evaluation of environmental impact assessment on industrial projects: a model study

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 291–301, Article ID: IJCIET_08_01_032 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication

EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT ON INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS: A MODEL

STUDY

D.Kiran Kumar Reddy

M.Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, K L University, Vaddeswaram-522502, Andhra Pradesh,India

SS. Asadi

Associate Dean-Academics, Department of Civil Engineering, K L University, Vaddeswaram-522502, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT

Objective: The objective of this study is baseline status of air, water, noise, land, biological and

socio-economic environments. Environmental Impact Assessment study is key for any Project with

out this study its not possible to get the approval keeping this in view this study has exist.

Methods: Methodology has been followed for Environmental Impact Assessment study has been

conducted within an area of around 10 km radius around the project site as per ISO Standard Air

Quality, Water Quality, Soil Quality, and Noise Quality.

Findings: Socio economic and Biological conditions under this flora and fauna available in the

study area and solid waste management, Occupational safety and health management strategies

has been recommended.

Applications: This type of studies very much useful for preparation of EIA Reports.

Key words: Air Quality, Water Quality, Soil Quality

Cite this Article: D.Kiran Kumar Reddy and SS. Asadi, Evaluation of Environmental Impact Assessment on Industrial Projects: A Model Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and

Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp. 291–301. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION

Ferro alloy industries additionally to contribute considerably towards economic process, conjointly in their wake cause environmental imbalance by making pollution. Thus the plant activities should co-exist satisfactorily with its close surroundings therefore on scale back the environmental impact of those activities. this needs sound environmental management arrange to be enforced by the plant proponents, that makes environmental protection as essential demand equal in standing with production needs. Any project is aware of its responsibility towards the society in minimizing the pollution load owing to this projected activity and per circular issued to organize a fast Environmental Impact Assessment Report alongside Environmental Management arrange for submission for grant of Environmental Clearance for their projected growth programmer1-3.

D.Kiran Kumar Reddy and SS. Asadi


1.1. Description of Study area

The study area is located in Garbham Village, Merakamudidam Mandal, Vijayanagaram District of Andhra Pradesh and falls between the longitude 83o27’15” E and latitude 18o23’07” N. The industry is situated around 100 km from Visakhapatnam airport; around 40 km away form NH-5 and 15 km away from Garividi Railway Station. The topography of the region is mostly plain dry agricultural land and the climatic conditions are semi-arid4. The average annual rainfall is 600 mm, and the maximum temperature is 45oC & minimum temperature is 22oC. No habitation exists in the AFAL project site. Hence displacement and rehabilitation of people is not involved. There are no Ecological and Sensitive areas like Religious and Historic places, Archeological Monuments, Scenic Areas, Hill Resorts, Biosphere reserves, National Parks and Sanctuaries, Seismic Zones and Defense installations within circular area of 10 km radius from plant site. Topo map and plant layout are shown in figure 2.0, & 3.0 respectively

2. OBJECTIVES

• To determine and quantify important impacts as a result of the projected activity on numerous environmental elements through prediction of impacts.

• To value the useful and adverse impacts of the projected activity.

• To prepare Associate in Nursing Environmental Management arrange (EMP) description management technologies and measures to be adopted for mitigation of adverse impacts if any, as a consequence of the projected activity.

• To prepare a Post Project observation Programme for checking and regulation the environmental quality of the project and facilitate in property development of the area.

3. METHODOLOGY

Any developmental activity is predicted to cause impacts on close surroundings throughout the development and operation phases. The impacts is also adverse or useful. So as to assess the impacts as a consequence of the projected action, an EIA study has been conducted among a region of 12 kilometer radius round the project site. The varied steps concerned in EIA study are separated into the following phases:

• Identification of great environmental limitations and assessing the present perpendicular among the influence zone with respect of soil, water, noise, air, biological and socioeconomic elements of surroundings.

• Prediction of impact on air quality taking into thought the projected emissions to project the situation.

• Prediction of impact on Water, Land, Biological and Socio Economic surroundings

• Evaluation of total impacts once superimposing the expected situation over the baseline situation to arrange an Environmental Management arrange.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Wind pattern

Major Wind directions during this period existed from the NNW to SW sector accounting to about 76% of the over-all time. Wind speediness through this period were fluctuating between 1.3 – 7.9 km/h and sometime further than 8.0 km/h. The wind of not as much of than 1.0 km/h were treated as cool, and quiet conditions are null5, 6.

Evaluation of Environmental Impact Assessment on Industrial Projects: A Model Study


4.2. Climatology

In this study area the extreme and lowest temperatures are 45oC & 22oC and maximum and minimum comparative humidity standards are 65 & 75 were recorded during the reading period. The climate of the area is considered by hot summer and is normally dry except during the southwest rainy season season, amongst the months of July and September.

4.3. Ambient Air QUALITY

In direction to recognize the background air quality statistics and also to characterise the interference from various industrial and local activities, screening techniques have been used for identification of air quality stations in the study areas. Ambient air quality of the study area has been assessed through a network of 8 ambient air quality locations. These stations are designed keeping in view of the climatological conditions of the study region.

Table 1 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations

S. No. Code Name of Sampling Location Distance (km)

w.r.t Project

Direction w.r.t

Project

Core Zone

1 A-1 Project Site -- --

Buffer Zone 2 A-2 Garbham 3.0 NE

3 A-3 Singavaram 3.5 E 4 A-4 Kunchughunam 4.0 E

5 A-5 Chinnabatupally 3.0 S

6 A-6 Budhurayavalasa 4.0 N 7 A-7 Peddamantripeta 5.0 W

8 A-8 Bodendravalasa 6.0 SE

The above monitoring stations are located such that a representative background ambient air quality levels are obtained. Figure – 5.0 shows the location of ambient air quality monitoring stations in the study area (Buffer & Core Zone).

The Ambient Air Quality studies were carried out. The significant parameters viz. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), 0Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Carbon monoxide (CO) were monitored in the core and buffer zones. The data thus obtained is considered for preparing this report. The AAQ monitoring at each location is given in Table.

Table 2 Summary of Aaq Monitoring

Locations 98th

Percentile Values

SPM RPM SO2 NOx

Project Site 130.32 52.72 9.86 12.8

Garbham 124.54 43 5.95 9.35 Singavaram 134 46 7.47 8.95

Kunchughunam 87.3 35.72 5.86 7 Chinnabatupally 91.02 38 5 6.86

Budhurayavalasa 85.58 37.65 7 9.86 Peddamantripeta 85.58 36.58 6.86 8.86

Bodendravalasa 78.02 32.58 5.86 7.86

Note: CO at all locations was found <1.0 ppm



4.4. NOISE ENVIRONMENT

Ambient noise level is characterized by significant variations above a base or a residential noise level. The maximum impact of noise is felt on urban areas, which is mostly due to the commercial activities and vehicular movement during peak hours of the day. The summary of the minimum, maximum, day - equivalent, night - equivalent and day-night equivalent values computed for various location in the study area is given in Table – 9.0

Table 3 Noise Monitoring Stations

S. No. Code Location Distance (km)

w.r.t Project

Direction w.r.t

Project Predominant Activity

Core Zone

1 N-1 Project Site -- Within site Vehicular movement & Construction activity

Buffer Zone

2 N-2 Garbham 3.0 NE Vehicular movement & local activity

3 N-3 Singavaram 3.5 E Vehicular movement & local activity

4 N-4 Kunchughunam 4.0 E Vehicular movement & local activity

5 N-5 Chinnabatupally 3.0 S Vehicular movement & local activity

6 N-6 Budhurayavalasa 4.0 N Vehicular movement & local activity

7 N-7 Peddamantripeta 5.0 W Vehicular movement & local activity

8 N-8 Bodendravalasa 6.0 SE Vehicular movement & local activity

Table 4 Noise Levels During Study Period

Equivalent

Noise levels N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8

Min 49.7 40 39 42.5 39.5 38 36 35

Max 58.2 54 53.1 45.7 52.2 54.5 52 50

Ld 53.9 48.1 47.2 43.8 46.3 48.6 46 44

Ln 45 42 41.4 40.9 42.4 40.8 38 35

Ldn 49.45 45 44.2 42.4 44.4 44.7 42 39.5

L min: Minimum Noise Level Recorded Ld Day Equivalent

Ln Night Equivalents

L max: Maximum Noise Level Recorded Ldn Day-Night Equivalents

It is observed that the noise values obtained were within the prescribed Ambient Air Quality Standards with respect to Noise.

4.5. Water Environment

8 water samples from various locations in and around the project site within 10 km radius were collected for assessment of the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Methodologies adopted for sampling and analysis were according to the IS methods. Field parameters such as pH, Temperature, Taste and odour



were monitored on site. The parameters thus analysed were compared with IS 10500. Details of water sampling locations are given in Table

Table 5 Water Sampling Locations

Code Location Source

Distance

(km) w.r.t

Project

Direction

w.r.t

Project

Usage

W-1 Project site Bore well -- -- Domestic/Industrial W-2 Garbham Bore well 3.0 NE Domestic

W-3 Singavaram Bore well 3.5 E Domestic W-4 Kunchughunam Bore well 4.0 E Domestic

W-5 Chinnabatupally Bore well 3.0 S Domestic W-6 Budhurayavalasa Bore well 4.0 N Domestic

W-7 Peddamantripeta Bore well 5.0 W Domestic

W-8 Bodendravalasa Bore well 6.0 SE Domestic W-9 Peddamantripeta Surface 5.0 W Domestic

W-10 Bodendravalasa Surface 6.0 SE Domestic

4.6. Soil Quality

The study area is covered with red sandy clay soils. Representative soil samples were collected from 8 sampling locations within an area of 10 km radius around the proposed project for analysis of the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil quality. Fig – 8 and Table – 11 shows the location of soil sampling stations.

Table 6 Soil Sampling Stations

S. No. Code Location Distance (km)

w.r.t Project

Direction w.r.t

Project

1 S-1 Project site -- Within site

2 S-2 Garbham 3.0 NE

3 S-3 Singavaram 3.5 E 4 S-4 Kunchughunam 4.0 E

5 S-5 Chinnabatupally 3.0 S 6 S-6 Budhurayavalasa 4.0 N

7 S-7 Peddamantripeta 5.0 W 8 S-8 Bodendravalasa 6.0 SE

4.7. Biological Environment

An ecological survey of the study area was conducted particularly with reference to recording the existing biological resources. Secondary data was collected from forest department.

4.8. Socio Economic Environment

Socio-economic environment includes description of demography, available basic amenities like housing, health care services, transportation, education and cultural activities. Information on the above said factor has been collected to define the socio-economic profile of the study area (10 km radius), which is also a part of environmental Impact Assessment study for the project7.

A detailed socio-economic survey was conducted covering all villages in the 10 km radius from the center. The information of socio-economic aspects has been compiled from various secondary sources including various government and semi-government offices. A brief summary of the same is given below.

• 46.95% of total population of the study area falls under main workers category, 11.20% marginal workers. Out of 46.95% main workers, 60.32% are agricultural labors.



• Agricultural activities are in all seasons. Major crops in the area are paddy, groundnut, sugarcane, cotton, sunflower, etc.

• Medical facilities are adequate, only few villages have the primary health care centers. For any major health care, the people of the area has to go to Vijayanagaram. The common diseases are diarrhea, malaria, gastro-enteritis and eye and skin diseases.

• Educational facilities are also adequate. The nearest educational center is Garbham, Merakamudidam, Vijayanagaram.

• This region is well connected by rail and road.

• Many villages are adequately provided with protected water supply but lack efficient sewage disposal system.

4.9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

The impact Statement focuses on the environmental components which are discussed below:

• Air Environnement

• Noise Environnement

• Water Environnement

• Land Environment

• Socio-Economic Environment

For each of the above components the impacts are identified, predicted and evaluated through Battelle Environmental Evaluation System using environmental value function curves technique to classify the adverse and beneficial impacts.

Table 7 Environmental Impact Evaluation



Table 8 Environmental Evaluation Ecology

PARAMETERS WEIGHT(

PIU)

WITHOUT

PROJECT

(EIU)

WITH PROJECT CHANGE

WITHOUT

EMP

CHANGE

WITH

EMP

NET

CHANGE IN

EIU DUE TO

EMP

WITHOUT

EMP WITH EMP

Natural vegetation 30 20 15 17 -5 -3 +2

Crops 50 35 30 33 -5 -2 +3

land use 45 25 27 28 +2 +3 +1

Species diversity 50 30 30 38 0 +8 +8

Green belt development

25 15 13 18 -2 +3 +5

Total 200 125 115 134 -10 +9 +19

Table 9 Environmental Evaluation: Aesthetic

PARAMETERS WEIGHT(

PIU)

WITHOUT

PROJECT

(EIU)

A

WITH PROJECT CHANGE

WITHOUT

EMP

A-B

CHANGE

WITH

EMP

C-A

NET

CHANGE IN

EIU DUE TO

EMP C-B

WITHOUT

EMP

B

WITH EMP

C

Topography 25 10 10 10 0 0 0

Visual Quality Air 20 18 16 18 -2 0 +2

Visual Quality Water

20 16 10 15 -6 0 +2

Odour 10 8 7 8 -1 0 +1

Natural Fauna 30 23 21 21 -2 -2 0

Vegetation Cover 35 25 21 30 -4 +5 +9

Sound 10 5 3 5 -2 0 +2

Total 150 105 88 107 -17 +2 +19

Table 10 Environmental Evaluation: Socio- Economics

PARAMETERS WEIGHT(

PIU)

WITHOUT

PROJECT

(EIU)

A

WITH PROJECT CHANGE

WITHOUT

EMP

A-B

CHANGE

WITH

EMP

C-A

NET

CHANGE IN

EIU DUE TO

EMP C-B

WITHOUT

EMP

B

WITH EMP

C

Economic Output 80 50 60 63 +10 +13 +3

Employment 40 32 36 37 +4 +5 +1

Housing 30 20 24 24 +4 +4 0

Education 20 13 15 17 +2 +4 +2

Water Avilability 20 9 10 10 +1 +1 0

Sanitation 10 6 8 8 +2 +2 0

Transportation 20 15 18 18 +3 +3 0

Occupational Health

20 9 10 11 +1 +2 +1

Rehabilitation 10 10 10 10 0 0 0

Total 250 164 191 198 +27 +34 +7



Table 11 Overall Environmental Evaluation

PARAMETERS WEIGHT WITH OUT WITH PROJECT CHANGE CHANGE NET CHANGE

(PIU) PROJECT WITH OUT WITH WITHOUT EMP WITH EMP IN EIU DUE

(EIU) EMP EMP (EIU) (EIU) TO EMP

A B C B – A C – A C – B

ECOLOGY 200 125 115 134 -10 +9 +19

ENVIRONMENTAL 400 270 247 266 -23 -4 +19

POLLUTION

AESTHETICS 150 105 88 107 -17 +2 +19

SOCIO ECONOMICS 250 164 191 198 +27 +34 +7

TOTAL 1000 664 641 705 -23 +41 +64

PARAMETER

S

WEIGHT

(PIU)

WITHOUT

PROJECT

(EIU)

A

WITH PROJECT CHANGE

WITHOU

T EMP

A-B

CHANGE

WITH

EMP

C-A

NET

CHANGE IN

EIU DUE TO

EMP

C-B

WITHOUT

EMP

B

WITH EMP

C

ECOLOGY 200 125 115 134 -10 +9 +19

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

400 270 247 266 -23 -4 +19

AESTHETICS 150 105 88 107 -17 +2 +19

SOCIO ECONOMICS

250 164 191 198 +27 +34 +7

Total 1000 664 641 705 --23 +64

4.10. AIR ENVIRONMENT

AFAL proposes to install the state – of – art bag house for the proposed 2 x 9 MVA Submerged Arc Furnace. The details of the same are given below:

In a Jet Pulse Dust collector the dirty gases enter through inlet manifold to the hoppers where separation of coarse dust particles takes place. The remainder will pass with the gases to the filtering space. Bags are secured in the tube sheet through flange and suspended from top. Wire cages are provided to prevent the bags from collapsing. Filtration takes places from outside to inside of bags. Dust particles are deposited on the outside surfaces of the bags while the clean gases pass through the outlet manifold and finally to the atmosphere through ID fan8.

The bags are cleaned intermittently through compressed air pulsed in reverse direction. A short pulse of compressed air is directed downwards from a header into a row of bags; causing the bags to flex and dislodge the dust cake from outside the bags, the dust falls into the hopper by gravity and hence into the dust handling system. One too few rows of bags are pulsed at time after a predetermined period. The entire cleaning cycle is fully automatic and based on time mode. All timings are adjusted in the field to ensure optimum cleaning efficiency and compressed air consumption.



Table 12 Technical Specifications of Present & Proposed Bag Filter

Make Global

Type of dust collecting system ON-LINE Pulse jet type

Inlet dust load 20 Gms. Sqm

Outlet emission >80 mg/Nm3

Capacity of Bag filter 9000 m3/hr

Pressure drop across the system 140MMWG. (Max)

Filtering media Polyester needle felt with ANTI ADHESIVE treatment

Air to cloth ratio M3/hr-M2 126.377 M3/hr

Filtering area per bag 1.884 m2

Total filtering area 712.152 sq. Mts.

Filter bag length 4000 mm

Filter bag Diameter Ø 150 mm

Total no. of filter bags 378

Total no. of solenoid Valves 42

Make & Type of Valves Aveon 40NB Diaphram Solenoid Valve

Compressed air requirement (m3 /hr at 5 Kg/cm2)

60

4.11. Fugitive Dust Control

Fugitive dust is generated during raw material handling (unloading, conveying, transporting, stacking etc), vehicular movement, bagging and packing. Asphalting or concreting of the work area of the plant has been done to control the fugitive dust emissions. Following steps will also be practiced to prevent air pollution due to air borne dust:

• Dense greenbelt has to be developed around the dust generation points

• Trees should be planted on both sides of the roads used for transportation in order to arrest dust

• Afforestation around the industry will be act as barrier

• All the roads should be paved

• Proper maintenance of air pollution control equipment

• Regular maintenance of vehicles and machinery should be carried out in order to control emissions

• Dust masks should be provided to workers working in dusty atmosphere

• Good house keeping and proper maintenance should be practiced in the industry, which is helping in controlling fugitive dust.

• Regular monitoring of SPM, SO2 and NOx levels in stack emissions and in ambient air quality.

4.12. NOISE ENVIRONMENT

Under the development scheme, the major noise-generating basis will be machinery and equipment. The planned equipment of the growth plant would be designed for noise levels not exceeding 76 dB(A) at plant limit.



In general the subsequent methods will be implemented to controller the noise pollution.

• The decrease or removal of noise leakage paths.

• The usage of vibration insulation techniques.

• Proper plantation of trees depending on the wind velocity can reduce noise pollution on the surrounding area.

• Providing earmuffs and earplugs to the plant personnel.

In addition to the above, the following control measures are being adopted to keep the ambient noise levels well below the limits

• A thick greenbelt is provided around the periphery of the plant area.

• Trees are planted on both sides of roads used for transport of men and material.

• Proper maintenance is being done of noise generating machinery including the transport vehicles; and

• Silencers are provided to modulate the noise generated by machines.

The following measures are being implemented by the protect the workers from exposure to higher noise levels:

• Provision of protective devices like ear muffs/ear plugs;

• Reducing the exposure time of workers to the higher noise levels.

4.13. WATER ENVIRONMENT

Water only required for cooling and domestic purpose and cooling water is continuously recirculated in the cooling circuit and domestic effluent is sent to septic tank fallowed by soak pit. Avoid leakages and spillages from the storage pits, tanks and pumps etc9.

4.14. LAND ENVIRONMENT

4.14.1. SOLID WASTE GENERATION

The main source of solid waste generation is form the process as slag. There are 10 TPD of Slag is generated from the present process. The Slag quantity is will be increased after proposed expansion from 10 TPD to 100 TPD. This slag will be disposed to TSDF after implementation of proposed expansion.

The other source of solid waste generation is dust collected in the bag filters. There are 1.2 TPD of dust is collected in bag filters from the present process. The dust quantity collected in bag filters will be increased after the proposed expansion from 1.2 TPD to 12 TPD. The dust that are collected in the bag filters are being taken back to raw material processing are i.e., briquetting plant and are mixed along with Ore, there is no storage/ generation of hazardous waste in this plant.

• Landscaping can be done around the administrative building, tanks etc. This will help in preserving the ecological conditions.

4.15. MEASURES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ECOLOGY

4.15.1. Plantation for Aesthetics

Plantation in industrial areas should be done along the narrow and broad internal road. This will not only improve the flora in the region but also will add to the aesthetic of the region.

4.16. GREEN BELT DEVLOPMENT

Since the inception of the plant has to taken up massive greenbelt development plan. Approximately 5,000 samplings have been planted in an area of 7.5 acres in the plant.



A thick greenbelt all along the roads, plant area has been developed under afforestation programme under the expansion scheme will increase the density of existing greenbelt by gap filling.

Based on climate and soil characteristics of the study area, plant species should be planted. The climate of the region is extreme where there is low rainfall as well as extreme heat and soil temperature is very high in summer. Hence in order to have a ground cover, some fast growing species, which do not require watering, should be planted for mass plantation10.

4.17. SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

The impact of the proposed expansion programme in the unit is positive on the socio-economic environment of the region.

4.18. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Under Occupational Health and Safety Management has occupied all the essential steps to deliver better functioning environment. Systematic health inspection is done for all employees and contract workers.

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