgsh

BF bciglcb fclcigt BO bciglcb okltrgfutgkl

BWLM_GJ Bylmjgo _gjuamtgkl ki Glokjc Jkbca

CFVG Cjpakycc Fclcigt Vcscmrod Glstgtutc

IR_C Iglmlogma Rgjcs/Aklbkl _tkoh Cxodmlec

EBP erkss bkjcstgo prkbuot

EIB Eakfma Iglmlogma Bmtmfmsc

GOG Glvcstjclt Okjpmly Glstgtutc

GGR gltcermtgvc glvcstjclt tdckryGVM glbgvgbuma rctgrcjclt mookult

ARA akle-tcrj akoma

ARS akle-tcrj S._.

JGLR jkbcagle glokjc gl tdc lcmr tcrj

JVE jglgjuj rcturl eumrmltcc

Mffrcvgmtgkls


18/300

xvg Mffrcvgmtgkls

KCOB Kremlgsmtgkl ikr Coklkjgo Ok-kpcrmtgkl mlb

Bcvcakpjclt

PMWEK pmy ms yku ek

PCL_GJ Pclsgkl _gjuamtgkl Jkbca

VP rgsh prcjguj

VUM rcturl wcgedtcb mvcrmec

_&P _tmlbmrb & Pkkrs

_BI stkodmstgo bgsokult imotkr

_GPP _urvcy ki Glokjc mlb Prkermj Pmrtgogpmtgkl

_V _dmrpc rmtgk

_RA sdkrt-tcrj akoma_RS sdkrt-tcrj S._.

R-fgaa Rrcmsury fgaa

R-fklb Rrcmsury fklb

RBI tmrect-bmtc iulb

RGP_ Rrcmsury gliamtgkl-prktcotcb scourgty

YmV Ymauc mt Vgsh

YF Ycrclgegle vml Fcbrgnistmhpclsgkcliklbscl

(Butod Msskogmtgkl ki Glbustry-wgbc Pclsgkl Iulbs)

Maa bkaamrs mrc S._. bkaamrs ulacss ktdcrwgsc stmtcb.


19/300

=

Fmoherkulb mlb Jktgvmtgkl ikr tdc Vcscmrod Prkermj

_gloc tdc cmray =740s, tdc struoturc ki mrrmlecjclts tk prkvgbc rctgrc-

jclt glokjc dms ermbumaay jkvcb irkj bciglcb fclcigt (BF) systcjs tk

vmrgkus typcs ki mrrmlecjclts gl wdgod tdc prkvgsgkl ki pclsgkls gs

fmohcb fy msscts, cgtdcr gl glbgvgbuma mookults kr gl okaacotgvc sodcjcs.

Rdgs odmlec dms fccl jktgvmtcb prglogpmaay fy ekvcrljclts scchgle tkacsscl tdc igsoma gjpmot ki megle pkpuamtgkls mlb tk bgvcrsgiy tdc skurocs

ki rctgrcjclt glokjc. Klc ki tdc hcy rcsuats gs tdmt jmly pclsgkl systcjs

mrc lkw gl tdc prkocss ki fcokjgle mssct fmohcb. Rdgs glorcmsgleay aglhs

rctgrcjclt glokjcs tk tdc pcrikrjmloc ki tdcsc msscts, rcsuatgle gl pmrtgo-

gpmlts fcgle cxpkscb tk tdc ulocrtmgltgcs ki glvcstjclt jmrhcts tk bctcr-

jglc tdc acvca ki fclcigts tdmt tdcy wgaa uatgjmtcay rcocgvc. Rdc pktcltgma

oklscquclocs ki tdgs dmvc lcvcr fccl jkrc cvgbclt tdml burgle tdc

rcoclt eakfma iglmlogma orgsgs.Bcspgtc tdc mfysjma pcrikrjmloc ki glvcstjclt jmrhcts gl 6004

mlb cmray 6007 mlb tdc ciicot kl pclsgkl iulbs, jkst ekvcrljclts dmvc

rcjmglcb stcmbimst gl tdcgr okjjgtjclt tk tdc oklocpt ki iulbcb

mrrmlecjclts. Rdc rmpgb bcoaglc gl mssct vmaucs, dkwcvcr, dms rclcwcb

O D M P R C V =


Pcrikrjmloc ki Pclsgkl Iulbs

Dcglz P. Vubkapd, Vgodmrb Dglz, Pmfak Mltkal,mlb Numl Wcrjk


20/300

bcfmtc rcemrbgle tdc ulbcraygle prglogpacs ki aglhgle fclcigts tk mssct

pcrikrjmloc mlb dms acb tk oklsgbcrmfac mttcltgkl tk cldmlogle tdc kreml-

gzmtgkl mlb kpcrmtgkl ki tdc mrrmlecjclts ourrcltay gl pamoc. M sjmaa luj-

fcr ki okultrgcs dmvc rcmotcb fy rcvcrtgle tk trmbgtgklma mrrmlecjclts kr

fy rcbuogle kr suspclbgle okltrgfutgkls tk jmlbmtkry iulbcb pclsgkl

sodcjcs, fut tdcsc motgkls mppcmr tk dmvc fccl prgjmrgay jktgvmtcb fy

sdkrt-tcrj igsoma oklsgbcrmtgkls mlb mrc lkt mbjgssgkls ki tdc imgaurc ki tdc

lcw mrrmlecjclts.

Slbcraygle juod ki tdc rcoclt pkagoy bcfmtc gs tdc glorcmsgle rcokelg-

tgkl tdmt pclsgkl iulb msscts dmvc gjpkrtmlt bgiicrclocs okjpmrcb wgtd

ktdcr ikrjs ki okaacotgvc glvcstjclts. Pclsgkl iulbs dmvc tdc kfncotgvc kiprkvgbgle glokjc rcpamocjclt gl rctgrcjclt, wdcrcms ktdcr ikrjs ki oka-

acotgvc glvcstjclts mrc prgjmrgay oklocrlcb wgtd sdkrt-tcrj wcmatd jmx-

gjgzmtgkl. Rdc bgiicrclocs gl kfncotgvcs rcsuat gl bgiicrclt tgjc irmjcs

kvcr wdgod pcrikrjmloc sdkuab fc oklsgbcrcb mlb bgiicrclt mttgtubcs tk

rgsh. Bcspgtc tdcsc bgstglotgkls, tdc pcrikrjmloc jcmsurcs tdmt mrc typg-

omaay mppagcb tk pclsgkl iulbs mrc gbcltgoma tk tdksc uscb tk cvmaumtc tdc

pcrikrjmloc ki ktdcr typcs ki glvcstjclts.

Rk bmtc, tdc bcfmtc kl kptgjma glvcstjclt strmtcegcs mlb pcrikrjmloccvmaumtgkl ki bciglcb okltrgfutgkl (BO) pclsgkl systcjs dms tmhcl pamoc

amrecay gl tdc mombcjgo agtcrmturc, matdkued gts gjpmot kl prmotgoma pkagoy

rcokjjclbmtgkls dms fccl rcamtgvcay agjgtcb. Rdgs gs ulbcrstmlbmfac

egvcl tdc rcamtgvc glimloy ki iulbcb systcjs gl jkst okultrgcs mlb ekv-

crljclts urecloy gl mbbrcssgle ktdcr fmsgo prkfacjs, suod ms tdc dged

okst ki tdc systcjs, ekvcrlmloc gssucs, mlb mpprkmod tk supcrvgsgkl.

Vcokelgzgle tdc cjcregle gjpkrtmloc ki jcmsurgle tdc pcrikrjmloc

ki tdcsc iulbcb pclsgkl systcjs, tdc Ukrab Fmlh mlb tdc Kremlgsmtgklikr Coklkjgo Ok-kpcrmtgkl mlb Bcvcakpjclt (KCOB) cstmfagsdcb m

pmrtlcrsdgp wgtd tdrcc prgvmtc scotkr cltgtgcs, (FFYM, GLE, mlb tdc

Butod Msskogmtgkl ki Glbustry-wgbc Pclsgkl Iulbs XYFZ) gl amtc 6003 tk

ulbcrtmhc m prkermj ki rcscmrod kl tdcsc gssucs. Rdgs gltrkbuotkry odmp-

tcr prkvgbcs ml kvcrvgcw ki tdc gssucs mlb jktgvmtgkl ikr tdgs wkrh mlb

sujjmrgzcs tdc stubgcs tdmt wcrc oklbuotcb mlb tdcgr jmgl iglbgles. Gt

okloaubcs wgtd pkagoy-rcamtcb kfscrvmtgkls tdmt mrgsc irkj tdc kvcrmaa

oklsgbcrmtgkl ki tdc rcscmrod prkermj. Rdc rcjmglbcr ki tdc vkaujc okl-

tmgls m scacotgkl ki tdc stubgcs ulbcrtmhcl tdrkued tdc pmrtlcrsdgp tdmtikous kl bcvcakpgle mpprkmodcs tk cvmaumtc pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl

iulbs mlb okloaubcs wgtd kfscrvmtgkls mlb okjjcltmry irkj ikur lktcb

cxpcrts gl tdc igcab kl tdc gssucs rmgscb fy tdgs wkrh mlb tdc gltcrprctmtgkl

ki tdc iglbgles.

6 Vubkapd, Dglz, Mltkal, mlb Wcrjk


21/300

Rdc Gjpkrtmloc ki Mpprkprgmtc Jcmsurcs ki Pcrikrjmloc

Rdc spcotmouamr aksscs cxpcrgclocb fy jmly pclsgkl iulbs sgloc tdcklsct ki tdc iglmlogma orgsgs gl amtc 6004 dmvc fccl wgbcay lktcb mlb

bcfmtcb. Rdc KCOB cstgjmtcs tdc aksscs ki pclsgkl iulbs gl KCOB

okultrgcs tk fc $3.2 trgaagkl kr mfkut 60 pcroclt ki tdc vmauc ki msscts

gl tdcsc okultrgcs gl 6004 (Mltkal mlb _tcwmrt 6007). Rdc rcturls ki

pclsgkl iulbs gl Amtgl Mjcrgom mlb Ocltrma Curkpc gl 6004 wcrc twk-

bgegt lcemtgvc.

M ikous kl sdkrt-tcrj lkjglma rcturls kl glvcstjclts, dkwcvcr, dgbcs

tdc imot tdmt rcturls mrc klay klc ki scvcrma imotkrs tdmt wgaa bctcrjglc tdcpcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulbs tk prkvgbc rctgrcjclt glokjc tk tdcgr

jcjfcrs. Ktdcrs imotkrs gloaubc mbjglgstrmtgvc mlb glvcstjclt jmlmec-

jclt oksts, tdc bclsgty ki okltrgfutgkls, mlb tdc fcdmvgkr ki pmrtgogpmlts

gl odkksgle m rctgrcjclt mec.

Rdc ktdcr imotkrs tdmt brgvc pclsgkl fclcigts gl ml mssct-fmohcb scttgle

dmvc rcocgvcb juod rcscmrod mlb pkagoy mttcltgkl gl rcoclt ycmrs. Ikr

glstmloc, okultrgcs dmvc bcsgelcb m vmrgcty ki jcodmlgsjs tk rcbuoc oksts,

gloaubgle tdc gjpksgtgkl ki omps kl iccs (Ocltrma mlb Cmstcrl Curkpcml

okultrgcs), ocltrmagzmtgkl ki okaacotgkls mlb tdc usc ki faglb mookults

(Amtvgm mlb _wcbcl), akttcrgcs tdmt maakomtc lcw okltrgfutkrs mjkle

iulbs (Odgac mlb Pkamlb), mlb pmpcracss trmlsmotgkls (Cstklgm). Pkagoy

jmhcrs mrc mwmrc ki tdc matcrlmtgvcs mvmgamfac, mlb tdc odmaaclec gs tk

clsurc tdmt tdc matcrlmtgvcs odkscl mrc prkpcray gjpacjcltcb.= Okaacotgvc

pclsgkl mrrmlecjclts cstmfagsdcb fy cjpakycrs mlb cjpakycc msskogmtgkls

oml mask fc ml ciicotgvc wmy tk hccp oksts akw, cspcogmaay wdcl tdc iulbs

cstmfagsdcb modgcvc suiigogclt somac (ikr cxmjpac, Bcljmrh, Gocamlb, mlb

tdc Lctdcramlbs).Bclsgty ki okltrgfutgkls gs mask ml gjpkrtmlt imotkr tdmt dms miicotcb

tdc pclsgkl fclcigts gl okultrgcs wgtd amrec glikrjma scotkrs. Glbgvgbumas

wgtd m akw bclsgty ki okltrgfutgkls mrc aghcay tk imoc akw mooujuamtcb

msscts mt rctgrcjclt mec, mlb tdcrcikrc mrc aghcay tk dmvc akw rctgrcjclt

glokjcs. Rdc rctgrcjclt mec gs mask ml gjpkrtmlt imotkr tdmt miicots tdc

pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulbs. Fcomusc tdc mooujuamtgkl pcrgkb gs

sdkrtcr gl okultrgcs tdmt maakw glbgvgbumas tk rctgrc cmragcr, glbgvgbumas mrc

aghcay tk rcocgvc akwcr rctgrcjclt glokjc. Ms m oklscqucloc, ekvcrljcltsgl skjc okultrgcs dmvc fccl rmgsgle tdc kiigogma rctgrcjclt mec kr dmvc

gltrkbuocb glocltgvcs tk bcamy rctgrcjclt. Rdc ompmogty ki iulbcb glbg-

vgbuma mookult systcjs tk bcagvcr rctgrcjclt glokjc wgaa fc iurtdcr odma-

aclecb gl tdgs rcspcot ms agic cxpcotmloy okltglucs tk glorcmsc gl vgrtumaay

maa okultrgcs.

Cvmaumtgle tdc Iglmlogma Pcrikrjmloc ki Pclsgkl Iulbs ?


22/300

Matdkued tdcsc imotkrs mrc gjpkrtmlt gl tdc kvcrmaa pcrikrjmloc ki

pclsgkl iulbs, tdc ikous ki tdgs fkkh gs kl glvcstjclts mlb glvcstjclt

pcrikrjmloc. Gt gs prgjmrgay bgrcotcb tk cvmaumtgle wdmt oml fc acmrlcb

mfkut tdc okjpmrmtgvc glvcstjclt pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulbs mlb

oklsgbcrmtgkl ki dkw tk ulbcrtmhc glvcstjclt pcrikrjmloc jcmsurc-

jclt wgtdgl m irmjcwkrh tdmt gs bcrgvcb irkj tdc pmrtgouamr odmrmo-

tcrgstgos mlb kfncotgvcs ki pclsgkl systcjs. Bcvcakpgle m pcrikrjmloc

jcmsurcjclt irmjcwkrh tdmt gs spcogigo tk pclsgkl iulbs gs m rcamtgvcay

lcw tkpgo gl tdc agtcrmturc. _gloc tdc scjglma wkrh ki Omjpfcaa mlb

Ygocgrm (6006), jmly ktdcr pmpcrs dmvc cxpakrcb tdc gssuc ki bcvcakp-

gle ml kptgjma mssct maakomtgkl ikr pclsgkl iulbs, wdgod gs bcrgvcb irkjtdc prglogpacs ki agic-oyoac smvgles mlb rgsh jmlmecjclt. Rdc mppagcb

rcscmrod prcscltcb gl tdgs fkkh rcprcsclts ml glgtgma mttcjpt tk aglh tdc

jmgl tdcjcs ki tdc jkrc tdckrctgoma mombcjgo agtcrmturc wgtd tdc mvmga-

mfac bmtm kl tdc iglmlogma pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulbs tk suppkrt tdc

bcvcakpjclt ki prmotgoma pkagoy rcokjjclbmtgkls.

Rdc trmbgtgklma mpprkmod ki pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulbs dms put cxocs-

sgvc cjpdmsgs kl sdkrt rmtcs ki rcturl. Fcomusc tdc kfncotgvc ki jmlbmtkry

iulbcb systcjs gs tk clsurc mbcqumtc rctgrcjclt glokjc tk glbgvgbumas,jkltday kr mlluma rcturls ki pclsgkl mrc lkt tktmaay jcmlgleiua gi tdcy mrc

lkt jcmsurcb memglst m fclodjmrh kr memglst ml kfncotgvc. Gl mbbgtgkl, kloc

tdc matcrlmtgvcs imocb fy glvcstkrs mrc bgiicrclt, gltcrlmtgklma okjpmrgskls

ki rcturls kr ktdcr jcmsurcs ki pcrikrjmloc suod ms tdc _dmrpc rmtgks

jgedt lkt fc tktmaay jcmlgleiua.

_kjc pkagoy jmhcrs jgedt fc acss gltcrcstcb gl tdc pcrikrjmloc jcms-

urcjclt fcomusc tdcy cxpcot tdc jmrhct tk prkvgbc tdc kptgjma mssct

maakomtgkl. Mask, skjc ekvcrljclts dmvc tdc gjpagogt fcagci tdmt tdc prcs-cloc ki okjpctgtgkl gl kpcl BO pclsgkl systcjs dcaps tk kptgjgzc tdc

pclsgkls ki glbgvgbumas. Pclsgkl iulb jmlmecrs wgaa okjpctc ikr iulbs,

mlb glbgvgbumas wgaa scacot pclsgkl iulbs tdmt kptgjgzc tdcgr kwl rgsh-

rcwmrb prcicrclocs.

Rdgs okjpctgtgvc jkbca mssujcs tdmt okltrgfutkrs dmvc tdc mfgagty

tk gbcltgiy imotkrs tdmt wgaa bctcrjglc tdc ompmogty tk prkvgbc rctgrc-

jclt glokjc, cvmaumtc tdc glvcstjclt pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulbs

memglst tdcsc imotkrs, mlb jmhc odkgocs tdmt kptgjgzc kutokjcs gl rcam-

tgkl tk tdcgr glbgvgbuma ogroujstmlocs. Gl prmotgoc, tdcsc imotkrs mrc lktrcmbgay mvmgamfac kr cmsgay ulbcrstmlbmfac fy tdc typgoma okltrgfutkr.

Rdc glikrjmtgkl tdmt gs prkvgbcb gs usumaay agjgtcb kr gs m prkxy ikr tdc

rcacvmlt imotkrs mlb, wdcl mvmgamfac, gs lkt cmsy tk ulbcrstmlb ikr jkst

jcjfcrs.



23/300

Gl mbbgtgkl, oklsgbcrmfac cvgbcloc cxgsts ki glcrtgm, bcogsgkl mvkgbmloc,

mlb cxocssgvc rgsh mvcrsgkl fy pmrtgogpmlts gl jmhgle odkgocs. Fcomusc ki

tdc okjpacxgty ki bciglgle tdc kptgjma pkrtikagk maakomtgkl, skjc ekvcrl-

jclts dmvc prkjktcb ktdcr skurocs ki okjpctgtgkl, wdgod jmy fc grrca-

cvmlt tk tdc akle-tcrj iglmlogma pcrikrjmloc ki iulbs.6 _kjc okultrgcs

dmvc oklsgbcrcb jmlbmtgle dgedcr acvcas ki glikrjmtgkl tk tdc pufago tk

gjprkvc tdc ompmogty ki okltrgfutkrs tk jmhc glikrjcb bcogsgkls, fut

tdcsc ciikrts okuab fc wmstcb fcomusc okltrgfutkrs dmvc m agjgtcb ompmo-

gty tk ulbcrstmlb tdc okjpacxgtgcs ki tdc systcjs.? Rdgs prkfacj jmy fc

skavcb gl pmrt fy gjprkvgle tdc iglmlogma agtcrmoy ki glbgvgbumas, fut gt jmy

tmhc bcombcs fcikrc tdc mvcrmec okltrgfutkr gs gl m pksgtgkl tk jmhc mlglikrjcb bcogsgkl mfkut dgs kr dcr mssct maakomtgkl.

Gl tdc mfscloc ki jkrc rcacvmlt akle-tcrj jcmsurcs ki pcrikrjmloc,

tdc cxgstgle cjpdmsgs kl sdkrt-tcrj rcturls orcmtcs glocltgvcs ikr pclsgkl

iulb jmlmecrs tk ikous tdcgr ciikrts kl jmxgjgzgle sdkrt-tcrj rcturls.

Dkwcvcr, tdc iulbs wgtd fcttcr sdkrt-tcrj pcrikrjmloc mrc lkt lcocssmrgay

tdksc fcst magelcb wgtd tdc akle-rul pcrikrjmloc ki m pclsgkl systcj.

Rdc agtcrmturc kl strmtcego mssct maakomtgkl prkvgbcs lujcrkus cxmjpacs

ki omscs gl wdgod sdkrt-tcrj mssct maakomtgkl okliagots wgtd aklecr-tcrjkfncotgvcs, gloaubgle scacotgkl ki tdc rgsh-ircc mssct, gltcrlmtgklma pkrtik-

agk bgvcrsgigomtgkl, mlb ourrcloy dcbegle strmtcegcs. Gl eclcrma, lk mssur-

mlocs oml fc egvcl tdmt okjpctgtgkl gl tdc sdkrt-tcrj wgaa rcsuat gl

akle-tcrj kptgjma mssct maakomtgkl (Omjpfcaa mlb Ygocgrm 6006).

Vceuamtkry rcstrgotgkls kl pclsgkl iulb pcrikrjmloc, suod ms tdc jgl-

gjuj rcturl eumrmltcc, jmy orcmtc mbbgtgklma bgsturfmloc gl tdc cqugagf-

rguj pkrtikagk maakomtgkl tdmt gs rcmodcb gl m okjpctgtgvc irmjcwkrh.

Pkagoy jmhcrs dmvc klay pmrtgmaay mbbrcsscb tdc gssuc ki tdc glvcstjcltpcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulbs. Ms m wmy ki glorcmsgle tdc okltrgfutkrs

rcspklsgfgagty ikr tdcgr kwl rctgrcjclt glokjc, skjc ekvcrljclts dmvc

kpclcb up tdc lujfcr ki glvcstjclt kppkrtulgtgcs tdrkued tdc orcmtgkl

ki agicstyac pclsgkl iulbs tdmt prkvgbc vmrygle mssct maakomtgkl mpprkmodcs

gltclbcb tk prkbuoc bgiicrclt rgsh mlb rcturl kutokjcs. Rdc mssujptgkl

gjpagogt gl tdgs mpprkmod gs tdmt pmrtgogpmlts wgaa fc mfac tk msscss tdcgr

kwl ogroujstmlocs mlb scacot tdc iulb fcst magelcb wgtd tdcgr aklecr-

tcrj kfncotgvcs mlb rgsh ompmogty. Dkwcvcr, tdcsc motgkls dmvc lkt fccl

mookjpmlgcb fy eugbmloc tk okltrgfutkrs kl strmtcegcs tdmt tdcy omlcjpaky tk kptgjgzc tdcgr cxpcotcb pclsgkl iulbs mt rctgrcjclt mec.2

Matdkued agicstyac iulbs mrc m stcp ikrwmrb gl rcokelgzgle tdc dctcrkeclc-

gty gl tdc prcicrclocs mlb lccbs ki glbgvgbumas, tdc systcjs tdmt pcrjgt

agicstyac iulbs imga tk rcokelgzc tdc okjpacxgty ki tdc pkrtikagk bcogsgkl

Cvmaumtgle tdc Iglmlogma Pcrikrjmloc ki Pclsgkl Iulbs 3


24/300

ikr tdc okltrgfutkrs. Ekvcrljclts mrc lkt okjikrtmfac egvgle rcokjjcl-

bmtgkls kl pkrtikagk maakomtgkl. Matdkued tdgs rcauotmloc gs ulbcrstmlb-

mfac, gt gs aghcay tk rcsuat gl glbgvgbumas jmhgle sufkptgjma pkrtikagk

scacotgkls mlb uatgjmtcay rcocgvgle akw acvcas ki pclsgkls gl rctgrcjclt.

Ms bkoujcltcb fy Omjpfcaa (6009) mlb Fclmrtzg mlb Rdmacr (6005),

wdcl ulmfac tk jmhc bcogsgkls, pckpac tclb tk rcay kl sgjpac dcurgstgos

tdmt jmy clb up fcgle sufkptgjma.

Klc matcrlmtgvc tdmt dms bcvcakpcb tk try tk mbbrcss tdc agjgtcb mfga-

gty ki pmrtgogpmlts tk msscss tdcgr kptgjma rgsh mlb rcturl kfncotgvcs mlb

jmhc mbnustjclts ms tdcgr mec kr ktdcr ogroujstmlocs odmlec dms fccl

tdc gltrkbuotgkl ki wdmt dmvc fcokjc hlkwl ms agic-oyoac iulbs. Rdcrcscmrod prcscltcb gl tdgs vkaujc prkvgbcs m strkle mreujclt tdmt bcigl-

gle ml glvcstjclt pkrtikagk (mlb fy cxtclsgkl m rcacvmlt pcrikrjmloc

fclodjmrh) tdmt gs oklsgstclt wgtd tdc kfncotgvc ki prkvgbgle m rcagmfac

acvca ki glokjc mt rctgrcjclt gs m okjpacx odmaaclec tdmt rcqugrcs oklsgb-

crmtgkl ki m vmrgcty ki imotkrs tdmt wgaa vmry mjkle glbgvgbumas kl tdc fmsgs

lkt nust ki tdcgr mec fut m rmlec ki ktdcr imotkrs ms wcaa. Rdgs sueecsts tdmt

tk gjprkvc tdc akle-tcrj pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulbs, rceuamtgkl wgaa

dmvc tk jkvc fcyklb tdc ourrclt rcagmloc kl jmrhct ikrocs tdmt iulotgkltdrkued okjpctgtgkl mlb sdkrt-tcrj glocltgvcs.

Rdc lccb tk rcfmamloc tdc cqugagfrguj fctwccl tdc ekvcrljclt mlb

tdc jmrhct gl trmbgtgklma BO pclsgkl systcjs gs ml gjpkrtmlt pkagoy okl-

oausgkl tdmt oml fc cxtrmotcb irkj tdgs fkkh. M aghcay wmy tk mbbrcss tdc

odmaaclec tdmt cjcrecs irkj tdc rcscmrod wkuab fc tk orcmtc m jkbca sct

ki agic-oyoac pclsgkl iulbs, wdgod oml scrvc ms fclodjmrhs memglst wdgod

tdc pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulb jmlmecrs oml fc jcmsurcb. Rdgs wkuab

jkvc tdc fmsgs ki okjpctgtgkl irkj sdkrt-tcrj rcturls tk trygle tk fcmttdc fclodjmrh kl tdc jkbca scts. Rdc mssct maakomtgkl wkuab bcpclb

lkt klay kl mec, fut mask kl ktdcr pmrmjctcrs, gloaubgle okltrgfutgkl

rmtcs, bclsgty ki okltrgfutgkls, fclcigts irkj ktdcr skogma glsurmloc prk-

ermjs, pmttcrls ki agictgjc cmrlgles, rgsh prcicrclocs, mlb okrrcamtgkls

mjkle tdcsc imotkrs mlb mssct rcturls. Rdgs sueecsts m odmaaclegle prkocss

tdrkued wdgod tdcsc kptgjma pkrtikagks ikr glbgvgbumas wgtd bgiicrclt

odmrmotcrgstgos okuab scrvc tk glikrj glvcstjclt odkgocs mlb prkvgbc

fclodjmrhs memglst wdgod tdc pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulb jmlmecrs

okuab fc jcmsurcb. Gt gs gltcrcstgle tk kfscrvc tdmt suod ml mpprkmod gsfrkmbay oklsgstclt wgtd tdc jmllcr gl wdgod tdc okltrka ki glvcstjclts

gs cxcrogscb gl m dyfrgb BF systcj, suod ms gl tdc Lctdcramlbs, gl wdgod

mssct maakomtgkls mrc rceuamtcb gl oklsgbcrmtgkl ki tdc tmrectcb, matdkued

lkt eumrmltccb, fclcigt strcmj. Ms suod, gt wkuab rcprcsclt m okltglumtgkl



25/300

ki tdc oklvcrecloc tdmt dms fceul tk rclbcr tdc bgstglotgkl fctwccl

trmbgtgklma BF mlb BO systcj glorcmsgleay grrcacvmlt.

Gl tdgs mpprkmod, ekvcrljclts wgaa fc rcqugrcb tk tmhc ercmtcr rcspkl-

sgfgagty gl bciglgle akle-tcrj glvcstjclt strmtcegcs ikr pclsgkl iulbs. Rdc

gjpagomtgkl ki tdgs gltcrprctmtgkl gs tdmt fy lkt bciglgle eugbcaglcs ikr

glvcstjclt strmtcegcs, ekvcrljclts acmvc pmrtgogpmlts sufncot tk bmy-tk-

bmy ulocrtmglty, wdgod bgjglgsdcs tdc kvcrmaa pcrikrjmloc mlb jmy clb

up miicotgle tdc akle-tcrj vgmfgagty ki iulbcb pclsgkl systcjs.3 Rdc lccb

ikr jkvgle ikrwmrb gl tdc orcmtgkl ki agic-oyoac pclsgkl iulbs oml fc rcgl-

ikrocb fy tdc rcoclt gltcrcst gl Ocltrma Curkpcml ekvcrljclts gl ermlt-

gle skjc skrt ki eumrmltcc kl tdc rcma vmauc ki okltrgfutgkls tk pclsgkliulbs. Gt gs pkstuamtcb tdmt tdc bcsgel ki kptgjma pkrtikagks mlb fclod-

jmrhs jmy dcap tk rcbuoc tdc okst ki tdcsc eumrmltccs.9

Kvcrvgcw mlb _ujjmry ki tdc Fkkh

Rdgs fkkh gs ml ciikrt tk frgle tkectdcr tdc agjgtcb glikrjmtgkl mvmgamfac

kl tdc pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulbs morkss m frkmb rmlec ki scttgles wgtd

skjc ki tdc amtcst bcvcakpjclts gl tdc tdckrctgoma agtcrmturc rcemrbglepkrtikagk maakomtgkl tk oklsgbcr dkw tdc bcsgel ki pclsgkl systcjs oml fc

gjprkvcb tk mbbrcss tdcsc agjgtmtgkls. M icw pkagoy okloausgkls oml fc

cxtrmotcb irkj tdgs cxcrogsc. Mt tdc jkst fmsgo acvca tdc wkrh glbgomtcs

tdmt rmtcs ki rcturls mrc m vcry agjgtcb glbgomtkr ki pclsgkl iulb pcrikrj-

mloc mlb tdmt tdc rcagmloc kl tdgs glbgomtkr oml fc okultcrprkbuotgvc8 sco-

klb, okjpctgtgkl jmy lkt frgle pclsgkl pkrtikagks tkwmrb tdc kptgjma

akle-tcrj maakomtgkl8 mlb tdgrb, pclsgkl iulbs lccb tk jcmsurc pcrikrj-

mloc memglst kptgjma akle-tcrj fclodjmrhs, tdc bcsgel ki wdgod gs csscltgmaikr kptgjgzgle tdc vmauc ki tdc fclcigts rcocgvcb mt rctgrcjclt. Iglmaay, gt

gs mreucb tdmt ekvcrljclts oml pamy ml gjpkrtmlt rkac gl scttgle up tdcsc

kptgjma fclodjmrhs fut sdkuab lkt gltcricrc gl mssct maakomtgkl.

Rdc fkkh okjprgscs sgx jmgl odmptcrs tdmt prcsclt m scacotgkl ki hcy

wkrh ulbcrtmhcl gl tdc rcscmrod prkncot mlb ikur sdkrt cssmys tkectdcr gl

m iglma odmptcr tdmt prkvgbc mbbgtgklma pkagoy kfscrvmtgkls mlb rcmiigrj tdc

mlmaysgs gl tdc okltcxt ki tdc iglmlogma orgsgs. Rdgs gltrkbuotkry odmptcr

sujjmrgzcs tdc jmgl gssucs rmgscb fy tdcsc stubgcs mlb hcy mspcots ki

tdcgr iglbgles. Rdc ktdcr odmptcrs mrc kremlgzcb gl m wmy tk maakw tdcrcmbcr tk jkvc irkj m rcvgcw ki tdc mvmgamfac bmtm tk m pkagoy bgsoussgkl

mfkut tdc bcvcakpjclt ki pclsgkl-spcogigo fclodjmrhs tdmt mrc lccbcb

tk suppkrt jkrc jcmlgleiua cvmaumtgkl ki pclsgkl iulb glvcstjclt pcr-

ikrjmloc. Rdc sdkrt cssmys prkvgbc kfscrvmtgkls mlb okjjcltmry mfkut



26/300

gltcrprctmtgkl ki tdc wkrh mlb mfkut odmaaclecs ki agic-oyoac iulbs gl tdc

okltcxt ki tdc iglmlogma orgsgs.

Mitcr tdc gltrkbuotkry odmptcr, tdc fkkh fcegls wgtd m odmptcr fy

Pmfak Mltkagl mlb Umabk Rmpgm. Rdgs odmptcr prkvgbcs m frgci sujjmry ki

tdc ciikrt ulbcrtmhcl fy tdc KCOB tk okjpgac glikrjmtgkl kl prgvmtcay

jmlmecb pclsgkl iulbs. Rdgs ciikrt ygcabcb bmtm irkj 6? okultrgcs ikr

wdgod bmtm kl tdc iglmlogma stmtus mlb pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulb wcrc

mvmgamfac,5 gloaubgle m jgx ki pcrsklma mlb kooupmtgklma pclsgkl systcjs,

ms wcaa ms BF mlb BO pclsgkl systcjs.

Rdgs odmptcr prkvgbcs fmsgo bcsorgptgvc glikrjmtgkl kl tdc vmrgkus

pclsgkl systcjs bcsgel pmrmjctcrs ms wcaa ms m sujjmry ki tdc bgiicrcltmpprkmodcs tk glvcstjclt rceuamtgkl. Rdc odmptcrs iglbgles glbgomtc m

rmlec ki rceuamtkry irmjcwkrhs tdmt jgedt gliaucloc glvcstjclt kut-

okjcs wgtd tdc vmrgkus okultrgcs gjpksgle agjgts fy glstrujclt omtcekry,

agjgts fy gssucr, agjgts fy rgsh, jglgjuj rcturl eumrmltccs, mlb agjgts kl

ikrcgel dkabgles. Rdc bcsorgptgvc bmtm glbgomtc tdmt mjkle tdc KCOB

okultrgcs gloaubcb gl tdc smjpac, glvcstjclt rceuamtgkl gs acss prcsorgp-

tgvc mlb fmscb kl prubclt pcrskl prglogpacs. Rdc glikrjmtgkl kl mssct

maakomtgkl glbgomtcs tdmt pclsgkl pkrtikagks gl Amtgl Mjcrgom mlb OcltrmaCurkpc mrc dcmvgay bkjglmtcb fy maakomtgkl tk fklbs, wdgod, gl skjc

omscs, rcmodcs mfkvc 70 pcroclt ki tdc vmauc ki tdc pclsgkl iulbs. Pclsgkl

pkrtikagks gl glbustrgmagzcb okultrgcs sdkw m ercmtcr fmamloc fctwccl

cqugtgcs mlb fklbs.

Rdc odmptcr tdcl prkvgbcs cstgjmtcs ki tdc rcma rcturls ikr tdc pclsgkl

systcjs ki tdc okultrgcs gloaubcb gl tdc smjpac, ikr tdc pcrgkb 600=03,

mlb omaouamtgkl ki tdc stmlbmrb bcvgmtgkl ki tdcsc cstgjmtcb rcma rcturls.

Gl odmptcr ?, Cbumrbk Umahcr mlb Mueustk Geacsgms cxtclb tdc cvmaum-tgkl ki pcrikrjmloc usgle m rgsh-mbnustcb smjpac ki rcturls irkj pclsgkl

iulbs gl == okultrgcs ikr wdgod mbcqumtc bmtm mrc mvmgamfac tk suppkrt

suod ml cxcrogsc. Rdcgr odmptcr fcegls wgtd m frgci bgsoussgkl ki tdc mppag-

omfgagty ki stmlbmrb jcmsurcs ki iglmlogma pcrikrjmloc tdmt ikouscs kl tdc

pktcltgma usc ki tdc _dmrpc rmtgk tk jcmsurc tdc mfgagty ki pclsgkl iulb

jmlmecrs tk prkvgbc m rgsh prcjguj irkj tdc motgvc jmlmecjclt ki tdc

iulb. Rdc mutdkrs mreuc tdmt pclsgkl iulb pcrikrjmloc sdkuab fc

ikouscb kl cvmaumtgle tdc vmauc mbbcb fy pkrtikagk jmlmecrs wgtd rcspcot

tk fclodjmrhs. Rdcy oamrgiy tdmt pcrikrjmloc jcmsurcs mrc rcamtgvc jcms-urcs, mlb tdmt tk fc jcmlgleiua tdcy lccb tk fc okjpmrcb memglst pmssgvc

glvcstjclt strmtcegcs. _gjpac jcmsurcs ki pcrikrjmloc, suod ms rcturls,

bk lkt prkvgbc mly pkglt ki rcicrcloc mlb tdcrcikrc mrc lkt glikrjmtgvc

wgtd rcspcot tk tdc vmauc mbbcb fy jmlmecrs. Dged rcturls ki pclsgkl



27/300

iulbs, ikr cxmjpac, jgedt fc rcamtcb tk dged gltcrcst rmtcs gl tdc coklkjy

kr m okultry-spcogigo rgsh prcjguj mrgsgle irkj amoh ki bcvcakpjclt

ki tdc bkjcstgo ompgtma jmrhct. Umahcr mlb Geacsgms bgsouss bgiicrclt

glbgocs tdmt oml fc uscb tk jcmsurc pcrikrjmloc mlb mttrgfutgkl ki

pclsgkl iulbs. Rdcsc glbgocs jcmsurc tdc vmauc mbbcb fy pclsgkl iulbs

wgtd rcspcot tk m pkrtikagk ki tdc smjc styac, fut tdcy bk lkt mlmayzc

wdctdcr pclsgkl pkrtikagks odkscl fy tdc jmlmecrs mrc kptgjma kr ciig-

ogclt irkj tdc pcrspcotgvc ki tdc mfgagty tk prkvgbc m iuturc acvca ki

glokjc rcpamocjclt.

Umahcr mlb Geacsgms mask okulsca memglst gltcrlmtgklma okjpmrgskls ki

trmbgtgklma pcrikrjmloc jcmsurcs, gloaubgle rcturls, vkamtgagty, mlb _dmrpcrmtgks. Rdcy mreuc tdmt gl mbbgtgkl tk tdc bgiicrclocs gl glvcstjclt matcr-

lmtgvcs, gloaubgle bgiicrclt rgsh-ircc gltcrcst rmtcs mlb bgiicrclt glvcst-

jclt matcrlmtgvcs, pclsgkl iulb jmlmecrs gl bgiicrclt okultrgcs mrc

sufncot tk bgiicrclt rgshs, gloaubgle cxodmlec rmtc rgsh mlb rcma gltcrcst

rgsh, wdgod jmhc okjpmrgskls lkt jcmlgleiua. Rdc mutdkrs mreuc tdmt

vkamtgagty omllkt fc oklsgbcrcb ms m okjprcdclsgvc jcmsurc ki rgsh,

fcomusc gltrglsgo rgsh cacjclts mrc ikulb gl okultrgcs wgtd bgiicrclt acv-

cas ki bcvcakpjclt. Ikr cxmjpac, _dmrpc rmtgks tclb tk vmry kvcrtgjcmlb morkss mssct oamsscs, mlb tdcrcikrc okjpmrgle pclsgkl iulbs tdmt

dmvc glvcstcb bgiicrcltay kr gl bgiicrclt tgjc irmjcs jmy lkt mawmys fc

rcacvmlt.

Umahcr mlb Geacsgms usc jkltday bmtm tk omaouamtc tdc _dmrpc rmtgk ikr

tdc pclsgkl iulbs ki m smjpac ki == okultrgcs.4 Pcrikrjmloc gs omaouamtcb

memglst ikur prkxgcs ikr tdc rgsh-ircc rmtc> m sdkrt-tcrj akoma rmtc, m akoma

akle-tcrj rmtc, m sdkrt-tcrj S._. Rrcmsury fgaas rmtc, mlb tdc mlluma rcturl

kl akle-tcrj S._. Rrcmsury fklbs. Rdcy iglb tdmt lcmray maa ki tdc pclsgklsystcjs tdmt tdcy mrc mfac tk cxmjglc dmvc fccl mfac tk bcagvcr m sgelgig-

omlt rgsh prcjguj kvcr sdkrt-tcrj akoma mlb S._. gltcrcst rmtcs, fut tdc

cvgbcloc gs jkrc jgxcb wdcl tdc prcjguj gs cvmaumtcb memglst akle-

tcrj gltcrcst rmtcs. Rwk okultrgcs gl tdc smjpac rcpkrtcb lcemtgvc vmauc

mbbcb memglst akle-tcrj fclodjmrhs, fcomusc pclsgkl iulbs glvcstcb gl

sdkrt-tcrj msscts gl pcrgkbs gl wdgod akle-tcrj gltcrcst rmtcs wcrc imaagle.

Odmptcr 2 fcegls tdc bgsoussgkl ki tdc bcvcakpjclt ki fclodjmrhs fy

cxmjglgle tdc pktcltgma gjpmot ki gjpksgle jglgjuj rcturl eumrmltccs,

suod ms mrc ourrcltay gl pamoc gl scvcrma okultrgcs. Rdgs mbbrcsscs klc kitdc tdrcsdkab qucstgkls rcemrbgle tdc okjjkl fcagci tdmt okjpctgtgkl

wkuab brgvc pkrtikagks tkwmrb kptgjma acvcas. Gl tdgs odmptcr Pmfak

Omstmcbm mlb Dcglz P. Vubkapd mlmayzc tdc cqugagfrguj pkrtikagks tdmt

oml fc rcmodcb wdcl pclsgkl iulb jmlmecrs mrc sufncot tk pcrikrjmloc



28/300

rcstrgotgkls, suod ms jglgjuj rcturl eumrmltccs. Rdc mlmaysgs gs fmscb kl

m stmlbmrb jkbca ki bylmjgo pkrtikagk odkgoc fut gloaubcs strmtcego gltcr-

motgkl mjkle pkrtikagk jmlmecrs tdrkued rcamtgvc pcrikrjmloc okl-

strmglts. Rdc jkbca ikaakws tdc scjglma wkrh ki Fmsmh mlb Jmhmrkv

(6004), wdgod mlmayzcs tdc pkrtikagk cqugagfrguj gl tdc mfscloc ki

rcstrgotgkls mlb iglbs tdmt pkrtikagk maakomtgkl wgtdkut pcrikrjmloc jcms-

urcs oml acmb pclsgkl pkrtikagks tk sgleac cqugagfrguj, juatgpac cqugagfrgm,

kr lk cqugagfrguj mt maa. Gl tdgs agtcrmturc m pclsgkl systcj wgtd juatgpac

kptgkls gl wdgod glbgvgbumas dmvc agjgtcb ompmogty tk ulbcrstmlb tdc

mvmgamfac kptgkls gs aghcay tk clb up gl juatgpac cqugagfrgm, sufkptgjma

mssct maakomtgkl, mlb akw pclsgkls ikr glbgvgbumas gl tdc iuturc.Rdc cqugagfrguj pkrtikagks gl tdc jkbca uscb fy Omstmcbm mlb

Vubkapd mrc m wcgedtcb mvcrmec ki pkrtikagk pkagogcs tdmt mrc kptgjma ikr

bgiicrclt pkssgfac soclmrgks. Rdc soclmrgks okrrcspklb tk omscs tdmt mrc lkt

rcstrgotcb fy tdc jglgjuj rcturl eumrmltccs mlb gl wdgod mt acmst klc

jmlmecr gs rcstrgotcb. Rdc jkbca sdkws tdmt rcamtgvc pcrikrjmloc okl-

ocrls pamy m oruogma rkac gl bctcrjglgle tdc kptgjma pkrtikagks.

Bcpclbgle kl tdc rcamtgvc pcrikrjmloc oklstrmglts, Omstmcbm mlb

Vubkapd okloaubc tdmt pclsgkl iulb jmlmecrs oml jkvc pkrtikagk maak-omtgkls tk sufkptgjma acvcas. Rdc mutdkrs sueecst tdmt gl tdc prcscloc ki

jglgjuj rcturl eumrmltccs, mlb wdcl pclsgkl iulb jmlmecrs mrc tkk

prklc tk rcamtgvc rcturl stmlbmrbs, pkrtikagk maakomtgkl jmy oklvcrec

tkwmrb jykpgo pkrtikagk maakomtgkl. Gl tdcsc ogroujstmlocs tdc usc ki

cxkeclkusay bciglcb sgleac-glbcx fclodjmrh pkrtikagks oml dcap tk jkvc

pclsgkl pkrtikagks tkwmrb kptgjma maakomtgkls. Rdc jmgl pkagoy acsskl tdmt

oml fc cxtrmotcb irkj odmptcr 2 gs tdmt okjpctgtgkl bkcs lkt eumrmltcc

cqugagfrguj wgtd kptgjma pkrtikagk maakomtgkl, mlb tdc prcscloc ki m jgl-gjuj rcturl eumrmltcc jmy cxmocrfmtc tdc bgvcrecloc wgtd ml kptgjma

pkrtikagk.

Odmptcr 3 fy Kagvgm Jgtodcaa mlb Nkdl Rurlcr bgsousscs tdc gjpmot ki

dujml ompgtma rgsh kl tdc bcsgel ki kptgjma pkrtikagk maakomtgkl ki pcl-

sgkl iulbs. Rdc mutdkrs sueecst tdmt cjpakyjclt vkamtgagty mlb iauotum-

tgkls gl amfkr cmrlgles jmy dmvc bgiicrclt ciicots kl dujml ompgtma

mooujuamtgkl mlb glokjc rcpamocjclt tmrects tdmt wgaa sdkw ml gjpkr-

tmlt gjpmot kl tdc wmy gl wdgod pclsgkl pkrtikagks mrc bcsgelcb.

Jgtodcaa mlb Rurlcr kpcl tdc bgsoussgkl wgtd tdc lccb tk bciglc prkp-cray tdc oklocpt ki glokjc rcpamocjclt rmtc, wdgod tdcy pcrocgvc ms tdc

uatgjmtc kutokjc jcmsurc rcacvmlt tk cvmaumtgle tdc pcrikrjmloc ki

pclsgkl iulbs. Glokjc rcpamocjclt rmtcs mrc bciglcb ms tdc mjkult ki

glokjc tdmt m rctgrcc rcocgvcs irkj dgs kr dcr pclsgkl okjpmrcb wgtd

=0 Vubkapd, Dglz, Mltkal, mlb Wcrjk


29/300

skjc acvca ki prc-rctgrcjclt glokjc. Rdgs jcmsurc rcqugrcs okjpmrgskl

ki wkrhcrs prc-rctgrcjclt glokjc iakws mlb tdc rcsuatgle kr cxpcotcb

iakws gl rctgrcjclt. Dkwcvcr, tdcrc gs stgaa bgsmerccjclt mfkut tdc okrrcot

jcmsurcjclt ki tdgs rmtgk, gloaubgle tdc pcrgkb tk okvcr wgtd rcemrb tk

tdc cmrlgles gl tdc bclkjglmtkr (wdctdcr gt gs glokjc gjjcbgmtcay

fcikrc rctgrcjclt, gl m icw pcmh ycmrs, kr cltgrc mvcrmec pmy), lct kr erkss

glokjc, mlb tdc glbcxmtgkl ruac ki tdc fclcigts. Gl mbbgtgkl, Jgtodcaa mlb

Rurlcr bgsouss tdc gjpmot ki ktdcr imotkrs, gloaubgle amfkr glokjc sdkohs,

mlb dkw tdcy wgaa dmvc bgiicrgle ciicots gl BF systcjs mlb BO systcjs.

Rdgs bgsoussgkl dgedagedts tdc gjpkrtmloc ki bgiicrclocs gl tdc rceuamtkry

irmjcwkrh, wdgod mrc cspcogmaay gjpkrtmlt gl dkw tdcy jmy miicot pkrtm-fgagty ki fclcigts gl BF systcjs wdcl pmrtgogpmlts odmlec nkfs, tdc pktcl-

tgma rgshs ki fmlhruptoy ki tdc pclsgkl pamls, mlb tdc ulocrtmglty mfkut

dkw sdkohs tk amfkr glokjc gliaucloc fclcigt pmyjclts wgtdgl bgiicrclt

systcj bcsgels mlb rceuamtkry rcegjcs. Rdgs odmptcr mask bgsousscs tdc

gjpkrtmloc ki tdc bclsgty ki okltrgfutgkls kl tdc iuturc acvca ki pclsgkls

gl BO systcjs.

Odmptcr 3 cxpakrcs dkw dujml ompgtma rgshs trmlsamtc gltk pclsgkl kut-

okjcs gl bgiicrclt typcs ki systcj bcsgels, gloaubgle BF, BO, mlb tdcrcocltay cjcregle okaacotgvc BO systcjs. Jgtodcaa mlb Rurlcr mlmayzc tdc

ciicots ki wmec-rcamtcb sdkohs (shgaa kfskacsocloc, dcmatd sdkoh, bgsmfgagty

sdkoh, mlb amfkr ikroc sdkoh) mlb cjpakyjclt sdkohs (rcbuotgkl ki

wkrhgle dkurs, rctrclodjclt, mlb rctgrcjclt) kl tdcsc pclsgkl systcjs.

Rdc mlmaysgs dgedagedts tdmt tdc typgomaay mssujcb oamssgo dujpcb-sdmpc

cmrlgles prkigac jmy lkt fc cjpgrgomaay sustmglmfac mlb tdmt tdc ciicots

ki bgiicrclt cmrlgle bgstrgfutgkls jmy dmvc ml gjpkrtmlt ciicot kl pkrt-

ikagk maakomtgkl. Rdgs acmbs tk tdc okloausgkl tdmt tdc bgvcrsgty ki pmttcrlsgl wmec bgstrgfutgkl sdkuab fc tmhcl gltk oklsgbcrmtgkl wdcl pclsgkl

pkrtikagk maakomtgkls mrc bcogbcb. Jgtodcaa mlb Rurlcr sueecst tdmt tk orc-

mtc m jkrc rcmagstgo pgoturc ki tdc vmrgmfgagty gl amfkr cmrlgles mlb cjpaky-

jclt pmttcrls kvcr tdc agic oyoac, okultrgcs wgaa lccb tk glvcst gl

aklegtubglma survcys ki cmrlgle mlb cjpakyjclt pmttcrls tk kftmgl tdc

glikrjmtgkl trmohgle glbgvgbuma wkrhcrs kvcr tgjc tdmt gs lcocssmry tk

glikrj tdc bcvcakpjclt ki pkrtikagks tdmt mrc sugtcb tk tdc sgelgigomlt

vmrgmtgkls gl dujml ompgtma.

Rdc ikous ki mttcltgkl gl odmptcrs 9 mlb 5 gs kl bcvcakpgle jctdkbstk glokrpkrmtc tdc gbcms gltrkbuocb gl tdc cmragcr odmptcrs gltk tdc ikrju-

amtgkl ki m pkrtikagk maakomtgkl tdmt kptgjgzcs tdc mfgagty ki pclsgkl iulbs

tk sjkktd oklsujptgkl mlb dcbec tdc gjpmot ki dujml ompgtma vkamtgagty

tk fcttcr modgcvc tdc glokjc rcpamocjclt kfncotgvc ki pclsgkl iulbs.

Cvmaumtgle tdc Iglmlogma Pcrikrjmloc ki Pclsgkl Iulbs ==


30/300

Kptgjma pkrtikagk maakomtgkl rcqugrcs m skpdgstgomtcb mpprkmod tdmt

gloaubcs ml gltcrtcjpkrma kptgjgzmtgkl ki pclsgkl pkrtikagks, wdgod

lccbs tk tmhc gltk oklsgbcrmtgkl lujcrkus vmrgmfacs, gloaubgle tdc rgshs ki

tdc bgiicrclt iglmlogma glstrujclts, mec ki glbgvgbumas, dujml ompgtma rgsh,

mlb glbgvgbuma prcicrclocs. Pkagoy jmhcrs gl skjc okultrgcs icca okligbclt

tdmt bciglgle m agjgtcb lujfcr ki agicstyac pclsgkl iulbs (typgomaay

fctwccl tdrcc mlb igvc) bgiicrcltgmtcb fy fkulbmrgcs kl cqugty cxpksurc

gs clkued tk bcsgel ml kptgjma pmtd ki mooujuamtgkl ki pclsgkl iulbs.

Rdcsc odmptcrs sdkw tdmt agicstyac iulbs mrc glsuiigogclt tk orcmtc ml kptg-

jma pmtd ki rctgrcjclt smvgles fut oml orcmtc tdc gaausgkl tk okltrgfutkrs

tdmt tdcy mrc bkgle sk.Rk put tdcsc twk odmptcrs gl pcrspcotgvc, agic-oyoac iulbs lccb tk fc

fugat kl wcaa-bciglcb fclodjmrhs, mlb, oklscqucltay, rceuamtgkls tdmt

skacay gjpksc jmxgjuj agjgts kl bgiicrclt mssct oamsscs jgedt lkt fc

clkued tk kptgjgzc tdc iuturc pclsgkls ki glbgvgbumas. Ikr cxmjpac, gl m

wkrab wdcrc maa cqugty glstrujclts mrc dkjkeclkus, tdc klay bcogsgkl ki

glbgvgbumas gs tdc maakomtgkl tk cqugtgcs vcrsus igxcb-glokjc scourgtgcs. Rdc

agicstyac mpprkmod bkcs lkt skavc tdc prkfacj ki dkw juod cqugty okl-

trgfutkrs lccb mt cmod jkjclt ki tgjc.7 Gl ourrclt prmotgoc, tdc jmxgjujcxpksurc tk cqugty tclbs tk vmry fy okultry, fcgle, ikr cxmjpac, 40 pcroclt,

30 pcroclt, mlb ?0 pcroclt ikr tdc omscs ki Odgac, Cstklgm, mlb Jcxgok,

rcspcotgvcay.=0 Rdc jmxgjuj cxpksurc tk cqugty gl tdcsc okultrgcs dms lkt

fccl bcrgvcb irkj mly kptgjgzmtgkl jkbca mlb tdcrcikrc omllkt eugbc tdc

bcogsgkl ki pmrtgogpmlts mfkut tdc acvca ki cqugty cxpksurc tdmt tdcy sdkuab

scch. Fcomusc agicstyac jkbcas mask bk lkt prkvgbc eugbmloc mfkut tdc

prcicrrcb pkrtikagk maakomtgkl, okltrgfutkrs mrc sufncot tk tdc rgsh ki

ulbcrpcrikrjgle rcturls.Rdc gltrkbuotgkl ki dctcrkeclcgty gltk tdc cqugty okjpklclt okjpag-

omtcs tdc sgtumtgkl cvcl jkrc. Ms jmly okultrgcs dmvc cxpcrgclocb, pcl-

sgkl iulbs jmy kvcrglvcst gl cqugty gl cjcregle coklkjgcs, wdgod jgedt

fc kptgjma irkj m sdkrt-tcrj pcrspcotgvc fut sufkptgjma irkj tdc pcr-

spcotgvc ki kptgjma pkrtikagk maakomtgkl. Umahcr (6009) mreucs tdmt gl tdc

amtc =770s Odgacml pclsgkl iulbs dmb glvcstcb mfkut 50 pcroclt ki tdc

cqugty pkrtikagk gl tdc clcrey scotkr gl Odgac, wdgod gjpagcs m dged acvca

ki oklocltrmtgkl gl klc pmrtgouamr scotkr, wdgod gs sufkptgjma irkj mly

pcrspcotgvc. _gjpac rcstrgotgkls kl jmxgjuj cqugty cxpksurc wgtdkutgssucr kr scotkr agjgts fy pclsgkl jgedt lkt prcvclt pkkr bgvcrsgigomtgkl

ki pkrtikagks.

Cxmjpacs oml fc egvcl ki sdkrt-tcrj mssct maakomtgkl lkt kptgjgzgle

akle-tcrj pkrtikagks mlb, oklscqucltay, motgle memglst tdc akle-tcrj



31/300

kfncotgvcs ki pclsgkl iulbs. Udcrc tdc gltcrcst rmtc ygcab ourvc dms fccl

gl fmohwmrbmtgkl mlb wgtd tdc glocltgvcs tdmt ikouscb kl sdkrt-tcrj

rcturls, jmly pclsgkl iulb jmlmecrs gl oklvcrecloc okultrgcs prcicrrcb

tk tmhc sdkrt-tcrj pksgtgkls okltrmry tk tdc kfncotgvcs ki tdc iulbs mlb,

wgtd icw cxocptgkls, dmvc pcrikrjcb sgelgigomltay wkrsc tdml dmb tdcy

glvcstcb gl akle-tcrj pksgtgkls. Odgacml pclsgkl iulbs fctwccl 600? mlb

6005 cxpcrgclocb ml coklkjgo oagjmtc ki imvkrmfac tcrjs ki trmbc mlb

tdc cvkautgkl ki ktdcr jmorkcoklkjgo meercemtcs, rcsuatgle gl tdc bkjcs-

tgo ourrcloys mpprcogmtgle memglst tdc bkaamr. Burgle tdgs pcrgkb Odgacml

pclsgkl iulbs dcbecb jkst ki tdcgr ourrcloy cxpksurc tk jmgltmgl

rcturls tdmt wcrc okjpmrmfac wgtd tdcgr okjpctgtkrs. Gl tdc scoklb dmaiki 6004, burgle tdc eakfma orgsgs, tdc akoma ourrcloy bcprcogmtcb fy mfkut

?0 pcroclt, mlb tdc jmgl cqugty glbgocs okaampscb fy mfkut 20 pcroclt.

Pclsgkl iulbs wcrc lkt mfac tk fclcigt irkj tdc ourrcloy bcprcogmtgkl

mlb suiicrcb tdc okst ki tdc okaampsc ki tdc gltcrlmtgklma stkoh prgocs,

mpmrt irkj tdc gjpagogt okst ki tdc ourrcloy glsurmloc. Rdc agtcrmturc

(Omjpfcaa, _crimty-bc Jcbcgrks, mlb Ygocgrm 6007) sdkws tdmt eakfma imaas

gl stkoh prgocs mrc okrrcamtcb wgtd mpprcogmtgkls gl rcscrvc ourrclogcs, mlb

tdcrcikrc pclsgkl iulbs sdkuab dmvc hcpt uldcbecb ourrcloy pksgtgkls.Iglmaay, gt gs gltcrcstgle tk scc tdmt BO pclsgkl iulbs tdmt jmrh tk jmrhct

tdcgr pkrtikagks tclb tk mvkgb glvcstgle cvcl m sjmaa pmrt ki tdcgr pkrtik-

agk gl glstrujclts wgtd aklecr jmturgtgcs, suod ms vclturc ompgtma. Rdc rgsh

ki tdcsc glstrujclts gs lkt tdc jmgl gjpcbgjclt ikr glvcstgle gl tdcj,

fut tdc imot tdmt rcturls gl tdcsc glstrujclts oml typgomaay fc cxpcotcb

klay mitcr tdc igitd ycmr. M pclsgkl iulb tdmt omllkt sdkw gjjcbgmtc

rcsuats wkuab fc bgsmbvmltmecb okjpmrcb wgtd gts okjpctgtkrs tdmt oml

sdkw fcttcr sdkrt-tcrj rcturls sgjpay fy glvcstgle gl sdkrt-tcrj bcpksgts.Rdcrc gs tdcrcikrc m fgms memglst glvcstgle gl glstrujclts tdmt omllkt

prkvgbc ml gjjcbgmtc rcturl.

Odmptcr 9 fy Imfgk Fmeagmlk, Omrkaglm Iuemzzm, mlb Egkvmllm Lgokbmlk

mbbrcsscs m lujfcr ki jctdkbkakegoma gssucs lcocssmry tk bcvcakp m agic-

oyoac jkbca ikr kptgjma mssct maakomtgkl ki pclsgkl iulbs. Rdc odmptcr mask

cxpakrcs tdc rcamtgklsdgps fctwccl strmtcego mssct maakomtgkl mlb tdc bcercc

ki glvcstkr rgsh mvcrsgkl mlb acvca ki rcpamocjclt rmtcs. Rdc jkbca uscs klc

rgshacss mlb twk rgshy msscts mlb gltrkbuocs m pksgtgvc okrrcamtgkl fctwccl

cqugty rcturls mlb amfkr glokjc. Gt rcmodcs m hcy iglbgle tdmt glokjc rgshmlb okrrcamtgkl ki cqugty rcturls tk glokjc sdkohs rcsuat gl rcbuotgkls tk

tdc kptgjma maakomtgkl ki cqugtgcs mt mly mec.

Rdc jkbca gs omagfrmtcb wgtd pmrmjctcrs tdmt mrc typgomaay uscb gl tdc

Slgtcb _tmtcs mlb gs uscb tk prcbgot ml kptgjma pkrtikagk maakomtgkl ikr

Cvmaumtgle tdc Iglmlogma Pcrikrjmloc ki Pclsgkl Iulbs =?


32/300

BO pclsgkl iulbs. Klc gltcrcstgle iglbgle ki Fmeagmlk, Iuemzzm, mlb

Lgokbmlk gs tdmt tdc prcscloc ki gbgksylormtgo amfkr glokjc sdkohs ecl-

crmtcs sufstmltgma dctcrkeclcgty gl tdc pmttcrl ki iglmlogma wcmatd moou-

juamtgkl kvcr tgjc. Oklscqucltay, tdcrc gs m pktcltgmaay wgbc bgspcrsgkl

ki tdc kptgjma pkrtikagks morkss glbgvgbumas ki tdc smjc mec. Dkwcvcr, tdc

bgspcrsgkl tclbs tk bcorcmsc ms glbgvgbumas mpprkmod rctgrcjclt mec. Rdc

rcsuats sueecst tdmt tdc kptgjma maakomtgkl lccbs tk fc gjpacjcltcb

tdrkued bgvcrsgigcb glvcstjclt kptgkls tdmt wgaa vmry fy juatgpac pmrmj-

ctcrs, gloaubgle kooupmtgkl, mec, mlb rgsh mvcrsgkl.

Rdc rcsuats sueecst tdmt tdc wcaimrc aksscs ki erkupgle glbgvgbumas

makle m bciglcb sct ki fclodjmrhs jgedt lkt fc ms dged ms cxpcotcb.Matdkued jkbcas sueecst ml kptgjma mssct maakomtgkl ikr cmod glbgvgbuma,

tdgs odmptcr vmagbmtcs tdc matcrlmtgvc ki erkupgle glbgvgbumas mjkle

fclodjmrhs. Odmptcr 9 mask bgsousscs tdc wcaimrc gjpagomtgkls ki sufkp-

tgjma strmtcegcs8 ml mec ruac, wdgod maakomtcs (=00 mec) pcroclt tk tdc

rgshy pkrtikagk8 mlb tdc =/Lstrmtcey, gl wdgod tdc pkrtikagk gs sgjpay bgs-

trgfutcb cqumaay mjkle tdc mvmgamfac mssct oamsscs. Rdc rcsuats okligrj

tdmt mppaygle tdcsc sgjpac ruacs wkuab dmvc wcaimrc oksts gl tdc rmlec ki

6? pcroclt, fut tdc okst vmrgcs bcpclbgle kl tdc bcercc ki rgsh mvcrsgkl,tdc iglmlogma wcmatd ki glbgvgbumas, mlb tdc okrrcamtgkl fctwccl rctgrcjclt

glokjc mlb cqugty rcturls. Gl mly omsc, sgjuamtgkls sdkw oklsgstcltay tdmt

wcaimrc oksts mrc akwcr gl tdc omsc ki tdc =/Lstrmtcey okjpmrcb wgtd tdc

mec strmtcey. Gt gs mask lktcb tdmt, usgle m prkpkscb jctrgo, tdc wcaimrc akss

ikr tdcsc prcsujcb pmssgvc strmtcegcs gs sgjgamr gi lkt acss tdml tdc oksts ki

motgvc jmlmecjclt.

Odmptcr 9 prkpkscs tdmt tdc pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulbs sdkuab fc

jcmsurcb memglst m fclodjmrh, fut gl tcrjs ki wcaimrc, ms kppkscb tksgjpac rcturls. Rrmbgtgklma jctdkbs ikr pcrikrjmloc cvmaumtgkl ki jutuma

iulbs mrc fmscb kl rcturls okjpmrcb wgtd tdc fclodjmrh. Rdcsc jctd-

kbs rcay kl tdc oklocpt tdmt m dgedcr rcturl tk rgsh bgiicrcltgma jmps gltk

fcttcr pcrikrjmloc, kvcrakkhgle tdc pclsgkl iulbs mfgagty tk dcbec amfkr

glokjc rgsh mlb pclsgkl rgsh ki paml pmrtgogpmlts. Gl trmbgtgklma jctdkbs

ki pcrikrjmloc cvmaumtgkl, gt gs lkt cmsy tk gbcltgiy wdctdcr pcrikrjmloc

gs buc tk strmtcego mssct maakomtgkl kr sdkrt-tcrj tgjgle mlb scourgty scaco-

tgkl. Fmeagmlk, Iuemzzm, mlb Lgokbmlk sueecst okjputgle wcaimrc rmtgks ms

tdc rmtgk ki tdc wkrhcrs cx mltc jmxgjuj wcaimrc ulbcr kptgjma mssctmaakomtgkl, wgtd dgs kr dcr wcaimrc acvca ulbcr tdc motuma pclsgkl iulb

mssct maakomtgkl. Rdc mbvmltmec ki jcmsurgle pcrikrjmloc gl tcrjs ki

wcaimrc gs tdmt dgedcr wcaimrc jmy fc buc lkt klay tk m dgedcr rcturl pcr

ulgt ki iglmlogma rgsh cmrlcb fy tdc pclsgkl iulb, fut mask tk m fcttcr



33/300

jmtodgle fctwccl tdc pclsgkl iulb pkrtikagk mlb gts jcjfcrs amfkr

glokjc mlb pclsgkl rgshs.

Odmptcr 5 fy Augs Ygocgrm sujjmrgzcs tdc pkagoy rcokjjclbmtgkls tdmt

okjc kut ki tdc agtcrmturc mfkut strmtcego mssct maakomtgkl ikr glbgvgbumas.

Gt sueecsts tdmt mssct maakomtgkl bcpclbs kl m lujfcr ki imotkrs, gloaub-

gle mec, dujml ompgtma, okrrcamtgkl fctwccl amfkr glokjc mlb cqugty

rcturls, tdc rmtc ki okltrgfutgkl, mlb tdc prcscloc ki ktdcr skurocs ki

rctgrcjclt glokjc. Rdc agtcrmturc kl strmtcego mssct maakomtgkl mssujcs

tdmt glbgvgbumas wmlt tk dmvc tdc smjc mssct maakomtgkl mt maa tgjcs, fut tdc

maakomtgkl tmhcs gltk oklsgbcrmtgkl lkt klay iglmlogma wcmatd fut mask

dujml wcmatd. Rdc wcmatd ki glbgvgbumas gs okjpkscb ki fktd iglmlogmawcmatd mlb dujml ompgtma wcmatd. Slaghc iglmlogma wcmatd, dujml wcmatd

gl lkt trmbmfac, mlb wkrhgle glvcstkrs oml jklctgzc klay tdc bgvgbclbs

pmgb kut fy tdcgr dujml wcmatd, wdgod mrc tdcgr amfkr cmrlgles. Fcomusc

tdcy dmvc lkt yct dmb tdc kppkrtulgty tk mooujuamtc smvgles, dujml

wcmatd ki ykule glbgvgbumas typgomaay rcprcsclts tdc amrecst irmotgkl ki

tdcgr wcmatd. Ikr glbgvgbumas oaksc tk rctgrcjclt mec, tdc kppksgtc gs truc.

Fcomusc tdc dujml wcmatd ki glbgvgbumas wgtd smic nkfs gs cqugvmaclt tk

dkabgle ml gjpagogt fklb, ykule glbgvgbumas mrc aghcay tk okjpclsmtc ikrtdgs wgtd m ercmtcr prkpkrtgkl ki cqugty gl tdcgr pkrtikagks.

Rdcsc iglbgles mrc eclcrmagzcb tdrkued m bgsoussgkl mfkut tdc ciicots ki

tdc okrrcamtgkl fctwccl amfkr glokjc mlb cqugty rcturls kl pkrtikagk maak-

omtgkl, wdgod sueecsts tdmt tdc dgedcr tdgs okrrcamtgkl, tdc akwcr sdkuab fc

tdc prkpkrtgkl ki cqugty gl pclsgkl pkrtikagks. Ygocgrm oklbuots m usciua

bgsoussgkl mfkut tdc ciicots ki ktdcr skurocs ki rctgrcjclt glokjc kl pkrt-

ikagk okjpksgtgkl ki jmlbmtkry pclsgkl iulbs, wdgod jmy dcap tk cxpamgl

bgiicrclocs gl pkrtikagk maakomtgkl morkss okultrgcs. Fcomusc tdc struoturc kifclcigts kiicrcb fy pufago rctgrcjclt systcjs (_kogma _courgty) okuab fc

sccl ms cqugvmaclt tk m fklb, gl tcrjs ki glbgvgbuma wcmatd, okltrgfutkrs gl

okultrgcs wgtd juatgpgaamr systcjs mrc cxpcotcb tk dmvc m dgedcr prkpkr-

tgkl ki cqugty okjpmrcb wgtd okultrgcs wgtd jmlbmtkry iulbcb systcjs ms

tdc klay skuroc ki rctgrcjclt glokjc. Rdc mutdkr mask kfscrvcs tdmt tdc

rmtc ki okltrgfutgkl gs ml gjpkrtmlt imotkr cxpamglgle tdc pkrtikagk maakom-

tgkl mjkle okultrgcs, mlb tdcrcikrc twk sgjgamr okultrgcs tdmt bgiicr klay

gl tcrjs ki tdc okltrgfutgkl rmtc mrc cxpcotcb tk dmvc bgiicrclt pkrtikagk

maakomtgkls gi fktd mgj tk dmvc sgjgamr rcpamocjclt rmtcs.Ygocgrm kfscrvcs gl odmptcr 5 tdmt lk igxcb-glokjc glstrujclt gs iuaay

mbcqumtc ikr pclsgkl pkrtikagks. Matdkued omsd glstrujclts, suod ms

Rrcmsury fgaas, mrc m rgsh-ircc mssct ikr sdkrt-tcrj glvcstjclts, tdcy mrc

lkt rgsh-ircc msscts ikr akle-tcrj glvcstkrs, ms mrc pclsgkl iulbs, fcomusc

Cvmaumtgle tdc Iglmlogma Pcrikrjmloc ki Pclsgkl Iulbs =3


34/300

ki tdc rcglvcstjclt rgsh mlb gliamtgkl rgsh. Matdkued ekvcrljclt akle-

tcrj fklbs prkvgbc prktcotgkl memglst rcglvcstjclt rgshs, tdcy bk lkt

prktcot tdc rcma vmauc ki tdc glvcstjclts. Gliamtgkl gs m stgaa m jmnkr tdrcmt

tk tdc vmauc ki msscts gl fktd bcvcakpcb mlb cjcregle jmrhcts. Rdcrcikrc

akle-tcrj gliamtgkl-glbcxcb fklbs mrc tdc klay truc rgshacss mssct ikr

akle-tcrj glvcstkrs.

_cvcrma hcy gssucs ki mssct jmlmecjclt rcacvmlt tk gjpacjcltgle kptg-

jma pkrtikagks mrc mbbrcsscb gl tdc odmptcr. Matdkued gliamtgkl-glbcxcb

fklbs prkvgbc tdc smicst glvcstjclt kptgkl ikr wkrhgle glvcstkrs, gl tdc

mfscloc ki tdcsc glstrujclts gt gs sueecstcb tdmt pclsgkl iulbs dkab

sdkrt-tcrj fklbs bclkjglmtcb gl ikrcgel ourrclogcs gl okultrgcs wgtdstmfac gliamtgkl mlb rcma gltcrcst rmtcs. Gl tdc omsc ki cqugty, tdc mutdkr

kfscrvcs tdmt tdc cvgbcloc mfkut tdc akle-tcrj fclcigts ki glvcstgle gl

cqugtgcs gs lkt msskogmtcb wgtd m pmrtgouamr glstrujclt fut tk gltcrlmtgklma

wcaa-bgvcrsgigcb pkrtikagks. Lmtgklma cqugty jmrhcts mrc sufncot tk okultry

rgsh, mlb tdcrcikrc cxocssgvc rcagmloc kl akoma cqugty jmrhcts gjpkscs m

rgsh kl tdc vmauc ki tdc pclsgkl iulbs.

Rdc qucstgkl ki ourrcloy cxpksurc gs mask bgsousscb. Rdc oklvcltgklma

prmotgoc ki iuaay dcbegle ourrcloy cxpksurcs gs kptgjma klay wdcl cxocssrcturls tk cqugty mrc ulokrrcamtcb wgtd tdksc tk ourrcloy. Dkwcvcr, our-

rclogcs gl cjcregle coklkjgcs tclb tk fc lcemtgvcay okrrcamtcb wgtd tdc

bkaamr mlb tclb tk mpprcogmtc wdcl eakfma stkoh jmrhcts imaa. Rdcrcikrc,

okltrmry tk oklvcltgklma prmotgoc, pclsgkl iulbs gl jkst cjcregle

coklkjgcs sdkuab hccp uldcbecb pksgtgkls gl tdcgr cqugty cxpksurc. Rdc

sdkrt-tcrj vkamtgagty orcmtcb fy uldcbecb ourrcloy pksgtgkls gs jkrc tdml

okjpclsmtcb fy tdc lmturma dcbec mlb rcturls tdmt mrc modgcvcb gl tdc

jcbguj mlb akle tcrj.Odmptcr 5 okloaubcs wgtd ml mppagomtgkl ki tdcsc oklocpts tk ml cjcre-

gle coklkjy mlb okjpmrcs pcrikrjmloc ki juatgpac pkrtikagks, gloaubgle

iuaa glvcstjclt gl ekvcrljclt fklbs, iuaa glvcstjclt gl bkjcstgo cqugty,

iuaa glvcstjclt gl eakfma cqugty, mlb agic-oyoac pclsgkl iulbs. Rdc mlmay-

sgs cxpakrcs tdc fclcigts ki gliamtgkl-glbcxcb fklbs mlb gltcrlmtgklma

cqugty bgvcrsgigomtgkl, ms wcaa ms tdc mbvmltmecs ki agic-oyoac iulbs kvcr

matcrlmtgvc strmtcegcs, suod ms oklstmlt pksgtgkls makle tdc agic-oyoac mlb

agicstyac pclsgkl iulb aglc. Rdc mlmaysgs sdkws tdmt agic-oyoac iulbs bk lkt

pcrikrj wkrsc mlb gl jkst omscs pcrikrj fcttcr tdml matcrlmtgvcs, suod msagicstyac iulbs, gl tcrjs ki tdc cxpcotcb mssct mooujuamtgkl mt rctgrcjclt

mlb tdc vkamtgagty tdmt tdcy oml prkvgbc. _gjuamtgkls mrc rul wgtd lkjg-

lma mlb gliamtgkl-glbcxcb glstrujclts. Gl mbbgtgkl, tdc sgjuamtgkls sue-

ecst tdmt tdc vkamtgagty ki tdc rcsuatgle glokjc gs dgedcr wdcl lkjglma



35/300

fklbs (glstcmb ki gliamtgkl-glbcxcb fklbs) mrc oklsgbcrcb gl tdc pkrtikagk.

Rdc mlmaysgs gs suppkrtcb fy lujcrkus sgjuamtgkls tdmt oklsgbcr lklstk-

odmstgo amfkr glokjc, stkodmstgo amfkr glokjc ulokrrcamtcb wgtd cqugty

rcturls, mlb stkodmstgo amfkr glokjc okrrcamtcb wgtd cqugty rcturls.

Ygocgrm stmtcs tdmt tdc kptgjma bcsgel ki tdc eagbc pmtd ikr agic-oyoac

pclsgkl iulbs gs sclsgtgvc tk tdc rgsh tkacrmloc ki tdc paml pmrtgogpmlt. Gl

pmrtgouamr, pmrtgogpmlts wgtd akw rgsh tkacrmloc cxpcrgcloc wcaimrc aksscs

gi tdcy mrc ikrocb tk mbkpt agic-oyoac iulbs wgtd tdc mvcrmec dged-cqugty

maakomtgkls tdmt mrc kptgjma ikr jcbguj rgsh tkacrmloc pmrtgogpmlts. Rdgs

acmbs tk tdc okloausgkl tdmt, kl tdc fmsgs ki rgsh tkacrmloc, agic-oyoac iulbs

bkjglmtc ktdcr strmtcegcs, gloaubgle agicstyac iulbs. Rdc odmptcr iurtdcrokloaubcs tdmt okltrgfutkrs oml iuaay cxpakgt tdc fclcigts ki iulbcb sys-

tcjs fy dmvgle m wcaa-bcsgelcb mssct pkrtikagk maakomtgkl mlb, tdcrcikrc,

prkpcray bcsgelcb bcimuat glvcstjclt kptgkls tdmt oml rcbuoc tdc rgshs

mlb pktcltgmaay gjprkvc tdc akle-tcrj cxpcotcb mssct mooujuamtgkl ki

okltrgfutkrs.

Rdc amst odmptcr okjprgscs ikur cssmys tdmt sujjmrgzc tdc vgcws ki

wcaa-hlkwl cxpcrts kl pclsgkl pkagoy mlb pclsgkl iulb jmlmecjclt

wdk pmrtgogpmtcb gl m Nmlumry 6007 scjglmr gl Jcxgok Ogty, gl wdgodtdc rcscmrod wkrh irkj tdc pmrtlcrsdgp wms prcscltcb mlb bgsousscb.

Rdcsc okjjcltmrgcs mrc ikouscb kl imotkrs tdmt wgaa gliaucloc tdc

pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulbs mlb tdc iuturc ki kptgjma pkrtikagk

maakomtgkl gl tdc okltcxt ki tdc iglmlogma orgsgs.

Gl tdc igrst cssmy, Hcgtd Mjfmodtsdccr mbbrcsscs tdc gjpkrtmloc ki

wcaa-bcsgelcb rctgrcjclt glokjc systcjs. Dc cjpdmsgzcs tdc lccb lkt

klay tk bcvcakp ciicotgvc mssct jmlmecjclt jctdkbs fut mask tk orcmtc

glstgtutgkls tdmt mrc mfac tk bcagvcr vmauc tk tdcgr stmhcdkabcrs, lktgle glpmrtgouamr tdc lccb tk fcttcr prkvgbc ikr tdc pmykut ki fclcigts gl rctgrc-

jclt. Dc vgcws tdc iglmlogma orgsgs ms rcvcmagle wcmhlcsscs lkt klay gl

pkrtikagk strmtcegcs fut mask gl tdc kvcrmaa ciicotgvclcss ki pclsgkl sys-

tcjs. Kagvgm Jgtodcaa sgjgamray ikouscs kl tdc lccb tk ciicotgvcay bciglc

tdc bcsgrcb kutokjc mlb jcmsurcjclt jctrgos ikr pclsgkl systcjs. _dc

lktcs tdmt oklsujptgkl sjkktdgle gs uatgjmtcay tdc purpksc ki mly pcl-

sgkl systcj, mlb sdc gbcltgigcs tdc odmaaclecs mttclbmlt tk jcmsurgle okl-

sujptgkl mlb gltcermtgle tdgs gltk systcj kutokjc jctrgos. _dc vgcws tdc

rcoclt iglmlogma orgsgs ms rcvcmagle m vmrgcty ki odmaaclecs fcikrc pclsgklpkagoy jmhcrs, gloaubgle dkabgle bkwl iccs mlb cxpclscs, orcmtgle systcj

bcsgels tdmt mrc oklsgstclt wgtd tdc acvca ki iglmlogma agtcrmoy mjkle tdcgr

jcjfcrs, gjpacjcltgle tdc pmy-kut pdmsc, mlb ciicotgvcay jmlmegle

pkrtikagk rgshs.



36/300

Augs Ygogcrms okjjcltmry prkvgbcs prmotgoma mbvgoc mfkut dkw tk ciico-

tgvcay gjpacjclt agic-oyoac strmtcegcs gl iulbcb systcjs. Mitcr cjpdmsgzgle

tdc gjpkrtmloc ki okltrkaagle oksts mlb orcmtgle m prkpcr glstgtutgklma

bcsgel ikr pclsgkl iulbs, dc kutaglcs tdc agjgtmtgkls ki stmlbmrb pcrikrj-

mloc jcmsurcjclt jctdkbs wdcl tdcy mrc mppagcb tk pclsgkl iulbs. Rdgs

prkvgbcs m ikulbmtgkl ikr cxkeclkusay bcsgelgle jcmlgleiua akle-tcrj

fclodjmrhs ikr pclsgkl iulbs. Dc sueecsts tdc orcmtgkl ki cxpcrt pmlcas tk

bciglc tdcsc fclodjmrhs.

Rdc iglma okjjcltmry, fy ^vg Fkbgc, glgtgmaay cjpdmsgzcs tdc tdckrctg-

oma mppcma ki tdc agic-oyoac mpprkmod tk pkrtikagk bcsgel fut tdcl jkvcs

kl tk kutaglc tdc prmotgoma odmaaclecs gl gjpacjcltgle suod ml mpprkmod.Dc okloaubcs tdmt tdc fclcigts kftmglcb irkj tdc agic-oyoac mpprkmod mrc

ulaghcay tk wmrrmlt tdc oksts mlb okjpacxgty8 dc sueecsts glstcmb tdmt tdc

rcamtgvcay sgjpac mpprkmod ki glvcstgle gl gliamtgkl-glbcxcb fklbs wkuab

pktcltgmaay modgcvc sgjgamr lct rcsuats.

Pkagoy Gjpagomtgkls ki tdc Vcscmrod Iglbgles

Rdc rcscmrod dgedagedts tdc pktcltgma tk gjprkvc tdc ciicotgvclcss ki pcl-sgkl iulbs tk modgcvc tdcgr uatgjmtc kfncotgvc ki prkvgbgle glokjc

rcpamocjclt gl rctgrcjclt fy bcvcakpgle pkrtikagk strmtcegcs tdmt mbkpt m

akle-tcrj dkrgzkl mlb oklsgbcr tdc gliaucloc ki m rmlec ki dujml ompg-

tma mlb ktdcr prcicrclocs gl tdc ikrjuamtgkl ki mssct maakomtgkl strmtcegcs.

Rdcsc kptgjma pkrtikagks okuab prkvgbc m usciua fclodjmrh tk cvmaumtc

tdc pcrikrjmloc ki iulb jmlmecrs tdmt wkuab oklsgbcrmfay gjprkvc tdc

vmauc ki pcrikrjmloc jcmsurcjclt gl rcamtgkl tk tdc jctdkbs lkw uscb

tdmt mrc bcrgvcb irkj cvmaumtgkl ki ktdcr typcs ki glvcstjclt jmlmec-jclt wgtd vcry bgiicrclt mttrgfutcs irkj pclsgkl iulbs. Ugtdkut pkrtik-

agk bcsgel mlb pcrikrjmloc jcmsurcjclt orgtcrgm tdmt mrc cxpagogtay

bcrgvcb irkj oklsgbcrmtgkl ki tdc pmrtgouamr lmturc ki pclsgkl iulbs, tdc

tdckry mlb cvgbcloc prcscltcb gl tdgs vkaujc glbgomtc tdmt rcagmloc kl

jmrhct okjpctgtgkl wgtd jglgjma orgtcrgm ikr glvcstjclt strmtcegcs wgaa

lkt rcsuat gl ml glvcstjclt pkrtikagk tdmt wgaa ciicotgvcay modgcvc tdc ekma

ki oklsujptgkl sjkktdgle mlb glokjc rcpamocjclt.

Rdgs sueecsts tdc lccb tk iglb m fcttcr fmamloc fctwccl tdc rkac ki tdc

jmrhct mlb tdc rkac ki tdc ekvcrljclt gl cldmlogle tdc pcrikrjmloc kipclsgkl iulbs mlb rcbuogle tdc rgshs ki pclsgkl sdkrtimaas buc tk glciig-

ogclogcs gl pkrtikagk maakomtgkl. Oklscqucltay, ekvcrljclts mlb tdcgr pcl-

sgkl supcrvgskrs sdkuab oklsgbcr m jkrc motgvc rkac gl cvmaumtgle mlb

prkpksgle tdc akle-tcrj kfncotgvcs ki pclsgkl iulbs ikr vmrgkus omtcekrgcs



37/300

ki wkrhcrs mlb bciglgle fclodjmrh pkrtikagks tdmt oml fc uscb tk eugbc

tdc bcsgel ki iulbs, imogagtmtc odkgoc mjkle iulbs, mlb prkvgbc jkrc

jcmlgleiua pcrikrjmloc cvmaumtgkl. Rdgs okuab acmb tk gjpkrtmlt

gjprkvcjclts gl cstmfagsdgle bcimuat kptgkls. Matdkued tdgs gjpkscs m

jkrc cxpagogt rcspklsgfgagty kl ekvcrljclts (fcomusc tdcy wgaa sdmrc gl

tdc pclsgkl kutokjcs), tdc glorcmsc gl rcspklsgfgagty gs amrecay gaauskry.

_gjpay kiicrgle m amrec lujfcr ki agicstyac pclsgkl iulbs jgedt lkt fc

clkued tk modgcvc tdc iuaa pktcltgma ki iulbcb rctgrcjclt smvgles mrrmlec-

jclts fcomusc jkst glbgvgbumas bk lkt dmvc tdc ompmogty tk ulbcrstmlb

tdc okjpacxgtgcs ki gltcrtcjpkrma mssct maakomtgkl, wdgod jmy tmhc gltk

oklsgbcrmtgkl vmrgkus pmrmjctcrs, gloaubgle mec, dujml ompgtma rgsh, ktdcrskurocs ki rcvcluc, mlb rgsh mvcrsgkl. Iurtdcrjkrc, okst oklsgbcrmtgkls

lccb tk fc mbbrcsscb. Gl tdgs okltcxt, okaacotgvc sodcjcs kiicr m fmamlocb

matcrlmtgvc tk skjc okultrgcs. Cvcl jkrc sk, agicstyac pclsgkl iulbs

jmy mask jgseugbc glbgvgbumas mfkut tdcgr pkrtikagk bcogsgkls fcomusc ml

mssct maakomtgkl oklsgbcrcb tk fc meercssgvc mt m ocrtmgl mec oml fc oklsgb-

crcb oklscrvmtgvc mt m bgiicrclt mec. _gelgigomlt emgls oml mooruc irkj

prkvgbgle glbgvgbumas wgtd mpprkprgmtc fclodjmrhs tdmt clmfac tdcj tk

cvmaumtc tdc pcrikrjmloc ki tdc iulbs kiicrcb gl rcamtgkl tk m strmtceytdmt oklsgbcrs m frkmbcr sokpc ki rcacvmlt imotkrs. Ikr cxmjpac, gl tdc

omsc ki jmlbmtkry okaacotgvc prkermjs, glvcstjclts bk lkt rcay kl tdc

iglmlogma agtcrmoy ki glbgvgbumas, fut kl glvcstjclt prkicssgklmas wgtd

wcaa-magelcb glocltgvcs.== Egvcl tdc wcaa-bkoujcltcb agjgtmtgkls ki tdc

jmnkrgty ki pmrtgogpmlts gl iulbcb pclsgkl systcjs tk gltcrprct iglmlogma

pcrikrjmloc glikrjmtgkl mlb jmhc odkgocs oklsgstclt wgtd tdcgr lccb tk

jmlmec rgshs mlb modgcvc kptgjma acvcas ki rctgrcjclt glokjc, bcimuat

odkgocs mrc csscltgma tk tdc kpcrmtgkl ki m pclsgkl systcj tdmt kiicrs glbg-vgbuma odkgoc. Rdc cxpcrgcloc ki okultrgcs wgtd jmlbmtkry agicstyac iulbs

sdkws tdmt glbgvgbumas tclb tk rcay dcmvgay kl bcimuat kptgkls.=6

Rdc cvgbcloc prkvgbcb gl tdgs vkaujc bcjklstrmtcs tdmt tdc tcodlgoma

mspcots ki bctcrjglgle tdc strmtcego mssct maakomtgkl ki tdc bcimuat kptgkls

gjpksc m bgiigouat, fut lkt gjpkssgfac, tmsh. Rdc jmgl odmaaclec gs aghcay

tk fc tk clsurc tdmt mly pcrikrjmloc fclodjmrhs mrc orcmtcb wgtdkut

pkagtgoma gltcricrcloc. Klc mpprkmod tdmt jcrgts oklsgbcrmtgkl wkuab fc

tk utgagzc m fkby ki glbcpclbclt cxpcrts, wgtd clkued rcskurocs tk okl-

buot mlmaytgoma stubgcs kl tdc strmtcego mssct maakomtgkl ikr pclsgkliulbs, tk bciglc kptgjma strmtcegcs mlb tdc msskogmtcb fclodjmrhs ikr

bgiicrclt odmrmotcrgstgos mlb mttrgfutcs ki wkrhcrs. Rdc fclodjmrhs

wkuab fc cxpcotcb tk fc sct ikr akle pcrgkbs fut jgedt lccb tk fc

rcvgcwcb gi jmnkr odmlecs koour gl glvcstjclt jmrhcts. Rdc cmsgcst wmy



38/300

tk bcsgel fclodjmrhs ikr agic-oyoac iulbs wkuab fc tk okllcot tdcj tk

tdc rctgrcjclt mec ki bgiicrclt okdkrts. Rk rciacot tdc dctcrkeclcgty gl tdc

rgsh tkacrmloc ki glbgvgbumas fcaklegle tk tdc smjc okdkrt, gt wkuab fc

lcocssmry tk bciglc m agjgtcb lujfcr (twk kr tdrcc) ki fclodjmrh pkrt-

ikagks ikr cmod okdkrt.=?

Rdgs wkuab rcqugrc tdc mbkptgkl ki m rgsh-fmscb mpprkmod tk supcrvg-

sgkl mlb lcocssgtmtc m strkle rcagmloc kl rcagmfac bgsoaksurc tk jmrhct pmr-

tgogpmlts tk prkvgbc sgjpac mlb rcagmfac sgelmas tk glbgvgbumas mfkut tdc

iulbs fcst jmtodgle tdcgr rcqugrcjclts mlb tdc pcrikrjmloc ki tdksc

iulbs. Fcomusc tdc pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulbs wkuab fc jcmsurcb rca-

mtgvc tk tdc fclodjmrh, tdc supcrvgskry mutdkrgtgcs wkuab lccb tk dmvcgl pamoc m jcodmlgsj tdmt wkuab maakw tdcj tk jcmsurc tdc rgshs ki tdc

pclsgkl iulb systcj gl m okjprcdclsgvc jmllcr.

Rdc wcaimrc mlmaysgs prkpkscb fy Fmeagmlk, Iuemzzm mlb Lgokbmlk gl

odmptcr 9 oml fc trmlsamtcb gltk tdc bcsgel ki m trmiigo agedt systcj ikr

jklgtkrgle tdc pcrikrjmloc ki pclsgkl iulbs. Rdc trmiigo agedt systcj gs

klc ki tdc sgjpacst wmys ki clokurmegle prkpcr jmrhct survcgaamloc ki

pclsgkl iulbs. Rrmiigo agedt systcjs mrc cmsy tk ulbcrstmlb fut rcqugrc

oacmr pmrmjctcrs mlb cxpagogt jkbcas tdmt oml gbcltgiy tdc rgshs ki tdcpkrtikagk maakomtgkls tdmt bgiicr irkj tdc fclodjmrhs.=2

Pclsgkl iulbs wkuab fc mssgelcb m rmtgle (okakr) tdmt rciacot tdcgr pcr-

ikrjmloc mlb tdc rgsh jmlmecjclt ompmogty ki tdc pclsgkl iulb jml-

mecrs. Erccl agedt pclsgkl iulbs mrc tdksc tdmt dmvc m pkrtikagk struoturc

magelcb wgtd tdc fclodjmrh mlb dmvc m ekkb rgsh jmlmecjclt systcj.

Rdc ycaakw agedt pclsgkl iulbs mrc tdksc wgtd wcmhcr rgsh jmlmecjclt

systcjs mlb m dgedcr prkfmfgagty ki bcvgmtgle irkj tdc fclodjmrh. Iulbs

mssgelcb m rcb agedt wkuab fc tdksc wgtd pkrtikagk struoturcs sufstmltgmaaybgiicrclt irkj tdc fclodjmrh kr wgtd wcmh clkued rgsh jmlmecjclt

tdmt tdcy wkuab dmvc m dged prkfmfgagty ki sufstmltgma bcvgmtgkls gl tdc

iuturc. Rdc supcrvgskr sdkuab fc cjpkwcrcb tk gjpksc rcstrgotgkls kl

pclsgkl iulbs gl tdc ycaakw mlb rcb zklcs mlb jmlbmtc gjprkvcjclts

wgtdgl m ocrtmgl pcrgkb ki tgjc. Pclsgkl iulbs gl tdc rcb zklc just prcs-

clt m paml ikr jkvgle tk tdc erccl zklc mlb sdkuab lkt fc maakwcb tk

frgle gl lcw okltrgfutkrs ultga tdcy dmvc mbbrcsscb tdc bcigogclogcs gbcl-

tgigcb fy tdc supcrvgskr. Oagclts sdkuab fc jmbc mwmrc wdcl m pclsgkl

iulb jgermtcs irkj klc zklc tk mlktdcr. Gl m jkrc mbvmlocb jkbca, tdcscrmtgles wkuab mask fc bgiicrclt gl rcamtgkl tk glbgvgbumas ki bgiicrclt mec

kr ktdcr mttrgfutcs ikr tdc smjc iulb.

Gl okultrgcs tdmt odkksc glbgvgbuma BO systcjs, pckpac sdkuab fc

ircc tk scacot tdc agic-oyoac pkrtikagk tdmt fcst mookjjkbmtcs tdcgr rgsh



39/300

mppctgtc, fut tdc bcimuat kptgkls ikr glbgvgbumas wdk bk lkt kpt ikr m

pmrtgouamr pclsgkl iulb sdkuab fc omrciuaay bcsgelcb. Ekvcrljclts mrc

clokurmecb tk usc mec mlb sokrgle jcodmlgsjs tk gbcltgiy tdc bcimuat

kptgkls ikr glbgvgbumas wdk bk lkt scacot m pmrtgouamr iulb.=3 Gt gs ulrc-

magstgo tk mssujc tdmt gt gs okst ciicotgvc tk bcsgel pclsgkl iulbs tdmt

jmy igt gl tdc odmrmotcrgstgos ki cmod glbgvgbuma, fut tdc fclodjmrhs ikr

tdc smjc okdkrt sdkuab prkvgbc m frkmb mpprkxgjmtgkl tk tdc glbgvgb-

umas prcicrclocs. Rdc bcvcakpjclt ki tdc sokrgle jctdkb gs ml gjpkr-

tmlt odmaaclec tk maakomtc glbgvgbumas gltk tdc bgiicrclt fclodjmrhs.

Gl sujjmry, tdrkued tdc orcmtgkl ki m okjjgssgkl ki wgsc pcrskls,

ekvcrljclts sdkuab mssujc rcspklsgfgagty ikr scttgle up fclodjmrhs tdmtjmy kptgjgzc tdc cxpcotcb pclsgkls ki glbgvgbumas. Pclsgkl iulbs sdkuab

okjpctc kl tdc fmsgs ki tdcsc fclodjmrhs wgtdgl m sgjgamr rgsh struoturc.

Rdgs fkkh mbbrcsscs tdc odmaaclecs ki oklstruotgle tdcsc fclodjmrhs mlb

tdc vmrgmfacs tdmt sdkuab fc oklsgbcrcb. Rk skjc bcercc tdgs wgaa fc bctcr-

jglcb fy tdc mvmgamfgagty ki iglmlogma glstrujclts8 dkwcvcr, lktwgtdstmlb-

gle tdc acvca ki iglmlogma jmrhct bcvcakpjclt, tdcsc fclodjmrhs sdkuab

oklsgbcr tdc ikaakwgle imotkrs>

m. Rdc prcscloc ki ktdcr skurocs ki rctgrcjclt glokjc, gloaubgle tdc

glokjc irkj pufago rctgrcjclt sodcjcs

f. Rdc mec ki glbgvgbumas

o. Rdc rmtc ki okltrgfutgkls

b. Rdc tmrect rcpamocjclt rmtc mlb gts bkwlsgbc tkacrmloc

c. M jmtrgx ki okrrcamtgkls fctwccl amfkr glokjc mlb cqugty rcturls=9

i. Rdc cxpcotcb bclsgty ki okltrgfutgkls ikr bgiicrclt omtcekrgcs ki wkrhcrs

e. Rdc typc ki rctgrcjclt glokjc gl tdc pmykut pdmsc, gl pmrtgouamr tdcrgsh tkacrmloc ki pclsgklcrs gl tdc pmykut pdmsc (ikr cxmjpac, rcma

igxcb mllugtgcs, vmrgmfac mllugtgcs, mlb pdmscb wgtdbrmwmas)

d. M pmrmjctcr tdmt rciacot tdc rgsh mvcrsgkl ki pkagoy jmhcrs.

Gltrkbuogle m systcj ki pcrikrjmloc fclodjmrhs tdmt mrc fmscb kl

pmrmjctcrs tdmt spcogigomaay oklsgbcr tdc mfgagty ki tdc iulbs glvcstjclt

strmtcey tk bcagvcr rctgrcjclt glokjc wgaa sgelgigomltay gjprkvc tdc ciig-

ogcloy ki rctgrcjclt smvgles. Rdc kptgjma pkrtikagks bcrgvcb irkj tdgs

prkocss oml fktd scrvc ms eugbcaglcs ikr bcimuat glvcstjclt odkgocs tdmtmrc fcttcr magelcb wgtd tdc lccbs ki bgiicrclt erkups ki pmrtgogpmlts mlb

prkvgbc fclodjmrhs tdmt pcrjgt jcmlgleiua cvmaumtgkl ki tdc pcrikrj-

mloc ki iulb jmlmecrs. Rdc usc ki pclsgkl glvcstjclt pcrikrjmloc

fclodjmrhs wkuab rcprcsclt klc ki tdc jkrc gjpkrtmlt gllkvmtgkls gl

Cvmaumtgle tdc Iglmlogma Pcrikrjmloc ki Pclsgkl Iulbs 6=


40/300

pclsgkl systcjs mlb iurtdcr mbvmloc tdc glorcmsgle oklvcrecloc ki

BF mlb BO bcsgels.

Lktcs

=. Ymabcs (6003)8 Omabcrl, Bkjleucz, mlb _odwmrtz (6004)8 mlb Gjpmvgbk,

Amsmemfmstcr, mlb Emrogm-Dugtrkl (6007) dmvc mbbrcsscb tdc gssuc ki oksts.

6. Ikr cxmjpac, okjpctgtgkl kl tdc qumagty ki scrvgoc gl tdc omsc ki Odgac.

?. Ikr cxmjpac, gl 6005 tdc Agtdumlgml Msskogmtgkl ki Mssct Jmlmecrs prkpkscb

tk jmhc mvmgamfac tk tdc pufago tdc _dmrpc rmtgks.

2. Agicstyac iulbs kr fmamlocb iulbs mrc iulbs tdmt rcfmamloc tdcgr dkabgles mutk-

jmtgomaay tkwmrb m tmrect mssct jgx tdmt rcjmgls oklstmlt kvcr tgjc. Agic-oyoac

pclsgkl iulbs odmlec tdc mssct maakomtgkl kvcr tgjc tkwmrb jkrc igxcb-

glokjc glstrujclts ms glbgvgbumas ect oakscr tk rctgrcjclt mec.

3. Cxpcrgclocs suod ms tdmt ki Mrecltglm gl 6004 rciacot tdc vgcw tdmt ekvcrl-

jclts jmy tmhc m sdkrt-tcrj vgcw ki jmrhct rgsh gl BO pclsgkl systcjs.

9. Rdcsc eumrmltccs jmy fc cxpclsgvc mlb sufncot tk jkrma dmzmrb gi tdcy mrc

jmlmecb gl tdc okltcxt ki agicstyac iulbs, fut tdcy oml fc juod acss cxpcl-

sgvc mlb wgtd jglgjuj jkrma dmzmrb gi tdcy mrc kiicrcb gl tdc okltcxt kikptgjma agic-oyoac fclodjmrhs.

5. Rdc smjpac gloaubcs Mrecltglm, Fkagvgm, Frmzga, Odgac, Okakjfgm, Okstm Vgom,

Ca _mavmbkr, Jcxgok, Pcru, mlb Srueumy irkj Amtgl Mjcrgom8 tdc Ozcod

Vcpufago, Cstklgm, Dulemry, Hmzmhdstml, mlb Pkamlb irkj Ocltrma mlb Cmstcrl

Curkpc8 Mustrmagm, Omlmbm, Nmpml, tdc Lctdcramlbs, _wcbcl, tdc Slgtcb

Hglebkj, mlb tdc Slgtcb _tmtcs irkj tdc KCOB8 mlb tdc Dkle Hkle coklkjy.

4. Odmptcr ? gloaubcs tdc ikaakwgle okultrgcs> Mrecltglm, Fkagvgm, Odgac, Cstklgm,

Dulemry, Jcxgok, tdc Lctdcramlbs, Pcru, Pkamlb, tdc Slgtcb Hglebkj, mlb

Srueumy.

7. Acmvgle tdmt bcogsgkl tk okltrgfutkrs, wdk mrc oacmray ulmfac tk jmhc ml

glikrjcb bcogsgkl.

=0. Gl tdc Jcxgoml omsc, stmrtgle irkj m jmxgjuj cqugty cxpksurc ki ?0 pcroclt

ki tdc iulb, tdc rceuamtgkl rcqugrcs 65-ycmr-kab okltrgfutkrs tk stmrt jkvgle

tk jkrc oklscrvmtgvc pkrtikagks.

==. Okaacotgvc systcjs dmvc tdc mbbgtgklma mbvmltmec ki rcqugrgle odmlecs gl tdc

okltrgfutgkl rmtcs, bcpclbgle kl tdc pcrikrjmloc ki tdc iulbs.

=6. Ikr cxmjpac, gl Odgac, mfkut twk-tdgrbs ki okltrgfutkrs dmvc kptcb ikr tdc

bcimuat kptgkl sgloc agicstyac iulbs (juatgiulbs) wcrc gltrkbuocb gl 6006. Gl

_wcbcl mfkut 70 pcroclt ki lcw cltrmlts mrc scacotgle tdc bcimuat kptgkls.

=?. Ms tdc lujfcr ki fclodjmrhs glorcmscs, tdc ompmogty tk okjpmrc iulbs

bcorcmscs.



41/300

=2. Kl m jkrc rcstrgotcb fmsgs, tdc Bmlgsd Iglmlogma _cotkr Mutdkrgty mppagcs m

trmiigo agedt systcj tk supcrvgsc agic glsurmloc okjpmlgcs mlb pclsgkl iulbs gl

Bcljmrh. _cc Yml Bmj mlb Mlbcrscl (6004).

=3. Matdkued skjc okultrgcs dmvc jkvcb gl tdc bgrcotgkl ki orcmtgle m rkac ikr

iglmlogma mbvgscrs tk mbvgsc okltrgfutkrs, tdc mutdkrs scc tdmt mpprkmod ms

jkrc cxpclsgvc mlb glciigogclt.

=9. Rdc okrrcamtgkl wgtd tdc rcturls ki ktdcr iglmlogma glstrujclts jgedt mask fc

oklsgbcrcb.

Vcicrclocs

Mltkal, Pmfak, mlb Igklm _tcwmrt. 6007. Prgvmtc Pclsgkls mlb Pkagoy Vcspklscs

tk tdc Iglmlogma mlb Coklkjgo Orgsgs. KCOB Ukrhgle Pmpcr kl Glsurmloc

mlb Prgvmtc Pclsgkls lk. ?9. Kremlgsmtgkl ikr Coklkjgo Ok-kpcrmtgkl mlb

Bcvcakpjclt, Pmrgs.

Fmsmh, _uacyjml, mlb Bjgtry Jmhmrkv. 6004. _trmtcego Mssct Maakomtgkl wgtd

Vcamtgvc Pcrikrjmloc Oklocrls. Ukrhgle Pmpcr, Aklbkl Fusglcss _odkka.

Fclmrtzg, _dakjk, mlb Vgodmrb Rdmacr. 6005. Dcurgstgos mlb Fgmscs gl Vctgrcjclt

_mvgles Fcdmvgkr. Nkurlma ki Coklkjgo Pcrspcotgvcs 6= (?)> 4==02.

Omabcrl-Okal, Vkfcrtk, Clrgquc C. Bkjleucz, mlb Jkgss N. _odwmrtz. 6004.

Oklsujcr Okliusgkl> Rdc Odkgoc ki MIKVC gl Jcxgok. Brmit, Oklsmr

Jcxgok.

Omjpfcaa, Nkdl W. 6009. Dkuscdkab Iglmloc. Nkurlma ki Iglmloc 9=> =33?=902.

Omjpfcaa, Nkdl W., Hmrglc _crimty-bc Jcbcgrks, mlb Augs J. Ygocgrm. 60=0.

Eakfma Ourrcloy Dcbegle. Nkurlma ki Iglmloc, ikrtdokjgle.

Omjpfcaa Nkdl W., mlb Augs Ygocgrm. 6006. _trmtcego Mssct Maakomtgkl> PkrtikagkOdkgoc ikr Akle-Rcrj Glvcstkrs. Kxikrb> Kxikrb Slgvcrsgty Prcss.

Gjpmvgbk, Ercekrgk, Cspcrmlzm Amsmemfmstcr, mlb Jmluca Emrogm-Dugtrkl. 6007.

Okjpctgtgkl mlb Mssct Maakomtgkl Odmlecs ikr Jmlbmtkry BO Pclsgkls> Lcw

Pkagoy Bgrcotgkl.Umsdgletkl, BO> Ukrab Fmlh.

Ymabcs, _mavmbkr. 6003. Pmrm mujcltmr am okjpctclogm cltrc ams MIP. Cstubgks

Pfagoks 74 (mutujl)> 45=26.

Yml Bmj, Vcgl, mlb Crgh F. Mlbcrscl. 6004. Vgsh-Fmscb _upcrvgsgkl ki Pclsgkl

Glstgtutgkls gl Bcljmrh. Gl Vgsh-Fmscb _upcrvgsgkl ki Pclsgkl Iulbs> Cjcregle

Prmotgocs mlb Odmaaclecs, cbgtcb fy E. Frullcr, V. Dglz, mlb V. Vkodm,

73=?2. Umsdgletkl, BO> Ukrab Fmlh.

Umahcr, Cbumrbk. 6009. Fclodjmrhs, Vgshs, Vcturls mlb Glocltgvcs gl Bciglcb

Okltrgfutgkl Pclsgkl Iulbs> Msscssgle Matcrlmtgvc Glstgtutgklma _cttgles.

Brmit, Pkltgigogm Slgvcrsgbmb Omtagom bc Odgac.

Cvmaumtgle tdc Iglmlogma Pcrikrjmloc ki Pclsgkl Iulbs 6?


42/300


43/300

63

Rdgs odmptcr prkvgbcs ml kvcrvgcw mlb fmsgo tmfuamtgkls mlb glgtgma mlmay-

sgs ki tdc bmtm okaacotcb fy tdc Kremlgsmtgkl ikr Coklkjgo Ok-kpcrmtgkl

mlb Bcvcakpjclt (KCOB) kl tdc meercemtc glvcstjclt pcrikrjmloc

ki pclsgkl systcjs gl tdc okultrgcs ikr wdgod jcmlgleiua bmtm scrgcs

wcrc mvmgamfac.=

Gt fcegls wgtd m bcsorgptgkl ki prgvmtcay jmlmecb pclsgkl iulbstdmt mrc okltmglcb gl tdc bmtmfmsc. Rdc odmptcr bcsorgfcs tdc typcs ki

pclsgkl iulbs mlb tdc rceuamtkry clvgrkljclt gl wdgod tdcy kpcrmtc

mlb okjpmrcs tdc vmrgkus pclsgkl systcjs mookrbgle tk tdc tktma

msscts ulbcr jmlmecjclt mlb tdc maakomtgkl ki glvcstjclts mjkle

igxcb-glokjc mlb cqugty glstrujclts. Rdgs gs ikaakwcb fy m frgci bgs-

oussgkl ki tdc odmaaclecs mlb agjgtmtgkls gjpkscb fy tdc wmy gl wdgod

tdc bmtm mrc rcpkrtcb fy bgiicrclt okultrgcs mlb tmfuamtgkls ki tdc

rcpkrtcb rcturls mlb stmlbmrb bcvgmtgkls tdmt mrc omaouamtcb irkj tdcbmtm. Rdc odmptcr okloaubcs wgtd kfscrvmtgkls bcrgvcb irkj rcvgcw ki

tdc bmtm.

O D M P R C V 6

Glvcstjclt Pcrikrjmloc ki

Prgvmtcay Jmlmecb Pclsgkl Iulbs>

Kvcrvgcw ki tdc Mvmgamfac Bmtm

Pmfak Mltkal mlb Umabk Rmpgm


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Bcsorgptgkl ki Prgvmtcay Jmlmecb PclsgklIulbs mrkulb tdc Ukrab

_uiigogclt bmtm mrc mvmgamfac irkj m vmrgcty ki skurocs tk prkvgbc ml glgtgma

msscssjclt ki tdc iglmlogma pcrikrjmloc ki prgvmtcay jmlmecb pclsgkl

iulbs gl Amtgl Mjcrgom mlb Ocltrma mlb Cmstcrl Curkpc, ms wcaa ms

scacotcb KCOB okultrgcs (Rmpgm 6004f). Rdc rcpkrtcb bmtm okaacotcb fy

tdc KCOB gl 6005 prkvgbc m okjpmrmtgvc bcsorgptgkl ki tdc prgvmtcay

jmlmecb pclsgkl iulbs gl 6? okultrgcs. Ikr tdgs purpksc, tdcy oamssgiy tdc

okultrgcs gl tcrjs ki (=) wdctdcr tdc pclsgkl iulbs mrc jmglay kooupm-

tgklma kr pcrsklma,6

(6) tdc prcvmacloc ki bciglcb fclcigt (BF) kr bciglcbokltrgfutgkl (BO) pclsgkl pamls, mlb (?) tdc lmturc ki glvcstjclt rceu-

amtgkls tk wdg

evaluating the financial performance of pension funds

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