EVALUATION OF ELITE CLUSTER BEAN [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] GENOTYPES FOR

VEGETABLE AND GUM PURPOSE IN THE NORTHERN DRY ZONE OF KARNATAKA

GANGADHARA T. C.

DEPARTMENT OF VEGETABLE SCIENCE COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, BAGALKOT

UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES, BAGALKOT – 587 103

AUGUST, 2013

EVALUATION OF ELITE CLUSTER BEAN [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] GENOTYPES FOR

VEGETABLE AND GUM PURPOSE IN THE NORTHERN DRY ZONE OF KARNATAKA

Thesis submitted to the University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (HORTICULTURE)

in

VEGETABLE SCIENCE

By

GANGADHARA T. C.

DEPARTMENT OF VEGETABLE SCIENCE COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, BAGALKOT

UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES, BAGALKOT – 587 103

AUGUST, 2013

DEPARTMENT OF VEGETABLE SCIENCE COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE,

UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES, BAGALKOT- 587 103

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “EVALUATION OF ELITE CLUSTER BEAN

[Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] GENOTYPES FOR VEGETABLE AND GUM

PURPOSE IN THE NORTHERN DRY ZONE OF KARNATAKA” submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (HORTICULTURE) in

VEGETABLE SCIENCE to the University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, is a record of

bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Gangadhara, T. C. under my guidance and

supervision and that no part of the thesis has been submitted for the award of any other

degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other similar titles.

Place: Bagalkot

Date: August 2013 (Dr. V. M. Ganiger)

Chairman Associate Professor

Department of Vegetable Science College of Horticulture, Bagalkot-587 103

Approved by:

Chairman: ____________________

(Dr. V. M. GANIGER)

Members: 1. _____________________

(Dr. M. B. MADALAGERI)

2. _____________________

(Dr. P. S. AJJAPPALAVAR)

3. _____________________

(Dr. G. BHUVANESHWARI)

4. _____________________ (Dr. H. B. PATIL)

5. (Dr. Y. K. KOTIKAL)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With feelings of satisfaction, I take this opportunity to share some of the moments associated with my research work and preparation of this thesis.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. V. M. GANIGER the esteemed chairman of my advisory committee, for his constant encouragement, inspiring guidance, unique and compassionate steering of the challenging task and affection showing throughout the course of my study and research.

Words are tools of expressing, but they fail miserably when it comes to thank Dr. M.B. MADALAGERI Register, University of Horticultural Sciences Bagalkot, Dr. H. B. PATIL Special Officer of Orchard, UHS, Bagalkot, Dr. Y. K. KOTIKAL Dean student Welfare, UHS, Bagalkot, Dr. G. BHUVANESHWARI, Assistant Professor, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot and Dr. P. S. AJJAPPALAVARA Assistant Professor, HRS, Devihosur, who served as member of my advisor committee. They are so much sincere that I consider myself luckiest person to be their student. I have no words to thank them for the trouble they took to see my research work and the thesis writing.

I consider myself fortunate to have eminent personalities like Dr. G. Buvaneshwari, Assistant Professor. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot for providing valuable suggestions, guidance, suport and corrections in my thesis during the course of my study.

I avail myself of this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to all professors Dr. Chidhanand Hunsur, Dean, COH, Bagalkot, Dr. Revanappa, prof. and Head, Department of Vegetable Science, COH, Bagalkot, Mr. H. P. Hadimani, Miss. Namitha Rauth, Dr. Raghavendra, Dr. Kulapathi Hipparagi, Dr. Gangadhar N., Dr. Manjunath G., Dr. Suma., Dr. Pallavi H. M., Dr. Pirjade, Miss Girija Yandigeri, Dr. Laxman Reddy, Mr. Kiran Kumar Gorabal, Mr. Harish, Dr. Kiran Kumar K. C., Dr. S. N. Patil, Dr. Nagaraj, Dr. Champa. Dr. Rekha, college of horticulture, Bagalkot, for their constant suggestion, suport and help during my research work.

I am thankful to Mr. M. S. Banajiger, field assistant of College of Horticulture Bagalkot and hard working field staff Raju, suresh, Geetha akka, Anand, Prakash, and others for their help during my research work.

I wholeheartedly express my thanks to my close friends and associates, Girisha M. H., Sheela N. Malagan, Kumar (roomi), Prakash sir, Anand, Vasanth, Muruli (roomi), Vikram, Somu, Madhu(sweeti), Mohan, Krishna, Ganga, Divya, Sudeep, Nayan, Bhavishya, Kempa, Dr. Kale, Kishore, Savitha, Ganapa, Chandrika, Surakshitha, Priyanka, Mamatha, Prajna, Latha, Venkat, Purna, Shiva, Zeba, Gayathri, Nagesh, Jayasheela, Sachin, Kavya, Vijayalakshmi, Manu, Vital, Karadi, Meese, Rinchan, Shambu, Raghu, Sagar, Sahithya, Anita, Kiran, Kalpana, Ashwin, Annasab, Sanjeev, Nagraj, Shruthi, Megraj, Ravindra, Manoj, Vijay Aske, Sharath, Shivraj, Iranna, Karthik, Vittal, Sameer, Shridhar, Mahadev, Hemavathi, Raviswamy, Raghunandan, Pavan, Sachin, Kiran, Nithin(kariya), Praveen, Shivaraj, Nandan, chiranjeevi, Nagraj, Arun, Anil, Ajith, Bhagyashree, Prashanth, Spurthi, Shrinivas, Sanjay, Shanwaz, Siddarth, Vijay, Sushmitha, Ashwini, Madhushree, Meghalakshmi, Asha, Ghana, Vasundara, Priyanka, Lakshmi, Baby, Roopa, Vidya, Swathi, Swetha, Afrin, and all my junior friends for their moral support, guidance and help during my study.

I am extremely thankful to scholarship sponsor Sitharam Jindhal Foudation

I express my sincere gratitude and heartfelt regards to my beloved grandfather late Sri. Krishnashetty, grandmother Smt. Bhindamma, father Sri. Chaikkashetty, mother Smt. Jayamma, uncle Puttashetty, Swamishetty, and Lakkashetty, Anti Dilavathi and brothers Karthik, Koushik, Thirthesh, Chethan, Kumar, and sisters Meenakshi, Rani, Shobha, Chaithra, Tejaswini, Hema, Yashodha and brother in-law Jagadish, Somshekar and Dhanphal. Son’s and doughters Yogananda, Karthi, Kavya, Lavanya, Ropesh and Rajni . No words could do justice to express my sense of respect and gratitude towards my beloved family members and relatives for their unaccountable love, encouragement and moral support, without which this investigation could not have seen the light of the day.

I am also grateful to the University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot for providing opportunity and facility to conduct my research work.

Any omission in this brief acknowledgement does not mean lack of gratitude.

Bagalkot

August 2013 (Gangadhara, T. C.)

Affectionately Dedicated

To

My Beloved parents,

Sri. CHIKKASHETTY, Smt. JAYAMMA

Chairman Dr. V. M. GANIGER

and

Dr. BHUVANESHWARI G.

CONTENTS

Sl. No.

Chapter Particulars

CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF PLATES

LIST OF APPENDICES

1. INTRODUCTION

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Growth parameter

2.2 Pod yield parameter

2.3 Seed yield characteristics

2.4 Quality parameters

2.5 Disease reaction

2.6 Character association

2.7 Economics

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 Location

3.2 Climate

3.3 Experimental details

3.4 Observations recorded

3.5 Statistical analysis

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

4.1 Analysis of variance

4.2 Growth parameters

4.3 Pod yield parameters

4.4 Seed yield parameters

4.5 Quality parameters

4.6 Disease incidence

4.7 Character association

4.8 Economics

Contd….

Sl. No.

Chapter Particulars

5. DISCUSSION

5.1 Growth parameters

5.2 Vegetable pod yield parameters

5.3 Seed yield parameters

5.4 Quality parameters

5.5 Disease incidence

5.6 Character association

5.7 Economics

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

LIST OF TABLES

Table No.

Title

1 List of elite cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

2 Analysis of variances for different parameters of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

3 Growth parameters of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

4

Flowering attributes of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

5 Pod yield and yield attributes of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

6 Seed yield and yield attributes of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

7 Quality parameters of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

8 Descriptive quality parameters of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

9 Evaluation of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes for powdery mildew disease reaction under natural condition

10 Character association for seed yield and yield attributing characters

11 Economics in cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

12 Best performed cluster bean genotypes for different purpose

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No.

Title

1 Growth parameters of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

2 Number of branches per plant (90 DAS) of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

3 Flowering attributes of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

4 Pod yield of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

5 Seed yield parameters of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

6 Quality parameters of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

LIST OF PLATES

Plate No.

Title

1. General view of the experimental plot

2. Morphological variation in plant of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

3. Morphological variations in pods of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

4. Variation of gum content (%) in cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix No.

Title

I. Soil nutrient status of the experimental site at Research Field Unit, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot

II. Temperature, relative humidity and rainfall prevailed during study period from January 2012 to December 2013

IIIa. Per hectare cost structure in cluster bean genotypes

IIIb. Per hectare labour utilization pattern in cluster bean production

IIIc. Per hectare cost structure in cluster bean production

1. INTRODUCTION

Vegetables play a vital role in nutritional security of mankind being reliable sources of necessary vitamins, minerals, amino acids and fair amount of fibres. Vegetables are currently reckoned as important adjunct for maintenance of good health and protective food against many diseases. India is the second largest producer of vegetables in the World next only to China. Thus, India’s share is about 14 per cent of World’s output of vegetable production with 2.8 per cent cropped area (Barman, 2013). Despite vegetables contributing as high as 48.37 per cent of total horticulture produce, the present per capita availability is only about 120 to 130 g per day as against 295 g recommended by ICMR for keeping good health (Kale et al., 1993). With the advent of technology, scientists made concentrated efforts towards only few important vegetables but ever-increasing population has aggravated the complexity of nutrition hunger and increased the demand for varieties of vegetables. In this regard, multidisciplinary approach has been suggested for augmenting the vegetable production and identification of multipurpose under-exploited vegetable can greatly aid in enhancing vegetable production and their availability.

A large number of underexploited leguminous species have a great potential in contributing nutritious food, feed and forage needs in the tropical countries eventhough almost half of the population are under malnourished (Singh and Paroda, 1983). In this regard, Asia-Pacific region possesses a rich diversity of several useful under-exploited vegetables, which are resilient, adaptive, tolerant to adverse conditions and suited to marginal lands with poor crop management practices. Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] [2n=14], is one of the important underexploited leguminous vegetables belonging to family Fabaceae. It is commonly called by the names Guar, Chavlikayi, Gorkayi, Khutt, Govar, Kothavare. in different parts of the country. Guar is a drought tolerant, hardy, deep rooted and multipurpose legume plant mainly grown for tender vegetable and seed endospermic gum in arid and semi arid regions of India.

The dicotyledonous seed of cluster bean from outside to interior consists of three major fractions, viz., the husk or hull (14-17 %), endosperm (35-42 %) and germ (43-47 %). The endosperm fraction of cluster bean seed is rich in galactomannan (16.80 to 30.90 %), while the germ and hull portion termed as guar meal obtained after the extraction of gum is rich in protein (28.90–46.00 %) and used as animal and poultry feed (Lee et al., 2004 and Rodge, 2008). Seed of cluster bean with large endosperm contains galactomannan type of gum, which forms a viscous gel even in cold water and has diversified industrial applications viz., paper, food, cosmetics, mining, petroleum, well drilling, textile and jute, pharmaceuticals (Senapati et al., 2006 and Pathak et al., 2009). Cluster bean gum has emerged as the most important agro-chemical, which is non-toxic, eco-friendly and Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

The World’s total production is around 10 lakh tonnnes of guar every year. India is the leading country in the production of guar followed by Pakistan, Sudan, USA, South Africa, Brazil, Malawi, Zaire and Australia. In India, cluster bean occupies an area of 2.20 million hectares with a production of 0.60 million tonnes (Anon., 2009a). India is the World-leader for cluster bean production as it contributes 80 per cent shares of its total production and Rajasthan occupies the largest area (82.10 %) under guar cultivation in the country (Anitha et al., 2009 and Pathak et al., 2010). In North Indian states like Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat and Punjab it is mainly cultivated for guar gum production and for forage, whereas, in South India it is being cultivated for vegetable purpose. In Karnataka, it is being grown in limited area of 2746 hectare with a production of 19804 metric tonnes (Anon., 2009b) and it has been cultivated for tender vegetable pods purpose around the year in Northern part of Karnataka viz., Dharwad, Belagum, Bijapur, Bagalkot and Haveri. From India, cluster bean is mainly exported to USA, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, UK, Japan and France worth of about 200 million rupees annually (Singh et al., 2009). India is the leading net exporter of guar seeds and guar gum. The country exports over 1,17,000 tonnnes of guar and its derivatives, comprising of 33,000 tons of refined split guar gum and 84,000 tons of treated and pulverized guar gum. Foreign exchange earnings increased from 142 crores in 1994 to 1120 crores during 2007 in India (Henry and Mathur, 2008).

The cluster bean has sufficient nutrient profile especially rich in protein, vitamins A and C content and possesses several medicinal uses in diabetes and control of cholesterol content (Karawya et al., 1994). Guar is also used as green forage or as green manure crop which can enrich the soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen (50-60 kg/ha) and by addition of organic matter (Lal, 1985).

Looking to the multidimensional application of cluster bean as a vegetable and industrial crop which has wide adaptability under arid drought conditions, there is a prime need for its improvement. Breeding varieties suited to specific agro-ecological conditions for vegetable and seed gum purpose is urgently needed for Northern parts of Karnataka (Zone 2 and 3). Though, Central Arid Zone, Bikaner and other Institutes have developed and identified certain guar genotypes for dual purpose but they have not been exploited and confirmed for their potentiality under varied agro-climatic conditions. Hence, there is a urgent need for identification of local as well as superior genotypes with respect to tenderness and dual purpose which are suited for northern dry zone of Karnataka and also to take up further crop improvement programme. Hence, the study was undertaken with the following objectives.

1. To evaluate the performance of cluster bean genotypes for growth, vegetable pod yield and seed yield.

2. To know the association of seed yield with other contributing parameters.

3. To analyse the seed gum, protein content and other quality parameters in cluster bean genotypes.

4. To study the response of cluster bean genotypes against powdery mildew diseases.

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Plant breeder is primarily concerned with the improvement of both quantitative and qualitative plant characters. To achieve this, it is necessary to quantify the variation available for various characters of economic importance and inter-relationship among them. The available earlier literature pertaining to the investigation on cluster bean and related crops has been presented in this chapter under following headings.

2.1 Growth parameters

2.2 Pod yield and yield components

2.3 Seed yield and yield components

2.4 Guar gum, protein and other quality parameters

2.5 Powdery mildew disease incidence

2.7 Correlation studies

2.8 Economics

2.1 Growth parameters

2.1.1 Germination

Adat et al., (2011) found significant difference in germination among ten cluster bean varieties. Highest germination percentage was found in Varun (93.83%) which was on par with Malaav-51 (92.33%) and Jyoti-51 (91.07%) followed by Pusa Navbahar (90.70 %). While lowest germination percentage was found in selection Sarika (87.43%). Arora et al. (2011) studied in thirteen cluster bean genotypes for days taken for 50 per cent germination and it varied from 2.00 to 5.67 with a mean of 2.60 days. PCB-5 took maximum days (5.67 days) followed by PCB-15 (4.33 days). Coefficient of variation for this character was 16.95 per cent, which indicated medium variability for this character.

2.1.2 Plant height

Adat et al. (2011) reported significant differences among the different cluster bean varieties for plant height. Maximum plant height was reported in Varun (92.46 cm) followed by Malav-51 (89.12 cm) and Jyothi-51 (75.85 cm). While minimum plant height was reported in Ankur Rani (56.71 cm). Girish (2011) reported wide variability for plant height among the genotypes in cluster bean. At 45 DAS, the plant height ranged between 18.60 cm (HGS-75) and 45.80 cm (Pusa Navbahar) with a grand mean of 29.23 cm. At 90 DAS, the plant height ranged from 43.10 cm (AVT-II GR-3) to 93.77 cm (Pusa Navbahar) with a grand mean of 56.89. Malaghan (2012) reported significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes for plant height. The maximum plant height recorded in AVT-I GR-9 (58.33 cm) and minimum was recorded in Pusa Navabahar (21 cm) at 45 DAS with a grand mean of 40.04 cm for the trait. At 90 DAS, the plant height ranged from 57.33 cm (AVT-II GR-3) to 149 cm (IC432117) with a grand mean of 97.59 cm. Similarly, Rai et al. (2012) also reported the significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes for plant height at 90 DAS, which ranged between 32.10 (line-19) and 100.85 cm (Pusa Navabahar) with a general mean of 42.86 cm.

Saiyad (2003) reported the significant difference for the plant height in French bean ranged from 41.20 cm (Contender) to 101.90 cm (IIHR-1137, poletype) while, mean value was 51.46 cm. Pandey et al. (2011) reported significant difference among the French bean genotypes for the plant height. The tallest and the shortest plants were found in Chinese Long (275.40 cm) and LB-31 (214.20 cm), respectively. In bush beans, the tallest and the shortest plants were found in Mandir (102.07 cm) and LB-27 (26.80 cm), respectively.

Omkarappa (1994) reported wide variation for this character in the collection of cowpea, which is asserted by the highly significant difference obtained in the analysis of variance. The plant height in the collection ranged from 61.00 cm to 159.25 cm with an overall mean of 102.47 cm. Genotype P-195 (159.25 cm) was the tallest among the collections followed by P- 447 (149.75 cm) and TVV-1404 (149.25 cm). Whereas, the genotype Citure -1 was the shortest among the collection (61.00 cm) followed P-314 (64.50 cm), TVX 1836-1526 (67.50 cm) and P-554 (69.50 cm). Futuless et al. (2010) found a significant (0.05) difference in plant height in cowpea. Highest mean of 190.41 cm in White Kananado, followed by 181.30 cm in Brown Kananado. White Borno Local was least in plant height of 56.71 cm compared to other treatments.

Tabasum et al. (2010) revealed highly significant (p<0.01) to significant (p<0.05) differences for plant height among the mung bean genotypes. Plant height ranged from 51.09 (AUM-38) to 67.82 cm (6375).

2.1.3 Number of branches

Adat et al. (2011) reported significant differences among the different clusterbean varieties for this character. Maximum number of branches were found in Varun (2.33) followed by Malav-51 (2.30) and Jyothi-51 (2.27). While minimum number of branches found in Nylon-55 (1.22). Arora et al. (2011) reported the significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes. The results showed that ample variation existed for number of branches with high coefficient of variation (27.52 %). Highest number of branches per plant at maturity was produced by RGC-936 (11.93) followed by BR-112 (8.67) and PCB-24 (8.00). Single branch per plant was produced by five genotypes viz., PCB-9, PCB-13, PCB-16, PCB-22 and Pusa Navbahar. Girish (2011) reported wide variability for number of branches in cluster bean genotypes. At 45 DAS, the number of branches ranged from 0.00 (Pusa Navbahar) to 7.40 (HG-3-100) with a grand mean of 6.12. At 90 DAS, the number of branches per plant ranged from 0.00 (Pusa Navbahar) to 15.60 (HG-3-100) with a grand mean of 12.56. Malaghan (2012) reported significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes for number of branches and ranged from 0.00 (IC 421855) to 18.2 (Jalageri-II) with a grand mean of 9.17 at 90 DAS. Rai et al. (2012) reported the significant difference among the genotypes for this character. Number of branches per plant ranged from 0.00 (Pusa Navabahar, JKD-1, and Sarphan) to 9.09 (line-11) with a mean of 5.64.

In dwarf French bean varieties, Seth et al. (1973) reported a wide range of variation in number of primary branches. Number of main branches varied from 2.5 to 7.2. Saiyad (2003) found significant difference for primary branches per plant and ranged from 3.60 (Contender) to 7.03 (AFA-10) with an overall mean of 4.99. Pandey et al. (2011) found significant difference for the number of branches per plant among eighteen exotic and indigenous French bean genotypes. The highest number of branches was produced by Myagdi (8.93) and the lowest by LB-39 (3.5). Among bush types, the highest number of branches was produced by S-9 (7.93) and the lowest by Mandir (5.2).

Omkarappa (1994) showed that the cowpea genotypes differed significantly for number of branches at one per cent level which exhibited a range of 1.55 to 5.17 with an overall mean of 2.88. The 25/8/2/2, TVU-393 had the highest number of branches per plant (5.17) followed by P-14 (4.32), TVU-1460 6 (4.25) and P-1355 (3.90). The genotype with least number of branches per plant was TVU- 113 (1.55) followed by TVX-1193-7PO and P-583 (1.80). Futuless et al. (2010) revealed that no significant (P=0.05) difference was recorded among the treatments in cowpea, although there were higher number of branches with White Kanando compared to other treatments and the number of branches ranged from 3.40 to 5.62.

Tabasum et al. (2010) observed that the number of primary branches per plant in mung bean showed non significant differences among the genotypes. Mean data revealed that primary branches ranged from 2.83 to 3.13. Maximum primary branches were produced by AUM-19 (3.13) followed by AUM-28 (3.07) whereas, the minimum number was recorded for AUM-38 (2.83). Maximum number of secondary branches per plant was produced by

AUM-19 (8. 93) followed by AUM-29 (8.43) whereas, the minimum value was observed for 6375 (6.40).

2.2 Vegetable pod yield parameters

2.2.1 Days to first flowering

Girish (2011) reported wide variability for days to first flowering in cluster bean genotypes. Genotype IVT-I GR-20 took least number of days (30.50) to first flowering, while HGS-75 and HGS-70 took maximum number of days (40.00), on an average cluster bean genotypes took 35.02 days for appearance of first flower. Malaghan (2012) reported significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes for days to first flowering. Genotype AVT-II GR-4 took least number of days (23.00 days) to first flowering while, Bandakeri-I took maximum number of days (39.00 days), with an average of 27.04 days for appearance of first flower.

The significant variation in French bean genotypes for the days to first flowering was observed and it was ranged from 30.30 (IIHR-1135) to 37.60 (CHFB-1) days with a mean value of 31.98 days (Saiyad, 2003).

Futuless et al. (2010) reported for days to flowering statistically differ in all the treatments of cowpea. Longer days to flowering (50.12 days) was recorded in Ife-Brown and these varieties flowered between 38.02 to 50.12 days.

2.2.2 Days to fifty per cent flowering

Arora et al. (2011) recorded the significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes. Days taken for 50 per cent flowering varied from 25.33 to 55.00 days with a general mean of 39.91 days and low coefficient of variation (6.48%). PCB-23 took 25.33 days and found to be the earliest flowering genotype, followed by PCB-11 (28.67) and PCB-7 (30.67), while BR-112 was found to be the latest flowering genotype as it took 55.00 days. Malaghan (2012) noticed significant difference among the genotypes for days to 50 per cent flowering. Genotype IC 13496 took minimum number of days (27.00 days) to 50 per cent flowering, while Bandakeri-I took maximum number of days (48.00 days). On an average, genotypes took 31.65 days for 50 per cent flowering. Rai et al. (2012) reported the significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes for days to 50 per cent flowering and the genotype Sarphan took least number of days to 50 per cent flowering (29.50 days), while the genotype RB-1 took maximum number of days (42.50 days). On an average, cluster bean genotypes took 35.34 days for 50 per cent of flowering.

Saiyad (2003) reported that, the overall mean days taken to 50 per cent flowering among French bean genotypes were 34.76 days. Range of variation for this character was from 33.10 (Arka Komal) to 38.60 days (CHFB-1). Pandey et al. (2011) reported significant difference among eighteen exotic and indigenous genotypes for days to 50 per cent flowering. The earliest flowering genotypes were Makwanpur (37.67 days) and S-9 (32.00 days) for pole type beans, respectively. The latest flowering genotypes were Myagdi (174 days) and Mandir (47 days) for pole and bush types, respectively.

Mohan et al. (2009) reported the significant difference among the dolicus bean genotypes for days to 50 per cent flowering and it was ranged from 43.00 to 83.00 days. IIHR 177 was the earliest to flower in 43.00 days, followed by IIHR 143 (53.50 days). Parmar et al. (2013) obtained significant difference among thirty genotypes for 50 per cent flowering. The minimum number of days to 50 per cent flowering was found in Pushpa (39.33 days) and the maximum number of days to 50 per cent flowering was taken by genotype PD 21 (147.30 days).

Omkarappa (1994) recorded the overall mean days taken for 50 per cent flowering in the cowpea collection 58.79 days, with a wide range of variation from 50.50 (Genotype 5721)

days to 67.00 (TVX-1948-01F) days. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for this character.

The days taken for 50 per cent flowering in winged bean varied significantly among the genotypes tested. The genotype PTK-8 took significantly least (91.16 days) number of days to attain 50 per cent flowering compared to all other genotypes. The next best genotypes were PTK-5 (93.50 days), PTK-7 (94.33 days) and PTK-9 (95.83 days). The genotype PTK-6 took significantly more (104.50 days) number of days for 50 per cent flowering than all the other genotypes (Dandannavar, 2000).

2.2.3 Days to first vegetable pod harvest

Girish (2011) reported wide variability for days taken to first vegetable pod harvest among the cluster bean genotypes. Genotype NS-661 took least number of days (43.50 days) to maturity while, AVT-II GR-4 took maximum number of days (59.00 days) for attaining vegetable pod maturity. On an average guar genotypes took 47.86 days for attaining maturity. Malaghan (2012) reported significant difference among the genotypes for days taken for first vegetable pod picking. The genotype AVT-I GR-11 and IC 13496 took minimum number of days (40.00 days each) to attain vegetable pod maturity while Jalageri-III took maximum number of days (56.00 days) for attaining vegetable pod maturity. On an average, genotypes took 44.72 days for attaining vegetable pod harvest maturity.

Saiyad (2003) reported the significant difference for days taken to pod maturity in French bean and was ranged from 43.50 days (RSJ-288) to 55 days (IIHR-1137) with a mean value of 45 days.

Mohan et al. (2009) showed the significant difference among the dolicus bean genotypes and pod maturity ranged from 65 to 100 days. IIHR 177 was early to maturity in 65 days, followed by IIHR143 (73.50 days). Parmar et al. (2013) found significant difference among thirty genotypes for this character. The minimum number of days taken to first maturity was found in the cultivar Pushpa (57.33 days) and the maximum number of days to maturity of pods among genotypes was recorded in PD-21 (155.66 days).

Omkarappa (1994) reported the moderate variation for the total number of days taken to cowpea maturity as evidenced from the significant differences obtained through analysis of variance. The range for this character in the collection was from 73.50 (TVU-698) days to 86 days with a mean of 80.04 days. Genotype TVU-698 was the earliest to mature in 73.50 days followed by Citure–1 (74.25 days), P-742 (74.75 days) and P-696 (75.50 days). The genotype TVX -1948-0 1F was late to mature (86.00 days) followed by P-7834, EC-420 3 (84.74 days each) and V-12 (84.50 days).

2.2.4 Pod length

Arora et al. (2011) observed the significant difference in pod length among the cluster bean genotypes. The length of pod varied from 4.83 cm to 10.07 cm with general a mean of 7.17 cm. Girish (2011) reported wide variability for pod length among the genotypes and it ranged from 5.09 cm to 9.87 cm with a grand mean of 5.42 cm. Maximum pod length (9.87 cm) was recorded in Ghataprabha Local and minimum (5.09 cm) in AVT-I GR-13. Malaghan (2012) reported significant difference among the genotypes for pod length. The pod length ranged from 5.00 cm (AVT-I GR-8) to 12.5 cm (Pusa Navabahar) with a grand mean of 6.83 cm. Rai et al. (2012) reported the significant difference among the genotypes for pod length. The length of pod varied from 4.44 cm (line-21) to 10.30 cm (Pusa Navabahar) with an average pod length of 5.61 cm.

Saiyad (2003) showed the variability for pod length in French bean ranged from 9.16 cm (IIHR-1137) to 17.58 cm [(220 x AK) 17-2, 3-6-2)] with an overall mean value of 15.01 cm. Pandey et al. (2011) reported significant difference among the French bean genotypes for pod length. Chinese Long produced the longest (20.47 cm) pods and the shortest pods by Mandir (7.67 cm).

Mohan et al. (2009) reported the significant difference among the dolicus bean genotypes for pod length, ranged from 5.75 to 16.50 cm and IIHR 6 recorded maximum pod length. Parmar et al. (2013) noticed significant difference among thirty genotypes for pod length. Pods of genotype PD-10 had maximum pod length (10.48 cm) and the lowest length was observed in PD-5 (5.18 cm). The mean of pod length obtained was 8.53 cm

Omkarappa (1994) showed significant differences among the cowpea genotypes for pod length. The range was 11.45 cm to 21.37 cm with a mean of 15.36 cm. Highest pod length was recorded in the genotype KMC-5 (21.37 cm) followed by IGXMP (19.72 cm), TVX- 1630 (19.30 cm) and 8471 (18.90 cm), lowest pod length was recorded in the genotype 59038 (11.45 cm) followed by 965 (11.50 cm), GC-170 and Type 2 (11.87 cm each). Futuless et al. (2010) showed significant difference among the cowpea genotypes. Pod length was ranged from 13.23 cm to 20.03 cm, highest pod length (20.03 cm) were recorded with Brown Borno Local, while the least (13.23 cm) was recorded with White Kananado.

Dandannavar (2000) observed among the winged bean genotypes, PTK-5 produced significantly the longest pods (19.54 cm) compared to all other genotypes. The pods of PTK-4, PTK-8 and PTK-9 were longer than 18.00 cm but were on par with each other. The shortest pods (17.37 cm) were noticed in PTK-6, which was on par with PTK -1, PTK-2, PTK-3, PTK-4, and PTK-7.

Rozina et al. (2007) reported significant differences in mung bean by the analysis of the data regarding pod length. NFM 3-3 showed maximum pod length (9.06 cm) while, NM-28 showed minimum pod length (6.43 cm). The data regarding the parameter varied from 6.43 cm to 9.06 cm. Tabasum et al. (2010) revealed highly significant (p<0.01) to significant (p<0.05) differences for this character among the genotypes. Maximum pod length was recorded in AUM-28 (8.47 cm) and minimum pod length was recorded in NM-98 (7.60 cm).

2.2.5 Pod breadth

Girish (2011) observed wide variability for pod breadth among the cluster bean genotypes and it was ranged from 0.62 cm (Gokak Local) to 0.82 cm (HGS-881). The average pod breadth was 0.69 cm. Malaghan (2012) found significant difference among the genotypes for pod breadth and it was ranged from 0.50 cm (AVT-I GR-14) to 1.16 cm (IC 11388). The average pod breadth was 0.79 cm observed for the trait. Rai et al. (2012) reported the significant difference among the cluster beean genotypes for pod breadth, varied from 5.58 mm (JKD-1) to 10.17 mm (Pusa Navabahar). With the average pod breadth of 7.18 mm.

Saiyad (2003) reported the significant difference in French bean genotypes for pod breadth and it was ranged from 0.77 cm (MFB-1) to 1.36 cm ((AK × 220)5-6-1-4) with a mean value of 1.12 cm. Pandey et al. (2011) reported that the French bean genotypes were differed significantly for the pod width. Tarbare produced the widest pods (33.53 mm) and the narrowest pods came from Makwanpur (8.37 mm) for bush types, the widest pods (9.30 mm) were produced by Mandir and the narrowest pods (7.37 mm) by Mallika.

Mohan et al. (2009) recorded the significant difference among the dolicus bean genotypes for pod width and it was ranged from 1.15 to 4.05 cm. Maximum pod width recorded in IIHR 11 and pods were narrow in IIHR 169. Parmar et al. (2013) reported significant difference among thirty dolicus bean genotypes for this character. Pods of genotype PD-21 had maximum pod width (30.03 mm) and the lowest width was observed in PD-9 (14.96 mm).

Dandannavar (2000) showed significant difference among the winged bean genotypes with respect to pod breadth. The genotype PTK- 2 had recorded maximum (2.54 cm) pod breadth which was on par with PTK-5 and PTK-7 (2.48 cm each). The pod width was least (2.34 cm) in PTK-6.

2.2.6 Pod weight

Malaghan (2012) reported significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes for fresh pod weight. The weight of ten fresh pods in cluster bean genotypes ranged from 5.50 (HGS-884) to 34.50 g (Pusa Navabahar) with a mean of 11.09 g.

Saiyad (2003) showed significant difference for ten pod weight in French bean and it was ranged from 52.50 g (IIHR-1137) to 92.50 g ((AK×220) 12-5, IPS-2)) with a mean value of 76.17 g.

Mohan et al. (2009) reported the significant difference among the dolicus bean genotypes for ten pod weight, ranged from 49.50 to 122.00 g and maximum ten pod weight was recorded in IIHR 7. Parmar et al. (2013) reported significant difference among thirty dolicus bean genotypes for pod weight. The highest mean value for 10 pod weight was recorded for PD-2 (64.33 g) and the lowest was recorded in PD-29 (27.66 g).

Solanki and Saxena (1989) observed variation in pod weight among the seventeen winged bean varieties and variety LBNC-3 recorded maximum pod weight (16.80 g), while the variety UPS-31 with minimum pod weight (6.30 g). Dandannavar (2000) showed significant difference with respect to pod weight among the winged bean genotypes, PTK-5 recorded maximum (10.45 g) pod weight and the genotypes PTK-8 (10.41 g) and PTK-2 (10.24 g) were on par with PTK-5. The genotype PTK-6 had recorded minimum (8.65 g) pod weight.

2.2.7 Pod yield per plant per picking

Arora et al. (2011) reported the significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes. Highest yield per plant was recorded in PCB-9 (0.807 Kg) followed by BR-112 (0.798 Kg). The check Pusa Navbahar produced 0.674 Kg pods per plant. Girish (2011) reported wide variability for vegetable pod yield per plant among the genotypes. For vegetable pod yield per plant, genotypes ranged from 34.60 g (HGS-70) to 103.20 g (NS-661) with average mean of 63.70 g. Malaghan (2012) reported significant difference among the genotypes for vegetable pod yield per plant. The vegetable pod yield per plant in cluster bean genotypes ranged from 15.65 g (Bandikeri-I) to 268.90 g (IC 11704) with a mean of 119.63 g. Rai et al. (2012) reported significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes for this character. The vegetable pod yield per plant in the cluster bean genotypes ranged from 57.74g (Varsha) to 222.34g (line-22). On an average cluster bean genotypes yielded 122.97g per plant.

Saiyad (2003) reported the overall mean value of 112.35 g per plant and the French bean genotype (AK × 220) 12-3, IPS-3 recorded the highest yield of 167.60 g per plant while, genotype VLFB-9908 had lowest yield of 40.35 g per plant.

Mohan et al. (2009) reported the significant difference among the dolicus bean genotypes for pod yield per plant and it was ranged from 69 to 576.9 g with maximum pod yield was recorded in IIHR 150 and IIHR 159 (576.9 and 576.2 g/plant, respectively). Parmar et al. (2013) reported significant difference among thirty dolicus bean genotypes for this character. The genotype PD-10 out yielded all the cultivars for marketable fruit where production of 2.03 kg pods per plant was recorded and the lowest marketable yield was recorded from PD-21 (0.260 kg).

Alexander (1981) studied pod yield per plant in two different winged bean cultivars at different weekends after sowing. The cultivar Chimbu showed highest pod yield per plant (1.12 kg) at 14

th week after sowing followed by 13

th weekend (1.00 kg), whereas, it was found

least in 9th week (0.12 kg). Bagchi et al. (1988) also noticed a variation in pod yield per plant

in the range of 0.565 kg to 1.304 kg during different stages of harvest. In five harvests from early green pod stage to seed maturity stage at an interval of fifteen days, the pod was 0.565, 0.675, 1.304, 0.862 and 0.750 kg, respectively from first stage of harvesting.

In winged bean, the genotype PTK-8 had significantly higher vegetable pod yield (1.04 kg) followed by PTK-5, PTK-7 and PTK-9 (0.93, 0.87 and 0.86 kg, respectively). The genotype PTK-6 was least (0.53 kg) in vegetable green pod yield (Dandannavar, 2000).

2.2.8 Vegetable pod yield per plot

Girish (2011) reported wide variability for vegetable pod yield per plot among the cluster bean genotypes and it was ranged from 458.00 g (IVT- I GR-17) to 2393.50 g (NS-661) with an average mean of 1063.09 g.

In winged bean, Dandannavar (2000) showed the green pod yield was significantly higher (17.16 kg/plot) in PTK-8 compared to all other genotypes. The next best genotypes were PTK-5 (15.73 kg/plot), PTK-9 (13.83 kg/plot) and PTK-7 (13.28 kg/plot). The green pod yield was least in PTK-6 (9.66 kg/plot) and this was at par with PTK – 4 (11.24 kg/plot).

2.2.9 Vegetable pod yield per hectare

Rai et al. (2012) reported the significant difference in the vegetable pod yield of cluster bean genotypes, which ranged from 9.02 tonnes (line-14) to 19.29 tonnes (line-22). On an average cluster bean genotypes yielded 13.89 tonnes per hectare.

In Winged bean, variation in pod yield per hectare in different genotypes was reported by Alexander (1981). Winged bean genotype responded differently for pod yield when cultivated under different soil types. Under alluvial soil, the yield was ranged from 1.28 to 2.50 tonnes per hectare. But under lateritic soil, the pod yield varied from 2.01 (IC-26949) to 3.01(UPS-90) tonnes per hectare (Bagchi et al., 1988). Dandannavar (2000) reported that the genotype PTK-8 was superior, recorded significantly highest green pod yield (10.11 t/ha), followed by PTK-5 (8.98 t/ha), PTK-9 (7.89 t/ha) and PTK-7 (7.68 t/ha). The genotype PTK–6 was the poorest (5.51 t/ha) performer with regard to green pod yield.

2.3 Seed yield and yield components

2.3.1 Number of cluster per plant

Arora et al. (2011) reported the significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes for number of cluster per plant. The results showed that variation existed for this character with coefficient of variation was 17.33 per cent. The number of cluster per plant varied from 19.00 to 113.40 with a mean of 36.68. Girish (2011) reported the maximum number of clusters per plant (12.50) in HGS-02-1 and minimum (6.80) in AVT- I GR-12. On an average, 37.89 clusters per plant. Malaghan (2012) reported significant difference among the genotypes for number of clusters per plant. Maximum number of clusters per plant (73.00) was recorded in AVT-I GR-9 and minimum (9.00) in Bandikeri-I. On an average, 37.89 clusters per plant were observed in the genotypes. Rai et al. (2012) reported the significant difference among the genotypes for this character. The number of clusters per plant varied from 12.80 (Varsha) to 49.67 (line-14) with a mean value of 28.19 clusters per plant.

In mung bean, Tabasum et al. (2010) revealed highly significant (p<0.01) to significant (p<0.05) differences for cluster per plant among the genotypes and it was ranged from 8.13 to 15.10. AUM-9 ranked first in cluster per plant followed by AUM-38 (13.66) and NM-98 (12.53) while 6375 had lowest production.

2.3.2 Number pods per cluster

Arora et al. (2011) conducted a study on thirty cluster bean genotypes and there was a significant difference among varieties for number of pods per cluster and it was varied from 5.13 to 11.10 with a mean of 7.09. Girish (2011) reported wide variability for number of pods per cluster and it was varied from 10.41 (HGS-75) to 16.90 (AVT-I GR-15) with a grand mean of 13.45. Malaghan (2012) reported significant difference among the genotypes for number of pods per cluster and it was varied from 3.12 (Bandikeri-I) to 9.60 (RGC-1025) with a grand

mean of 6.75. Rai et al. (2012) observed the significant difference among the genotypes for this character. The maximum number of pods per cluster was recorded in the genotype RB-1 (14.10) and the minimum (5.40) in line-21. On an average, the cluster bean genotypes had 7.23 clusters per plant.

Parmar et al. (2013) reported significant difference among thirty dolicus bean genotypes for this character. Genotype Pusa Sem-2 had maximum number of pods per cluster (12.93) and the lowest was observed in PD-11 (3.66) with a mean of 7.01.

In mung bean, Tabasum et al. (2010) revealed highly significant (p<0.01) to significant (p<0.05) differences for pods per cluster among the genotypes and it was ranged from 3.43 to 4.58. AUM-18 produced maximum number of pods per cluster and minimum number was produced by AUM-28.

2.3.3 Number of pods per plant

In cluster bean, Arora et al. (2011) reported highly significant differences for number of pods per plant. Vijay et al. (1988) and Gipson and Balakrishnan (1990) have also reported similar results. The number of pods per plant varied from 109.78 to 623.34 with a mean of 255.47. The maximum number of pods per plant was recorded in BR-112 (623.34) closely followed by RGC-936 (580.60). Malaghan (2012) reported significant difference among the genotypes for number of dry pods per plant. The quantum of variation for this trait ranged from 24.66 (Jalageri-II) to 341.66 (HG-04-875) pods per plant. Rai et al. (2012) reported the significant difference among the genotypes for this character. The maximum number of pods per plant (185.00) was recorded in the line-22 and minimum (75.50) in Pusa Navabahar. On an average, the cluster bean genotypes had 117.53 pods per plant.

In French bean, Saiyad (2003) observed significant variation for this character, which had the mean value of 19.31 pods with a wide range of variation from 8.80 (VLFB-9908) to 30.25 (PNK-30) pods per plant. Muchui et al. (2008) reported significant (p<0.05) difference in the number of pods among all the evaluated varieties with variety R-1516 (42.20) having the highest number of pods followed by Amy (39.90), R-1515 (39.90) and Lexus (36.40). The number of pods per plant ranged from 30.60 to 42.20.

Mohan et al. (2009) reported the significant difference among the dolicus bean genotypes for number of pods per plant, ranged from 10.00 to 91.00, with maximum pods number in IIHR 159. Parmar et al. (2013) found significant difference among thirty genotypes for this character. The genotypes PD-24 (497.66) and PD-12 (487.00) followed by Pusa Sem-2 (460.66) gave higher number of pods per plant and the lower number was obtained from PD-21 (46.00) followed by Pushpa (63.33) and PD-28 (105.00).

Omkarappa (1994) observed significant differences among the cowpea genotypes for this character. Average number of pods per plant was 9.85 with a range of 5.02 to 15.32. The genotype 251-1 had the lowest number of pods per plant (5.02) followed by D-2 (5.22), 16XMP (5.25) and TVU 1004 (5.3). Highest number of pods per plant was recorded in the genotype MS-936-3 (15.32) followed by 25/8/2/2 (15.15), BE-TW (14.75) and c- 2047 (14.52). Futuless et al. (2010) found that the number of pods per plant ranged from 23.34 in Ife-Brown to 35.77 in Brown Kananado.

In winged bean, Dandannavar (2000) found significant difference among the genotypes for number of pods per plant. The genotype PTK-8 had recorded significantly higher (163.76) vegetable green pods followed by PTK-5 (142.96) and PTK-7 (139.30). Among the treatment combinations, the total vegetable pod number per plant ranged from 72.17 (PTK-6) to 177.97 (PTK-8).

In mung bean, Rozina et al. (2007) studied the analysis of data regarding number of pods per plant and revealed that, there was non-significant differences among the tested genotypes. However, highest number of pods plant was recorded for genotype Mung-88 (58.66) while least for genotype NM 98 (32.66). Values of the parameter ranged from 32.66 to 58.66. Tabasum et al. (2010) revealed highly significant (p<0.01) to significant (p<0.05)

differences for pods per plant among the genotypes. Pods per plant ranged from 35.30 to 56.37 and AUM-9 ranked first in pods per plant production while, 6375 had lowest production.

2.3.4 Dry pod yield per plant

Girish (2011) reported wide variability for dry pod yield per plant among the cluster bean genotypes and the average total dry pod yield per plant was 16.04 g. The quantum of variation was observed for this trait ranged from 8.65 g (HGS-70) to 23.62 g (HG-3-100). Malaghan (2012) reported significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes for dry pod yield per plant. The quantum of variation for this trait ranged from 8.70 g (Bandikeri-I) to 113.6 g (IC 11388), with a mean of 55.27 g per plant.

Dandannavar (2000) found significant difference with respect to dry pod yield per plant in winged bean. The genotype PTK-5 had recorded significantly maximum (59.59 g) dry pod yield compared to other genotypes except PTK-2 (58.62 g) which was on par with PTK-5. The genotypes PTK-6 had recorded the least dry pod yield (44.84 g/plant).

2.3.5 Ten dry pod weight

Malaghan (2012) reported significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes for weight of ten dry pods and it was ranged from 2.35 g (HGS-13) to 6.86 g (IC 11388) with an overall mean of 3.93 g.

2.3.6 Hundred seed weight

Girish (2011) reported wide variability for hundred seed weight among the cluster bean genotypes. Hundred seed weight was ranged from 3.11 g (AVT-II GR-1) to 3.96 g (Pusa Navbahar) with an overall average mean of 3.46 g.

Saiyad (2003) reported significant difference among French bean genotypes. Seed weight had mean of 32.20 g with a wide range of variation from 18.15 g (IIHR-1137) to 47.20 g (IIHR-1136).

Dandannavar (2000) observed significant difference among the winged bean genotypes for seed weight per pod. The genotype PTK-5 had recorded maximum (3.55 g) seed weight and PTK-8 (3.52 g) was on par with PTK-5. PTK-6 was recorded minimum (2.39 g) seed weight per pod compared to other genotypes.

Omkarappa (1994) observed significant difference for hundred seed weight in cowpea and it was ranged from 6.75 to 16.62 g in different genotypes with a mean of 11.34 g. The genotype TVX-4R-0267-1F had the highest 100 seed weight (16.62 g) followed by P-14 (16.37 g), PLS-63 and V-240 (15.87 g). The genotype 251-1 recorded the lowest 100 seed weight (6.75 g) followed by d1-7 (7.87 g), C-2042 (8.00 g) and V-15 and EC-25495 (8.25 g). Futuless et al. (2010) found significant difference for all the treatments which ranged from 120.00 g to 168.04 g for 1000 seed weight.

In winged bean, Bhagmal (1994) reported inter- regional variation for 100 seed weight and it was 25.00 to 40.00 g, 20.00 to 36.00 g, 20.00 to 37.00 g and 28.00 to 44.00 g in India, Papua New Guinea, Ghanian and Nigerian and Indonasian accessions, respectively. Several other workers had also reported the hundred seed weight in the range of 16.20 to 46.00 g (Singh and Paroda, 1983; Dutta and Gangwar, 1983 and Solanki and Saxena, 1989).

In winged bean, Dandannavar (2000) showed significant difference among the genotypes for 100 seed weight. PTK-5 recorded maximum (35.43 g) hundred seed weight and PTK-8 (35.06 g) and PTK-9 (33.50 g) were on par with PTK-5. The genotype PTK-6 had recorded the least (26.18 g) hundred seed weight.

In mung bean, Rozina et al. (2007) revealed significant difference for 100- seed weight among the genotypes. Genotype NFM3-3 showed maximum 100 seed weight (6.23 g)

while genotype Mung-88 produced minimum 100-seeds weight (3.90 g). Values regarding the parameter ranged from 3.90 g to 6.23 g.

2.3.7 Number of seeds per dry pod

Girish (2011) reported wide variability for number of seeds per pod among the cluster bean genotypes and it was ranged from 4.95 (AVT-I GR-7) to 7.95 (IVT-I GR-23) with a mean of 6.15. Malaghan (2012) reported significant difference among the genotypes for number of seeds per ten dry pods and it was varied from 49.00 (IVT-I GR-20) to 95.00 (38-1) with an overall mean of 72.49. Rai et al. (2012) recorded the significant difference among the genotypes for this character. Number of seeds per pod observed with a mean of 6.37 and varied from 5.30 (line-21 and line-22) to 8.10 (Sarphan).

Saiyad (2003) reported wide range of variation in French bean for this character with an overall mean of 5.35 seeds per pod. Maximum number of seeds per pod was recorded in (220 × AK) 17-2, IPS 3-1 (6.45 each), while minimum number of seeds per pod was recorded in IIHR-1136 (3.90).

Omkarappa (1994) observed significant difference among the cowpea genotypes for number of seeds per dry pod and it was ranged from 9.22 to 16.70 with a mean value of 13.15. The genotype Copusa -2 had the highest number of seeds per pod (16.70) followed by TVU- 345 (16.15) P-425 (16.07) and MS-9091/1 (15.875). Lowest number of seeds per pod was recorded in 87 (9.22) followed by 590 38 (9.62) Delhi local and CY-25 (9.95). Futuless et al. (2010) reported significant difference in the number of seeds per pod and it was ranged from 12.41 to 17.11. The number of seeds per plant was significantly higher 420.16 with Brown Kananado and significantly lower 258.21 with Ife- Brown.

In pea, Khokhar et al. (1988) revealed that the cultivars ‘Minarette’ and ‘Ferlette’ produced the maximum number of grains per pod (8.00). The minimum number of seeds per pod was obtained by the cultivar ‘Excellete’ (5.50). The differences of means were highly significant for cultivars.

In winged bean, Solanki and Saxena (1989) reported seed numbers from 7.9 in LBNG-1 to 11.70 per pod in IHR-60. Khan and Erskine (1978) noticed profound effect of environment on number of seeds per pod and the seed per pod in the range of 7.6 to 9.6. Several other workers also reported variation in the seeds per pod (7.5 to 28.8 / pod) depending on the varieties (Dutta and Gangwar, 1983; Desilva and Omran, 1986; Abe et al., 1988 and Bhagmal, 1994). Dandannavar (2000) found significant difference among the genotypes for number of seeds per pod, significantly more number of seeds (11.63) per pod was recorded in PTK-5. However, PTK-8 (11.28) was on par with PTK-5 for number of seeds.

In mung bean, Rozina et al. (2007) reported significant difference for number of seeds per pod. Highest number of seeds per pod was recorded in KRK mung-1 (10.33) while, lowest for NM 51 (7.66).

2.3.8 Seed yield per plant

Douglas (2005) reported significant difference in grain yield of cluster bean cultivars in trial 1 at Biloela (p<0.001), HF223 (1360 kg/ha) was yielded significantly higher than other cultivars with a mean yield of 717 kg per ha. There were also significant differences in grain yield of cultivars in trial 2 (p<0.001), S47-2 (1298 kg/ha) was yielded higher than HF-223 and CP177. Yield range for trial 2 was 664 kg per ha (Pardeshi) to 1298 kg per ha (S47-2) with a mean yield of 994 kg per ha. Across both Biloela trials cultivars HF223 and S47-2 were the two highest-ranking cultivars with a mean grain yield of 1181 and 1158 kg per ha, respectively. Girish (2011) reported wide variability for seed yield per plant among the cluster bean genotypes and it was ranged from 5.95 g (Ghataprabha Local) to 18.10 g (AVT-I GR-15) with an overall average yield of 10.55 g. Malaghan (2012) observed significant difference among the genotypes for seed yield per plant. The cluster bean genotypes varied greatly for

seed yield per plant, ranging from 5.73 g (Jalageri-II) to 65.95 g (RGC-1025) with an overall average of 31.40 g.

In cowpea, Omkarappa (1994) reported significant differences in the seed yield, varied greatly from 7.12 g to 24.85 g with a mean value of 14.46 g per plant. The genotype TVU-1466 gave the highest yield of 24.85 g per plant followed by V-12 (24.7 g), V-13 (23.85 g) and 141-1 (23.75 g). The lowest yield of 7.12 g was recorded in case of the genotype 251-1 followed by D-2 (7.47 g), TVU-264 (7.72 g) and JC-23 (7.85 g).

In winged bean, Thompson and Haryano (1980) had recorded seed yield in the range of 42.00 to 92.00 g per plant in the accessions collected from different locations. Dandannavar (2000) showed significant difference among the genotypes for seed yield. The genotype PTK-2 (42.90 g/plant) was significantly superior with regard to seed yield per plant. The next best genotypes were PTK-5 and PTK-9 (41.46 and 40.16 g/plant, respectively).

In mung bean, Rozina et al. (2007) revealed significant difference among various genotypes for seed yield per plant. Genotypes NM 28 produced maximum yield per plant (19.70 g), followed by NM-92 (18.40 g) and KRK mung-1 (18.40 g), while NFM 3-3 produced minimum yield per plant (18.40 g). Tabasum et al. (2010) revealed highly significant (p<0.01) to significant (p<0.05) differences for this character among the genotypes. The cultivar AUM-9 (21.41g) proved its superiority by contributing maximum towards seed yield per plant while, NM-54 (12.71 g) was found poor with lowest contribution. Mean values for seed yield per plant ranged from 12.71g to 21.41g.

2.4 Quality parameters for seed and fresh pods

2.4.1 Gum content

Pathak et al. (2011) evaluated forty promising genotypes of cluster bean in CAZRI, Jodhpur and found significant difference for endosperm and gum content ranged from 30.40 per cent (‘CLBH 201’) to 46.30 per cent (‘RGC 1030’) and 23.50 per cent (‘HGS 880’) to 33.50 per cent (‘GAUG 9808’), respectively. The mean endosperm and gum was 39.60 per cent and 29.40 per cent, respectively. Girish (2011) reported wide variability for seed endosperm gum content among the cluster bean genotypes and it was varied from 4.10 per cent (IVT-I GR-25) to 20.65 per cent (AVT-II GR-3) with an overall mean of 12.73 per cent. Malaghan (2012) reported significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes for seed endosperm gum content and it was varied from 7.45 per cent (AVT-I GR-7) to 28.88 per cent (AVT-II GR-4) with an overall mean of 17.86 per cent.

2.4.2 Protein content

Arora et al. (2011) reported the significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes. The variation for protein content was in the range of 3.80 to 5.88 grams per 100 grams on green pod weight basis. Girish (2011) reported wide variability for protein content among the genotypes of cluster bean and it was ranged from 10.15 mg per g (HG-3-100) to 25.85 mg per g (CAZG-06-1) with an overall mean of 16.41 mg per g. Pathak et al. (2011) evaluated forty promising genotypes of cluster bean in CAZRI, Jodhpur. The range for crude protein was recorded from 28.30 (‘VIKAS 35’) to 35.00 per cent (‘RGC 1038’) with over all mean of 32.52 per cent. Malaghan (2012) reported significant difference among the genotypes for protein content in seeds of cluster bean and it was ranged from 21.70% (IC421855) to 36.75% (Aryan 101) with an overall mean of 28.13 per cent.

Smriti et al. (2003) showed a wide variability for protein content of rajmash collections and it was ranged from 20.65 to 25.81 per cent. Genotype Him-1 exhibited highest value followed by Jawala and Kanchan.

Parmar et al. (2013) reported significant difference among thirty dolicus bean genotypes and the pods of genotype PD-21 had maximum protein content (22.13 %) and the

lowest protein content was observed in PD-23 (16.26 %) with a mean of the protein content obtained was 19.84 per cent.

2.4.3 Crude fiber content

Pathak et al. (2011) evaluated forty promising genotypes of cluster bean in CAZRI, Jodhpur for crude fibre content and observed significant difference with a range from 4.10 per cent (‘HGS 02–1’) to 8.0 per cent (‘AVKG 73’) with an overall mean of 6.30 per cent.

Smriti et al. (2003) showed significant differences for crude fibre content of rajmash collections and the maximum and minimum in EC-2236 (4.32 %) and HPR-336 (3.19 %), respectively.

2.4.4 Descriptive quality parameters

Muchui et al. (2008) evaluated four introduced French bean varieties in KARI, Thika. Evaluated on three grade extra fine, fine and bobby. The strings are present in the variety Lexus under the grade of bobby and remaining all others without strings under all three grades.

Muchui et al. (2008) evaluated all snap bean varieties had acceptable green colour, pod length, diameter, appearance, seed size and fibre content for the extra fine and fine grade. Pandey et al. (2011) reported among the French bean genotypes. Most genotypes produced by Makwanpur, Madhav and Mandir were very attractive. Four season, Samjhana, LB-27, Arka Komal, Arka Suvidha and Mallika produced attractive pods whereas Trshuli, Chinese Long, LB-31, S-9 and Pant Anupama produced medium or acceptable pods. Myagdi, Tarbare and Syangja produced very poor pods which were not acceptable by the consumers.

2.5 Reaction to powdery mildew diseases incidence

Powdery mildew is a disease of great economic importance in legume crops all over the World. Heavy infection causes devastating damage to the crops and reduces the grain yield at least one- third (Sharma, 1995). Although the disease can be controlled very effectively through fungicidal treatment, so use of resistant varieties is far safe, reliable and cost free alternate to ensure healthy crops (Hammurlund, 1995). Mihal and Alcorn (1984) reported that the powdery mildew was observed for guar from mid September to throughout November. Trichoderma spp. effectively controls the powdery mildew disease in cluster bean (Deore et al., 2004).

Aghora et al. (2006) reported that the powdery mildew of pea was controlled by single recessive gene and reported that the variety Arka Karthik was resistant to powdery mildew and commercial check variety Bonneville was susceptible to powdery mildew. Pal and Brahmappa (1980) reported that powdery mildew widely spread and causes severe losses in South India and reported that five entries of pea like P431, P436, Gloire de Quimper, Sel. 18 and Sel. 30 were resistant to powdery mildew.

2.6 Correlation studies

Sanghi and Sharma (1964) studied sixty four indigenous varieties of guar for different plant characters to find out their association with yield. Yield significantly correlated with number of pods per plant, clusters per plant, number of branches per plant and pod length. Partial correlation of yield was significant with number of clusters per plant, pods per plant, branches per plant and 100 seed weight. Mital and Thomas (1969) reported high positive correlation between yield, branches and pod number in both the seasons at genotypic as well as at phenotypic levels. Seed weight exhibited negative correlation with yield at all the levels. Amongst the yield components, plant height was positively correlated in both the seasons with all the characters except seed weight. A significant positive association was observed

between height and number of branches in both the seasons at genotypic level. Correlation of pod length was negative with seed weight.

Choudhary and Lodhi (1980) reported that, the characters like branches per plant, leaves per plant, leaf weight and stem weight were positively and significantly correlated with green fodder and dry matter yield per plant.

Brindha et al. (1996) reported that, the green pod yield per plot showed positive and strong correlation with plant height at final harvest, branches per plant, days to flowering, days to maturity, pod length, pod width, pod weight, seeds per pod and pods per plant at phenotypic and genotypic levels.

Genotypic and phenotypic correlation was worked out in 28 diverse genotypes of cluster bean (Arumugarangarajan et al., 2000). The traits like clusters per plant, branches per plant, pods per cluster, plant height and pod yield per plant were positively associated with seed yield at phenotypic levels. These traits were also found to exhibit positive and significant inter-relationship among themselves. Patel and Choudhari (2001) reported that, the genotypic correlation coefficients were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients. Grain yield per plant was found to be positively and significantly associated with all the characters except gum content and pod length. Numbers of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant and pod length were the most important component characters which directly contributed to seed yield.

Singh et al. (2002) conducted a study to determine the direct and indirect effects of various grain yield components on 43 genotypes of cluster bean (C. tetragonoloba). Positive and significant correlations of grain yield were observed with the number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant and number of pods per plant. Pods per plant had a significant and positive association with days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, number of branches per plant and number of clusters per plant. The number of clusters per plant was positively and significantly correlated with plant height and number of branches per plant. Days to 50% flowering had a positive significant association with plant height and a negative significant association with 100-seed weight.

Hanchinamani (2003) carried out correlation coefficient analysis in 80 genotypes and revealed a significant and positive association of vegetable pod yield per plant and seed yield per plant with number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, plant spread (East-West), number of clusters per plant, cluster length, number of seeds per pod, dry pod yield per plant and gum content of seed endosperm.

Singh et al. (2004) conducted an experiment to study the relationship between seed yield and its components in 176 cluster bean lines. Seed yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with plant height, number of branches per plant, clusters per plant and pods per plant. Plant height exhibited significant correlation with number of branches per plant, clusters per plant and pods per plant. Branches per plant exhibited positive correlation with clusters per plant and pods per plant. The number of clusters per plant was significantly correlated with pods per plant. Seeds per pod had negative direct effect on seed yield. Clusters per plant had appreciable positive direct effects and highly significant positive correlation with seed yield.

Singh et al. (2005) carried out correlation coefficient analysis in twenty-four advanced cluster bean genotypes. High estimates of the phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were obtained for pod yield per plant, seed yield per plant, pods per plant, clusters per plant, days to flowering and branches per plant.

One hundred genotypes of cluster bean were evaluated by Saini et al. (2010) and reported that the seed yield per plant was positively associated with pods per plant, clusters per plant, biological yield per plant, primary branches per plant and pods per cluster. Non significant positive association of seed yield per plant with days to flowering, maturity and plant height were also shown desirable association in cluster bean and indicated that early and dwarf genotypes were more desirable for cluster bean.

Forty five genotypes of cluster bean were evaluated by Girish (2011) and reported that the green pod yield per plant had positive and significant correlation with dry pod yield per plant, green pod yield per plot, number of clusters per plant, plant height both at 45 and 90 DAS, plant spread (North-South direction) at 45 DAS, stem girth, number of pods per cluster, cluster length and pod length. Dry pod yield per plant showed positive and highly significant association with green pod yield per plant (1.002 and 0.987), green pod yield per plot (0.966 and 0.847), number of clusters per plant (0.997 and 0.800), plant spread (East-West direction) at 45 DAS (0.416 and 0.403), number of pods per cluster (0.663 and 0.800) and plant height at 45 and 90 DAS (0.843, 0.828 and 0.699, 0.546) at both genotypic and phenotypic level, respectively. Seed protein content showed positive and highly significant association with pod breadth (0.452) at genotypic level. Seed endosperm gum content showed negative and highly significant correlation with plant height at 90 DAS (-0.485 and -0.401) at genotypic and phenotypic level, respectively.

In cowpea, seed yield was significantly correlated with number of branches, number of pods per plant, pod weight, number of seeds per pod (Mallikarjun et al., 1993)

Tyagi et al. (2000) carried out correlation study with twenty-four cowpea genotypes and reported that, the seed yield per plant had highly significant and positive correlation with days to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, pod length, number of pods per plant, seed weight per pod and hundred seed weight at both phenotypic and genotypic levels.

Nehru et al. (2009) carried out correlation studies in cowpea during early and late Kharif seasons, using 14 genotypes and they revealed that, the seed yield was correlated positively with plant height, number of branches per plant, clusters per plant and pods per plant during early Kharif but during late Kharif seed yield was correlated with only plant height at both the genotypic and phenotypic levels.

Usha kumari et al. (2010) carried out the correlation studies in cowpea and the results of genotypic correlation revealed that, the days to fifty per cent flowering was highly positive significant relationship with days to maturity. Plant height was highly positive significant correlation with number of branches per plant and pods per plant. Seed yield was positively and significantly correlated with days to maturity, branches per plant and pods per plant.

Vijay et al. (1988) studied correlation analysis for seed yield and its components in seventeen cultivars of winged bean and revealed that, the seed yield per plant showed positive and significant correlation with number of dry pods per plant, hundred seed weight and days to flowering. Motior et al. (1997) reported significant and positive correlation of seed yield with pods per plant and hundred seed weight in winged bean.

Kousar et al. (2007) reported correlation coefficient analysis in mungbean, the genotypic and phenotypic correlation among yield and yield contributing traits revealed that, the seed yield was positively correlated with number of pods per plant and plant height at both genotypic and phenotypic level. Seed protein content was observed negatively correlated with seed yield at genotypic level.

2.7 Economics

Singla et al. (2006) reported that the returns over variable cost in peas were 40182 per ha and also reported that price received by small, medium and large farmers was 743 per ha, 795 per ha and 853 per ha, respectively. The genotype Mani avare had given high net income ( 12683/ha) with benefit cost ratio of (2.76) this is due to higher forage yield compare to Local avare and Hebbal-3 (Nimbargi 2005).

The study revealed that per hectare variable cost was highest for tomato followed by cabbage, cauliflower and lowest for peas. However, per quintal cost of cultivation has been found to be highest for peas followed by cauliflower, tomato and cabbage. Vegetables being the labour-intensive crops, have incurred significantly high costs on human labour, 13200- 15600 per hectare. Gross returns as well as net returns per hectare have been observed to

be highest for tomato followed by cauliflower, cabbage and peas (Bala et al., 2011). Singh and Singh (1999) found that, the highest cost of cultivation was in potato ( 8,388.4/acre) followed by cauliflower ( 5,887.8/acre), tomato ( 4,918.4/acre), chilli ( 4,788/acre) and pea ( 4,118.4/acre) in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh. Per rupee of investment was maximum in chilli followed by tomato, brinjal, cauliflower, pea and potato. Venkataraman and Gowda (1996) studied the economics of tomato production in Kolar district of Karnataka and computed the per acre cost and returns for tomato production. The results revealed that the total cost of production was 36,611.51 per acre of which variable cost was 15,648.26, fixed costs were 2,555.48 and marketing cost was 18,406.77. Hiremath (1994) analysed the cost and returns of dry chillies in Dharwad district, the total cost of cultivation of chilli per acre was 5,942.64. The value of gross output was 5,531.72. The farm business income was 1,466.08 and family labour income was 221.33 per acre.

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

The present investigation on “Evaluation of elite cluster bean ﴾Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.﴿ genotypes for vegetable and gum purpose in the Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka” was undertaken during Rabi-2012. The details of the experiment, materials used and techniques adopted are presented in this chapter.

3.1 Experimental site

The experiment was carried out at the Research Field Unit, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot (Karnataka). The chemical properties of the soil from experimental plot are presented in Appendix I. Soil properties indicate that the pH of soil is 7.20 with 178.78 kg per hectare of available nitrogen, 29.00 kg per hectare of available phosphorus and 236.00 kg per hectare of available potassium.

3.2 Location and climate

Bagalkot falls under agro-climatic zone-3 northern dry zone of region-2 of Karnataka situated at 16°46’ North latitude, 74°59’ East longitude and at an altitude of 533.00 meters above the mean sea level. It has the benefit of both South-West and North-East monsoons. The temperature of this area ranges from 16.24

0C to 30.50

0C and relative humidity from

38.06 to 88.46 per cent with a rainfall of 147 mm during the experimental period (October 2012 to January 2013) as per the observation of the meteorological data recorded at meteorological observatory of the Agricultural Research Station, Bagalkot (Appendix II).

3.3 Experimental details

3.3.1 Experimental material

Cluster bean germplasm comprising of 12 genotypes collected from different sources formed the experimental material. The list of genotypes used for cultivation in the present study with source of collection is given in Table 1.

IARI: Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi

GKVK: Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra, Bangalore

NBPGRI: National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resource, Jodhpur

RARS: Regional Agricultural Research Station, Bijapur

3.3.2 Design

Plot size : 2.00 m × 2.70 m

Spacing : 45 cm × 20 cm

The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Each genotype in each replication was represented by plot size of six rows of 2 m length, 60 plants per treatment per replication.

3.3.3 Preparation of an experimental plot and sowing

The experimental plot was ploughed repeatedly and brought to a fine tilth. Ten tonnes of FYM was applied as basal dose and recommended fertilizers (12.5:75:60 kg NPK/ha) were incorporated in the soil before final harrowing. The entire plot was divided in to 3 blocks. Each block has 2 m width and 32.40 m length. After the layout, the treatments were assigned to

different plot in each replication by using random table. All other crop management practices were carried out as per the package of practices of University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad (Anon., 2012) to cluster bean crop (Plate 1). The seeds of different genotypes were sown by dibbling. The plot was irrigated immediately after the completion of sowing. Gap filling was done within a week.

3.3.4 Irrigation

The plot was irrigated uniformly taking of an account of gradient at an interval of five days depending upon the soil and climatic conditions so as to maintain adequate moisture in root zone.

3.4 Observations recorded

For recording of all the growth and yield characters, six plants in each experimental plot were randomly selected avoiding border plants. Out of them, three plants were considered for vegetable purpose and three for seed purpose and they were tagged separately for taking observations on various growth and yield parameters by picking tender green pods at weekly intervals from plants tagged for vegetable purpose. Another three plants were left for seed yield parameter purpose. The seed yield and other quantitative and qualitative parameters were recorded after harvesting the fully matured pods.

3.4.1 Growth parameters

The observations on all growth characters were recorded by using three randomly selected tagged plants from each experimental plot and the average of the plants was computed and recorded.

3.4.1.1 Germination (%)

The germination percentage was worked out after the final germination, i.e., after stoppage of germination. It was calculated by dividing total number of seeds sown with the number of seeds germinated and multiplied with 100.

3.4.1.2 Plant height (cm)

The height of the plant (cm) was measured from ground level to the tip of the plant on 90

th day after sowing and recorded.

3.4.1.3 Number of branches per plant

Number of branches arising from the main stem was counted on 90th day after sowing

and recorded.

3.4.2 Yield parameters

3.4.2.1 Days to first flowering

Number of days taken from the date of sowing to first flower opening was counted and recorded as days to first flowering.

3.4.2.2 Days to 50 per cent flowering

The days were counted from the date of sowing to the flowering of 50 per cent of the tagged plants in each experimental plot and recorded as days to 50 per cent flowering.

3.4.2.3 Days to first vegetable harvest

The days were counted and recorded from the date of sowing to days at which first vegetable pod picking.

3.4.2.4 Pod Length (cm)

The length (cm) of each selected pod was measured from the base to tip and average over ten pods was computed and recorded.

3.4.2.5 Pod breadth (cm)

The breadth (cm) of the selected pods was measured (by calipers) at the center of the pods and average over ten pods was computed and recorded.

3.4.2.6 Ten fresh pod weight (g)

Ten fresh green vegetable pods harvested from the tagged plants selected randomly were weighed and recorded in grams.

3.4.2.7 Vegetable pod yield per plant per picking (g)

The weight of green vegetable pods harvested from the tagged plants was recorded separately. The average of all the harvests was considered as pod yield per plant per picking and expressed in grams.

3.4.2.8 Number of dry pods per plant (dual purpose)

After the four vegetable picking the remaining pods were left on the plant and harvested for seed purpose after maturity. The number of the harvested dry pods per plant was recorded.

3.4.2.9 Dry pod yield per plant (dual purpose) (g)

After the four vegetable picking the remaining pods left on the plant for seed purpose and harvested the pods after maturity and recorded in grams.

3.4.2.10 Seed yield per plant (dual purpose) (g)

After the four vegetable picking the remaining pods left on the plant and harvested the seed after maturity and recorded in grams.

3.4.2.11 Vegetable pod yield per plot (kg)

The vegetable pod yield per plot was computed by summing up all the harvested pods of each treatment and expressed in kilograms.

3.4.2.12 Vegetable pod yield per hectare (q)

The vegetable pod yield per plot was computed by summing up all the harvested pods of each treatment, converted to pod yield per hectare and expressed in quintal per hectare.

3.4.3 Seed yield parameters

3.4.3.1 Number of clusters per plant

The number of clusters produced by the tagged plants in each experimental plot was counted and average was calculated.

3.4.3.2 Number of dry pods per cluster

The number of pods produced on pod bearing clusters of tagged plants in each experimental plot was counted, average was calculated and recorded.

3.4.3.3 Number of dry pods per plant

The number of pods produced by the tagged plants in each experimental plot was counted, average was calculated and recorded.

3.4.3.4 Ten dry pod weight (g)

The weight of ten dry pods randomly selected from the tagged plants meant for seed purpose in each experimental plot was recorded in grams using precision electronic balance.

3.4.3.5 Dry pod yield per plant (g)

The dry pod yield was computed by adding the weight of dry pods (g) harvested in subsequent pickings from the tagged plants in each experimental plot after maturity.

3.4.3.6 Number of seeds per dry pod

The dry pods from each experimental plot were randomly picked from tagged plants and seeds were extracted. The number of seeds was counted and average number of seeds per pod was worked out.

3.4.3.7 Seed yield per plant (g)

The seed yield was computed by adding the weight of seeds (g) harvested from the tagged plants in each experimental plot after maturity.

3.4.3.8 Hundred seed weight (g)

One hundred seeds from each experimental plot were counted and their weight (g) was recorded.

3.4.4 Seed quality parameter

3.4.4.1 Gum content

Gum content of endosperm of seed was estimated by adopting the methodology suggested by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (Anon., 1958). One gram of seed sample was finely powdered and repeatedly extracted in boiling water till it becomes free from slimy matter. The extracted sample was filtered through four layers of muslin cloth. Extract was then concentrated to about 20 ml by heating and 40 ml alcohol was added to it and kept for 24 hours. The precipitated gum was filtered through the previously weighed Whatman filter paper No. 1. The precipitation was washed with more alcohol, later the filter paper along with precipitation was dried at 60

0c for two hours. The dry weight of the filter paper along with the

precipitation was recorded and gum content was calculated on percentage dry weight basis for each genotype.

3.4.4.2 Protein content

Total nitrogen content in dry seed powder from each genotype was estimated by Micro– Kjeldahl method (Subbaiah and Asija, 1956). Crude protein was calculated by multiplying the nitrogen value by 6.25 (Oser, 1965). The values obtained were expressed in percentage.

3.4.4.3 Crude fiber

Two gram of moisture and fat free powdered sample was boiled with 200 ml of sulphuric acid (0.255 N) for 30 min with bumping chips and then it was filtered through muslin cloth and washed with boiling water until residue was no longer acidic. The residue was again boiled with 200 ml of sodium hydroxide solution (0.313 N) for 30 minutes and filtered through muslin cloth, washed with boiling water until the residue was free from alkali, followed by washing with alcohol and ether. The residues were transferred to preweighed crucible (W1) and heated in a muffle furnace at 600

0C for 2 hours, cooled in a desicators and reweighed

(W2). The percentage of crude fibre was calculated by the following formula.

[100 - (moisture + fat)] – [W1-W2]

Crude fiber (g/ 100 g) = x 100

Weight of sample taken (moisture + fat free)

3.4.4.4 Qualitative parameters

Descriptive qualities were assessed for presence or absence of pubescence, stringiness, fibrousness and overall quality description [Excellent-90, Good-80, Fair-70 and Poor-60] by a panel twenty judges.

3.4.5 Disease incidence

3.4.5.1 Powdery mildew incidence

The per cent powdery mildew incidence was recorded as per cent leaf area infected for the genotypes which were rated from zero to four disease scale (Girisha, 1989 and Girish, 2011) as given below.

Sl. No.

Scale Symptoms Disease reaction

1 0 No symptoms Immune

2 1 1 to 10 per cent leaf area infected Resistance

3 2 11 to 25 per cent leaf area infected Moderately resistance

4 3 26 to 50 per cent leaf area infected Moderately susceptible

5 4 51 to 75 per cent leaf area infected Susceptible

3.4.6 Economics

3.4.6.1 Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR)

The benefit cost ratio was worked out by using the following formula.

Total gross returns (Rs. /hectare)

B: C ratio =

Total cost of cultivation (Rs. /hectare)

3.4.6.2 Definition of terms and concepts used

1. Labour cost: It was computed based on the actual wages paid by the producers in the farm area.

2. Bullock labour: It was measured in pair days. Hence one pair means eight hours of work by a pair of bullocks and a person needed to operate the bullock pair.

3. Material costs: The planting material used (seeds) was valued at the current market rate. Remaining material costs covered in this are expenditure on the fertilizers, plant protection chemicals and farmyard manure.

4. Fixed cost: Includes the land revenue and rental value of owned land.

5. Land revenue: Land revenue paid by the farmers during the current year was considered for this study.

6. Rental value of land: Rental value of land per acre per annum was imputed value at the prevailing land rent in the Locality.

7. Cost of cultivation: It includes all the costs incurred for the production of cluster bean. The cost of cultivation was divided into variable cost and fixed cost. The variable cost includes the cost of farmyard manure, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals and labour cost for various operations.

8. Farm yard manure: Farm yard manure was charged as per the prevailing market rates.

9. Fertilizers: The fertilizer cost was calculated at the actual price paid.

10. Gross income: It is the value of total quantity of cluster bean produced at the prices where the product is sold.

11. Net returns: Net return was calculated by deducting total cost from the gross income.

3.5 Statistical analysis

Data generated from the experiment was statistically analysed and interpreted by following Fishers method of analysis of variance as suggested Panse and Sukhatme (1967). The level of significance used on ‘F’ and ‘t’ test were p= 0.05 for field observations and p= 0.01 for laboratory studies. Critical differences were calculated wherever the ‘F’ test was found significant. The degree of association between the variables was carried out by correlation studies as per the procedure given by Panse and Sukhatme (1967).

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The present investigation was undertaken to study the relative performance of different genotypes of cluster bean under Bagalkot conditions. The results obtained from the investigation are presented in this chapter under the following heads.

4.1 Analysis of variance

The results of analysis of variance for 23 characters under study are summarized and presented in Table 2. All the genotypes were found significantly different from each other with respect the characters studied.

4.2 Growth parameters

4.2.1 Germination (%)

The genotypes differed significantly with regard to germination (Table 3). The overall mean for emergence in genotypes was 80.47 per cent, with a range of variation from 58.32 to 94.44 per cent. The maximum per cent of germination was obtained in CAZG-06-1 (94.44 %) followed by RGC-1047 (93.88 %), There was no significant difference among most of the genotypes except Jodhpur Local (58.32 %), HGS-881 (61.10 %) and Gujarat Local (64.99 %) as, they showed lower germination per cent compared to other genotypes.

4.2.2 Plant height (cm) at 90 DAS

The genotypes differed significantly with regard to plant height at 90 days after sowing (Table 3). Pusa Navabahar (86.44 cm) was the tallest genotype followed by HGS-881 (77.21 cm), Jodhpur Local (76.55 cm) and Gujarat Local (74.99 cm) and these genotypes are on par with each other. Whereas, the genotype IC-11704 was the shortest among the genotypes (51.55 cm) followed by RGC-1047 (60.99 cm), CAZG-06-1 (63.22 cm) and Shreeram Gum-1 (64.88 cm).

4.2.3 Number of the branches per plant at 90 DAS

Wide variability was observed for number of branches per plant at 90 days after sowing in cluster bean genotypes. Among the genotypes, Gujarat Local recorded significantly higher number of branches (7.44) followed by AVT-II GR-4 (7.33) and Shreeram Gum-1 (7.03), HGS-881, Bikaner Local (6.76 each) and Jodhpur Local (6.60) (Table 3) and there genotypes are on par with each other (Plate 2). The plants of Pusa Navabahar and Rajendra Nagar Local have no primary branches per plant at 90 days after sowing. Least number of primary branches per plant was recorded in genotype IC-11704 and RGC-1047, they were on par with each other (5.44 each).

4.3 Yield parameters

4.3.1 Days to first flowering

The number of days taken to first flowering was found to vary significantly among the genotypes. The overall mean number of days to first flowering in the genotypes was 24.33 days, with a wide range of variation from 22.00 to 26.83 days (Table 4). The genotype Rajendra Nagar Local and Jodhpur Local took least number of days (22.00 days) for initiation of flowering followed by RGC-1047 (23.50 days) and these were significantly different when compared to other genotypes. Whereas, the genotype Bikaner Local was found to took more number of days for initiation of first flower (26.83 days) followed by RGC-1025 (26.00 days), AVT-II GR-4 (25.33 days) and IC-11704 (25.16 days).

4.3.2 Days to 50 per cent flowering

The overall mean days taken for 50 per cent flowering in the genotypes were 29.40 days, with a wide range of variation from 26.66 to 32.16 days (Table 4). The genotype Rajendra Nagar Local and Jodhpur Local took least number of days for 50 per cent flowering (26.66 days each) and these were significantly different when compared to other genotypes. Genotype HGS-881 and Pusa Navabahar took same number of days for 50 per cent flowering (28.66 days). Whereas, the variety Bikaner Local was found to be the late (32.16 days) with regard to the opening of 50 per cent flowering followed by RGC-1025 (32.00 days), Shreeram Gum-1 (30.83 days) and IC-11704 (30.50 days).

4.3.3 Days to first vegetable pod harvesting

The genotypes esserted significant differences for days to first vegetable pod harvest and it ranged from 36.50 to 44.83 days with a mean of 40.54 days (Table 4). Genotype Rajendra Nagar Local took least number of days to pod maturity (36.50 days) followed by Gujarat Local (37.33 days), Pusa Navabahar and RGC-1047 (38.33 days). Significant difference was observed among the genotypes for first vegetable pod harvesting except the genotypes RGC-1025 and Bikaner Local (44.83 days each), IC-11704 and Jodhpur Local (42.33 days each), Shreeram Gum-1 (41.50 days) and CAZG-06-1 (41.00 days).

4.3.4 Pod Length (cm)

Significant difference was found with respect to pod length among the genotypes (Table 5). The range of variation was 5.61 cm to 11.83 cm with a mean of 8.14 cm. Highest pod length was recorded in the genotype Pusa Navabahar (11.83 cm) followed by IC-11704 (10.63 cm) and Rajendra Nagar Local (10.40 cm) and these were on par with each other. Minimum pod length was recorded in the genotype AVT-II GR-4 (5.61 cm), followed by Shreeram Gum-1 (6.21 cm) and Jodhpur Local (6.69 cm). Genotypes RGC-1025 (7.96 cm), CAZG-06-1 (7.90 cm), HGS-881 (7.57 cm) and RGC-1047 (7.24 cm) were on par with each other for pod length.

4.3.5 Width of the pod (cm)

All the genotypes differed significantly with regard to pod width. The range of variation was 0.72 cm to 0.92 cm with a mean of 0.79 cm (Table 5). The pods of Pusa Navabahar and Rajendra Nagar Local were marked for maximum pod width (0.92 cm each) followed by IC-11704 (0.86 cm) and Gujarat Local (0.84 cm) and these genotypes were on par with each other. The lowest value was observed in genotype AVT-II GR-4, Jodhpur Local and Bikaner Local (0.72 cm each) which recorded significantly less pod width than all the other genotypes followed by Shreeram Gum-1 (0.73 cm).

4.3.6 Ten fresh pod weight (g)

The genotypes differed significantly among themselves with respect to ten fresh pod weight (Table 5). The overall mean of ten fresh pod weight in the genotypes was 18.62 g, with a wide range of variation from 9.83 g to 31.66 g. Highest pod weight was recorded in the genotype Pusa Navabahar (31.66 g) followed by Rajendra Nagar Local (26.16 g), IC-11704 (25.66 g) and Gujarat Local (22.00 g). Lowest pod weight was noticed in the genotype AVT-II GR-4 (9.83 g) followed by Shreeram Gum-1 (13.16 g), Bikaner Local (14.16 g) and HGS-881 (14.66 g).

4.3.7 Vegetable pod yield per plant per picking (g)

The analysis of variance for this character revealed significant difference among the genotypes studied (Table 5). The vegetable pod yield per plant per picking varied from 24.04 g to 78.70 g with a mean value of 48.60 g per plant. The genotype Pusa Navabahar recorded the highest yield of 78.70 g per plant per picking followed by Gujarat Local (67.02 g),

Rajendra Nagar Local (63.81 g) and Jodhpur Local (54.81 g) whereas, the genotype Gujarat Local was on par with Pusa Navabahar (Plate 3). The lowest yield of 24.04 g was recorded in case of the genotype AVT-II GR-4 followed by RGC-1025 (24.87 g) and Bikaner Local (34.04 g).

4.3.8 Number of dry pods per plant

Significant difference was observed for number of dry pods per plant and it was ranged from 12.66 to 91.33 with a mean of 26.31 (Table 5). The maximum number of dry pods per plant after vegetable pod picking was recorded in CAZG-06-1 (91.33) followed by RGC-1047 (77.33) and Shreeram Gum-1 (68.00). The lowest was recorded in Rajendra Nagar Local (12.66) followed by Puasa Navabahar (17.33), AVT-II GR-4 (32.66) and Jodhpur Local (38.66).

4.3.9 Dry pod yield per plant (g)

Analysis of variance showed significant difference among the cluster bean genotypes for dry pod yield per plant and it ranged from 5.57 to 42.59 g with a mean of 26.31 g (Table 5). The maximum dry pod yield per plant after vegetable pod picking was recorded in CAZG-06-1 (42.59 g) followed by Gujarat Local (35.98). RGC-1047 (34.16 g) and IC-11704 (33.97 g) was on par with Gujarat Local. The lowest was recorded in Rajendra Nagar Local (5.57 g) followed by Pusa Navabahar (10.54 g), RGC-1025 (20.68 g) AVT-II GR-4 (21.84 g), and Jodhpur Local (22.97 g).

4.3.10 Seed yield per plant (g)

The results of analysis of variance for seed yield per plant revealed significant difference among the genotypes and it ranged from 3.37 to 31.38 g with a mean of 19.12 g (Table 5). The maximum seed yield per plant after vegetable pod picking was recorded in CAZG-06-1 (31.38 g) followed by RGC-1047 (26.05 g). Shreeram Gum-1 (25.51 g) and IC-11704 (25.31 g) was on par with RGC-1047. The lowest was recorded in Rajendra Nagar Local (3.37 g) followed by Pusa Navabahar (5.50 g), Jodhpur Local (15.89 g) AVT-II GR-4 (16.27 g), RGC-1025 (16.43 g).

4.3.11 Vegetable pod yield per plot (kg)

Vegetable pod yield per plot for cluster bean genotypes exhibited significant differences and varied from 2.45 to 8.72 kg per plot with a mean of 4.40 kg per plot (Table 5). Highest vegetable pod yield per plot was noticed in genotype CAZG-06-1 (8.72 kg/plot) followed by IC-11704 (7.55 kg/ plot), and RGC-1047 (6.76 kg/ plot). The least was noticed in Jodhpur Local (2.45 kg/plot). Genotypes AVT-II GR-4 (2.97 kg/plot), Shreeram Gum-1 (2.94 kg/plot), Bikaner Local (2.72 kg/plot), Gujarat Local (2.48 kg/plot) and Jodhpur Local (2.45 kg/plot) were on par with each other for vegetable pod yield per plot.

4.3.12 Pod yield per hectare (q/ha)

The analysis of variance for this character revealed significant difference among the genotypes studied and the range varied from 46.14 to 158.72 quintals per hectare (Table 5). The genotype CAZG-06-1 recorded the highest pod yield of 158.72 quintals per hectare followed by IC-11704 (138.82 q/ha), RGC-1047 (127.43 q/ha) and Pusa Navabahar (91.35 q/ha). The genotype IC-11704 was on par with CAZG-06-1. The lowest yield of 46.14 quintals was recorded in case of the genotype Jodhpur Local followed by Gujarat Local (46.91 q), Bikaner Local (51.35 q) and Shreeram Gum-1 (53.51 q/ha).

4.4 Seed yield parameter

4.4.1 Number of clusters per plant

Significant difference was observed among the genotypes with regard to number of clusters per plant in the range of 14.88 to 55.66 with a mean of 32.77 (Table 6). The genotype HGS-881 recorded significantly higher number of cluster per plant (55.66) followed by Gujarat Local (52), Jodhpur Local (40.77) and AVT-II GR-4 (39.22). The genotype Gujarat Local was on par with HGS-881. A lowest number of clusters was observed in Rajendra Nagar Local (14.88) followed by CAZG-06-1 (17.66), IC-11704 (21.66) and RGC-1025 (26.55).

4.4.2 Number of dry pods per cluster

Wide variation was observed for number of pods per cluster for genotypes studied and it ranged from 2.06 to 7.69 with a mean 4.05 (Table 6). Genotype CAZG-06-1 was significantly higher number of pods per cluster (7.69) than all other genotypes. RGC-1047 (5.96) and Rajendra Nagar Local (5.55) were on par with each other. Whereas, the lowest pods per cluster was observed in Pusa Navabahar (2.06) followed by AVT-II GR-4 (2.28), IC-11704 (2.81) and Jodhpur Local (2.99). Genotypes HGS-881 and RGC-1025 had same number of pods per cluster (3.64 each).

4.4.3 Number of dry pods per plant

Significant difference was observed among the genotypes for number of pods per plant (Table 6). The highest number of pods per plant was recorded in RGC-1047 (203.88) and genotype HGS-881 (203.11) was on par with RGC-1047. Whereas, the genotypes Gujarat Local, Shreeram Gum-1, CAZG-06-1 and Jodhpur Local produced 152.33, 140.88, 133.66 and 121.88 for number of pods per plant, respectively. The lowest number of pods per plant was recorded in Pusa Navabahar (59.55) followed by IC-11704 (59.77), Rajendra Nagar Local (82.11) and Bikaner Local (85.18).

4.4.4 Ten dry pods weight (g)

Ten dry pods weight varied significantly among the genotypes and it ranged from 3.33 to 7.44 g with a mean of 4.88 g (Table 6). Highest ten dry pods weight was observed in the cluster bean genotype Pusa Navabahar (7.44 g). Genotypes Rajedra Nagar Local (7.10 g) and RGC-1047 (6.92 g) were on par with Pusa Navabahar. Lowest weight was recorded in two genotypes HGS-881 and Gujarat Local (3.33 g each).

4.4.5 Dry pod yield per plant (g)

Wide variability was observed among cluster bean genotypes with respect to dry pod yield per plant and it ranged from 16.33 to 52.66 g and also showed significant difference among the genotypes (Table 6). Genotypes CAZG-06-1 (52.66 g) was recorded significantly higher dry pod yield per plant and genotypes HGS-881 (52.55 g), RGC-1047 (51.66 g), Shreeram Gum-1 (49.21 g) and Gujarat Local (48.55 g) were on par with CAZG-06-1. Lowest was recorded in Rajendra Nagar Local (16.33 g). Genotypes IC-11704 (25.77 g), RGC-1025 (24.33 g), AVT-II GR-4 (23.77 g), Pusa Navabahar (21.66 g) and Rajendra Nagar Local (16.33 g) recorded significantly lowest dry pod yield per plant as compared to other genotypes.

4.4.6 Number of seeds per dry pod

Genotypes differed significantly among themselves for number of seeds per dry pod and it ranged from 5.69 to 8.14 with a mean of 6.97 (Table 6). The genotype RGC-1047 recorded highest number of seeds per pod (8.14) followed by CAZG-06-1 (7.9), IC-11704

(7.23) and Jodhpur Local (7.18). Lowest number of seeds per pod was recorded in Rajendra Nagar Local (5.69) followed by RGC-1025 (6.14) and HGS-881 (6.33).

4.4.7 Seed yield per plant (g)

The results of analysis of variance for seed yield per plant revealed significant difference among genotypes studied and it in the range of 13.00 to 53.61 g with a mean of 31.52 g (Table 6). The highest seed yield was recorded in genotype CAZG-06-1 (53.61 g) and found significant when compared with other genotypes. Whereas, genotypes RGC-1047 (41.72 g), RGC-1025 (41.33 g) and AVT-II GR-4 (41.00 g) were on par with each other. The lowest seed yield per plant was noticed in Pusa Navabahar (13.00 g).

4.4.8 Hundred seed weight (g)

Genotypes differed significantly for hundred seed weight and it ranged from 3.12 to 3.98 g with a mean of 3.41 g (Table 6). The genotype RGC-1047 recorded significantly higher seed weight (3.98 g) and CAZG-06-1 (3.91 g) was on par with RGC-1047. Pusa Navabahar (3.52 g) AVT-II GR-4 (3.52 g) IC-11704 (3.41 g), Rajedra Nagar Local (3.39 g) and HGS-881 (3.35 g) were on par with each other. Whereas, the lowest seed weight was recorded in Bikaner Local (3.12 g) followed by Gujarat Local and Jodhpur Local (3.17 g each).

4.5 Quality parameters

4.5.1 Gum content (%)

Gum content of cluster bean genotypes showed significant difference among the genotypes (Table 7) and the values ranged from 13.20 to 32.86 per cent with a mean of 26.23 per cent (Plate 4). Highest gum content was recorded in genotype CAZG-06-1 (32.86 %) and the lowest in Rajendra Nagar Local (13.20 %). Genotypes RGC-1047 (32.33 %), Shreeram Gum-1 (31.66 %), RGC-1025 (28.56 %), Pusa Navabahar (27.46 %), IC-11704 (26.73 %), HGS-881 (25.90 %), Gujarat Local (25.70 %) and Bikaner Local (24.80 %) were on par with CAZG-06-1.

4.5.2 Protein content (%)

Significant difference was observed in cluster bean genotypes for protein content and it ranged from 25.08 to 38.33 per cent with a mean value of 30.75 per cent (Table 7). Highest protein content was noticed in the genotype Rajendra Nagar Local (38.33 %) followed by AVT-II GR-4 (36.75 %), HGS-881 and RGC-1047 (35.58 % each) and no significant difference observed among these genotypes. Lowest protein content was observed in the genotype Pusa Navabahar (25.08 %) followed by Jodhpur Local (25.61 %), Gujarat Local (25.66 %) and Shreeram Gum-1 (26.83 %).

4.5.3 Crude fibre (%)

Cluster bean genotypes showed significant difference for fibre content and it ranged from 4.10 to 9.90 per cent with a mean of 6.67 per cent (Table 7). Cluster bean genotype IC-11704 (9.90 %) recorded highest crude fibre content, whereas the lowest was found in AVT-II GR-4 (4.10 %). Genotypes Jodhpur Local (9.80 %), Bikaner Local (8.26 %), Shreeram Gum-1 (8.16 %), RGC-1047 (8.10 %) and RGC-1025 (7.43 %) were on par with IC-11704.

4.5.4 Descriptive qualities

All cluster bean genotypes exhibited different morpho-physico traits with respect to descriptive quality parameters (Table 8). All the genotypes were with pubescent except Pusa Navabahar and Rajendra Nagar Local. Similar observations were found with respect to stringiness that all the genotypes showed stringiness quality characters except Pusa Navabahar and Rajedra Nagar Local. Low fibrousness was found in genotypes Pusa

Navabahar, CAZG-06-1, RGC-1047 and Rajedra Nagar Local. All other genotypes were low to average in fibrousness. Consumer acceptability studies with regard to overall quality description revealed that the genotypes Pusa Navabahar, CAZG-06-1, RGC-1047 and Rajedra Nagar Local scored excellent. Whereas, IC-11704, RGC-1025, HGS-881 and AVT-II GR-4 scored good.

4.6 Intensity of powdery mildew in cluster bean genotypes

The disease score for powdery mildew in cluster bean genotypes was between 3 and 4 scale. All the cluster bean genotypes tested were moderately susceptible with 25.1 to 50 per cent leaf area infected by powdery mildew except the genotypes Pusa Navabahar and Rajendra Nagar Local which were susceptible to powdery mildew with 50.1 to 75 per cent leaf area infected (Table 9).

4.7 Correlation studies

Correlation coefficients worked out among different growth, yield, quality and seed parameters in cluster bean genotypes are presented in Table 10.

Germination showed highly positive significant correlation with pod yield per plot (r= 0.733), pod yield per hectare (r= 0.737), number of pods per cluster (r= 0.58), ten dry pod weight (r= 0.618), 100 seed weight (r= 0.614) and highly significant negative correlation with number of cluster per plant (r= -0.724). Number of branches per plant at 90 DAS had positive significant correlation with seed yield per plant (r= 0.584) and dry pod yield per plant (r= 0.621) and it was highly significant and negatively correlated with pod length, pod width, pod weight and ten dry pod weight (r= -0.785, -0.825, -0.799 and -807, respectively).

There was a positive and significant relationship observed between days to first flowering and days to fifty per cent flowering, days to first vegetable pod harvest (r= 0.938 and 0.89, respectively) whereas, a significant and negative relationship was recorded for pod yield per plant per picking (r= -0.659). Highly significant and positive correlation was recorded for days to fifty per cent flowering and days to first vegetable pod harvest (r= 0.946) and a significant negative relationship with pod yield per plant per picking and pod width (r= -0.679 and -0.594, respectively). Days to first vegetable pod harvest was significantly and positively correlated with fibre content (r= 0.632) and it showed significant and negative relationship with pod yield per plant per picking and pod width (r= -0.628 and -0.622, respectively).

Pod length had highly significant positive correlation with pod width, pod weight and pod yield per plant per picking, number of pods per cluster, ten dry pods weight ((r= 0.928, 0.988 and 0.710, 0.598 and 0.658, respectively). Pod width also showed highly significant and positively correlated with pod weight, ten dry pods weight and pod yield per plant per picking (r= 0.939, 0.755 and 0.701, respectively).

Highly significant and positive relationship was observed with pod weight and pod yield per plant per picking (r= 0.752), number of pods per cluster (r= 0.580) and ten dry pods weight (r= 0.671). Pod yield per plot had highly significant and positive relationship with pod yield per hectare (r= 0.999), number of pods per cluster (r= 0.931), 100 seed weight (r= 0.791) and ten dry pods weight (r= 0.665) and a significant negative relationship with number of clusters per plant (r= -0.598). Pod yield per hectare showed highly significant and positive correlation with number of pods per cluster (r= 0.933), 100 seed weight (r= 0.792) and ten dry pods weight (r= 0.679) and it was significant and negative correlation with number of clusters per plant (r= -0.604).

Number of dry pods per plant exhibited highly significant and positive correlation with number of clusters per plant (r= 0.595) and dry pod yield per plant (r= 0.83). Number of pods per cluster showed highly significant and positive correlation with ten dry pods weight, 100 seed weight, (r= 0.773 and 0.719, respectively). Number of clusters per plant had significant and negative correlation with ten dry pods weight (r= -0.640). Number of seeds per pod

showed significant and positive correlation with dry pod yield per plant and guar gum content (r= 0.605 and 0.687, respectively).

Seed yield per plant had significant positive relationship with dry pod yield per plant (r= 0.594), 100 seed weight (r= 0.706) and gum content (0.579). Dry pod yield per plant had highly significant and positively correlation with guar gum content (r= 0.583). Ten dry pod weight recorded highly significant and positive correlation with 100 seed weight (r= 0.653).

4.8 Economics in cluster bean production

The maximum total Gross returns were obtained by the genotype CAZG-06-1 ( 317400.00) followed by IC-11704 ( 277600.00), RGC-1047 ( 254800.00), Pusa Navabahar ( 182600.00) and Rajendra Nagar Local ( 156200.00) with B: C ratio of 7.07, 6.18, 5.67, 4.07 and 3.48, respectively (Table 11).

5. DISCUSSION

According to report by the Population Division of United Nations, the World population will increase to a total of 8.5 billion inhabitants by the year 2025 (Anon., 1991) of which seven billion people will be living in less developed regions in the World. Therefore, the task of farmers to increase production in the developing countries of the tropics and subtropics to provide food security coupled with nutritional security to this burgeoning population. To meet the demand there is need to identify and popularize new crops yielding multiple products having food, industrial, forage and nutritional value. One such crop is cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) commonly known as guar, is mainly grown for grain production. Besides, it is also grown for its tender pods as vegetable, foliage as green fodder (Bhatti and Sial, 1971) and for green manuring, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen (Lal, 1985). Its pods consumed as vegetable are rich in minerals like calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamin A and C. Immature pods are dried and fried like potato chips and can be cooked like French bean. Green pods are dried, salted and preserved. Seeds of cluster bean are also used as an emerging pulse at the time of drought which has greater utility for its seed endosperm gum. Because of its high drought tolerant capacity much of its area is concentrated in states like Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana. In Karnataka large extent of area is under arid and semi- arid regions experiencing frequent drought. But, cluster bean cultivation has not been exploited in these regions for its grain purpose, except in small patches for its pod purpose. This is mainly because of lack of varieties suiting to this agro-climatic region.

The most important goal of any breeding programme is to increase the yielding ability of the crop plants. In order to know the performance of the genotypes of crop plants for future breeding works, a preliminary evaluation is necessary. Therefore, the results obtained in the present investigation of evaluation of cluster bean genotypes are discussed under the following heads.

5.1 Growth parameters

5.2 Vegetable pod yield parameters

5.3 Seed yield parameters

5.4 Quality parameters

5.5 Powdery mildew diseases

5.6 Correlation studies

5.7 Economics

5.1 Growth parameters

It is essential to evaluate genotypes under a set of environmental condition as the genotypes may exhibit their potentiality when grown under a given set of agro-climatic conditions. In the present investigation, the genotypes differed significantly with respect to the different parameters like germination per cent, plant height and number of branches per plant at 90 days after sowing.

The maximum per cent of germination (Fig. 1) was obtained in CAZG-06-1 (94.44%) followed by RGC-1047 (93.88%), whereas genotype Pusa Navabahar and IC-11704 (90.55% each) were on par with each other. Jodhpur Local had recorded minimum per cent of germination (58.32%) followed by HGS-881 (61.10%) and Gujarat Local (64.99%). With respect to plant height Pusa Navabahar (86.44 cm) was the tallest genotype followed by HGS-881 (77.21 cm) and Jodhpur Local (76.55 cm). Whereas, the genotype IC-11704 was the dwarfest among the genotypes (51.55 cm) followed by RGC-1047 (60.99 cm), CAZG-06-1 (63.22 cm) and Shreeram Gum-1 (64.88 cm). Among the genotypes, Gujarat Local recorded

significantly higher number of branches per plant (7.44) (Fig. 2) followed by AVT-II GR-4 (7.33) and Shreeram Gum-1 (7.03). The Pusa Navabahar and Rajendra Nagar Local were single stemmed genotypes. Least number of primary branches per plant was recorded in genotype IC-11704 and RGC-1047, they are also on par with each other (5.44). The variation in growth parameter of the cluster bean genotypes tested may be attributed to their inherent genetic makeup and response to environmental condition. These results are in accordance with the results obtained by Adat et al. (2011), Arora et al. (2011), Girish (2011), Malaghan (2012) and Rai et al. (2012) in cluster bean for germination, plant height and number of branches. Similar results were observed by Abe et al. (1988) for germination in winged bean, Saiyad (2003) and Pandey et al. (2011) for plant height in French bean, Omkarappa (1994) and Futuless et al. (2010) for plant height and number of branches in cowpea.

5.2 Vegetable pod yield characters

Significant difference was observed for number of days to first flowering, number of days to 50 per cent flowering and number of days to first vegetable pod harvest in cluster bean (Fig. 3).

The genotype Rajendra Nagar Local and Jodhpur Local took least number of days for initiation of flowering (22.00 days each) and 50 per cent of flowering (26.66 days each). Genotype Rajendra Nagar Local took least number of days to mature (32.52 days) whereas, the genotype Bikaner Local had taken more number of days for initiation of first flower and fifty per cent flowering (26.83 and 32.16 days, respectively). The first vegetable pod harvesting time was delayed in the genotype RGC-1025 and Bikaner Local (44.83 days each) followed by IC-11704 and Jodhpur Local (42.33 days each). This may be attributed to the inheritant genetic makeup and environmental factors. These results are in confirmation with the findings of Arora et al. (2011), Girish (2011), Malaghan (2012) and Rai et al. (2012) in cluster bean, Saiyad (2003) and Pandey et al. (2011) in French bean, Omkarappa (1994) and Futuless et al. (2010) in cowpea and Mohan et al. (2009) in dolicus bean.

Significant difference was found with respect to length of the pod, pod breadth, pod weight, pod yield per plant per picking, pod yield per plot and pod yield per hectare among the genotypes (Fig. 4).

Highest pod length and breadth was recorded in the genotype Pusa Navabahar (11.83 cm and 0.92 cm, respectively) and Rajendra Nagar Local also recorded maximum pod breadth (0.92 cm). Minimum pod length and pod width was recorded in the genotype AVT-II GR-4 (5.61 cm and 0.72 cm, respectively). Genotypes RGC-1025 (7.96 cm), CAZG-06-1 (7.90 cm), HGS-881 (7.57 cm) and RGC-1047 (7.24 cm) were on par with respect to pod length. Jodhpur Local and Bikaner Local also showed the least pod width (0.72 cm each). Highest pod weight was recorded in the genotype Pusa Navabahar (31.66 g) followed by Rajendra Nagar Local (26.16 g), IC-11704 (25.66 g) and Gujarat Local (22.00 g). Least pod weight was recorded in the genotype AVT-II GR-4 (9.83 g) followed by Shreeram Gum-1 (13.16 g), Bikaner Local (14.16 g) and HGS-881 (14.66 g). Apparently vegetable pod yield of some prominent genotypes were directly proportional to pod length, pod width, number of pods and pods weight. Similar observations were also been made by Arora et al. (2011), Girish (2011), Malaghan (2012) and Rai et al. (2012) in cluster bean, Saiyad (2003) and Pandey et al. (2011) in French bean, Onkarappa (1994) and Futuless et al. (2010) in cowpea, Mohan et al. (2009) in dolicus bean and Dandannavar (2000) in winged bean.

The genotype Pusa Navabahar gave the highest vegetable pod yield of 78.70 g per plant per picking followed by Gujarat Local (67.02 g), Rajendra Nagar Local (63.81 g) and Jodhpur Local (54.81 g). The lowest yield of 24.04 g was recorded in case of the genotype AVT-II GR-4 followed by RGC-1025 (24.87 g) and Bikaner Local (34.04 g). The maximum number of dry pods per plant and seed yield per plant after vegetable pod picking was recorded in CAZG-06-1 (91.33 and 31.38 g, respectively) followed by RGC-1047 (77.33 and 26.05 g, respectively). The lowest was recorded in Rajendra Nagar Local (12.66 and 3.37 g, respectively) followed by Puasa Navabahar (17.33 and 5.50 g, respectively).The maximum dry pod yield per plant after vegetable pod picking was recorded in CAZG-06-1 (42.59 g) followed by Gujarat Local (35.98). RGC-1047 (34.16 g) and IC-11704 (33.97 g) was on par

with Gujarat Local. The dry pod yield was least was recorded in Rajendra Nagar Local (5.57 g) followed by Pusa Navabahar (10.54 g), RGC-1025 (20.68 g) AVT-II GR-4 (21.84 g), and Jodhpur Local (22.97 g). The difference in pod yiled per plant per picking could be attributed due to the highly significant and positive relationship with the pod length (r= 0.710), pod width (r= 0.701) and pod weight (r= 0.752). These are due to genetic makeup of the genotypes and for set of environment under which these genotypes are grown. These findings are in conformity with the results of Girish (2011) and Rai et al. (2012) in cluster bean, Nangaju and Baudoin (1979), Bagchi et al. (1988), Motior et al. (1997) and Dandannavar (2000) in winged bean and Khokhar et al. (1988) in pea.

Highest vegetable pod yield per plot (8.72 kg) and pod yield per hectare (158.72 q) were recorded by genotype CAZG-06-1 and the least in Jodhpur Local (2.45 kg, 46.14 q, respectively). Genotypes Shreeram Gum-1 (2.94 kg/plot), AVT-II GR-4 (2.97 kg/plot), Bikaner Local (2.72 kg/plot), Gujarat Local (2.48 kg/plot) and Jodhpur Local (2.45 kg/plot) were on par with each other with respect to pod yield per plot. This difference in pod yield per plot and per hectare could be attributed due to the highly significant and positive relationship with the increase in germination per cent (r= 0.733) results in good crop standard, number of pods per cluster (r= 0.931) apart from the genetic makeup and the influence of environment. These findings are in conformity with the results of Girish (2011) and Rai et al. (2012) in cluster bean, Nangaju and Baudoin (1979), Bagchi et al. (1988), Motior et al. (1997) and Dandannavar (2000) in winged bean and Khokhar et al. (1988) in pea.

5.3 Seed yield parameters

Significant difference was observed among the genotypes with regard to number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, ten dry pods weight, dry pods yield per plant, number of seeds per dry pod, seed yield per plant and hundred seed weight (Fig. 5).

The genotype HGS-881 recorded significantly higher number of cluster per plant (55.66) followed by Gujarat Local (52.00), Jodhpur Local (40.77) and AVT-II GR-4 (39.22). The number of clusters per plant was least in Rajendra Nagar Local (14.88) followed by CAZG-06-1 (17.66), IC-11704 (21.66) and RGC-1025 (26.55). Genotype CAZG-06-1 had highest number of pods per cluster (7.69) followed by RGC-1047 (5.96) and Rajendra Nagar Local (5.55). Whereas, the least pods per cluster was observed in Pusa Navabahar (2.06) followed by AVT-II GR-4 (2.28), IC-11704 (2.81) and Jodhpur Local (2.99). Genotypes HGS-881 and RGC-1025 have same number of pods per cluster (3.64 each). The highest number of pods per plant was recorded in RGC-1047 (203.88) which was on par with HGS-881 (203.11). The highest number of pods per plant in these genotypes was due to higher number of cluster per plant and higher number of pods per cluster. Whereas, the genotypes Gujarat Local, Shreram Gum-1, CAZG-06-1 and Jodhpur Local produced 152.33, 140.88, 133.66 and 121.88 for number of pods per plant, respectively, the least number of pods per plant was recorded in Pusa Navabahar (59.55) followed by IC-11704 (59.77), Rajendra Nagar Local (82.11) and Bikaner Local (85.18). The significant difference in these genotypes for number of cluster per plant, number of pods per cluster and number of pods per plant may be due to genetic and environmental factors. The highest number of pods per plant in the genotypes RGC-1047 and HGS-881 is due to direct inter-relationship between number of cluster per plant and number of pods per cluster. These results are in conformity with earlier works of Arora et al. (2011), Girish (2011) for number of pods per cluster, Malaghan (2012) and Rai et al. (2012) in cluster bean.

Highest ten dry pods weight was observed in the cluster bean genotype Pusa Navabahar (7.44 g) and least was recorded in two genotypes HGS-881 and Gujarat Local with a ten dry pods weight of 3.33 g each. Genotypes RGC-1025 and Jodhpur Local were on par with each other with ten dry pods weight of 3.55 g each. The dry pod yield per plant was significantly higher in CAZG-06-1 (52.66 g) followed by HGS-881 (52.55 g) and RGC-1047 (51.66 g). The least dry pod yield per plant was recorded in Rajendra Nagar Local (16.33 g). Genotypes IC-11704 (25.77 g), RGC-1025 (24.33 g), AVT-II GR-4 (23.77 g), Pusa Navabahar (21.66 g) and Rajendra Nagar Local (16.33 g) had significantly lower dry pod yield per plant when compared with other genotypes. The significant differences among the genotypes may

be attributed to variation in number of branches, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod. Similar observations were made by Girish (2011) and Malaghan (2012) in cluster bean and Dandannavar (2000) in winged bean.

The genotype RGC-1047 had the highest number of seeds per pod (8.14) followed by CAZG-06-1 (7.90), IC-11704 (7.23) and Jodhpur Local (7.18). Least number of seeds per pod was recorded in Rajendra Nagar Local (5.69) followed by RGC-1025 (6.14) and HGS-881 (6.33). RGC-1047 and CAZG-06-1 were on par with each other. This may be due to higher dry pod yield per plant in these genotypes. Significantly highest seed yield was recorded in genotype CAZG-06-1 (53.61 g). Genotypes RGC-1047 (41.72 g), RGC-1025 (41.33 g) and AVT-II GR-4 (41.00 g) were on par with each other and the remaining genotypes were significant from these genotypes. The least seed yield per plant was observed in Pusa Navabahar (13.00 g). Significantly higher seed yield in CAZG-06-1 may be due to more number of pods per cluster, dry pod yield per plant and more number of seeds per dry pod as observed in the present study. The genotype CAZG-06-1 recorded significantly higher seed weight (3.98 g) for 100 seed weight followed by RGC-1047 (3.91 g), Pusa Navabahar and AVT-II GR-4 (3.52 g each). The least seed weight (3.12 g) per 100 seeds was recorded in Bikaner Local followed by Gujarat Local and Jodhpur Local (3.17 g each). Higher seed weight had also contributed for higher seed yield per plant. The superiority of CAZG-06-1 over other genotypes with respect to seed yield components viz., dry pod yield, seed yield per plant and hundred seed weight may be due to its genetic potentiality to utilise the growth resources and translocate photosynthates from source to sink. These results are in consonance with those of Arora et al. (2011), Girish (2011), Malaghan (2012) and Rai et al. (2012) in cluster bean.

5.4 Quality parameters

Significant difference was observed for gum content, protein content and fibre content (Fig. 6). Highest gum content was recorded in genotype CAZG-06-1 and the least in Rajendra Nagar Local. RGC-1047, Shreeram Gum-1 and RGC-1025 were on par with CAZG-06-1. Highest protein content was noticed in the genotype Rajendra Nagar Local (38.33 %) followed by AVT-II GR-4 (36.75 %), HGS-881 and RGC-1047 (35.58 % each) and no significant difference was observed among these genotypes. Least protein content was observed in the genotype Pusa Navabahar (25.08 %) followed by Jodhpur Local (25.61 %), Gujarat Local (25.66 %) and Shreeram Gum-1 (26.83 %). Cluster bean genotype IC-11704 recorded highest crude fibre content, whereas the least was found in AVT-II GR-4. No significant difference was observed among the genotypes IC-11704 (9.90 %), Jodhpur Local (9.80 %), Bikaner Local (8.26 %), Shreeram Gum-1 (8.16 %), RGC-1047 (8.10 %) and RGC-1025 (7.43 %) for crude fibre content. The significant difference in the quality parameters of the genotypes may be attributed to difference in number of seeds per plant, seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight, number of dry pods per plant and dry pod yield per plant due to specific genetical traits. These results are in line with earlier works of Girish (2011), Pathak et al. (2011) and Malaghan (2012) in cluster bean.

All the cluster bean genotypes showed pubescent and stringiness pod except the genotypes Pussa Navabahar and Rajendra Nagar Local. Genotypes Pusa Navabahar, CAZG-06-1, RGC-1047 and Rajendra Nagar Local were less fibrous with soft texture and excellent descriptive qualities whereas, Gujarat Local, Jodhpur Local, Bikaner Local and Shreeram Gum-1 were more fibrous and fairly acceptable qualities as tested by consumer acceptability studies. This may attributed due to inheritance and environmental factors. These results are similar with the observations of Muchui et al. (2008) and Pandey et al. (2011) in French bean.

5.5 Reaction to powdery mildew incidence

The powdery mildew disease incidence was severely noticed in Pusa Navabahar and Rajendra Nagar Local due to larger leaf area and absence of pubescence characters which are associated with favourable environment condition made these genotypes become susceptible host while remaining genotypes were shown moderately susceptible. Similar results were reported by Mihal and Alcorn (1984) and Girish (2011) in cluster bean.

5.6 Correlation studies

Correlation coefficients worked out for different growth, earliness, yield, quality and seed parameters in cluster bean.

Germination had highly positive and significant correlation with pod yield per plot (r= 0.733), pod yield per hectare (r= 0.737), number of pods per cluster (r= 0.58), ten dry pod weight (r= 0.618), 100 seed weight (r= 0.614) and it had highly negative correlation with number of cluster per plant (r= -0.724). Number of branches per plant at 90 DAS had positive significant correlation with seed yield per plant (r= 0.584) and dry pod yield per plant (r= 0.621) and it was highly significant and negatively correlated with pod length, pod width, pod weight and ten dry pod weight (r= -0.785, -0.825, -0.799 and -807, respectively). It indicates that more germination per cent and more number of branches per plant would leads to increased yield. These results are similar with Hanchinamani (2003), Butter and Aggarwal (2006), Adat et al. (2011), Girish (2011) and Malaghan (2012) in cluster bean.

There is a positive and significant relationship observed between days to first flowering and days to fifty per cent flowering, days to first vegetable pod harvest (r= 0.938 and 0.89, respectively) whereas, a significant and negative relationship was recorded for pod yield per plant per picking (r= -0.659). Highly significant and positive correlation was recorded for days to fifty per cent flowering and days to first vegetable pod harvest (r= 0.946) and a significant and negative relationship with pod yield per plant per picking and pod width (r= -0.679 and -0.594, respectively). Days to first vegetable pod harvest was significantly and positively correlated with fibre content (r= 0.632) and it showed significant and negative relationship with pod yield per plant per picking and pod width (r= -0.628 and -0.622, respectively). This indicated that as maturity period increases the vegetable pod yield decreases. These results are in conformity with the finding of Hanchinamani (2003), Girish (2011) and Malaghan (2012) in cluster bean, Usha kumari et al. (2010) in cowpea.

Pod length had highly significant positive correlation with pod width, pod weight and pod yield per plant per picking, number of pods per cluster, ten dry pods weight ((r= 0.928, 0.988 and 0.710, 0.598 and 0.658, respectively). Pod width was significantly and positively correlated with pod weight, ten dry pod weight and pod yield per plant per picking (r= 0.939, 0.755 and 0.701, respectively). Highly significant and positive relationship was observed with pod weight and pod yield per plant per picking (r= 0.752), number of pods per cluster (r= 0.580) and ten dry pod weight (r= 0.671). Pod yield per plot was highly significant and positive relationship with pod yield per hectare (r= 0.999), number of pods per cluster (r= 0.931), 100 seed weight (r= 0.791) and ten dry pods weight (r= 0.665) and it had significant negative relationship with number of cluster per plant (r= -0.598). Pod yield per hectare had highly significant and positive correlationship with number of pod per cluster (r= 0.933), 100 seed weight (r= 0.792) and ten dry pods weight (r= 0.679) and it had significant and negative correlationship with number of cluster per plant (r= -0.604). These results are in conformity with those of Brindha et al. (1996), Patel and Choudhari (2001), Hanchinamani (2003), Girish (2011) and Malaghan (2012).

Number of dry pods per plant was highly significant and positively correlated with number of cluster per plant (r= 0.595) and dry pod yield per plant (r= 0.83). Number of pods per cluster was highly significant and positively correlated with ten dry pod weight, 100 seed weight, (r= 0.773 and 0.719, respectively). Number of cluster per plant was significant and negatively correlated with ten dry pod weight (r= -0.640). Dry pod yield per plant was highly significant and positively correlated with guar gum content (r= 0.583). Ten dry pod weight was highly significant and positive relationship with 100 seed weight (r= 0.653). ). Similar results were reported by Arumugarangarajan et al. (2000), Hanchinamani (2003), Girish (2011) and Malaghan (2012) in cluster bean.

Number of seeds per pod was significant and positively correlated with dry pod yield per plant and guar gum content (r= 0.605 and 0.687, respectively). Seed yield per plant was having significant positive relationship with dry pod yield per plant (r= 0.594), 100 seed weight (r= 0.706) and gum content (r= 0.579). These results are in sine with those of

Arumugarangarajan et al. (2000), Hanchinamani (2003), Girish (2011) and Malaghan (2012) in cluster bean and Bhuvaneshwari (2008) in French bean.

5.7 Economics of cluster bean production

Economics of different genotypes revealed that highest net profit was obtained from CAZG-06-1 genotype ( 2,72,537.75) followed by IC-11704 ( 2,32,737.75), RGC-1047 ( 2,09,937.75), RGC-1025( 1,04,337.75) and Pusa Navabahar ( 1,37,737.75). These genotypes are for the region with high profitable as compared to other genotypes. Least net return was found with Jodhpur Local ( 47,337.75). These results are in line with the study conducted by Girish et al. (2011) in cluster bean.

Future line of work

Among the twelve genotypes, the genotypes were CAZG-06-1, IC-11704 and RGC-1047 top performance with respect to pod and seed yield in the northern dry zone of Karnataka. Their performance could be confirmed by large scale performance trail at different location. Based on their yield stability these could be adopted for commercial cultivation.

Screening and identification of different cluster bean genotypes against powdery mildew, bacterial blight disease resistance breeding programme.

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

A field experiment on evaluation of cluster bean genotypes was carried out in the Research Field Unit, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot (Karnataka) during the year 2012-2013 to study the relative performance of different cluster bean genotypes and select a suitable high yielding genotypes for cultivation under Northern dry zone of Karnataka. The experiment consisting of 12 genotypes laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The objectives of the present investigation were to assess the performance of cluster bean genotypes for growth, earliness, yield, quality of seed and to know their reaction to powdery mildew disease. The results obtained are summarised below.

Analysis of variance showed significant difference for growth, earliness, yield and quality parameters.

The maximum per cent of germination was obtained in CAZG-06-1 (94.44%) followed by RGC-1047 (93.88%). The genotype Jodhpur Local showed minimum per cent of germination 58.32 per cent followed by HGS-881 (61.10%). Genotype Pusa Navabahar (86.44 cm) was the tallest among the genotypes followed by HGS-881 (77.21 cm) and Jodhpur Local (76.55 cm). Whereas, the shorter plant height was noticed with IC-11704 (51.55cm) genotypes followed by RGC-1047 (60.99 cm).

Among the genotypes, Gujarat Local recorded significantly higher number of branches per plant (7.44) followed by AVT-II GR-4 (7.33). The Pusa Navabahar and Rajendra Nagar Local were single stemmed genotypes. Least number of primary branches per plant was recorded in genotype IC-11704 and RGC-1047 and they were on par with each other (5.44).

The genotypes Rajendra Nagar Local and Jodhpur Local were early to first flowering (22.00 days each) and number of days to fifty per cent flowering (26.66 days each) followed by RGC-1047 (23.50 and 28.00 days, respectively). Whereas, the genotype Bikaner Local was late in flowering (26.83 and 32.16 days, respectively for initiation to first and fifty per cent flower) followed by RGC-1025 (26.00 and 32.00 days, respectively).

Rajendra Nagar Local genotype was the earliest for pod maturation (32.50 days) followed by Gujarat Local (33.33 days), Pusa Navabahar and RGC-1047 (34.33 days each). The genotype RGC-1025 and Bikaner Local took more number of days to pod maturity (40.83 days each) followed by IC-11704 and Jodhpur Local (38.33 days each).

Pusa Navabahar recorded highest pod length (11.83 cm) followed IC-11704 (10.63 cm) and Rajendra Nagar Local (10.40 cm). Minimum pod length was recorded in AVT-II GR-4 (5.61 cm) followed by Shreeram Gum-1 (6.21 cm) and Jodhpur Local (6.69 cm). The pods of Pusa Navabahar and Rajendra Nagar Local had highest pod width (0.92 cm each) followed by IC-11704 (0.86 cm) and Gujarat Local (0.84 cm). The least value was observed in genotypes AVT-II GR-4, Jodhpur Local and Bikaner Local (0.72 cm each). Highest pod weight was recorded in the genotype Pusa Navabahar (31.66 g) followed by Rajendra Nagar Local (26.16 g), IC-11704 (25.66 g) and Gujarat Local (22.00 g). Least pod weight was recorded in the genotype AVT-II GR-4 (9.83 g) followed by Shreeram Gum-1 (13.16 g), Bikaner Local (14.16 g) and HGS-881 (14.66 g).

The genotype Pusa Navabahar had the highest pod yield of 78.70 g per plant per picking followed by Gujarat Local (67.02 g/plant), Rajendra Nagar Local (63.81 g/plant) and Jodhpur Local (54.81 g/plant). The least yield of 24.04 g per plant was recorded in case of the genotype AVT-II GR-4 followed by RGC-1025 (24.87 g/plant) and Bikaner Local (34.04 g/plant). The maximum number of dry pods per plant and seed yield per plant after vegetable pod picking was recorded in CAZG-06-1 (91.33 and 31.38 g, respectively) followed by RGC-1047 (77.33 and 26.05 g, respectively). The least was recorded in Rajendra Nagar Local (12.66 and 3.37 g, respectively) followed by Puasa Navabahar (17.33 and 5.50 g, respectively).The maximum dry pod yield per plant after vegetable pod picking was recorded

in CAZG-06-1 (42.59 g) fallowed by Gujarat Local (35.98). The least was recorded in Rajendra Nagar Local (5.57 g) fallowed by Pusa Navabahar (10.54 g), RGC-1025 (20.68 g) AVT-II GR-4 (21.84 g), and Jodhpur Local (22.97 g).

Highest pod yield per plot (8.72 kg) and pod yield per hectare (152.72 q) were recorded in genotype CAZG-06-1 followed by IC-11704 (7.55 kg/ha and 138.82 q/ha, respectively) and RGC-1047 (6.76 kg/ha and 127.43 q/ha, respectively) and the least in Jodhpur Local (2.45 kg and 45.30 q, respectively).

The genotype HGS-881 recorded significantly higher number of clusters per plant (55.66) followed by Gujarat Local (52.00), Jodhpur Local (40.77) and AVT-II GR-4 (39.22). A least number of clusters was reported in Rajendra Nagar Local (14.88) followed by CAZG-06-1 (17.66), IC-11704 (21.66) and RGC-1025 (26.55).

Genotype CAZG-06-1 had highest number of pods per cluster (7.69) followed by RGC-1047 (5.96) and Rajendra Nagar Local (5.55). The least pods per cluster was observed in Pusa Navabahar (2.06) followed by AVT-II GR-4 (2.28), IC-11704 (2.81) and Jodhpur Local (2.99).

The highest number of pods per plant was recorded in RGC-1047 (203.88) which was on par with HGS-881 (203.11). The least number of pods per plant was recorded in Pusa Navabahar (59.55) followed by IC-11704 (59.77), Rajendra Nagar Local (82.11) and Bikaner Local (85.18).

Highest ten dry pods weight was observed in the cluster bean genotype Pusa Navabahar (7.44 g) and least in two genotypes HGS-881 and Gujarat Local (3.33 g each).

The dry pod yield per plant was significantly higher in CAZG-06-1 (52.66 g) followed by HGS-881 (52.55 g) and RGC-1047 (51.66 g). The least dry pod yield per plant was recorded in Rajendra Nagar Local (16.33 g).

The genotype RGC-1047 had the highest number of seeds per pod (8.14) followed by CAZG-06-1 (7.90), IC-11704 (7.23) and Jodhpur Local (7.18). Least number of seeds per pod was recorded in Rajendra Nagar Local (5.69) followed by RGC-1025 (6.14) and HGS-881 (6.33).

The genotype RGC-1047 recorded significantly higher seed weight (3.98 g) for 100 seeds followed by CAZG-06-1 (3.91 g). The least seed weight (3.12 g) per 100 seeds was recorded in Bikaner Local followed by Gujarat Local and Jodhpur Local (3.17 g each).

The highest seed yield was recorded in genotype CAZG-06-1 (53.61 g) followed by RGC-1047 (41.72 g), RGC-1025 (41.33 g) and AVT-II GR-4 (41.00 g). The least seed yield per plant was with by Pusa Navabahar (13.00 g).

Highest gum content was recorded in genotype CAZG-06-1 and the least in Rajendra Nagar Local. All genotypes were on par with each other for gum content except the genotypes Jodhpur Local, AVT-II GR4 and Rajendra Nagar Local in which the gum content was 22.36 per cent, 23.20 per cent and 13.20 per cent, respectively.

Highest protein content was noticed in the genotype Rajendra Nagar Local (38.33 %) followed by AVT-II GR-4 (36.75 %), HGS-881 and RGC-1047(35.58 % each) and no significant difference observed among these genotypes. Least protein content was observed in the genotype Pusa Navabahar (25.08 %) followed by Jodhpur Local (25.61 %), Gujarat Local (25.66 %) and Shreeram Gum-1 (26.83 %).

Cluster bean genotype IC-11704 recorded highest crude fibre content (9.90 %), whereas the least was found in AVT-II GR-4 (4.10 %). Jodhpur Local (9.80 %) was on par with IC-11704.

All the genotypes were pubescent and stringiness except Pusa Navabahar and Rajendra Nagar Local. With respect to fibrousness, low fibrousness was found in genotypes

Pusa Navabahar, CAZG-06-1, RGC-1047 and Rajedra Nagar Local. Consumer acceptability studies with regard to overall quality description revealed that the genotypes Pusa Navabahar, CAZG-06-1, RGC-1047 and Rajedra Nagar Local were scored excellent.

The disease score for powdery mildew in cluster bean genotypes was between 3 and 4. All the cluster bean genotypes tested were moderately susceptible with 25.1 to 50 per cent leaf area infected to powdery mildew except the genotypes Pusa Navabahar and Rajendra Nagar Local which were susceptible to powdery mildew with 50.1 to 75 per cent leaf area infected.

Pod yield per plot was highly significant and positive relationship with pod yield per hectare (r= 0.999), number of pods per cluster (r= 0.931), 100 seed weight (r= 0.791) and ten dry pod weight (r= 0.665) and it was significant negative relationship with number of cluster per plant (r= -0.598).

Pod yield per hectare was highly significant and positive correlationship with number of pods per cluster (r= 0.933), 100 seed weight (r= 0.792) and ten dry pod weight (r= 0.679) and it was significant and negative correlationship with number of cluster per plant (r= -0.604). Germination was highly positive significant correlation with pod yield per plot (r= 0.733), pod yield per hectare (r= 0.737).

Dry pod yield per plant was highly significant and positively correlated with guar gum content (r= 0.583). Number of dry pods per plant was highly significant and positive correlated with dry pod yield per plant (r= 0.83). Number of seeds per pod was significant and positive correlated with dry pod yield per plant (r= 0.605).

Seed yield per plant was significant positive correlated with dry pod yield per plant (r= 0.594), 100 seed weight (r= 0.706) and gum content (0.579). Number of branches per plant at 90 DAS was positive significant correlation with seed yield per plant (r= 0.584) and dry pod yield per plant (r= 0.621).

The maximum total Gross returns were obtained by the genotype CAZG-06-1 ( 317400.00) followed by IC-11704 ( 277600.00), RGC-1047 ( 254800.00), Pusa Navabahar ( 182600.00) and Rajendra Nagar Local ( 156200.00) with B: C ratio of 7.07, 6.18, 5.67, 4.07 and 3.48, respectively.

It is obvious from the present study that genotypes CAZG-06-1, IC-11704 and RGC-1047 are superior prefers more with respect to gum content, vegetable pod yield, seed yield and dual purpose and these can be recommended for commercial cultivation under Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka during Rabi season. While Rajendra Nagar Local, AVT-II GR-4 and HGS-881 have maximum protein content and can recommended them for fodder purpose (Table 12).

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Annexure – : Tables

Table 1: The elite genotypes used in the study

Sl. No. Genotypes Source

1 Pusa Navabahar IARI, New Delhi

2 IC-11704 GKVK, Bangalore, Karanataka

3 RGC-1025 NBPGR, Jodhpur, Rajasthan

4 CAZG-06-1 NBPGR, Jodhpur, Rajasthan

5 HGS-881 NBPGR, Jodhpur, Rajasthan

6 AVT-II GR-4 RARS, Bijapur, Karanataka

7 RGC-1047 NBPGR, Jodhpur, Rajasthan

8 Rajendra Nagar Local Rajendra Nagar, Andra Pradesh

9 Gujarat Local Gujarat

10 Jodhpur Local Jodhpur, Rajasthan

11 Bikaner Local Bikaner, Rajasthan

12 Shreeram Gum-1 Shree Ram Gum Pvt. Ltd. Jodhpur, Rajasthan

Table 2: Analysis of variance (mean sum of squares) for performance in cluster bean for various characters

Sl. No.

Characters Replication Genotype Error

Degree of freedom 2 11 22

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

Germination (%)

Plant height at 90 DAS (cm)

Number of primary branches at 90 DAS

Days to first flowering

Days to fifty per cent flowering

Days to first vegetable pod harvest

Pod length (cm)

Pod breadth (cm)

Ten fresh pod weight (g)

Pod yield per plant per picking (g)

Number of dry pods per plant (Dual purpose)

Dry pod yield per plant (Dual purpose)

Seed yield per plant (Dual purpose)

Pod yield per plot (kg)

Pod yield per hectare (t/ha)

Number of pods per plant

Number of cluster per plant

Number of pod per cluster

Number seeds per pod (g)

Seed yield per plant (g)

Dry pod yield per plant (g)

Ten dry pod weight (g)

100 seed weight (g)

Protein content (%)

Fibre content (%)

Gum content (%)

8

88

1

4

9

2

1

0

5

72

17

13

0

2**

499**

179

53

2

0

12

10

1

0

5

3

35

486.28*

255.23*

20.29*

12.67*

16.08*

36.41*

15.83*

0.023*

151.42*

822.53*

1740.93*

363.77*

207.59*

13.84*

4629.9*

7367.07*

473.75*

8.10*

1.41*

378.82*

579.05*

7.89*

0.24*

69.81**

14.22**

85.75**

139.71

46.82

0.67

3.59

5.95

6.445

0.77

0.004

6.31

56.24

17.95

2.69

1.88

0.434

151.22

317.04

32.61

1.01

0.19

25.24

30.30

0.30

0.038

4.63

1.35

13.71

* and **: level of significance at p=0.05 and 0.01, respectively; NS: Non significant

Table 3: Growth parameters of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

Sl. No.

Treatments Germination

(%) Plant height

(cm) (90 DAS)

No. of branches per

plant (90 DAS)

1 Pusa Navabahar 90.55 86.44 0

2 IC-11704 90.55 51.55 5.44

3 RGC-1025 90 66.32 5.77

4 CAZG-06-1 94.44 63.22 5.88

5 HGS-881 61.1 77.21 6.76

6 AVT-II GR-4 82.22 69.33 7.33

7 RGC-1047 93.88 60.99 5.44

8 Rajendra Nagar local 78.32 75.55 0

9 Gujarat local 64.99 74.99 7.44

10 Jodhpur local 58.32 76.55 6.6

11 Bikaner local 81.44 66.77 6.76

12 Shree ram gum-1 79.88 64.88 7.03

Mean 80.47 69.48 5.37

SE±m 6.824 3.951 0.474

CD @ 5% 20.01* 11.58* 1.39*

CV % 14.68 9.84 15.28

* significant @ 5% level of significance

Table 4: Flowering attributes of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

Sl. No.

Treatments Days to first

flowering Days to 50

% flowering

Days to first vegetable pod

harvesting

1 Pusa Navabahar 24.33 28.66 38.33

2 IC-11704 25.16 30.50 42.33

3 RGC-1025 26.00 32.00 44.83

4 CAZG-06-1 24.00 29.50 41.00

5 HGS-881 23.83 28.66 39.16

6 AVT-II GR-4 25.33 29.83 40.00

7 RGC-1047 23.50 28.00 38.33

8 Rajendra Nagar local 22.00 26.66 36.50

9 Gujarat local 22.00 26.66 37.33

10 Jodhpur local 24.66 29.33 42.33

11 Bikaner local 26.83 32.16 44.83

12 Shree ram gum-1 24.33 30.83 41.50

Mean 24.33 29.40 40.54

SEm 1.095 1.409 1.467

CD @ 5% 3.21* 4.13* 4.30*

CV % 7.79 8.29 6.26

* significant @ 5% level of significance

Table 5: Pod yield and yield attributes of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

Sl. No.

Treatments Pod

length (cm)

Pod width (cm)

Ten fresh pod

weight (g)

Pod yield/

plant per picking

(g)

Dual purpose Pod yield per plot (kg/plot)

Pod yield per ha. (q/ha)

No. of dry pods per plant

Dry pod yield per plant (g)

Seed yield per plant (g)

1 Pusa Navabahar 11.83 0.92 31.66 78.70 17.33 8.87 5.50 4.93 91.35

2 IC-11704 10.63 0.86 25.66 48.24 59.00 33.97 25.31 7.55 138.82

3 RGC-1025 7.96 0.76 17.66 24.87 39.00 20.68 16.43 4.03 74.63

4 CAZG-06-1 7.90 0.76 17.50 52.99 91.33 42.59 31.38 8.72 158.72

5 HGS-881 7.57 0.75 14.66 50.92 41.33 25.82 18.59 3.10 56.26

6 AVT-II GR-4 5.61 0.72 9.83 24.04 32.66 21.84 16.27 2.97 53.51

7 RGC-1047 7.24 0.81 16.16 39.93 77.33 34.16 26.05 6.76 127.43

8 Rajendra Nagar local 10.40 0.92 26.16 63.81 12.66 5.57 3.37 4.13 78.15

9 Gujarat local 8.83 0.84 22.00 67.02 57.00 35.98 22.13 2.48 46.91

10 Jodhpur local 6.69 0.72 14.83 54.81 38.66 22.97 15.89 2.45 46.14

11 Bikaner local 6.79 0.72 14.16 34.04 66.00 30.83 23.04 2.72 51.35

12 Shree ram gum-1 6.21 0.73 13.16 43.88 68.00 32.43 25.51 2.94 55.29

Mean 8.14 0.79 18.62 48.60 50.02 26.31 19.12 4.40 81.55

SEm 0.509 0.037 1.451 4.330 2.44 0.948 0.793 0.381 7.10

CD @ 5% 1.49* 0.10* 4.25* 12.70* 7.17* 2.78* 2.32* 1.11* 20.82*

CV % 10.82 8.04 13.49 15.42 8.46 6.24 7.17 14.97 15.07

* significant @ 5% level of significance

Table 6: Seed yield and yield attributes of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

Sl. No.

Treatments Number of

cluster/plant Number of

pods/cluster Number of pods/plant

Ten dry pod

weight (g)

Dry pod yield per plant (g)

Number of seeds per dry pod

Seed yield per plant

(g)

Hundred seed

weight (g)

1 Pusa Navabahar 28.55 2.06 59.55 7.44 21.66 6.77 13.00 3.52

2 IC-11704 21.66 2.81 59.77 5.88 25.77 7.23 26.83 3.41

3 RGC-1025 26.55 3.64 96.88 3.55 24.33 6.14 41.33 3.24

4 CAZG-06-1 17.66 7.69 133.66 5.84 52.66 7.90 53.61 3.91

5 HGS-881 55.66 3.64 203.11 3.33 52.55 6.33 34.16 3.35

6 AVT-II GR-4 39.22 2.28 89.26 3.88 23.77 6.91 41.00 3.52

7 RGC-1047 34.22 5.96 203.88 6.92 51.00 8.14 41.72 3.98

8 Madhuri 14.88 5.55 82.11 7.10 16.33 5.69 19.83 3.39

9 Gujarath local 52.00 4.07 152.33 3.33 48.55 7.12 28.66 3.17

10 Jodhpur local 40.77 2.99 121.88 3.55 41.77 7.18 27.16 3.17

11 Bikenar local 30.11 3.5 85.18 3.77 40.44 7.15 26.66 3.12

12 Shree ram gum-1 32.00 4.42 140.88 4.00 49.21 7.08 24.33 3.18

Mean 32.77 4.05 119.04 4.88 37.34 6.97 31.52 3.41

SEm 3.297 0.581 10.280 0.318 3.178 0.254 2.901 0.113

CD @ 5% 9.67* 1.70* 30.15* 0.93* 9.32* 0.74* 8.50* 0.33

CV % 17.42 24.80 14.95 11.27 14.74 6.32 15.93 5.74

* significant difference at 5% level of significance

Table 7: Quality parameters of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

Sl. No. Treatments Gum content

(%) Protein

content (%) Fibre content

(%)

1 Pusa Navabahar 27.46 25.08 4.66

2 IC-11704 26.73 28.00 9.90

3 RGC-1025 28.56 28.58 7.43

4 CAZG-06-1 32.86 32.66 5.46

5 HGS-881 25.90 35.58 4.43

6 AVT-II GR-4 23.20 36.75 4.10

7 RGC-1047 32.33 35.58 8.10

8 Rajendra Nagar local 13.20 38.33 4.13

9 Gujarath local 25.70 25.66 5.66

10 Jodhpur local 22.36 25.61 9.80

11 Bikenar local 24.80 30.33 8.26

12 Shree ram gum-1 31.66 26.83 8.16

Mean 26.23 30.75 6.67

SEm 2.138 1.242 0.672

CD @ 1% 8.52** 4.95** 2.68**

CV % 14.11 6.99 17.43

** significant @ 1% level of significance

Table 8: Descriptive quality parameters of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

Sl. No.

Treatments Pubescent Stringiness Fibrousness Quality

description

1 Pusa Navabahar Absent Absent Low Excellent

2 IC-11704 Present Present Average Good

3 RGC-1025 Present Present Average Good

4 CAZG-06-1 Present Present Low Excellent

5 HGS-881 Present Present Average Good

6 AVT-II GR-4 Present Present Average Good

7 RGC-1047 Present Present Low Excellent

8 Rajendra Nagar local

Absent Absent Low Excellent

9 Gujarath local Present Present High Fair

10 Jodhpur local Present Present High Fair

11 Bikenar local Present Present High Fair

12 Shree ram gum-1 Present Present High Fair

Table 9: Evaluation of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes against powdery mildew disease under natural condition

Sl. No.

Genotypes Per cent leaf area infected

Disease score

(0-4 scale)

Disease reaction

1 Pusa Navbahar 76.41 (60.92) 4 Susceptible

2 IC11704 52.14 (46.21) 3 Moderately susceptible

3 RGC-1025 61.23 (51.47) 3 Moderately susceptible

4 CAZG-06-1 53.45 (46.96) 3 Moderately susceptible

5 HGS-881 68.47 (55.82) 3 Moderately susceptible

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

AVT- II GR-4

RGC-1047

Rajendra Nagar local

Gujarath local

Jodhpur local

Bikenar local

Shree ram gum-1

65.32 (53.90)

50.67 (45.37)

78.57 (62.40)

59.78 (50.62)

67.48 (55.21)

60.32 (50.94)

62.37 (52.14)

3

3

4

3

3

3

3

Moderately susceptible

Moderately susceptible

Susceptible

Moderately susceptible

Moderately susceptible

Moderately susceptible

Moderately susceptible

Table 10: Correlation coefficients among the different growth, yield, quality and seed components in cluster bean genotypes

@ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

1 1 -0.5 -0.308 0.278 0.307 0.16 0.253 0.253 0.245 -0.231 0.733** 0.737** -0.33 0.58* -0.724** 0.307 0.276 -0.282 0.618* 0.614* 0.444 0.120 0.043

2 1 -0.420 -0.318 -0.443 -0.443 0.222 0.233 0.263 0.570 -0.540 -0.542 -0.012 -0.283 0.368 -0.467 -0.472 -0.146 -0.017 -0.255 -0.408 -0.113 -0.569

3 1 0.324 0.387 0.453 -0.785** -0.825** -0.799** -0.587* -0.239 -0.250 0.450 -0.436 0.548 0.416 0.584* 0.621* -0.807** -0.209 0.411 -0.112 0.364

4 1 0.938** 0.890** -0.341 -0.555 -0.374 -0.659* -0.056 -0.066 -0.393 -0.296 -0.140 0.088 0.141 -0.167 -0.327 -0.218 0.247 -0.203 0.435

5 1 0.946** -0.375 -0.594* -0.405 -0.679* -0.023 -0.033 -0.328 -0.274 -0.222 0.066 0.181 -0.063 -0.383 -0.280 0.357 -0.263 0.496

6 1 -0.379 -0.622* -0.400 -0.628* -0.040 -0.048 -0.285 -0.269 -0.183 0.098 0.218 0.006 -0.468 -0.352 0.286 -0.346 0.632*

7 1 0.928** 0.988** 0.710** 0.374 0.381 -0.454 0.598* -0.386 -0.292 -0.519 -0.503 0.658* 0.088 -0.235 -0.204 -0.189

8 1 0.939** 0.701* 0.324 0.337 -0.326 0.555 -0.354 -0.262 -0.516 -0.493 0.755** 0.197 -0.314 -0.020 -0.288

9 1 0.752** 0.335 0.344 -0.461 0.580* -0.389 -0.251 -0.564 -0.490 0.671* 0.070 -0.227 -0.277 -0.159

10 1 0.086 0.092 -0.058 0.442 0.006 -0.088 -0.566 -0.011 0.450 0.016 -0.210 -0.311 -0.270

11 1 0.999** -0.040 0.931** -0.598* 0.486 0.414 0.033 0.665* 0.791** 0.440 0.158 0.101

12 1 -0.036 0.933** -0.604* 0.489 0.401 0.033 0.679* 0.792** 0.437 0.157 0.113

13 1 -0.053 0.595* 0.333 0.428 0.830** -0.242 0.268 0.392 0.257 -0.041

14 1 -0.541 0.409 0.158 0.025 0.773** 0.719** 0.317 0.030 0.004

15 1 0.027 0.006 0.486 -0.640* -0.306 0.064 -0.112 -0.112

16 1 0.621* 0.605* 0.125 0.534 0.687* -0.160 0.422

17 1 0.594* -0.203 0.706* 0.579* 0.396 -0.046

18 1 -0.345 0.151 0.583* -0.068 0.194

19 1 0.653* -0.034 0.224 -0.165

20 1 0.401 0.475 -0.228

21 1 -0.309 0.292

22 1 -0.497

23 1

Critical r-1%= 0.708 5%= 0.576 * and ** indicate significance at p=0.05 and p=0.01 respectively @:Characters; 1: Germination; 2: Plant height; 3: No. of branches; 4: Days to first flowering; 5: Days to fifty % flowering; 6: Days to first harvest; 7: Pod length; 8: Pod width; 9: Pod weight; 10: Pod yield /plant/picking; 11: Pod yield /plot; 12: Pod yield/ ha; 13: No. of dry pods/ plant; 14: No. of pods/cluster; 15: No. of cluster/plant; 16: No. of seeds /pod; 17: Seed yield/plant; 18: Dry pod yield/plant; 19: Ten dry pod weight; 20: 100 seed weight; 21: Gum content 22: Protein content; 23: Fibre content

@:Characters; 1:Germination; 2:Plant height; 3:No. of branches; 4:Days to first flowering; 5:Days to fifty % flowering; 6:Days to first harvest; 7:Pod length; 8:Pod width;

9:Pod weight; 10:Pod yield /plant/picking; 11:Pod yield /plot; 12:Pod yield/ ha; 13:No. of dry pods/ plant; 14:No. of pods/cluster; 15:No. of cluster/plant;16: No. of seeds /pod;

17:Seed yield/plant; 18: Dry pod yield/plant; 19: Ten dry pod weight; 20: 100 seed weight; 21:Gum content 22:Protein content; 23:Fibre content

Table 11: Economics for different cluster bean genotypes

Sl. No.

Treatments Total yield (t/ha)

Total cost of cultivation ( )

Total gross returns ( )

Net returns ( )

B: C ratio

1 Pusa Navabahar 9.13 44862.25 182600.00 137737.75 4.07

2 IC-11704 13.88 44862.25 277600.00 232737.75 6.18

3 RGC-1025 7.46 44862.25 149200.00 104337.75 3.32

4 CAZG-06-1 15.87 44862.25 317400.00 272537.75 7.07

5 HGS-881 5.62 44862.25 112400.00 67537.75 2.50

6 AVT-II GR-1 5.35 44862.25 106400.00 61537.75 2.37

7 RGC-1047 12.74 44862.25 254800.00 209937.75 5.67

8 Rajendra Nagar local 7.81 44862.25 156200.00 111337.75 3.48

9 Gujarath local 4.69 44862.25 93800.00 48937.75 2.09

10 Jodhpur local 4.61 44862.25 92200.00 47337.75 2.05

11 Bikenar local 5.13 44862.25 102600.00 57737.75 2.28

12 Shree ram gum-1 5.52 44862.25 110400.00 65637.75 2.46

Table 12: Best performed cluster bean genotype for different purpose

Sl. No.

Fresh vegetable purpose

Seed yield purpose

Seed gum purpose

Protein for fodder

1. Pusa Navabahar CAZG-06-1 CAZG-06-1 Rajendra Nagar Local

2. Gujarat Local RGC-1047 RGC-1047 AVT-II GR-4

3. Rajendra Nagar Local RGC-1025 Shreeram gum-1 HGS-881

Annexure – : Figures

Fig. 1: Growth parameters of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.)

Taub.] genotypes

Fig. 2: Number of branches per plant (90 DAS) of cluster bean [Cyamopsis

tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

Fig. 3: Flowering patterns of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

Fig. 4: Pod yield of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

Fig. 5: Seed yield parameters of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

Fig. 6: Quality attributes of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes

Appendix I: Chemical properties of soil from experimental site

Sl. No.

Particulars Value

obtained Method employed

1. Available nitrogen (kg/ha)

178.78 Alkaline permanganate method (Subbaiah and Asija, 1956)

2. Available phosphorus (kg/ha)

29.00 Calorimetry method (Olsen et al., 1954)

3. Available potassium (kg/ha)

236.00 Flame photometer method (Jackson, 1973)

4. Soil reaction (pH) 7.20 Potentiometry method (Jackson, 1973)

Appendix II: Meteorological data recorded as average of last 10 years and actual in 2012 at RHREC, Bagalkot

Month

Temperature (0c) Rainfall (mm) Humidity (%)

Average of last 10 year

2012 Average of last 10 year

2012 Average of last 10

year 2012

Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Morning Evening Morning Evening

January 14.38 28.47 14.65 29.91 1.52 0 71.84 49.93 74.10 26.94

February 17.31 31.44 16.58 33.10 5.75 0 67.90 43.12 58.69 20.10

March 19.64 34.80 18.84 36.01 16.49 0 68.10 40.64 63.52 14.65

April 23.04 35.75 23.48 36.63 15.39 26.0 73.56 48.05 73.9 22.73

May 23.88 37.15 23.75 36.27 54.04 32.5 76.16 45.89 77.65 25.23

June 22.91 31.9 23.16 32.61 97.9 33.5 80.82 60.24 83.73 42.40

July 22.36 29.32 22.77 30.36 40.87 49.0 84.19 67.71 90.65 56.87

August 21.84 28.12 22.18 30.03 70.03 51.5 83.32 68.58 97.68 71.13

September 21.71 29.32 29.41 29.57 94.47 63.0 85.40 67.58 97.03 69.63

October 21.31 29.70 25.80 25.90 90.83 71.50 80.1 62.14 87.93 56.80

November 27.74 28.93 22.94 23.01 15.08 76.50 72.25 53.47 88.45 53.90

December 15.05 28.54 18.80 19.61 7.27 0.00 71.02 49.99 76.70 38.06

Total 509.64 403.5

Average 20.93 31.12 20.67 33.11 76.22 54.78 80.83 41.53

Appendix IIIa: Per hectare inputs utilization pattern in cluster bean production

Sl. No.

Items Unit Total quantity

1 Seeds kg 20

2 Fertilizers

a FYM Tonnes 10

b N kg 25

c P kg 75

d K kg 60

3 Labour Man days 184

4 Bullock pair Pair days 12

Appendix IIIb: Per hectare labour utilization pattern in cluster bean production

Sl. No.

Items Unit

1 Ploughing Pair day 8

2 Harrowing ,, 4

Total bullock pair used ,, 12

3 Fertilizer application Man day 20

4 Sowing ,, 20

5 Thinning ,, 8

6 Irrigation ,, 30

7 Spraying of plant protection chemicals

,, 16

8 Weeding ,, 40

9 Harvesting ,, 50

Total human labour used ,, 184

Appendix IIIc: Per hectare cost structure in cluster bean production

Sl. No.

Items Cost ( )

1 Variable cost

A Material cost

a Seeds 2000.00

b FYM 10000.00

c Chemical fertilizers 1620.00

d Plant protection chemicals 2500.00

e Total material cost (A) 16120.00

f Total labour cost (B) 18400.00

g Variable cost (C=A+B) 34520.00

h Interest on working capital @ 10 % (D) 1262.50

Total variable cost (E= C+D) 35782.50

2 Fixed cost

a Rental value of farm land 7500.00

b Land revenue 42.50

c Interest on fixed capital @ 10 % 1504.25

Total fixed cost (F) 9079.75

3 Total cost (E+F) 44862.25

Appendix - Plates