evaluation of microcytic anaemia - the university of the
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Evaluation of microcytic anaemia
Dr. June Clarke MBBS, DM
78th UWI/BAMP CME CONFERENCE
November 15th 2015
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DISCLAIMER
▪ No financial associations with any pharmaceutical company
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Contents
▪ Overview of definition of microcytic anaemia
▪ Brief review of haemoglobin structure
▪ Major causes of microcytic anemia
▪ IDA vs. thalassemia vs. anaemia of chronic disease
▪ References
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Haemoglobin
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Major Causes of microcytic anaemia
▪ 1. Iron deficiency anaemia
▪ 2. Thalassemia
▪ 3. Anaemia of chronic disease or anemia associated with inflammation
▪ 4. Sideroblastic anaemia ( hereditary or acquired)
▪ 5. Lead poisoning
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IRON DEFICENCY ANAEMIA
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IDA
▪ Most common cause of microcytic anaemia
▪ Lack of iron either through diet or bleeding
▪ Always need to determine the underlying cause
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Laboratory testing
▪ CBC: low RBC, low MCHC, low reticulocyte, platelet count increased
▪ Film : pencil cells pathognomic
▪ Other test : iron studies, serum ferritin
Guyat et al J Int Med 1992
▪ Response to therapy
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Thalassemia
▪ More common in our population is the beta-thalassemia trait
▪ Usually asymptomatic and may be discovered with blood tests
▪ Defects in chromosome 11
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α-thalassemia
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Anaemia of chronic disease
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Differentiating IDA vs. thalassemia vs. anaemia of chronic disease
▪ Use of blood indexes to differentiate IDA and thalassemia
▪ Serum ferritin in presence of inflammation
▪ electrophoresis
IDA Thal Inflamm
Degree of anaemia
Hb> 10 α: 12-13 β: 9-10
8-10
MCV <70 65-75 >/=70
Blood film Pencil cells
Target cells
-
Ferritin <15 ng/mL normal elevated
Iron studies
Low Fe, saturation and high
TIBC
normal
Low Fe, Low/norm
al TIBC, low/norm
al saturation
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Summary
▪ Always look for the underlying cause for a microcytic anaemia
▪ Use the best lab investigation profile along with a detailed history
▪ If the patient fails to respond appropriately to treatment, consider compliance or that the diagnosis is incorrect
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References
▪ Microcytic anaemia NEJM 2014;371:1324-1331
▪ Iron deficiency anemia NEJM 2015;372: 1832-1843
▪ Aafp.org/afp/2010/1011/p1117.hmtl
▪ UpToDate : approach to anemia in children and adults