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Evaluation of Water Quality Parameters due to Aeration/Bioaugmentation

Efficacy Relative to Baseline Conditions in Maple Lake, Van Buren County,

Michigan

2009 and 2014 Data

Notice: This report is © copyrighted and property of Restorative Lake Sciences. No portion of

this report can be duplicated or used without written consent from the Water Resources

Director at Restorative Lake Sciences (Effective April 29, 2015).

Prepared by: Restorative Lake Sciences

Jennifer L. Jermalowicz-Jones, PhD Candidate

Water Resources Director

18406 West Spring Lake Road

Spring Lake, Michigan 49456

www.restorativelakesciences.com

http://www.restorativelakesciences.com/

Restorative Lake Sciences

Maple Lake Aeration Report

2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION & SUMMARY........................................................................................................ 5

1.1 Summary of Maple Lake Aeration Operations ......................................................................... 8

1.2 Summary of Maple Lake Aeration Operation Purpose/Goals ................................................. 8

2.0 MAPLE LAKE WATER QUALITY SAMPLING METHODS .......................................................... 8

2.1 Summary of Equipment/Sampling Devices/Replicates/Parameters ......................................... 8

2.2 Sampling Dates and Locations ................................................................................................. 9

3.0 MAPLE LAKE WATER QUALITY DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION .............................. 10

3.1 Dissolved Oxygen .................................................................................................................... 10

3.2 Water Temperature ................................................................................................................. 10

3.3 Conductivity ............................................................................................................................ 11

3.4 Total Dissolved Solids and Total Suspended Solids ............................................................... 11

3.5 Total Phosphorus, Total Nitrogen, and Sediment Nutrients .................................................. 11

3.6 pH ............................................................................................................................................ 12

3.7 Organic Matter Content and Loss .......................................................................................... 13

4.0 MAPLE LAKE AQUATIC PLANT/WATERMILFOIL DISTRIBUTION ...................................... 15

5.0 PAW PAW RIVER/BRIGGS POND MANAGEMENT & RECOMMEND. ................................... 21 6.0 LITERATURE CITED......................................................................................................................... 24



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FIGURES

NAME PAGE

Figure 1. Map of Maple Lake Depth Contours (RLS, 2014) ........................................................................ 6

Figure 2. Map of Maple Lake Bottom Hardness (RLS, 2014) ...................................................................... 7

Figure 3. Map of Maple Lake WQ Sampling Locations (2009 and 2014 Study Sites) ................................ 9

Figure 4. Map of BioBase 2014 Aquatic Plant Biovolume in Maple Lake (RLS, 2014) ........................... 17

Figure 5. Map of Maple Lake 2014 EWM in Maple Lake (RLS, 2014) .................................................... 18

Figure 6. Maple Lake Drain Sampling Location Map ................................................................................ 22



2014

TABLES

NAME PAGE

Table 1. 2009 Mean Maple Lake Water Quality Data (Study Locations) .................................................. 14

Table 2. 2014 Mean Maple Lake Water Quality Data (Study Locations) ................................................. 14

Table 3. 2009 Mean Sediment Data (Study Locations) .............................................................................. 15

Table 4. 2014 Mean Sediment Data (Study Locations) .............................................................................. 15

Table 5. 2009 AVAS Data Table ................................................................................................................ 19

Table 6. 2014 AVAS Data Table ................................................................................................................ 20

Table 7. Drain Water Quality Data (November 3, 2014) ............................................................................ 23

Table 8. Drain Water Quality Data (November 17, 2014) .......................................................................... 23



2014

Evaluation of Water Quality Parameters due to Aeration/Bioaugmentation

Efficacy Relative to Baseline Conditions in Maple Lake, Van Buren County,

Michigan

2009 and 2014 Data

1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY:

Maple Lake is located in sections 1, 11, 12, 13, and 14 (T.3S, R.14W) of the Village of Paw Paw and

Paw Paw Township, Van Buren County, Michigan (Figure 1). The lake surface area is approximately

172 acres (Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 2001) and may be classified as a eutrophic

lake with one deep basin and a large-sized littoral zone. Maple Lake has a maximum depth of 15.0

feet (Figure 1), and an average depth of 7.0 feet (MDNR, 2005). The lake bottom consists primarily

of sandy substrate and organic matter deposits (Figure 2; RLS, 2014).

Maple Lake has a large, immediate watershed of approximately 62,250 acres (97.3 mi2) consisting of

abundant agricultural land which contributes high quantities of fertile sediments and nutrients to the

lake. The estimated hydraulic retention time depends on the lake water sources and outlet flow rate,

but generally averages 7 days (Southwest Regional Planning Commission 1978). Briggs Pond which

is located in the Village of Paw Paw, is a sedimentation basin which has accumulated large amounts

of sediment that are transported into Maple Lake. The South Branch of the Paw Paw River, which is

upstream of the lake, is also a designated trout stream. Excessive sedimentation has led to the

accumulation of sediments within Maple Lake, as well as increased turbidity, lower dissolved oxygen

levels during late summer and low flow periods, high nutrient loading, and overgrowth of submersed

aquatic vegetation and filamentous algae. Many of the sediments consist of a high fine fraction and

organic matter content since they are derived from a large watershed that is comprised of primarily

Adrian and Houghton Muck organic soils. The outlet for Maple Lake contains a hydropower dam

which was constructed in 1907 and is located at the north end of the lake.

When baseline water quality and sediment data was compared to recently collected data, it was apparent

that recent lake improvement efforts such as the implementation of lake aeration, bioaugmentation,

mechanical harvesting, prior lake drawdowns, and other efforts have improved the water quality of Maple

Lake. Further recommendations are offered in the last section of this report.



2014

Figure 1. Depth contour map of Maple Lake, Van Buren County, MI (RLS, 2014).



2014

Figure 2. Bottom hardness map of Maple Lake, Van Buren County, MI (RLS, 2014).



2014

1.1 Summary of Maple Lake Aeration Operations:

Laminar Flow Aeration (LFA) was installed in the South Basin of Maple Lake in 2011 and has been

evaluated and determined to be effective at improving water quality over the past four years. In 2014,

the Village of Paw Paw environmental council requested that Restorative Lake Sciences (RLS)

compare the original baseline conditions in measured water quality parameters that were collected

during the original lake management plan study in 2009 to the latest collected data set in 2014. Every

effort was made to overlay sampling locations from both dates to assure sampling continuity and

unbiased data comparisons.

1.2 Summary of Maple Lake Aeration Operation Purpose/Goals:

The Maple Lake waterfront residents desired a lake restoration strategy that would make the lake

healthier and accomplish the following objectives:

The primary objectives of the implemented LFA system for Maple Lake include:

1) Reduction of nuisance rooted submersed aquatic vegetation such as milfoil and Curly-leaf

pondweed

2) Increase in top to bottom dissolved oxygen concentrations

3) Increase in water clarity

4) Reduction of filamentous algae

5) Reduction of organic matter and sediment nutrients in problem areas

2.0 MAPLE LAKE WATER QUALITY SAMPLING METHODS

2.1 Summary of Equipment/Sampling Devices/Replicates/Parameters:

Restorative Lake Sciences had sampled 20 locations that became aeration sites in 2011 back in 2009

and also 11 additional sites that remained as non-aerated “control” sites in 2011 and in future years.

Figure 3 shows all of the original sampling locations measured during the lake management study in

2009 and this figure also shows the sampling sites used in the analysis for the 2014 data comparisons.

Baseline conditions of Maple Lake have been previously reported and extensively documented and

discussed and consisted of excessive invasive aquatic vegetation growth, nuisance filamentous algal

blooms, decreased water clarity and organic muck deposits.

All chemical water samples (such as total phosphorus and total suspended solids) were collected at

middle depth of each of the sampling sites) using a 4-liter VanDorn horizontal water sampler with

weighted messenger (Wildco® brand). Water physical parameters (such as water temperature,

dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and pH) were measured with a calibrated

Hanna® multi-probe meter. Total phosphorus was titrated and analyzed in the laboratory according to



2014

the method by Menzel and Corwin (1965; page 97 in Wetzel and Likens, 2000). Total suspended

solids were analyzed for each sample using ASTM Method D5907.

2.2 Sampling Dates and Locations:

All samples were collected by RLS staff in September of 2009 and 2014 for direct comparisons. For

these dates, all samples were collected from the sampling locations according to Figure 3.

Figure 3. Water quality sampling locations on Maple Lake, Van Buren Co, MI (2009 and 2014).



2014

3.0 MAPLE LAKE WATER QUALITY DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

The water quality parameters listed below were measured by RLS scientists in 2009 prior to

implementation of the lake management plan and again over the past five years. In 2014, another

September data set was collected to directly compare both data sets in both control and aeration zones

during both time periods in order to determine possible effects of laminar flow aeration on the

parameters in question. The data sets for water column and sediment parameters for 2009 and 2014

are shown below in Tables 1-4.

3.1 Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a measure of the amount of oxygen that exists in the water column. In

general, DO levels should be greater than 5 mg L-1 to sustain a healthy warm-water fishery or higher

for better overall water quality. DO is generally higher in colder waters and is often higher in flowing

waters. During summer months, DO at the surface is generally higher due to the exchange of oxygen

from the atmosphere with the lake surface, whereas DO is lower at the lake bottom due to decreased

contact with the atmosphere and increased biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from microbial

activity. A decline in DO may cause increased release rates of phosphorus (P) from lake bottom

sediments if DO levels drop to near zero milligrams per liter.

Under low DO conditions, the imminent accumulation of NH3+ (ammonia) may result in toxicity to

aquatic organisms (Camargo et al., 2005; Beutel, 2006). DO levels in Maple Lake have always been

elevated due to the high flow of water from the Paw Paw River that continuously cycle through the

lake water volume. Statistically speaking, there have been small increases in DO in the aeration zone

compared to the control zone but those increases are modest considering that the DO concentrations

were already > 9.0 mg/L which is considered favorable for an inland lake.

3.2 Water Temperature

The water temperature of lakes varies within and among seasons. In general, shallow lakes such as

Maple Lake will not stratify (except for slight stratification at the north basin) while deeper lakes may

experience single or multiple turnover cycles. Water temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (°C)

or degrees Fahrenheit (°F) with the use of a submersible thermometer. Differences in water

temperatures are due to seasonal effects of sunlight penetration, water level changes, and degree of

particles and color in the water that absorb heat. Evaluation of water temperatures throughout the

operational years of the aeration system in Maple Lake aeration and control zones showed little

change in overall water temperature as a result of the operation of the aeration system relative to pre-

aeration water temperatures in the same sampling locations at the same sampling periods. This

means that the aeration system is not affecting the warm-water fishery present in Maple Lake by

causing any thermal stress. There were also no fish kills reported during the aeration evaluation

period.



2014

3.3 Conductivity

Conductivity is a measure of the amount of mineral ions present in the water, especially those of salts

and other dissolved inorganic substances. Conductivity generally increases as the amount of

dissolved minerals and salts in a lake increases, and also increases as water temperature increases.

Conductivity is measured in micro-Siemens per centimeter (µS cm-1) with the use of a conductivity

probe and meter. This parameter is likely to fluctuate greatly as the concentration of salts and solutes

varies from the riverine inputs and would be dependent on flow rates. The conductivity of Maple

Lake has traditionally been moderately high for an inland lake. Mean values for the control region

(north basin) in 2009 pre-aeration were 540±7.6 mS/cm and mean values for the aeration zone (south

basin) in 2009 pre-aeration were 613±31 mS/cm. Mean values for the control region (north basin) in

2014 post-aeration were 511±37 mS/cm and mean values for the aeration zone (south basin) in 2014

post-aeration were 535±56 mS/cm. The overall trend for both regions of the lake is that the

conductivity has declined slightly with time with use of the LFA system. The reason for this effect is

unclear but the result may be beneficial.

3.4 Total Dissolved Solids and Total Suspended Solids

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) is a measure of the amount of dissolved organic and inorganic particles

in the water column. Particles dissolved in the water column absorb heat from the sun and raise the

water temperature and increase conductivity. Total dissolved solids are often measured with the use

of a calibrated meter in mg L-1. This number can fluctuate numerous times daily due to scattering of

light on particles in the water and re-suspension of fine particles from the lake bottom during the time

of measurement. The TDS mean concentration in the control zone remained close the same in 2014 as

in 2009 at 276±23 mg/L and 260±22 mg/L, respectively. However, the mean TDS concentration in

the aeration zone in 2009 was higher at 307±16 mg/L compared to 264±30 mg/L in 2014 which

means that the aeration system may be influencing TDS by reducing it in the south basin.

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is a measure of the amount of suspended particles in the water column.

Particles suspended in the water column absorb heat from the sun and raise the water temperature.

Total suspended solids are often measured in mg L-1 and analyzed in the laboratory. The lake bottom

contains many fine sediment particles that are easily perturbed from winds and wave turbulence. All

of the TSS samples collected in Maple Lake in 2009 and 2014 were < 12.0 mg/L which is considered

low. These samples were taken during good weather and may have been much higher if collected

after a heavy rainfall event. The aeration system does not seem to be increasing TSS and may be

processing organic loads in the water column as they enter from the Paw Paw River as evidenced by

increases in water clarity.

3.5 Total Phosphorus, Total Nitrogen, and Sediment Nutrients

Total phosphorus (TP) is a measure of the amount of phosphorus (P) present in the water column.

Phosphorus is the primary nutrient necessary for abundant algae and aquatic plant growth. Lakes



2014

which contain greater than 20 µg L-1 of TP are defined as eutrophic or nutrient-enriched. TP

concentrations are usually higher at increased depths due to higher release rates of P from lake

sediments under low oxygen (anoxic) conditions. Phosphorus may also be released from sediments

as pH increases. Total phosphorus is measured in micrograms per liter (µg L-1) or in milligrams per

liter (mg L-1).

When phosphorus enters Maple Lake from the atmosphere, runoff, the Paw Paw River, or Briggs

Pond, it falls to the bottom and seeps into the sediment pore water where it is assimilated by the

aquatic plant roots, especially milfoil, pondweeds, and lily pads. This is why the sediment TP and

TKN (nitrogen) concentrations are much higher than the water column concentrations throughout the

entire lake. Nutrients adhere to sediment particles and solubilize in the pore water where they can be

directly assimilated by plant roots for metabolism and growth. Sediment TP is measured in

milligrams per kilogram (mg kg-1). A study by Krogerus and Ekholm (2003) measured the release

rates of P from sediment in shallow, open, agriculturally-impacted lakes and found that the mean

daily rate of gross sedimentation was 0.04-0.18 g m-2 day-1 of phosphorus.

The sediment TP concentrations of both the control region and the aeration zone have declined with

time presumably due to assimilation by rooted aquatic vegetation for growth over the years. It will be

interesting to see if these values continue to decline if rooted aquatic vegetation also declines over

time given that they would not be present to utilize the sediment phosphorus and nitrogen sources.

Sediment phosphorus was not determined to be statistically reduced in the aeration zone between

2009 and 2014 due to the large standard error; however, it is worth noting that this finding of decline

in sediment TP overlaps with observed reduced milfoil growth prior to treatment in 2014 which could

be attributed to aeration and is discussed in Section 4.0 below.

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) is the sum of nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2

-), ammonia (NH4+), and

organic nitrogen forms in freshwater systems. Much nitrogen (amino acids and proteins) also

comprises the bulk of living organisms in an aquatic ecosystem. Nitrogen originates from

atmospheric inputs (i.e. burning of fossil fuels), wastewater sources from developed areas (i.e. runoff

from fertilized lawns), agricultural lands, septic systems, and from waterfowl droppings. It also enters

lakes through groundwater or surface drainage, drainage from marshes and wetlands, or from

precipitation (Wetzel, 2001). In lakes with an abundance of nitrogen (N: P > 15), phosphorus may be

the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton and aquatic macrophyte growth. The mean TKN was

statistically slightly lower at 0.52±0.1 mg/L in the aeration zone in 2014 relative to baseline values in

the same sampling locations in 2009 with a mean of 0.55±0.1 mg/L.

3.6 pH

pH is the measure of acidity or basicity of water. The standard pH scale ranges from 0 (acidic) to 14

(alkaline), with neutral values around 7. Most Michigan lakes have pH values that range from 6.5 to

9.5. Acidic lakes (pH < 7) are rare in Michigan and are most sensitive to inputs of acidic substances

due to a low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). pH is measured with a pH electrode and pH-meter in

Standard Units (S.U). The pH of Maple Lake water has remained remarkably consistent throughout



2014

the evaluation of the LFA system compared to the baseline pH values measured during the 2009 lake

study with a mean range of 7.8-8.0 S.U. Thus, the LFA system does not appear to be influencing pH.

3.7 Organic Matter Content and Loss

Organic matter (OM) contains a high amount of carbon that is derived from biota such as decayed

plant and animal matter. Detritus is the term for all dead organic matter which is different than living

organic and inorganic matter. OM may be autochthonous or allochthonus in nature where it

originates from within the system or external to the system, respectively. Sediment OM is measured

with the ASTM D2974 method and is usually expressed in a percentage (%) of total bulk volume.

Maple Lake sediment samples were collected at the sampling locations with the use of an Ekman

hand dredge. Statistically speaking, the sediment OM has not changed much in the control or aeration

sampling areas relative to baseline values. This may be due to low organic matter readings that

already existed in both the original control and “aeration” zones that were sampled again in 2014 and

were still low. Other areas in Maple Lake such as the southernmost region of the South Basin contain

higher percentages of organic matter and have showed more reduction in OM over the past few years

of aeration. It is also important to realize that this variable may change rapidly with inputs from the

Paw Paw River since many deposits may be high in organics during periods of high rainfall that carry

Houghton Mucks from farm lands to the lake but at other times deposits may consist of silt and

mineral content.



2014

Location DO

(mg L-1)

pH

(S.U.)

Cond.

(µS Cm-1)

TDS

(mg L-1)

TSS

(mg L-1)

TKN

(mg L-1)

TP

(mg L-1)

Control

Aeration

9.1± 0.9

9.7± 1.0

8.0±0.5

7.8± 0.1

540.0±7.6

613±31.0

260± 22

307± 16.0

10.0± 0.0

11.6± 4.5

0.50±0.0

0.55±0.1

0.019±3.9

0.025±10.8

Table 1. Summary statistics for major water column water quality parameters collected at control and

aeration zone sites in 2009 (Pre-Aeration).

Location DO

(mg L-1)

pH

(S.U.)

Cond.

(µS Cm-1)

TDS

(mg L-1)

TSS

(mg L-1)

TKN

(mg L-1)

TP

(mg L-1)

Control

Aeration

10.0± 0.8

10.1± 0.7

7.8±0.2

7.9± 0.1

511±37

535±56*

276± 23

264± 30*

10.1± 0.3

10.4± 1.2*

0.50±0.0

0.52±0.1*

0.018±5.4

0.020±7.9

Table 2. Summary statistics for major water column water quality parameters collected at control and

aeration zone sites in 2014 (Post-Aeration). *denotes significant reductions



2014

Location % OM

TP

mg/kg

Control

Aeration

14.4± 11.3

20.7± 14.5

429±296

515± 315

Table 3. Summary statistics for major sediment parameters collected at control and aeration zone

sites in 2009 (Pre-Aeration).

Location % OM

TP

mg/kg

Control

Aeration

13.4± 7.0

19.0± 11.9

375±229

353± 217

Table 4. Summary statistics for major sediment parameters collected at control and aeration zone

sites in 2014 (Post-Aeration).

4.0 Maple Lake Hybrid Watermilfoil Distribution, Aquatic Vegetation Biovolume, and

Comparisons of Aquatic Vegetation in 2009 (Pre-lake management plan) and 2014 (Post-lake

management plan)

On May 27 of 2014, a Lowrance® 50-satellite GPS HDS 8 WAAS-enabled unit (accuracy within 2

feet) was used to scan the entire bottom of Maple Lake and record all of the aquatic vegetation

throughout Maple Lake and to generate a complete lake aquatic vegetation aquatic biovolume map

(Figure 4). The red and orange colors indicate dense growth, while the yellow is moderate growth and

green is light growth and blue color is no growth.

From this map and using Point-Intercept aquatic plant data collected by RLS scientists,

approximately 47 acres of hybrid Eurasian Watermilfoil was found primarily north of the aeration

system and of the south basin (Figure 5). This indicates that the aeration system has been quite

effective at reducing milfoil as has been noted on many other lakes. The aeration system has had a



2014

tough time treating the milfoil in Turtle Bay likely due to the sediment type that consists of a more

consolidated sediment type per the sediment scan conducted by RLS in 2014. Other nuisance aquatic

plants such as Coontail, Thin-leaf Pondweed, and Elodea were still abundant in the south basin and

have required rigorous contact herbicide treatments and mechanical harvesting removal.

In 2009, before the lake management plan was implemented, there were only 10 native aquatic plant

species noted with 30.7% of the lake surface area covered with Eurasian Watermilfoil and 22.6% of

the lake covered with Curly-leaf Pondweed (Table 5). By 2014, five years post-management, there

were 15 native aquatic plant species noted with 1.5% of the lake surface area covered with Eurasian

Watermilfoil and 1.0% of the lake covered with Curly-leaf Pondweed after treatment in September of

2014 (Table 6). The increase in native aquatic plant species is undoubtedly a result of the decline in

milfoil which smothers out light from favorable natives and limits their growth.



2014

Figure 4. Maple Lake aquatic plant biovolume map showing high biovolume locations (5/27/14).



2014

Figure 5. Map showing milfoil areas before treatment in 2014. Note the lack of milfoil in the

aeration zones (exception is Turtle Bay area).



2014

Table 5. 2009 aquatic vegetation AVAS data sheet for Maple Lake.



2014

Table 6. 2014 aquatic vegetation AVAS data sheet for Maple Lake.



2014

5.0 Paw Paw River and Briggs Pond Management Recommendations

The drains empting into the Paw Paw River have been monitored over the past few years for nutrients

and various water quality parameters. Data from these sampling locations (Figure 6) is shown below

for 2014 in Tables 7 and 8. In general, the water quality of these drains indicates that the water is

adequate in dissolved oxygen, especially since they are sampled in late fall. Additionally, the drains

are high in nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen and specific conductance and total dissolved

solids. The total suspended solids has traditionally been lower and indicates that most solids are

settling out and in the dissolved form. The S1 and S6 drain sites appear to have the highest nutrient

levels. Due to the fluctuating nature of these drains and dependence of rainfall for flowage, flow rates

are often difficult to obtain, but RLS will once again try to obtain a precise loading rate of these

drains in 2015 to calculate loading rates and use this data to incorporate into a loading model that

adds the nutrient loading from the Paw Paw River confluence and Briggs Pond contributions. RLS

will also utilize data obtained from the Village of Paw Paw Public Works Department which includes

phosphorus concentrations and monthly loading of phosphorus in pounds as a condition of the

NPDES limit for local industrial outputs to the Paw Paw River.

RLS recommends that a filtration buffer device be placed at the confluence of the Paw Paw River as

it enters La Cantina Basin. In addition, RLS recommends a sediment reduction and bioaugmentation

technology approach for Briggs Pond in 2015 in the absence of dredging funds and as a sustainable

approach for biological organic sediment reduction. RLS will measure baseline sediment and

nutrient loads within these two locations before and after solution implementation to precisely

measure solution efficacy.



2014

Figure 6. Maple Lake Drain sampling locations (November, 2014).



2014

Drain

Sampling

Location

Water

Temp

ºF

DO

mg L-1

pH

S.U

Cond.

µS cm-1

Total

Suspen.

Solids

mg L-1

Total

Diss.

Solids

mg L-1

Total

Phos.

mg L-1

Total

Nitr.

mg L-1

S1

48.9

8.5

8.6

725

22

275

0.040

0.4

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

49.3

47.1

49.0

48.6

49.2

49.7

8.1

7.6

8.0

8.1

7.9

8.2

8.3

8.5

8.7

7.9

8.1

8.4

719

733

716

744

627

537

16

42

22

37

42

11

311

332

319

371

299

178

< 0.010

0.020

0.022

0.025

0.030

< 0.010

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.4

Table 7. Maple Lake drain water quality data (November 3, 2014)

Drain

Sampling

Location

Water

Temp

ºF

DO

mg L-1

pH

S.U

Cond.

µS cm-1

Total

Suspen.

Solids

mg L-1

Total

Diss.

Solids

mg L-1

Total

Phos.

mg L-1

Total

Nitr.

mg L-1

S1

47.1

8.4

8.4

722

19

272

0.030

0.5

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

48.4

47.5

48.2

47.4

48.0

48.6

8.2

7.7

7.9

7.7

7.4

8.0

8.1

8.4

8.5

7.8

8.0

8.3

728

719

710

724

698

520

11

14

9

26

38

13

318

329

294

321

348

210

0.010

0.025

0.020

0.030

0.040

0.025

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.4

Table 8. Maple Lake drain water quality data (November 17, 2014).



2014

6.0 SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE CITED

Beutel, M.W. 2006. Inhibition of ammonia release from anoxic profundal sediments in lakes

using hypolimnetic oxygenation. Ecological Engineering 28(3): 271-279.

Camargo, J.A., A. Alonso, and A. Salmanca. 2005. Nitrate toxicity to aquatic animals: a review with

new data for freshwater invertebrates. Chemosphere 58: 1255-1267.

Krogerus, K., and P. Ekholm. 2003. Phosphorus in settling matter and bottom sediments in lakes

loaded by agriculture. Hydrobiologia 429: 15-28.

Nicholls, K.H. 1979. A simple tubular phytoplankton sampler for vertical profiling in lakes.

Freshwater Biology 9:85-89.

Prescott, G.W. 1970. Algae of the western great lakes areas. Pub. Cranbrook Institute of Science

Bulletin 33:1-496.

Verma, N. and S. Dixit. 2006. Effectiveness of aeration units in improving water quality of Lower

Lake, Bhopal, India. Asian Journal of Experimental Science 20(1): 87-95.

Wetzel, R. G. 2001. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. Third Edition. Academic Press, 1006

pgs.

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