evaluation source book for teachers standard i & ii...

B£-¬-Vo-L-Þd-Lô] JÚe-¡-ûQkR U§l-Àh-Ó Y[-èp

1, 2 Yœl-◊-Ls

T¥Ls

Evaluation Source Book for Teachers

Standard I & II

Integration - Tamil Medium

Uô -Xd Lp-®Vô-Wônf£ Ut-ßm T«t£ ¨ß-Y-]m (SCERT), úLW-[m

PADIKAL

Evaluation Source Book for TeachersStandard I & II

Integration - Tamil Medium

Prepared by State Council of Educational Research and Training

Chief Academic In ChargeMadhusoodhanan. CResearch Officer (Evaluation), SCERT

Academic In ChargeDr. Kala. NResearch Officer, SCERT

Dr. James. K. JSenior Lecturer, DIET, Ernakulam

Tamil Version

Academic Co-ordinator

Dr. Sahaya Dhas. DResearch Officer (Tamil), SCERT

©

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Vidyabhavan , Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012

Øu-àûW

Lt\p ØÝûU ùT\ úYi-Ó-Uô-«u A±-®-Vp éo-Y-Uô] U§lÀhÓ Øû\ Cu-±-ûU-Vô-

R-Rô-Ïm. §h-P-ª-Óm úTôúR U§l-ÀhÓ Øû\-L-û[-Ùm ¾o-Uô-²dL úYiÓm. Lt-\p ùNVp-Tô-Ó-

Ls, LÚ-®-Ls, U§lÀhÓ Øû\-Ls ØR---V-Ytû\ JÚe-¡-ûQd-Ïm úTôÕ-Rôu §h-P-ª-Ó-Rp

ØÝûU ùTßm. ARt-Lô] Ï±l×-Ls Cq-Y[ è-p Eh-T-Ój-Rl-Th-Ós-[-].

úLW[ TôP Ht-Tôh-Óf Nh-P-Lm-þ2007 Øu ûYd-Ïm Li-úQôh-Pj-§tÏ HtT Y¥-

YûUd-Ll-ThP TôP èp, B£¬-Vo ûLúVh-Ó B¡-V-Yt±u ©u-²ûQlTôL T¥-Ls Gu\ Cq

Y[èp Y¥-Y-ûUd-Ll-Th-Ós-[-Õ. YûW-V-ßd-Ll-ThP Ï±l-×-L-°u A¥l-T-ûP-«p, Øû\-VôL

SPd-Ïm ùNVp-TôÓL[ôL Lt-\-ûXÙm U§l-ÀhûP-Ùm LôQ CVXô-Õ. B£-¬-Vo-Ls AÔ-Ï-Ø-

û\-L-û[d LÚj§p ùLôiÓ N¬-Vô] Øû\-L-û[-Ùm Ej-§-L-û[-Ùm ©uTt\ úYiÓm. TôP Ht-

Tôh¥u úSôdLúU CRu A¥l-T-ûP-VôL AûUV úYi-Óm.

úRPp, £k-Rû] B¡VYt±u êXm SPd-Ïm Lt-\p ùNVpØû\-Ls VôÜm TVu Es-[-

ûY-VôL Uô\h-Óm G] Yôrj-Õ-¡-ú\u.

YôrjÕLÞ-Pu.

úTWô-£-¬-Vo Gm.H. LôRo

CVd-Ï-So

Tœß - 1

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m................................................................................................. 7˛24

œZk-˚R-Ÿm A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ÿm .......................................................................... 10

£k˚R˚Vl Tt-±f £k-ßj-Rp ........................................................................................................ 12

Lt-\p Ußl¿” ˛- ˙SÙd-Le-Ls ........................................................................................................ 17

Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls ...................................................................................................... v18

Tœß - 2

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m- UÙØ- p......................................................................... 25

˘UÙØ Lt-\p Gu\Ùp Gu]? ................................................................................................... 26

˘UÙØ Lt-\≠p A±Æu ·fl-Ls .......................................................................................... 27

A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\ Lh-Pe-Ls˛ ˘UÙØ-´p ..................................................... 29

˘UÙØ LpÆ´p Ußl¿” Gu-\Ùp Gu]? GRtœ? ............................................ 30

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m- „r-®- X- -Vp Lp-Æ- p ............................... 32˛46

A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ˚\-Ls˛ ®˚X-Ls ............................................................................ 35

„r-®-˚X-´-Vp Ußl¿” Hu? GRtœ? .................................................................................. 41

Ußl¿” Gk-˘RkR ®˚X-L∞p? ................................................................................................. 43

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m- L¶-Rjßp ................................................................47˛59

L¶-Rd Lt-\p Gu-\Ùp Gu]? Hu? ................................................................................ 48

L¶-R A±-‹˛ ·fl-Ls ........................................................................................................................ 48

L¶-Rd Lt-\p˛ Lt--©j-Rp UÙß-¨˛ ®˚X-Ls ................................................................. 55

©Wf-N-˚]-L-fid-LÙ] æo-‹m ˘NVp-ß-\u-L-fim ........................................................... 56

Tœß - 3

UÙØ- V Ußl©-”-Y’ Gq-YÙfl? ........................................................... 60˛76

Ußl-¿h” ÿ˚\-Ls ................................................................................................................................ 63

œ› Ußl-¿” ................................................................................................................................................... 64

NL Ußl-¿” ....................................................................................................................................................... 65

—V Ußl-¿” ..................................................................................................................................................... 66

B£-¨-Vo Ußl-¿” ...................................................................................................................................... 67

Ußl-¿h” Ej-ß-Ls˛ Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-Ls ................................................................................. 69

Es-[-Pd-Lm

G]Õ TûPl-×j ùRôÏl×

UXo.-Gm

„r-®- X´Vp Lt\˚X Ußl-©”-Y- RlT-•? ...... 77- 87

Ußl-¿h” ÿ˚\-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄Æ-Ls .......................................... 79

œ› Ußl-¿” ................................................................................................................................... 80

NL Ußl-¿” ........................................................................................................................................ 81

—V Ußl-¿” ....................................................................................................................................... 82

B£- ˚V Ußl-¿” .................................................................................................................. 83

Ußl-¿h” Ej-ß-Ls,L⁄-Æ-Ls ˛„r-®-˚X-´-Vp LpÆ .... 84

L¶R Ußl-¿-” Gq-YÙfl? ..................................................... 88- 99

Ußl-¿h” ÿ˚\-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄Æ-Ls .......................................... 90

œ› Ußl-¿” ................................................................................................................................... 90

NL Ußl-¿” ........................................................................................................................................ 92

—V Ußl-¿” ...................................................................................................................................... 93

B£- -Vo Ußl-¿” .................................................................................................................... 95

Ußl-¿h” Ej-ß-Ls˛ L⁄-Æ-Ls ............................................................................ 96

Tœß - 4

Lt-\-p Ußl-¿-”m- ©uÚh-Pm A∞j-R-¤m ..... 100- 112

©u-Úh-P-ÿm Lt-\-¤m ............................................................................................... 101

’p≠V-UÙL Ußl-¿” Nn-Y-Rtœ ................................................................ 108

£\kR ßh-P-™-Pp ........................................................................... 113- 122

˘UÙØd L⁄j-R-Xœ .................................................................................................................. 113

„r-®- X- -Vp L⁄j-R-Xœ .......................................................................................... 116

L¶-Rm L⁄j-R-Xœ ............................................................................................................... 118

T⁄Y Ußl-¿-h”f ˘NVpTÙ”-Ls ................................. 122- 133

Tœß - 5

L⁄j-’l T -UÙt-\m ˛N-Í-Lj-ßp ...................................... 134- 147

NÍ-Lm ≈” Ts∞ .......................................................................................................... 135

L⁄j-’l T¨UÙt\ UiP-Xe-Ls G˚Y? .............................................. 136

Lt-\-¤m Ußl¿”m ................................................................................................................. 138

˘Tt- \Ù-⁄-Pu L⁄j-’l T -UÙt-\m˛ UÙß¨ .................................. 138

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m˛ IVe-Ls ............................................................................... 141

Ts∞ A[-Æ-XÙ] NVp-ÿ- \j ßh-Pm ..................................... 145

LpÆ J⁄ NÍ-Lf NVpTÙPÙL UÙfl-Rp .................................. 147

1

7TÏ§ þ1

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m

Lt\Ûm U§lÀÓm

Ju-\Ùm Yœl-©p ÿRp SÙs:

''˙Ru- UÙØ! ø Y˚WŸm TPm Su-\ÙL Es-[˙R!''

''m.... BUÙ....''

''C˘Ru] BPÙ?''

''BUÙ, G]-’ Bh”dœh•...''

''Bh”dœh•dœ ÿu-]Ùp GRt-œ CqY[‹ ˘T¨V ˙Y≠?''

''An-˙VÙ, Bh”dœh• G]-’ È˚Yd L•j’Æ”m. AR]ÙpRÙu...''

''ARt-œl È Ge˙L C⁄dœ?''

''˙Y≠d-œ Ak-Rl -Td-Lm C⁄d-œ.''

18

Lt\Ûm U§lÀÓm

Ts-°d Lp-®-Ùm Lt-\-Ûm

U≤-R-≤u RPp Bo-Y˙U ◊ßV Li-”-©-•l-◊-L-fid-œd LÙW-Q-UÙ-°-\-’. RPp

GuT’ æo‹ LÙQ ˙Yi-•V ©Wf-N-˚]-L∞u A•lT˚P´p SPlTRÙœm. ˙RP-≠u

YÙ´-XÙLd Li-P-±kR˚Y-L˚[ BWÙ-Ÿm-˙TÙ-’ ◊ßV A±YÙdLjßt-œm, AYt±u

TVu-TÙ-” Lt-\-¤d-œm YØ-Yœd-°-\-’. Ik-’ YV-’Y˚W Ru- —t-flf-„-Zp R]dœ A∞jR

Tp-˙Y-fl A‡-T-Ye-L-fi-P-‡m A±-˙YÙ”m œZk˚R Ts∞dœ Y⁄°\’. Gp-XÙd

œZk˚RL∞u A±‹m J˙W A[Æp C-⁄dL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-Tßp-˚X. AR-]Ùp

œZk˚R˚Vf N¨-VÙLl ◊¨k’˘LÙi”, N¨VÙ] ˙SÙd-Lj-˙RÙ” Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-˚WŸm

A±-YÙdLm T\j Rœ-ß-Ÿ- P-V-Yo-L-[Ùd-œ-Y- R ÿ˚\-NÙo Lp-Æ- u ÿd-°V SÙdLm.

RÙu VÙo, Rm-UÙp Gu-˘]u] ˘NnV CV¤m Gu-T-˚Rd œZk˚R-Ls ˘R¨k-’

˘LÙs-Y-’ Lp-Æ-´u YÙ´XÙœm. Ts∞d -Lp-Æ-˚Vl Tt±f £k-ßd-œm-˙TÙ’ ∏rd-

œ±l-©-”m L⁄j’-Ls ™L ÿd-°-V-UÙ]˚YVÙœm.

œZk˚R˚Vl Tt±V Li˙QÙhPm

Lt-\-˚Xd œ±jR L⁄j’Ls

A±-‹, A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls Tt-±V L⁄j-’L-s

Yœl-©-¤m ≈h-•-¤m E⁄-YÙd-L ˙Yi•V Lt\p „Zp

œZk˚RL∞u Y[of-£ ®˚X-˚V- Ußl-©h-”f

˘NnV ˙Yi•V ER-Æ-Ls Tt±V L⁄j’Ls

G≤p, Lt\p ˘RÙPoTÙ] Gu˘]u] L⁄j’

L˚[ SÙm ¡i”m Bn‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m?

œZk˚R-L-˚[l Tt±V SU-’ Gi-Qe-L-s,

Sm©d-˚L-L-s

Lt-\-˚Xd œ±jR L⁄j-’-L-s, Gßo-TÙol-◊-Ls.

CVpTÙ] A±-Æ-≠-⁄k-’

A± -Æ -Vp ÈoYUÙ]

£kR˚]dœ...

R]-’ —t-fll-◊\j-˙RÙ-”m

˘Tt-˙\Ù-˙WÙ-”m ©\-˙-WÙ”m TZ°V

RÙp E⁄-YÙ] Sm-©d- L-Ls, ÿ•-‹Ls

CYt˙\Ù” RÙu ˙Ru˘UÙØ

Ts∞dœ Yk-RÙs. A˚Y A±-Æ-Vp

Èo -Y -UÙ -] -˚YVÙL C⁄dL

˙Yi”˘Uu-T-ßp- X. B]Ù-p Ts-∞-

-p SPdœm ÿ˚\-NÙo Lp-Æf NVp-

ÿ˚\L∞p Cq-Y-±‹ A•l-T-˚P-

VÙLf NVp-T”°-\’. AYt˚\ A±-

Æ- p ÈoYUÙ] ÿ•-‹-L-[ÙL UÙt-fl-

Y˙R Lt-\p.

1

9

TôPj-§h-P-Øm ÏZk-ûRÙm

A±-‹, A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls œ±jR L⁄j’L-s,

˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-s. Yœl-T-˚\-´-¤m ≈h-•-¤m œZk˚RL∞u J⁄e-°-˚QkR

Y[of-£d-LÙL E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi•V „r-®-˚X-Ls.

œZk˚R´u Y[of-£l-TÙ-˚R-, RWm B°VYt˚\ Ußl-©”Rp, ˘NnV

˙Yi•V ER-Æ-Ls.

˙R£-Vl- TÙP Ht-TÙh-”f Nh-P-Lm ·flY˚Rl TÙ⁄eLs.

Yœl-T˚\´p œZk˚R, B£-¨-Vo E\‹ ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]-RÙ-œm. LÙW-Qm Ts-∞-´≠-

⁄k-’ Tflm A±‹ VÙ⁄-˚P-V-˘Ru-T-’m AR˚] E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-’ VÙo Gu-T’m

ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]-˚YVÙœm. Cu-˚\V œZk˚RLs Íj-˙RÙo Li-P-˚PkR æo-‹-L-

∞p ß⁄l-ßV˚PV ˙Yi-•-V-Yo-Ls Ap-Xo, Re-Ls ®˚X-˚V-Ÿm ˙R˚Y-

L˚[Ÿm ÆUo-N-]d Li-˙QÙh-Pj-ßp Etfl-˙SÙd-œ-T-Yo-Ls. Re-Ls A‡-T-Ye-

L-fim Li- QÙh-Pe-L-fim ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]˚Y Gu-T- Rl ◊¨k-’ LÙs[˙Yi”m.

—Rk-ß-W-UÙ-Lf £k-ßd-L-‹m, Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\-‹m ˙Yi•V U] EflßŸs-[-Yo-

L-[ÙL UÙfl-Y-Rt-œj R˚Y-VÙ] U]jßPm Y[-W AYo-L˚[ Fd-œ-ÆdL Yi-

”m. Re-Ls LpÆ-, Gßo-LÙX YÙnl-◊Ls ˘RÙPo-TÙ] LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp-L-∞p

Teœ ˘T\˙Yi-”m. œZk˚R-Ls Ts-∞-´-p Gu] Lt-°-\Ùo-Ls, AYo-Ls Ts-

∞d-œ GRt-œ Y⁄-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T-’m Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\L˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-

ßp ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]-˚YVÙ-œm.

˛ R£Vl TÙP Ht-TÙh-”f NhPLm˛ 2005

TÙPj-ßh-P-ÿm œZk˚R-L-fim

Jq- YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-‡- P-V- A‡-T-Ye-Lfim Yq- Y-\Ù-]- Y. AYoLs TZœm

CPe-L-fim Yfl-Th-P- Y. AR-]Ùp AYo-Ls EX-Lj- Rl TÙod-°u\ ÿ˚\Ÿm Yfl-

Th-P-˚YVÙ-L˙Y C⁄d-œm. Cf£\l©Vp◊-L˚[ U]-ßp˘LÙi˙P ÆUo-N-]l-Èo-Y Ut-

flm NÍL A±-YÙd-L A‘œÿ˚\´p A˚UkR TÙPj-ßh-Pj˚R E⁄-YÙdL ÿ•-

Ÿm.

˘T¨-’, ˘T¨-’...

""Íu-fl''

œZk˚R Gi˚Q G›ß]Ùs 3,

"A˚R-ÆP J⁄ ˘T¨V Gi' ˛ 3

"ApX. 3˚V ÆPl ˘T¨-V-’' 3CkRd œZk˚R 3 V Gq-YÙ-fl

LÙi-°u-\Ùs?

˘T¨V-’ Gu\ L⁄j-˚R Gq-YÙfl

◊¨k’ LÙi-”s-[Ùs?

110

ÏZk-ûR-Ùm A±-Yôd-Lf ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ùm

TÙPj-ßh-Pj˚R E⁄-YÙd-œm-˙TÙ-’ œZk˚R-L-˚[l Tt± U]ßp ˘LÙs[

˙Yi-•V £X L⁄j-’Ls:

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚Rú Bfi-˚U-Ÿm ˘Yq˙Y\Ù]˚Y.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚Rú Lt-\p ÿ˚\-Ÿm ˘Yq˙Y\Ù]˚Y.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚Rú £k-R-˚] ÿ˚\Ÿm ˙Yfl-T-Ph-P˚Y.

A±˚Y ˘Y∞-lT”j’m, TVu-T-”j-’m ÿ˚\-Lfim ˘Yq˙Y\Ù]˚Y.

œZk˚RL-∞u Æ⁄l-Te-Ls, D”-TÙ-”-Ls, Ái-”-Rp-Ls TÙu-\˚Y Yfl-Th-P˚Y

VÙ-œm.

-˙Yfl-ThPd œ”m-Tf „Zp-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ ˘Yq-˙Y-fl YÙrd˚L A‡-T-Ye-L-fiPu

Y⁄-Y-RÙp Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rú Li-˙QÙh-Pÿm, Sm-©d-˚L-Lfim,

L⁄j’Lfim ˙YflTh-P-˚YVÙL˙Y C⁄d-œm.

CYt˚\ ÿ›˚UVÙLd L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh˚P E⁄-YÙd-

L-‹m S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-R-‹m CV-¤UÙ? œZk˚R-L-fid-°-˚P-˙VVÙ] C˚P-˘Y-∞˚V

A±k-’m, ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi”m, Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚R˚VŸm ˘Yq˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p

A‘L˙Yi”m Gu\ Ei˚U˚Vl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi”RÙu CRtLÙ] ÿVt£˚Vj

˘RÙPeL ˙Yi”m.

œZk˚RŸm A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ÿm

CWiPÙm Yœl©p Tœß˛2 ¤s[ "≈” SpX ≈”' Gu\ AX°p, L⁄jRXœ˛1 p

L˚XYÙQu LiP L]‹ Gu]YÙL C⁄dœm? Gufl ·t±u Cflß´p B£-¨-Vo

˙Lh°\Ùo. L˚R E⁄YÙdL B£¨Vo ˘LÙ”jR YÙnl©’. œZk˚RLs ·±V L˚R

YhPÙWl TÙPUÙ°\’. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ œZk˚RLs RÙeLs ·±V’˙TÙp

SPkRRÙ Gufl A±V TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£d°\ÙoLs. A˚R SÙPLUÙdL ÿ•ŸUÙ

Gu\ NYÙ˚X B£-¨-Vo ÿu˚Yd°\Ùo. SÙP-L-UÙdLd œZk˚RL˚[ SÙuœ

œ›dL[Ùdœ°\Ùo. œZk˚RLs LXk’˚WVÙ”°\ÙoLs. SÙPLm RVÙ¨d°\ÙoLs;

S•d°\ÙoLs. Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Æu SÙPLj˚RŸm Ut\ œ›dLs Ußl©P Yi”˘U]

B£¨Vo ÿu-]˙W ·±´⁄kRÙo. ARuT• AYoLs Ußl©hPÙoLs. œ±l-◊-L-∞-

≠⁄k-’ L˚R E⁄-YÙdL Gj-R-˚]˙VÙ YØ-Ls Es[]. B]Ùp Ce-œ B£-¨-Vo

1

11

ÏZk-ûR-Ùm A±-Yôd-Lf ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ùm

SÙP-Lj-˚Rl TVu-T-”j-ß- Es[Ùo. SÙP-Lj-ßu ˚UVd L⁄j’ Uh-”-Uu± SÙPL

ÆUo-N-]j-ßu YÙ´-XÙLj -RÙe-Ls Li-P-±kR Gi-Qe-L-˚[ ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-œm Ck-

SÙ-P-Lm YÙnl-T-∞j-R-’. ˙U¤m RÙe-Ls S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-ßV ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\L˚[f

—V-UÙL Ußl-©P‹m Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] YÙnl◊m °˚Pj-R’. A±k-’˘LÙsfiRp,

A±˚Y Um-T-”j-’Rp TÙu\ E[f- N-Vp-TÙ-”-Ls Ce-œ S˚P- Tt\˚Rd LÙQXÙm.

CR]•lT˚P´p œZk˚R-Ls Gq-YÙ-fl A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T˚Rl T¨-

˙NÙ-ßd-L-XÙm.

A‡-T-Ye-L˚[j R≤d- L-Y-]j-’-Pu AX£ BWÙn°-\Ùo-Ls.

L•-]-UÙ] A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ A˚P-VÙ-[m LÙi-°\Ùo-Ls.

œ›-YÙ-Ld LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•d L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn’ A±‹⁄YÙdœY-’Pu

©\-˙WÙ” LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-• ˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-°-\ÙoLs.

ÿ›-˚U-VÙL A±-VÙ-R-Yt˚\ A±-V-‹m ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fid-œj æo‹ LÙQ-‹m

˘LÙs-˚L-Ls Yœj-’ A±‹⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

Ru-˚]l Tt±Ÿm R]-’ —t-fll-◊-\m Utflm NÍ-Lm Tt±Ÿm ÆUo-N-]-l ÈoY-UÙ]

®˚XTÙ”-Ls G”j’m Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt±Ÿm A±‹⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

NÍL A±-‹-˚W -L -˚[j R]-’ A•l-T -˚Pf £k-R -˚]-Ls YÙ´-XÙ -Ll

T˚PlTÙt\˙XÙ” ˘Y∞-´-”-YRu YÙ´XÙL A±‹⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

YÙrd˚L ÿ›-Y-’m C˚PÆPÙ’ S˚P- T-flm NVp-TÙ˙P C’.

B]Ùp A±-YÙd-Ll-T-”-°-\-’ Gu-fl SÙm EQWÙU˙X C’ SPd°\’.

YÙrd- L- p Sm R˚Y-L-fid-LÙL A±‹ E⁄-YÙd-°˙]Ùm; A˚R

˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn°˙\Ùm. AjR˚LV ˙R˚Y-L- [ E⁄YÙdœm Lt-\p

©Wf£˚]L∞p D”-Th-”jRÙ˙] Yœl-T- \- -¤m A±-YÙd-Lm S˚P˘T\

˙Yi”m.? ©Wf£˚]L˚[ Gßo˘LÙi”, AYt±tLÙ] æo‹LÙ‘m

YØL˚[j ßhP™h”, BRÙWeL˚[j ßWh•, ÿ•‹Ls Li”©•j’m

CYt˚\j ˘RÙPok’ Ußl©h”m ˘Np¤m ˘NVpÿ˚\˙V CRtLÙ]

YØVÙœm.

úRûY-Ù-Qo-Üm Lt-\p

©Wf-£û]-Ùm

áh-P -Üm Ïû\d-L -Üm ùR¬k-Õ

ùLôiP-Õ Gl-úTô-ùR] ¨û]-®-Úd-

¡\Rô? AûR ¿eLs Gq-Yôß Lt-ßd-

ùLôi¼oLs? A§p GÕ Au-ß

EeLÞd-Ïf ÑûY-VôL CÚk-R-Õ? Hu?

112

£k-Rû] Tt±f £k§j-Rp

B]Ùp C˚Rd œZk˚R R≤-VÙ-Lf ˘NnV CV-¤UÙ? œZk˚Rdœ Suœ

A±ÿLUÙ] AYu YÙ›m NÍ-Lj-ß≠⁄k˙R CjR˚LV ©Wf£˚]Ls G›°u\].

R]’ L⁄j-’-L-fid-œm E[f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-fid-œm A∞dœm A˙R ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym

©\W’ ©Wf£-˚]Lfidœj æo-‹- LÙQ‹m A∞dL ˙Yi-”m. CjR˚LV Te-L-∞l◊

YÙ -XÙ-L-‹m .˙Um-T-”j-’--Rp YÙ -XÙ-L-‹m œZk˚R œ›YÙLf Nok’ A±YÙdœ°\’.

A±- Yl Tt± A±-Rp/ £k-R˚]˚Vl Tt-±f £k-ßj-Rp

T˚Pl-◊j ß\-‡-P-‡m ÆUo-N-]l TÙo-˚Y-Ÿ-P-‡m £k-ßdLf NnY-’ Lt-\≠u

ÿd-°V SÙd-L-UÙL UÙ±-Ÿs-[-’. CR-]-•l-T- P- p Lt-\p˛Lt-©j-Rp NVp-ÿ˚\˚V

S≈-]l-T-”j-’m YØ-ÿ˚\ Tt-±V ˙RP˙X £k˚R-Ls Tt-±V £k-R˚]. ARÙY-’

A±˚Yl Tt± A±Rp (Metacognition). C’ TÙPj-ßh-Pj-ßu AeLUÙ°Ÿs[’.

S≈] ÿ˚\´p £kßjRp Gu-T-Ru ˘TÙ⁄s Gu]?

SÙuLÙm Yœl◊ UÙQÆ ˙Ru˘UÙØ ·flm ERÙWQj˚Rl TÙ⁄eLs:

Yœl©p SPlT˘Ru]? J⁄ B£¨V⁄dœ HtThP A‡TYm C’:

N’Wm ˘RÙPoTÙ] HWÙ[UÙ] L¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘Nn’s[ÙoLs;

ARu —t\[‹ LÙ‘m YØŸm AYoLfidœj ˘R¨Ÿm. AR]Ùp CdL¶Rl

©Wf£˚]˚V BoYj’Pu ˘NnYÙoLs Gufl Gi¶˙]u. B]Ùp œZk˚RLs

C˚Rf ˘NnVj RVe° ®u\ÙoLs. Lt\ L⁄j’L˚[l ◊ßV˘RÙ⁄ „Z≠p

TVuT”j’m LhPjßp Yœl©p NÙRÙWQUÙL SPdœm ®Lr˙Y C’. ˘UÙØ Utflm

—tflf„Zp Yœl◊L∞¤m CqYÙfl SPd°\’.

L⁄jRÙdLm SPd°\’. B]Ùp AkR A±‹m £k˚RLfim ◊ßV˘RÙ⁄

„Z≠p TVuTPÙUp ˙TÙY˙Ru? ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[Yt±p Gk˘RkR

LÙWQeLs ˘TÙ⁄k’m Gufl BWÙŸeLs.

©Wf£- ]˚V YÙ£j-’l ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-[-, G˚Rd Li-”-©-•dL Yi-”m Gu-T˚Rj

˘R¨k-’˘LÙs-[d- œZk˚RLfidœ CV-X-Æp-˚X.

©Wf£-˚]-´p R]d-œj ˘R¨kR’ G’? ˘R¨-VÙ-R-’ G’? Gu-fl Tœj-R-±V ÿ•-V-

Æp- X.

R™ -Z - W£ SÙu -LÙm

Yœl©p....

B” ßu-]Ù-U-≠-⁄dLj

R™-Z-W£ R]-’ LÙn-L±

˙RÙh-Pj- Rf —t±f

N’W Y•-Æ-XÙ] Y≠

Lh-•-]Ùs. N’-Wj-ßu

Jq- YÙ-⁄ Td-Lj-ßt-œm

10 ¡h-Po ø[m Ei-”.

˙Y≠-´u Ái-Ls

2 ¡h-Po C˚P- Y-∞- p

SÙh-Pl-Th-•-⁄k-R-].

Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp Y≠ LhP

R™-Z-W£ Gj-R˚] Ái

L˚[l TVu-T-”j-ß- -⁄l-TÙs?

1

13 ©Wf-£˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙQ Gj-R- LV Ej-ß- Vl TVu-T-”jR Yi-”m GuT˚Rj

ßh-P-™P ÿ•-VÆp-˚X.

ßh-P-™hP Ej-ß-˚Vl TVu-T-”jßl ©Wf£-˚]d-œ-¨V æo˚Yl Tß‹˘NnV

ÿ•VÆp- X.

©Wf£˚]j æo-‹d-LÙLj RÙu ˙Ro-k˘R-”jR Ej-ß˚V Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ ARu

®˚\œ˚\L˚[d Li-P-±-Y-’ Gl-T-• Gu-T-’ ˘R¨-V-Æp-˚X.

CYt-fls øe-Ls Li-P-±kR LÙW-Qe-Ls G˚Y? C˚Y Jq

˘YÙu˚\Ÿm Ju-\u -©u Jufl G] Y¨˚NVÙL Ap-XÙ-Up, C˚Y

YØ-˙V ÿu-‡m ©u-‡m £k-ßl-T-Rt-LÙ] Bt-\˚Xj-RÙu œZk˚R-

Ls ˘T\ ˙Yi-”m. £kßdœm ß\u U≤R‡dœ CVt˚LVÙL

A˚Uk’s[’. J⁄ œ±l©hP „Z≠p °˚PjR RLYpL∞u,

Jt-fl˚U ˙Yt-fl-˚U-Ls Li-P-±V

AYt±t°˚P˙VVÙ] ˘RÙPo-◊-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL

L⁄j-’-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd° ®˚]-Æp ®fljR

Lt-T-˚]-jß\‡Pu B˙XÙ-£dL

LÙWQ LÙ¨-Vj ˘RÙPo-˚Td Li-P±V

ÿVt-£l-T-Ru YÙ´-XÙL Cf-£k-R-˚]j ß\u-Ls ˘Y∞l-T-”-Y-’-Pu

A±-YÙd-Lÿm Um-T-”j-R-¤m SPdL H’YÙ-°-\-’. Cf-£k-R- ]f NVp-

ÿ˚\-L-˚[ J›eœT-”j-R-‹m ELkR UÙt-\e-Ls ˘Nn-’ „ZpL-fid-

˙LtT TVu-T-”j-R-‹m ÿVt-£j-RÙp A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NV-TÙ-”-L-∞p Ht-

T”m R˚P-L-˚[-Ÿm Gp-˚X-L-˚[-Ÿm LPk-’ ˘NpXd œZk˚RL-[Ùp

CV-¤m. A±-˚Yl Tt± A±Rp, Tp-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-L∞p RÙu E⁄-YÙd-

°V A±‹ R]d˙L E¨V R≤l-ThP Rj-’-Ye-L[ÙL, £j-RÙk-Re-L[ÙL

UÙfl-°u-\].

G”j’dLÙhPÙL, U˚Z˚V A[dL Ju\Ùm Yœl◊ ˙Ru ˘UÙØ

Li”©•jR ÿ˚\´’. (˘Th•f ˘Nnß)

T¨˙NÙR˚]dœl ©u B£¨Vo LhP £X Æ]ÙdLs AYs

LPk’YkR ˘NVpÿ˚\˚V UflT¨∫X˚] ˘NnVj Ái•].


114


T¨˙NÙR˚]´p Gu˘]u] UÙt\eLs ˘NnV ˙Yi”m Gufl £kßjRÙs. Ru

A±˚Y ˙UmT”jRd Li”©•jR ◊ßV A±˚Y AYs GlT•f ˘NVpT”jß]Ùs

GuT˚Rl TÙ⁄eLs. (TdLm : 14)

Aq-YÙ-\Ù-ú Lt-\p, Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVpÿ˚\-L-∞p SÙm ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym

˘LÙ”dL Yi-•-V-’, R]-’ A±-˚Yl Tt-±V œZk˚R-L-∞u Gi-Qe-L-fid-œ UXÙL

"SÙu Gq-YÙ-fl A±-˚Yl ˘Tt-fld ˘LÙi-˙Pu' Gu-T-RÙ-œm. Aj-R-˚LV Gi-Qe-

L˚[d œZk˚RL∞Pm E⁄YÙdL ER-‹m Lt-\p Ej-ß-Ls G˚Y?

NL Ußl-¿-”, —V Ußl-¿-” B°V Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-L-˙[Ù-” —V ˘Y∞-¬h•t-

LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p EhT”j’Y’ Lt\p

EjßLfis Ju\Ùœm.

FLm

FLj˚Rf NÙu-fl-Ls ÍXm T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-Rp.

ÿu-‡m ©u-‡m ˘Nu\ YØ-L˚[j ˘RÙPok-’ LY≤j-Rp.

©Wf-£-˚]j æoÆtLÙLj ˙Rok-˘R-”jR Ej-ß-Ls GkR A[Ætœl TVu-ThP]

Gufl Ußl-©-”-Rp.

˙Yi”˘Uu˙\ ˙Yfl-ThP ÿ˚\-L-∞p £k-ßd-L-‹m, Al◊ßV £k-R-˚]-L˚[l

©Wf-£˚] „Zp-L-∞p TVu-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-Rp.

Cj-R-˚LV ß\u-L˚[d œZk˚R-L-∞u £k-R-˚]f ˘NVpÿ˚\ú J⁄ Tœ-

ß-VÙL UÙt-fl-m Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L˚[d Li-”©•dL ˙Yi-•V LP˚U SUdœ Ei”.

Lt-\p ˛ SU-’ Gi-QeL-fim ˘NVp-L-fim

œZk˚R Gl-T-• Lt-°-\Ùu Gu-T-˚Rl Tt-±V Sm L⁄j’L˚[ UflT¨∫X˚]

˘NnR˙Ru? CmÿVt£Ÿm ÿu˙]tTÙ”m ˙UmT”jßV L⁄j’LfimRÙu Lt\p ˛

Lt©jRp ˘NVpÿ˚\ú˙TÙ’ œZk˚RL˚[ GqYÙfl Ußl©P ˙Yi”m

GuT˚Rj æoUÙ≤d°u\]. C˚Rl Tt± BWÙŸmÿu Lt\˚Xl Tt± SÙm

BWÙnkR±kR L⁄j’L˚[ CqYÙfl Y¨˚NlT”jRXÙm.

YÙnl◊ °˚Pd-œ-UÙ-ú GkR J⁄ œZk˚Rdœm -R]d˙L E¨V ÿ˚\-´-¤m,

˙YLjß¤m LtL CV-¤m.

1

15 œZk˚RLs, Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls YÙ´-XÙ-L-‹m Ut\YoL˙[Ù” TZœYRu YÙ´

XÙ-L-‹m CVp-TÙ] ÿ˚\-´p Lt-°-\Ùo-Ls. ˘Nn’ Lt\p ÍX-m (doing)œZk˚RVÙp Su-\Ù-Ld LtL CV-¤-°u-\-’.

Lt-\p J⁄ ˘RÙPo ˘NVpÿ˚\VÙ-œm. œZk˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p Ts∞´p Uh”m

S˚P-˘T-fl-YRpX. G]˙Y Yœl-T-˚\d Lt-\˚X ≈h” ®Lr‹L˙[Ù” ˘RÙPo-◊-

T-”jR ˙Yi-”m. œZk˚R-Ls B£-¨-Vo Lt-©l-T-Yt˚\ Uh-”-m LtTßp˚X.

AYoLs —V-UÙL‹m A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls. œZk˚R Ru ÿu-]-‡-T-

Ye-L-˚[Ÿm Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi-”RÙu ◊ßV A±YÙdLm

˘Nn°\’. CqYÙflRÙu œZk˚RLs ReLs L⁄j-’-L-˚[Ÿm ÿ•-‹-L˚[Ÿm

E⁄YÙdœ-°u-\-]o. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚RŸm R]d˙L E¨V R≤j-’-Y-UÙ] J⁄

A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-´pRÙu A±‹⁄YÙdLm ˘Nn°u\’. Cf-˘N-Vpÿ˚\ ®Wk-R-W

UÙ]RÙ-œm.

˘RÙPdLdLpÆ T´¤m œZk˚RLs ÷i-˚U-VÙ] A‡-T-Ye-Ls,

Æ˚[VÙh”Ls B°VYt˚\l Tp-˙Yfl YØ-L∞p ÿVt-£j’m Tp˙Yfl ˘NVp-

TÙ-”-L∞p D”-T-h”mRÙu Lt-°\Ùo-Ls.

œZk˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p CVp-TÙ-L˙Y —Zt£ ÿ˚\-´-p (Spiral) SPd°\’;˙So- LÙh” ÿ˚\- -p (linear) SPlTßp˚X. G]˙Y Lt\ L⁄j-’-L- [f —Zt£

ÿ˚\- p Lt-T-RÙp, Lt-\-Yt˚\ Su-\Ù-Ll ◊¨k-’ LÙs[ œZk˚R-L-fid-œ CV¤m.

œZk˚R-Ls, Bn‹ ˘NnR, ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-P, A‡-T-YlThP ˘NVp-L-fid°˚P

˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo-◊L˚[d Li”©•jRp Lt-\p ˘NVpÿ˚\´u Tœ-ß-VÙ-œm.

AR-]Ùp ◊ßV Lt-\¤dœj ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV RLYpL˚[˙VÙ L⁄j’L˚[˙VÙ

Uh-”m L⁄j-ßp ˘LÙi-PÙp ˙TÙRÙ’. Ts∞, ≈” Utflm ©\ CPeL∞≠⁄k’m

ÿu]˙W ˘Tt\ RLYpL˚[Ÿm ˘RÙPo◊T”jRXÙm.

Lt-\p S˚P-˘T -fl -Y -’ J⁄e-° -˚QkR, ÿ›˚UVÙ] ÿ˚\-´-XÙ -œm.

AYt˚\j ’i”-L-[Ù-L˙YÙ, Æ`-Ve-L-[Ù-L˙YÙ ©¨dL ÿ•VÙ’. AR-]Ùp

Lt-\˚X J⁄e-°-˚QkR ÿ˚\-´pRÙu A‘L ˙Yi-”m. Ut\YoL˙[Ù”

TZœYRu YÙ´XÙLj ˘RÙPdL ®˚X´¤s[ œZk˚RL∞u Lt\p ˙UmThP

ÿ˚\´p SPd°\’ GuT’ Li·”.


116 Lp-Æ-˚Vl Tt-±-Ÿm œZk˚RL∞u CVp-◊L˚[l Tt-±-Ÿm SÙm ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-P

- L⁄j’L∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Uh-”˙U Ußl-¿h-”f-˘N-Vp-ÿ˚\L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL

˙Yi-”m. Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m ™L CVp-TÙ-L‹m ˘RÙPof-£-VÙL‹m E´˙WÙhP

ÿs[RÙL‹m UÙflm- „Zp E⁄-YÙL ˙Yi-”m. CjR˚LV ©u-]-¶-´p

SPdœm Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p Gu˘]u] £\l-Tm-Ne-Ls C⁄d-œm?

œZk˚R ˚UV-UÙL C⁄d-œm, œZk˚RL-fid-°-˚P-˙VŸs[ ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-L˚[ Eh-

˘LÙi-P-RÙL A˚U-Ÿm.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚R˚V-Ÿm ˚UV-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-P-RÙL A˚U-Ÿm. -Y-œl-©-¤s[

GpXÙ œZk˚R-L-fid-œm E¨V J˙W ˘NVp-TÙ-PÙL A˚U-VÙ-’.

˘S°›m A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-´p A˚UkR-RÙL C⁄d-œm.

˘RÙPof£Ÿm ÿ›˚UŸm Es[RÙL A˚UŸm. CYt-±uA•lT-˚P-´p Lt\p

˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˛ Ußl-¿h-” UÙß-¨˚V E⁄-YÙd-œm ˙TÙ’ Ußl-¿h-˚Pl Tt± SÙm

G›lT ˙Yi-•V Æ]Ùd-Ls G˚Y?

Ußl-¿-” Tt-±V Li-˙QÙh-Pm Gu]?

œZk˚RL˚[ Ußl-©-”-Y-’ Hu?

G˚R Ußl©P ˙Yi”m?

Gl˙TÙ’ Ußl©P ˙Yi”m? ARtLÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\ Gu]?

GlT• Ußl©P ˙Yi-”m?

SmYœlT˚\L∞p SPdœm £X Ußl¿h”f NVpTÙ”Ls ∏˙Z LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

CYtfls Gk˘RkRf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ øeLs ˘Nn≈oLs?

Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL∞u Lt\p ˘RÙPoTÙLd œZk˚RL∞Pm HtThP UÙt\eLs,

Y[of£L˚[ Etfld LY≤l˙Tu.

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Lt-\-p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ˚\L˚[j R≤d-L-Y-]j-’-Pu ßh-P-™h- Pu

Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚R´u R≤jRu˚UL˚[Ÿm ˙R˚YL˚[Ÿm

Li”©•dL ÿVu˙\u.

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Lt\p˛Lt©jRp ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j R≤dLY]j’Pu ßhP

™h˙Pu.

Ru]Ùp Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ÿ•Ÿm/ÿ•VÙ’, G˘R’ ©•dœm/©•dLÙ’ Gufl

G]-’ Yœl-©p SÙu ˘NnR

˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls


1

17œZk˚R A±k’˘LÙs[ YÙnlT∞j˙Ru. AYt˚\j ß\kR U]˙RÙ”

Htfld˘LÙi˙Pu.

Ru]Ùp TXYt˚\Ÿm LtL ÿ•Ÿm Gu\ Ru]m©d˚L˚Vd œZk˚RL∞Pm

HtT”jß˙]u. LtL FdœÆj˙Ru.

TÙPjßhP ˙SÙdLeL˚[ GkR A[Ætœ A˚PV ÿ•kR’ Gufl Ußl©h

˙Pu.

œZk˚RL∞u Y[of£˚Vd LÙh”m NÙuflL˚[j ßWh•˙]u. AYt˚\l

˘Tt˙\Ù⁄m Utfls˙[Ù⁄m A±V BY] ˘Nn˙Ru.

ReLs Lt\˚Xf —V Ußl¿” ˘NnV FdœÆj˙Ru.

A˚]j’d œZk˚RL∞u Lt\p, Y[of£dœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ERÆLs

˘Nn˙Ru.

Yœl-T˚\ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\L˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-R NÙRÙWQUÙLf ˘Nn-Ÿm ˘NVp-

TÙ-”-Ls-RÙu C˚Y.- C˚Y Jq-˘YÙu-flm œZk˚R-L-∞u Lt-\˚X Ußl-©h”, ARu-

ÍXm °˚PjRj RL-Yp-L- [l TVu-T-”jßd Lt-\p˛Lt-©j-Rp NVp-ÿ˚\-L˚[ Um-

T-”j-R- ˙Yi”m Gu-T-˙R CYt±u ÿd-°V ˙SÙd-Le-L-[Ùœm.

Lt\p U§l-À-Ó þ úSôd-Le-Ls

˙Ro-‹d-œl ©u Ts-∞d-·-Pm ß\kR SÙs. CWiPÙm Yœl-TÙ£¨˚V ß⁄Uß. ®o-UXÙ

AYoLs K-Qj- Ro-‹ (Ju-\Ùm T⁄-Yj- Ro-‹) Æ˚Pj-RÙs-L˚[ Æ≤˙VÙ°jRÙo. Jq˘YÙ-

⁄-Y- WŸm- A˚Zj-’ Æ˚Pj-RÙs-L˚[ A∞j-R-’-Pu AYo-L-fid-œd °˚PjR RW ®oQVd

œ±¬h˚PŸm ·±]Ùo. '' Av-Yß "H'°-˙W-”, ˚`X_Ù "©' °˙W” B…v "•' °˙W”.....

''B£- ˚V B…˚^l TÙoj-’, "Cq-Y-⁄-P-ÿm CWiPÙm Yœl-©˙X˙V C⁄d-L-XÙm Gufl

®˚]d-°-\ÙVÙ?' Gufl ˙LhPÙo. Ad˙LsÆ Yœl-˙T -£-¨dLd LÙW-Q-UÙ-´t-fl. B…v

R]d-œd °˚PjR Æ˚Pj-RÙ-˚[l TÙolT’˙TÙp R˚Xœ≤k’ ®u\Ùu. Yœl-©-˙X˙V

˘T-¨V-Y-]Ù] B…-£t-œj Ru-˚]l Tt± Yfll-◊j RÙu-±V ®™-Pm A’. Ru-˚]f

„rk-’ G›kR £¨l-T˚XLfid°˚P-´¤m C≤ RÙu Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”-˘Uufl

B…£t-œl ◊¨VÆp˚X.


118

˘NÙp-¤m ˘TÙ⁄-fim

Lt-\p, Ußl-¿-”

˘RÙPo-TÙLj ßº-˘W]

Ee-Ls ®˚]-Æt-œ-YkR

˘NÙt-Ls C˚Y-Vp-XYÙ?

˘RÙPo Ußl-¿-”

RW-®o-Q-Vm

—V Ußl-¿-”

˙Ro‹

CYt -±u ˙SÙd -Le -Ls

Gu˘]u]?

C’-RÙu Ußl-¿h-•u ˙SÙd-LUÙ? RWm-©-¨j’, ©u-TdL ˘Tg-—L∞p Eh-LÙW

˚Yj’, GRt-œm ER-YÙ-R-Yu G] ÿj-ß-˚W-´h-”f NÍ-Lj-ß-Pm Jl-T-˚PlTRpX Lp-

Æ-´u ˙SÙd-L-m Gu-T˚R SÙm ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-˙PÙm. (ARt-œ øiP LÙX-UÙ-´tfl

Gu\Ù-¤m).

Æ[d-°d- ·-±u, Lt-\˚X Ußl-©P Íu-fl ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ˙SÙd-Le-L-s Es[].

1. œZk˚RL-∞u Lt-\-¤d-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ERÆ ˘Nn-Rp.

2. œZk˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p RWj˚R A[Æh” Yœl-◊-Vo‹ A∞j-Rp, NÙu-±-Rr

YZe-œ-Rp.

3. Lp-Æ-´u Y[of-£-˚Vf NÍ-Lj-ßt-œj ˘R¨-Æj-’ Ae-∏-LÙ-Wm ˘Tfl-Rp.

Ck-˙SÙd-Le-Ls VÙ‹m AYt-±u ˘TÙ⁄s, TVu Utflm Ti©¤m ˙Yfl-Th-

P-˚YVÙœm. ˙SÙd-Lm ˙YflThPÙp Ußl-¿h-” A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-Ÿm ARu YØ--L-fim

˙Yfl-T”m ApXYÙ! ˘Yq-˙Y-fl Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-L˚[ Jufl˙NojRÙp Ußl¿h•u

GkR ˙SÙdLÿm ®˚\˙Y\ ÿ•VÙR ®˚X˙V E⁄-YÙ-œm. Cj-R-˚LV J⁄ ®˚X

HtThPÙp SU-’ Lp-Æf ˘NVpÿ˚\Lfim, ARu˙Up UdLfidœs[ Sm©d˚LŸm

RLok’Æ”m. Ußl-¿h-•u ˙SÙd-Le-Ls Jq-˘YÙu-˚\-Ÿm æoUÙ≤j’, AYt±t˙Lt\

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-’RÙu Cj-R-˚LV £dL˚Xj RÆol-T-Rt-LÙ] SpX

YØVÙ-œm.

Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVpÿ˚\-Ls

Au-\ÙP YÙr-Æp Ußl-¿-” Gu\ NÙp˚X SÙm TX Nk-Rol-Te-L-∞-¤m TVu-

T-”j-’-Y-’i-”. Ce-œd Lt-\-˙XÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV GpXÙÆR A[≈”Ls, œ±l◊Ls,

Æ[dLeLs, ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-fi-Rp B°VYt-±u ˘UÙjR Y•-Y-UÙL˙Y Ußl-¿h-˚Pd

LÙQ ˙Yi-”m. Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ Íu-fl ÿd°VUÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls Es[].

Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿-”

A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙh˚P G∞-˚U-VÙd°d œZk˚RL∞Pj-ßp S˚P-˘T-flm

Lt-\-¤d-œ ERY Yi-”-UÙ- u B£- -V-⁄d-œ AYt- \l Tt-±V N -VÙ] ◊ -Rp Yi-

”m. Lt\≠u˙TÙ’ ARu ˙UmTÙh•tLÙL B£¨Vo SPj’m R˚X¬”Ls,

Ußl¿”Ls, ©uÚhPeLs B°V˚Y Lt\¤dLÙ] Ußl¿”Ls Bœm. Jq˘YÙ⁄

Lt\p ˘NVpTÙh•¤m C˚Y CWiP\d LXkß⁄dœm.

U§l-ÀÓþúSôd-Le-Ls

1

19

U§l-ÀÓþùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls

Ußl-©-”-R˙X Lt-\p

RÙu ˘NnR T¨˙NÙR˚]L˚[ ÆUoN]ÈoYUÙLf —V Ußl¿” ˘NnŸm

œZk˚R Ru ®˚\œ˚\L˚[ C]m LÙ‘m ÿ˚\˙V C’. —V Ußl¿h•u YÙ´XÙL

SPdœm "ß⁄jRp ˘NVpTÙ”Ls' Ei˚U´p Lt\˙X. ARÙY’ Brk’ ˘Np¤m

Lt\XÙœm.

Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Rp

J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙXjßtœl ©u, "Gu-˘]u] Lt-\Ùo-Ls' Gu-T˚R Ußl-

©h”, A’ ˘RÙPo-TÙ] ÆY-We-L˚[ A∞l-T˙R Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”RXÙ-œm. œ±l-

©hP LÙXLhPjßp J⁄ œZk˚R´Pm Ht-ThP UÙt-\m, Lt\p ®˚X B°VYt˚\

Ußl©”Y˚R˙V Lt\˚X Ußl©”Rp Gu˙TÙm. T⁄Y Ußl¿”Ls Ck˙SÙdLj˚R˙V

®˚\˙Ytfl°u\].

G˚R Ußl-©P ˙Yi”m?

œZk˚RL˚[ Ußl©”Rp ÍXm SÙm G˚Rd Li”©•dL ÿVp°˙\Ùm?

œZk˚RL∞u EPp, NÍL, A±‹ Utflm U]lTÙeœ B°VYt±u Y[of£˚VjRÙu

Ußl©”°˙\Ùm. Al˘TÙ›’RÙu Ußl¿” ÿ›˚UVÙ]RÙL A˚UŸm. Al˙TÙ’RÙu

œZk˚Rú Lt\p A˚PÆp Ts∞Ÿm B£¨V⁄m GkR A[Ætœl TeLÙt±]o

Gu\ Ei˚U ARÙY’ ©uÚhPm LpÆj ’˚\dœd °˚Pdœm.

œZk˚Rú Lt-\p RÙPo-TÙ] ÿ›-˚U-VÙ] RL-Yp-L-˚[l T\ Ußl-¿h”f

˘NVp-ÿ˚\-L-∞p CPm˘T\ ˙Yi-•-V˚Y VÙ˚Y?

Tp-˙Y-fl TÙPeL˚[d Lt\¤m ˘Y∞lT”jR¤m.

œZk˚RL∞u ß\u-Ls, Bo-Ye-Ls, U]-®-˚X-Ls ˙TÙu-\-˚Y.

œZk˚RL∞u Lt-\p, Ti-◊-Ls B°VYt-±p Ht-T-”m UÙt-\e-L-fim œ±l

©hP LÙXLhPjßp Ht-T-”m Y[of-£-Ÿm.

Ts-∞-´-¤m Ts∞dœ ˘Y∞´¤m Gßo˘LÙsfim Tp-˙Y-fl „Zp-L-∞p,

YÙnl◊L∞p œZk˚Rú ˘NVXÙt\p.

120

GûR U§l-©P úYiÓm?

Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL∞p SÙm GYt˚\ Ußl©”°˙\Ùm GuT’ Tt±Ÿs[

TœßL˚[l TÙ⁄eLs. AYt˚\ EeLs YœlT˚\ A‡TYeL˙[Ù” Jl©”eLs.

Gl˙TÙ’ Ußl-©P ˙Yi”m?

GR˚] Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m Gu-‡m Æ]Ù- G›l◊m ˙TÙ˙R Gl˙TÙ’ Ußl©P

˙Yi”m Gu\ Æ]Ù‹m G›m. ApX’ GqY[‹ LÙX C˚P˘Y∞´p Lt\˚XŸm

Y[of£˚VŸm Ußl©P ˙Yi”m Gu\ Æ]Ù‹m ˘RÙPok’ Y⁄m. Lt\˚Xl Tt±V

Ußl¿”, Lt\p ˛ Lt©jRp ˘NVpÿ˚\L˙[Ù” ˘RÙPo◊T”jßj ˘RÙPok’ SPjR

˙Yi•V ˘NVpÿ˚\VÙœm. Ußl-¿-” ÿ›-˚U-V-˚PV ˙Yi”˘U≤p Lt-\-≠u

GpXÙd ·fl-L-fid-œm RœkR Ae-∏-LÙ-Wm A∞d-L- Yi-”m. C’ Lt-\-¤d-LÙ-L SPdœm

Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-TÙ-”Ls YÙ´-XÙL S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.

œZk˚Rú Lt-\p Y[of-£˚V B£-¨˚V ˘RÙPok’ LY≤j’d

˘LÙi•⁄kRÙ¤m A˚R Ufl-T-¨-∫-X˚] ˘Nn-V, Lt-\p RWj-ß-˚]d Li-P-±Vd œ±l-

©hP LÙX AYLÙNm ˙R˚YlT”m. ÿ˚\-NÙo Utflm ÿ˚\-NÙWÙ Ußl-¿”L˚[j

˘RÙPok’ SPjß Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rú Lt\p Y[of£˚Vd Li-”-©-•dL Yi”m.

Aj’Pu Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ T⁄Y Cfl-ß-´-¤m ¡s-TÙo˚Y ˘Nn’ œZk˚Rú ˘NVp-TÙ-”-

L-˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’ ÆŸÙL UflT¨∫X˚]f ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m.

Ußl-©”Y’ GlT•?

Jq- YÙ-⁄ œZk˚RŸm ˘Yq- Y-fl ÿ˚\- p Lt-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T’m, Lt-\p Ts-

∞-´p Uh-”˙U S˚P-˘T-flm J⁄ ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ ApX Gu-T-˚RŸm SÙm Htfld

˘LÙiPÙp ∏r Y⁄T˚YL˚[ S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR ˙Yi”m.

ÿRXÙYRÙLl Tp˙Yfl E˚\-Æ-Pe-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ RL-Yp-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨dL

˙Yi”m. CWiPÙYRÙL Y-flThP Tp˙Yfl A‡-T-Ye-Ls, NVp-TÙ-”-Ls, Lt-\p TÙfll-

◊-Ls YÙ -XÙ-Ld LPk-’ Np-¤m Jq- YÙ-⁄ œZk˚R´Pÿm Ei- U- p Lt-\p S˚P-

˘T-fl-°\RÙ Gu-T˚R A±V ˘Yq- Y-fl Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-L- [l TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m.

Ußl-¿h” ÿ˚\Ls, EjßLs

˘Yq-˙Y-fl UiPXeL∞p HtThP Lt-\p Y[of-£- œ±jR RLYp-Ls/

NÙuflLs A∞d-Lj Rœ-ß-VÙ] J⁄ YØ-ÿ-˚\˙VÙ Ej-ß˙VÙ Cp-˚X. œZk˚RL˚[

1

21

Gl-T¥ U§l-©P úYiÓm?

U§lÀhÓ Øû\Ls, Ej§Ls,LÚ-®-Ls

Y[èpþ2 TdLmþ69, 79, 90

hne-bn-cptØ≠Xv Fßs\?

EtfldLY-≤j-’m AYo-Ls ·fl-Y-˚Rd ˙Lh”m, ˘Tt-˙\Ùo, EPu-Lt-˙TÙ-¨-Pm

ÆNÙ¨j’m TX RL-Yp-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’-˘LÙs-[ ÿ•Ÿm. A˚Rl˙TÙX˙Y œZk˚RLs

G›-ß-V-˚Y, T˚Pl◊Ls B°VYt˚\ Ußl-©h-”m œZk˚R-L-∞u —V Ußl-¿h•u

A•l-T- P- -¤m RL-Yp-Ls NL- d-L-XÙm. CYt±u YÙ -XÙLd œZk˚RL-∞u Lt\p,

Y[of£ œ±jR A±˚Y Æ -Y- P-Vf Nn-°u- \Ùm. Tp˙Yfl Ußl¿h” ÿ˚\L˚[l

TVuT”j’Y’ GlT• GuT’ Tt±l TÙLm˛2Cp Ußl¿h” EjßLs, L⁄ÆLs Gu\

Tœß´p ·\lTh”s[˚Rl TÙodL‹m.

Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-L- [l Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp

G˚Rl Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

œZk˚RLfidœd ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-•V ©u-Úh-Pm (feedback)

B£-¨-Vo-L-fid-œd °˚PjR ©u-Úh-Pm.

œZk˚Rú Lt-\p ˙Um-TÙ-” œ±jR Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp-Ls. Gu-T-]-Y-t˚\l Tß‹

˘NnV ˙Yi”m. T⁄Y Ußl-¿h•p CYt-fl-Pu œZk˚Rú Lt-\p RWjßu

A•l-T- P´p ©u-Úh-Pÿm A∞dL ˙Yi-”m. œZk˚Rdœm B£- -V-⁄d-œm

Uh-”-Uu± ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fid-œm Cj-R-L-Yp-Ls ˙R˚Y-VÙ-œm.

Ußl-¿h-•u ÿd-°V ˙SÙd-Lm ©u-Úh-Pm A∞l-T-’m, ˘Tfl-Y-’-UÙ-œm Gu-

\Ùp, A’ œZk˚Rú Y[of-£ A•lT˚P´p A˚UkR TVuR⁄m œ±l-◊-L-[Ù-

L˙Y C⁄d-œm. AlT•Vu± A,B,C,D Gu\ RW-U-ßl-¿h-”d œ±¬h•tœ (grade) Gq-

YÙ-fl ©u-Úh-Pm A∞dL CV-¤m? Aq-YÙ-fl A∞d°˙\Ùm G≤p A’ GqYÙfl

Lt\˚X ˙UmT”j’m?

˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[p

RL-Yp-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨j-R-©u SPdL ˙Yi•V’ Gu]? ˙NL-¨j-R-Yt-

˚\-Ÿm Tß‹ ˘Nn-RYt˚\Ÿm œ±j-’d L⁄j’⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m. AYt-

˚\l TVu-T-”jßd œZk˚Rú Lt-\p Y[of£ œ±jR J⁄ ÿ•-

‹dœ YW-˙Yi-”m. œZk˚R GkR ®˚X-´p Es-[Ùu. AY‡dœ

ERY Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m Gu-\ Æ]Ùd-L-fid-œ Æ˚P LÙQ‹m

122 C˚Y TVu-TP ˙Yi-”m. CRt-LÙLd œZk˚Rú T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl˚TŸm (Port

folio) B£- -Vü œ±l- Th- P-Ÿm (Teaching Manual) Tœl-TÙn‹ Nn-’, J⁄ œ±l-

©hP LÙXLhPjßp ˙NL¨jR RL-Yp-L˚[ Ufl Bn‹ ˘NnV˙Yi”m. C˚Y-˘Vp-

XÙm YœlT˚\´p -RÙu TVu-T-”j-’m Lt-©j-Rp ÿ˚\-Ls, Yœl-T˚\ ˙UXÙi˚U,

Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-L-∞u TVu-TÙ-” B°-V-Yt˚\ Ußl-©-P‹m, œZk˚RLfidœ ER-‹m

ÿ˚\-´p AYt-±p ˙Ut-˘LÙ-s[ ˙Yi-•V UÙt-\e-L-˚[j æo-UÙ-≤d-L-‹m ER-‹m.

Ußl-¿h-” ÿ•-‹-L˚[ A±-ÆjR¤m T°ok’˘LÙsfiR¤m

œZk˚Rú Lt-\p Y[of-£-˚Vd LÙh”m NÙuflL˚[l ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-P-‡m

©\-⁄-P-‡m Te-°-”m˙TÙ’RÙu Lt-\-≠u T•l-T-•-VÙ] Y[of-£˚V B£-¨-V-⁄m ©\⁄m

◊¨k’˘LÙs[ CV-¤m. œZk˚Rdœd L•-]-UÙ-Lj ˙RÙuflY]Yt˚\d Li-”-©-•d-L-

‹m, AYt±tLÙ] æo‹ LÙQ-‹m C’ ER-‹m. œZk˚Rú LpÆ ˘RÙPo-TÙ]

GjR˚LV RLYp-L-˚[l- ˘Tt-˙\ÙoL-fi-P-‡m Ut\YoLfiP‡m T°ok-’˘LÙs[

˙Yi”m GuT˚R BWÙn˙YÙm.

œZk˚R GYt-˚\-˘Vp-XÙm Lt-fls-[’?

Tp-˙Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞p œZk-˚RLs Gu-˘]u] ˘Nn-’ ˘LÙi-•⁄d-

°\ÙoLs.?

œZk˚Rd-œ Æ⁄l-T-UÙ-]-˚Y, Æ⁄l-T-™p-XÙ-R-˚Y- G˚Y?

œZk˚Rd-œ Gk-R-Æ-R-UÙ] ERÆ ˙R˚Yl-T-”-°-\-’?

œZk˚Rú Lt-\˚X G∞-˚U-VÙd-œ-T˚Y G˚Y?

≈h•p Tt- \Ùo-Ls LY-≤jR Gu- ]u] RLYpLs œZk- R- u Lt\p

Y[of-£-Ÿ-Pu ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙi-”s-[]?

Ußl-¿h-”j RLYpLs ©\-⁄-Pu Jl©h”l ˙TÙh-•-´-”-Y-Rt-Lp-X. UÙ\ÙL

AY‡Pu AY˙] ˙TÙh-• -´-” -Y-Rt -˙L -VÙ -œm Gu-‡m Gi-Qj˚R

œZk˚RL∞Pm E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m. ˙St-fl Ap-X-’ J⁄ YÙWj-ßt-œ ÿu SÙu

GkR ®˚X-´-≠-⁄k-˙Ru? Cu-fl GkR ®˚X-´-¤s-˙[u? Gu‡m Æ]Ùd-Ls

œZk˚RL∞Pm E⁄YÙL ˙Yi”m.

U§l-ÀhÓ Ø¥Ü-Lû[ A±®jRp

1

23

U§l-ÀhÓ Ø¥Ü-Lû[ A±®jRp

Black, P. and William, D. 1999. Assessment for Learning: Beyond the Blackbox, ARG, University of Cambridge.

U§l-Àh-ûPd Ï±j-Õ G]Õ ÑV

U§l-À-Ó

U§l-À-Ó Gu\ ùNôp-ûXd Li-P-

ÜPu G]d-Ïs úRôu-±-V-Õ...

Yô£j-R-©u Uôt-\e-Ls úRûY

G]j úRôu-±-V-ûY.

Uôt-\e-Ls úRûY-«pûX G]

ClúTô-Õm úRôu-ßTûY.

×§-RôLd Li-P-ûPkR Lô¬-Ve-L-°p

G]d-Ï Ht-×-ûP-V-ûY.

CeúL Ï±l-©h-P-Yt-ßs

®VlûT Ht-T-Ój-§-V-ûY.

Gu-]ôp Ht-ßd-ùLôs[ Ø¥-Vô-

RûY.

Y[-Ëp GRt-œ?

˙U˙X ·\l-Th”s[Yt±p Ju-±t-œ ˙Ut-Th-P-Yt-±t-LÙ] Æ˚P-L-˚[d

LÙQ‹m, ˘NVp-ÿ˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm Ej-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm Æ[d-L-‹m, T°ok’˘LÙs-[-‹m Ck-

Ëp ÿVt£ ˘Nn-°u-\-’. Cq-Y-[-Ëp ÍXm Yœl-T-˚\d Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp, Ußl-¿h-

”f NVp-TÙ-”-Ls B°VYt˚\ J⁄e-°- Qj-’d LÙQ-‹m -U-ßl-©-P-‹m SU-’ A±˚Y

˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m CV-¤m G] Sm-◊-°-˙\Ùm. Aj-’-Pu Ußl-¿” ÿ˚\, YØ-Ls, ˘NVp-

ÿ˚\-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls, ˘NVp-TÙh-” UÙß-¨Ls CYt-±u TX -R[e-L-˚[l Tt-±j

æoUÙ≤dL ER-‹m. AYt±tLÙ] Tp˙Yfl L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm YÙnl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm CkËp

ÿu -˚Yd-°u-\-’.

Lt-\-¤d-œm Ußl-¿h-•t-œ-ÿs[ RÙPo- Td œ±j-’ SPj-ßV T⁄m-TÙu- U-VÙ] Bn-‹-Lfim

˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-Y-’ Gu-]- Yu-\Ùp Yœl-T- \ Lt-\p NVp-ÿ˚\-L˚[ Um-T-”jR Yi-”m Gu\

˙SÙd-œ-Pu N -VÙ-Lj ßh-P-™h-”f NnR Ußl-¿-”-Ls UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Lt-\p RWj˚R EV-Wf Nn-Y-ßp

ÿd-°V Te-œ Y°d-°u-\] GuTRÙœm. C’ Gq-YÙ-fl CV-¤m? J⁄ Lt-\p NVp-TÙ” RÙPo-TÙL Yœl-

©-¤s[ œZk˚RL-∞u T´t£, AYo-Ls TVu-T-”j-’m A±‹, AYo-L-fi- PV Li- QÙh-Pm CYt˚\

Ußl-¿h•u YÙ´-XÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-fim B£-¨˚V AR˚]d œZk˚RL-∞u Lt-\p NVp-ÿ˚\-L-

∞u A•l-T- P-VÙ-Ld L⁄-’-°-\Ùo. ARu LÙW-Q-UÙ-Ld Lt-\-≠p D”-T-P-‹m œZk˚RL-∞u A±-Æp Ht-

T-”m UÙt-\e-L˚[ Aq-Yl- TÙ-’ AX£ BWÙnk-’ Lt-\p NV˚X ™L Æ˚W-‹-T-”j-R-‹m Nn-Y-RÙp

Lt-\p CVp-TÙ-L S˚P- T-fl-°-\-’. Lt-\p RWm EV-⁄-°-\-’. B£- -V- W-Ÿm œZk- R˚VŸm TÙflj-R-Y-

˚W- p ™L ÿd-°-V-UÙ] SÙd-Le-L-fim C˚YRÙu.

Black and William : Assessment and ClassroomLearning, Assessment in education March 1998

Cj’Pu Lt-\p Ußl-¿-h”ÿ˚\, ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls, EjßLs, ˘NVp-TÙh-” UÙß-¨-Ls

B°V˚YL∞u Tp˙Yfl R[eL∞p ÿ•‹ G”lTRtLÙ] HWÙ[UÙ] YÙnl◊Lfim

L⁄j’Lfim Cl◊jRLjßp Es[].

124

K-”-m Bfl

Y[⁄m UWm

Æ¨Ÿm UXo

CYt-±t-œm Y[ok-’ Y⁄m J⁄ œZk-˚Rd-œm C˚P˙V Gu-

˘]u] Jtfl˚U-Ls Es-[]?

K-”m Bflm Æ¨Ÿm UX-⁄m Y[-⁄m œZk- R-Ÿm

2

25Tœß ˛ 2

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿”m ˛ ˘UÙØ- pLt-\-¤m Ußl-¿”m ˛ ˘UÙØ- pLt-\-¤m Ußl-¿”m ˛ ˘UÙØ- pLt-\-¤m Ußl-¿”m ˛ ˘UÙØ- pLt-\-¤m Ußl-¿”m ˛ ˘UÙØ- p

Aÿ-R-‡d-œm G]d-œm C˚P˙V SPkR ˘RÙ˚X-˙T£

E˚WVÙP≠≠⁄k’:

""a˙XÙ!''

""a˙XÙ!''

""œUÙo NÙo ≈” C’-RÙ˙]?''

""m... Be..''

""˙Pn, AlTÙ C⁄d-LÙe-L[Ù?''

""Cp-ƒeL''

""Al-T-ºu]Ù Am-UÙ-˚Yd ·l-©-”''

""VÙ⁄-˚PV Am-UÙ˚Y?''

""Eu-‡-˚PV Am-UÙ-˚Yj-RÙu...

Eu-‡-˚PV AmUÙ Cp-XÙ-Up ˙Yfl GkR Am-UÙ˚Y?''

(Es˙[ C⁄k-’ J⁄ œWp) ""AmUÙ œ∞d-°-\ÙeL Gufl ˘NÙp-¤''

""AmUÙ œ∞d-°-\ÙeL''

""Al-T-ºu]Ù Am-UÙ-Æu Am-UÙ-˚Yd ·l-©-”.''

""GkR Am-UÙ-Æu Am-UÙ˚Y?''

""˙Pn, Ls[Ù! SÙu Al-◊-\m ·l-©-”-˙\u-PÙ...''

Lt-\-Øm U§l-À-ÓmþùUô-¯-«p -

226 ˘UÙØ Lt-\p Gu-\Ùp Gu] ?

Aÿ-Ru Gu-‡m Íu-fl YV-’ œZk˚R Gq-Y-[‹ ÷‘d-L-UÙ-L-‹m NÙUoj-ß-

V-UÙ-L-‹m E˚W-VÙ-P-≠p D”-Th-”s-[Ùu! CkR E˚W-VÙ-Pp „Z-¤d-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ]

L⁄j-’-L-˚[Ÿm L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\j-ß-\-uL-˚[Ÿm, E˚W-VÙ-P˚Xj ˘RÙPok-’

˘LÙi”˘Np-Y-Rt-LÙ] Rk-ß-W-Èo-Y-UÙ] ßh-P-eL-˚[Ÿm, Gp-XÙ-Yt-±t-œm ˙UXÙL

E˚W-VÙ-Pp Gu-‡m ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Yj-ßu ·fl-L-˚[-Ÿm AYu ˘R¨k-’

˚Yj-ß-⁄d-°u-\Ùu. C’ Gq-YÙ-fl CVu-\-’?

UÙQ-Yu ˘UÙØj-ß-\- ]l ˘Tfl-Y-’ Gl-T-•?

©\l©≠⁄k˙R œZk˚R Tp-˙Y-fl A‡-T-Ye-L-∞u YØVÙ-Ld LPk’ ˘Np-

°u-\’. Cj-R-˚LV „r-®-˚X-L-∞p D”-T-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] ˙R˚Y-˚V A’ RÙ]ÙL˙Y

EQok’ ˘LÙs°\’. Cj-R- LV ˙R˚Y EQo˙Y ˘UÙØ E⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œd œZk-

˚R˚V YØ -S-Pj-’-°u-\-’. ©\kR SÙs ÿR˙X ˘UÙØ˚V E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-Rt-œm ET-

˙VÙ-°l-T-Rt-œ-UÙ] „Zp-L-˚[-Ÿm YÙnl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm œZk˚R Gßo-˘LÙs-°u-\’ Gu-

T-˙R CRu ˘TÙ⁄s.

™dL £d-L-XÙ-]-’m Nh-P-ßh-Pe-L-fid-œ Eh-Th-P-’-UÙ] Ko A˚Ul˙T UÙØ.

˘UÙØ-V-˚Ul˚T G∞-˚U-VÙL‹m Aß-N-´dL ˚Yd-œm ˙YLj-ß-¤m Eh-˘LÙs-Y-Rt-

LÙ] ß\u Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚Rdœm Ei-”. ˘UÙØ˚V Eh-˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œ ER-‹m

˘UÙØd ·fl-Ls ©\-Æ-´-˙X˙V Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚R-´-P-ÿm Ei-”. CWi-” YV-RÙœm

˙TÙ˙R œZk-˚R-Ls ˘UÙØ-´u Nh-P-ßh-Pe-L-˚[ CVp-TÙLd ˚LVÙ-fi-Y˙R CRt-

LÙ] NÙu-\Ù-œm.

RÙu ˙SW-•-VÙL D”-T-”-°u-\-’m, R]d-œ ™L-‹m ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-’-UÙ] CVp-

TÙ] „Zp-L˙[ CRt-œ ER-Æ-VÙL C⁄d-°u-\-]. Cf-„-Zp-Ls A˚]j’m ˘Y∞-

¬h” Y•-Ye-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙL Es[ Yq-˙Y-fl UÙØ A‡-T-Ye-L˚[d œZk-˚Rdœ

A∞d-°u-\-]. Aq-Yl-˙TÙ-’ D”-T-”m „Zp-Ls, Aßp D”-T-”-˙YÙo, ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls, D”-

TÙh-•tœj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ÿ˚\ ÿR-XÙ-]˚Y œZk-˚R-L-∞u Es-[j-ßp ®Wk-R-W-UÙ]

£k-R-˚]-L˚[ G›l-◊-°u-\-]. Cf-£k-R-˚]-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’-RÙu œZk˚R ˙T—-Y-Rt-LÙ]

˘UÙØ-Ÿ-Qo-˚Yl Tfl-°u-\-’. A’ Ak-RkRf „Z¤dœm R˚Ydœm TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ]

˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-YUÙL E⁄-˘Y-”d-œm.

ùUô¯d Lt-\p Gu\ôp Gu]?

2

27

˘UÙØ A±-Æu ·fl-Ls

˘UÙØ RÙPo-TÙ] L⁄j--’Ls

˘UÙØj-ß-\u-Ls

˘UÙØ RÙPo-TÙ] NVp-TÙ”

Ls

E[l-TÙe-œLs

A±-®u áß-Lsþ ùUô¯-«p

Cq-YÙ-fl, RÙu A±-VÙ-U-˙X˙V SPd-°u\ A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞u

YØ˙V LPk-’ ˘Np-°u\ œZk˚R T•l-T-•-VÙLd L⁄j-’-L-fi-Pu, L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\j-

ßt-œl TVu-T-”j-’m ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ym, ˘UÙØd-·-fl-Ls Gu-T˚Y œ±j-’m

˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs-°-\-’. ß\˚UVÙL‹m B¶jRWUÙL‹m R]’ L⁄j’L˚[l ©\⁄dœ

G”j’˚WdL‹m R]’ E[j ˙R˚YLfidLÙL ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeL∞p

◊’˚ULs T˚PdL‹m œZk˚R ÿVt£ Nn’˘LÙi•⁄dœm. TVu-T-”jR Yi•V

„Zp-L-fid-œm SÙd-Le-L-fid-œm TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] NÙt- \Ù-Po-Ls, YÙd-°-Ve-Ls TÙu-

\-Yt-˚\d Li-P-˚P-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\˚]d œZk-˚R-Ls A˚PV ˙Yi-”m. C˚Y-˘Vp-

XÙm ®˚\-˙Y\ ˙Yi-”-UÙ-]Ùp CYt-±t-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] A‡-T-Ye-Ls œZk-˚R-L-

fid-œd °˚PdL ˙Yi-”m. CVp-TÙ] „Zp-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙ-L˙Y Cq-Y-‡-T-Ye-Ls

°˚Pd-°u-\-].

˘UÙØ Lt-\-≠p A±-Æu ·fl-Ls

SÙu-LÙm Yœl◊ ÿ•-Ÿm˙TÙ’ Tp-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-L-∞p ˘UÙØ-˚Vl TVu-T-”j-R-

‹m, ˘UÙØl-T-Vu-TÙh-˚Pd Lh-”l-T-”j-’m £dLXÙ] Utflm £\kR ·fl-L-˚[d Li-

P-±-Y-Rt-œm, „r-®-˚Xd-œ Ht-\-YÙ-fl ˘UÙØ˚Vd ˚LVÙs-Y-Rt-œm YZe-œY-Rt-œm

œZk-˚R-L-fid-œ CVX ˙Yi-”m. ˙U¤m „r-®-˚X-L-˚[-Ÿm L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm A‡-T-

Ye-L-˚[-Ÿm ÆUo-N -]-Èo-Y-UÙL Ußl-¿ -” ˘Nn-V-‹m, RY-±u± ˘UÙØ˚Vl

TVuT”j’YRtœUÙ] A±˚Yd œZk-˚R-Ls A˚Pk-ß-⁄dL ˙Yi-”m. Aq-YÙ-\Ù-

´u ˘RÙPd-Ll-Ts∞ Yœl-©p œZk˚RL∞Pm ˘UÙØj ˘RÙPo-TÙ] Gj-R-˚LV

A±-˚Y E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi-”m?

˘UÙØ ˘RÙPo-TÙ] L⁄j-’-Ls

CVp◊m Lt-T- ]-Ÿm LXkR HWÙ[UÙ] „Zp-Ls, A‡-T-Ye-Ls, L⁄j-’-Ls, L⁄-

Æ-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt- \d œZk- R-Ls ˘UÙØ-Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ- \- p ˙Ut- LÙs-°u-\-]o.

CYt˚\l TVuT”jßf ˘Nn-°u\ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙLd

L⁄j’ ÿ˚\-´p Ap-X-’ ©Wf-£˚] ÿ˚\-´-XÙ] Gi-Qe-L˚[d œZk-˚R-Ls

E⁄-YÙd-°d ˘LÙs-YÙo-Ls. A˚Rl ˙TÙu˙\ R]-’ L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\j-ßt-œ ™L-‹m

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Yj-˚Rd œZk-˚R-Ls ˙Rok-˘R-”d-L-‹m,

E⁄YÙdL-‹m ˘Nn-°\Ùo-Ls. L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\j-ßt-LÙ] „Zp, ARt-œl TVu-T-”jR

228

A±-Yôd-Lf ùNVp Øû\þ ùUô¯-«p

˙Yi•V UÙØ Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ym, Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-œ-¨V STo ÿR-XÙ-]-Yt-˚\d L⁄j-

ßp ˘LÙi˙P œZk˚RLs ˘NÙt-L-˚[-Ÿm YÙd-°-Ve-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘UÙØ- S-˚P-˚V-Ÿm

æo-UÙ-≤d-°-\Ùo-Ls. —⁄e-Ld ·±u, ©Wf-£˚] / L⁄j-’j ˘RÙPo-TÙ] Gi-Qe-Ls,

˙Rok-˘R-”d-œm ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ym, ARt-œl TVu-T-”j-’m ˘UÙØd ·fl-Ls, B°-V-

˚Y˙V ˘UÙØd-Lp-Æ-´p L⁄j-’ Gu-T-Rt-œl ˘TÙ⁄-[Ù-°u-\-’.

Ju-\Ùm Yœl-©p ˘UÙØj ˘RÙPo-TÙ] L⁄j-’L-∞p LY-]j-ßp ˘LÙs[

˙Yi•V ÿd-°V ·fl- G›jRÙœm. Lt-\-≠p ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym ˘LÙ”dLl-Th-”s[ G›j-

’d-L˚[l ◊ßV „Zp-L-∞p TVu-T-”jRd œZk˚R GkR A[-‹d-œj ß\u-˘Tt-fls-

[-’ Gu-T˚R Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m.

˘UÙØj-ß-\u-Ls

˘UÙØ- Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-Ls A±-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œm ©\- WÙ-” L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\m

˘NnYRtœm ÍXd LÙW-¶VÙL A˚U-°u-\-]. CRu A•lT˚P´p ˘UÙØd

œ±¬”L˚[ A±Rp, ˘RÙœj-Rp, ®˚]‹·o-Rp, Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp ÿR-XÙ] ß\u-Ls

Y[of£ A˚P-°u-\-]. ˘UÙØj-ß-\u-L-∞p ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]˚Y C˚Y-VÙ-œm:

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\j-ßt-œ-¨V ÿ˚\˚Vj ˙Rok-˘R”d-œm ß\u.

Æ[d-L-‹m ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] ß\u.

STo, „r-®˚X, CPm CYt- \d L⁄j-ßp ˘LÙi-” ©\- -Pm ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙsY-Rt-LÙ]

ß\u.

œ±¬h” ÆßL˚[ A±V‹m Tß‹ ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] ß\u.

˘UÙØf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls

˘UÙØ Lt\p ÍXm Ru‡P‡m R]’ YÙrd˚Lf „Z¤P‡m

EQo‹ÈoYUÙ] E[l-TÙeœL˚[d œZk˚RLs A˚P°\ÙoLs. A˚Y VÙ˚Y?

E[l-TÙe-œ

Ru-˚]l Tt-±-Ÿm R]-’ YÙrd-˚Lf „Zp-L-˚[l Tt-±-Ÿ-UÙ] ÆØl-◊-Qo-‹,

CXd-°V Y•-Ye-L-˚[-Ÿm ©\ Ti-TÙh-” Y•-Ye-L-˚[-Ÿm W£l-T-Rt-œm, Bd-Ll-Èo-Y-

UÙL AYt˚\d œ±j-’j RU-’ L⁄j˚R G”j-’-˚WlTRtœUÙ] Bo-Ym B°V

E[l-TÙe-œ-L-˚[d œZk˚R R]-’ ˘UÙØ Lt-\-≠u ÍXm ˘Tfl-°u-\-’.

˘UÙØj ˘RÙPo-TÙ] ˘NVp-

ÿ˚\Ls

©W-f£- ]d-LÙ] æo‹

ÆUo-N-]-Èo-Y-UÙ] Ußl-¿-”

ÿ•- Y-”j-Rp

ÿ•-‹-L˚[ Jl-¿-” Nn-Rp.

2

29

Adn-hp-\n¿am-W-]-Inb ˛ `mj

A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ˚\d Lh-Pe-Ls ˛ ˘UÙØ- p

R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m B£-¨-V-¨u ’˚Q-˙VÙ-”m Tt\ A±-Æ-˚]l Tœl-

TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ œZk-˚R-Ls ◊ßV A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-°u-\-]o. A±-YÙdLf ˘NVp-

ÿ˚\-L-fid-LÙ] ˘UÙØ A‡-T-Ye-Ls œZk-˚Rd-œd °˚Pl-T-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L˚[

B£-¨-Vo Ht-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m. A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\d Lh-Pe-L˚[ ˙Yfl-T-”jß

A±-V-‹m, Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Lh-Pj-ß-¤m UÙQ-Y-‡d-œ Ht-T-”-°u\ C˚P-Î-fl-L-˚[d Li-

P-±k-’ ER-Y-‹m, ˘RÙPo Ußl-¿h-•u ÍXm A±-Æu ◊ßV R[e-L-∞p œZk-˚R˚V

EVWf ˘NnŸm ˙TÙ’ RÙu Lt-\p ÿ›-˚U-˘Tfl-°u-\-’.

Cq-YÙ-fl ˘Tfl-°u\ A±˚Yl ◊ßV „r-®-˚X-L-∞p TVu-T-”j-ßd

˘LÙi”, Uu- U-¤m ◊ßV A±- Y E⁄YÙdœY-Rt-LÙ] „Zp-L˚[ B£¨˚V

Ht-T-”j-ßd- ˘LÙ-”dL ˙Yi-”m. ’p-≠-V-UÙ-]-’m, J⁄e-°-˚Qk-R-’-UÙ]

J⁄ ßhPj˚R B£-¨˚V A˚Uj-’d- ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m.

˘NVp-ÿ-˚\- Lh-Pe-Ls ˘NVp-TÙh-”d -œ-±l-◊-Ls

©Wf-£- ]˚V Gßo- LÙs-fi-Rp

(Cl- TÙ-’s[ ®˚X- Vd Li-P-±-Rp)

S˚P-ÿ-˚\-´-¤s[ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L-˚[l

T¨˙NÙ-ßj-Rp

G›j-’/ TPm/ L≠f-£j-ß-Wm/A‡-TY Æ[d-Lm/

LXk-’- W-VÙ-Pp

˘Y∞l-T-”j-ßV L⁄j-’-Ls GkR A[‹ Y≠˚U

-VÙ]˚Y Gu-T- Rl T - NÙ-ßj-Rp

©Wf-£˚] RÙPo-TÙ] NÍL ÆØl-◊-Qo˚Y

Y¤l-T-”j-’m TÙ⁄h-” T˚Pl˚T Um-T-”j-Rp

Aß-Lj RPp ◊ßV Lt-\˚X SÙd°

˘Y∞-¬-”Ls

©\o T˚Pl-◊ -Ls, B£-¨ -Vo T˚Pl◊

B°VYt˚\l T - NÙ-ßj-Rp

TÙPl-T-œß / œ±l-©hP Tœ-ß˚V YÙ£j-Rp

(R-≤-˚U-VÙ-L, NL UÙQY-⁄-Pu, B£-¨-Vo

ERÆŸ-Pu)-

230

Adn-hp-\n¿am-W-]-Inb ˛ `mj

˘UÙØd-Lp-Æ- p Ußl-¿-” Gu-\Ùp Gu]? GRt-œ?

Æ¨-YÙ] Li-˙QÙh-Pj-ßp BWÙnk-RÙp œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lp-Æ˚V Ußl-©-”-

Y-Rt-œ ˙Yfl-ThP Íu-fl ˙SÙd-Le-Ls Es-[-]. A˚Y Gu-˘]u]? C˚Y Jq-

˘YÙu-flm AYt-±u ˘TÙ⁄-∞-¤m ˘Y∞-¬h-” ®˚X-´-¤m ÿ˚\-´-¤m ˙Yfl-Th-P-

˚Y-VÙ-œm. ˙SÙd-Le-Ls ˙Yfl-T-”m- ˙TÙ-’, Ußl-¿”m A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-L-fim ÿt-±-¤m

˙Yfl-Th˙P BL Yi-”m. Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-L˚[ Ju-˙\Ù-˘PÙu-fl C˚Qd-œm-˙TÙ’

GkR J⁄ ˙SÙd-Lj-˚R-Ÿm ®˚\-˙Yt\ ÿ•-VÙR ®˚X-´p Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-

Ls A˚Uk-’Æ”m. Aj-R-˚LV J⁄ ®˚X SU-’ LpÆ A˚Ul-˚T-Ÿm, Aq-Y-˚Ul-

©p Ud-Ls ˘LÙi-”s[ Sm-©d-˚L-˚V-Ÿm Cp-XÙ-Up ˘Nn-’-Æ-”m. Ußl-¿h-•u

˙SÙdLe-Ls Jq-˘YÙu-˚\-Ÿm ®f-N-´j-’, Jq-˘YÙu-±t-œm ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Ußl-¿h-”

ÿ˚\-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdœY˙R Cj-R-˚LV J⁄ ®˚X-˚Vj RÆol-T-Rt-LÙ] Sp-X-˙RÙo

YØ.

Lt-\p Ußl-¿-” ˛ ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls

Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ Íu-fl ÿd-°V ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls Es-[-].

1. Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Rp

2. Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿”

3. Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p

˘UÙØ-Lt\≠p Cf-˘N-Vp-ÿ-˚\-L-fim ˙SÙd-Le-L-fim Gq-YÙ-fl ©W-ß-T-≠d-œm?

˘UÙØ-Lt-\-≠p Ußl-¿-” Gu-\Ùp Gu]?

˘UÙØ A±-YÙdLd ·fl-Ls Gu-˘]u]? GYt˚\ SÙm TÙo-˙R˙RÙm? Aq-

YÙ-\Ù- u A±-YÙd-Lf NVp-ÿ- \-Ls S˚P- T-fl-°u\ Yœl-T- \- p CYt˚\j-RÙ˙]

Ußl-¿-” ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

U§l-Àh-Ó úSôd-Le-Ls...

1. Lt-\-Ûd-Ïj úRûY-Vô] ER®

A°j-Rp.

2. ÏZk-ûR-«u Lt-\p ûXûV

A±kÕ YÏl-×-VoÜ, Nôu-±-Rr

YZeÏRp B¡-V-Ytû\ SûP-Ø-û\l-

T-Ój-Rp.

3. Lp-®j-Õ-û\-«p Ht-ThP Øuú]t

\jûRf Nê-Lj-§t-Ï GÓj-Õd -á±

Ae- -Lô-Wm ùTß-Rp.

Lt-\-Ûd-Lô] U§l-À-Ó GRt-Ï?

ùRôPo Lp-®d-Ïj úRûY-Vô]

©u-òh-Pm A°l-T-Rt-Ï.

Lt-\--u úTôÕ ÏZkûR TVu-T-Ój-Õm

LÚj-Õ-Ls, §\u-Ls, ùNVp-

Øû\-Ls, Aà-T-Ye-Ls, Gi-Qe-Ls

B¡-V-Yt-û\d Li-P-±k-Õ,

AYt-û\d Lt-\p úSôd-Lj-Õ-Pu

ùRôPo-×l-T-Ój-§f ùNVp-Tô-Ó-

Lû[ JÝe-Ï-T-Ój-Õ-Y-Rt-Ï,

Lt-\--p ÏZk-ûR-L°u GÝf-£-ûV-Ùm

Årf-£-ûV-Ùm Li-P-±k-Õ Y -

Lôh-Ó-Y-Rt-Ï.

2

31

A±-Yôd-Lf ùNVp Øû\þ ùUô¯-«p

LpÆ´u GpXÙ Su- U-L- [-Ÿm

Ae-∏-L- d-œm TÙ’.

—V-U-ßl-¿h”j ß\˚] A˚P-

Ÿm- TÙ-’

Lt-\-≠

p G

q-YÙ-fl

ÿu

-˙]\

˙Yi

-”m

G]d œZk

˚R A

±-Ÿm-

TÙ-’.

Lt-\p

SÙd

-Le-L-

[-Ÿm U

ßl-¿h-” A

[-

Y-L-

[-Ÿm

Li

-P-±-Ÿm

TÙ’

.

˘RÙP

o L

t\¤

d-œ

Fd-L-U-∞

d-œ

m

TÙ’

œZk-

R-L-∞

u G

i-Q

e-L-

[-Ÿm E

Qo-‹

-L-

[-Ÿm

L⁄

j-ß

p

LÙs

-fim-TÙ-’

.

B£--Vo U

ßl-¿h-”f

NVp-ÿ

-\-

p

D”-T-”m-TÙ-’

.

Yœl-T˚

\ Lt-\p NV

p-TÙh

-•u

ÿd-°

V UV-UÙ-œ

m TÙ’

Lt-\p, Lt-©j-Rp NVp-ÿ- \´p

ßh-P-™-Pp S˚P˘Tflm˙TÙ’.

Ußl-¿-” TV-‡s[ Y˚L- p A˚U-Y-’

Gq-YÙ-fl?

Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p GRt-œ?

R]-’ £k-R˚] Kh-Pe-Ls N -

RÙ]Ù Gu-flm N -VÙ] TÙ˚R- p

˘Np-°u-\RÙ Gu-flm Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-

LÙ] YÙnl- Td œZk- Rd-œ

A∞dL Yi-”m.

Lt-\- X-Ÿm Ußl-¿h- P-Ÿm Ju-

˙\Ù- PÙu-fl RÙPo-◊-T-”j-’-°u\

ÿd-°-V-UÙ] £k-R- ]˚V SÙd-°d

œZk- R˚V CVp-TÙL YØ-S-Pj-R

˙Yi”m.

Ußl-¿-” Gu-T-’ ÆUo-N-]-Èo-Y-UÙL

R]-’ A±- Yd LÙiT-Rt-LÙ]

ß\u Gu-T˚Rd œZk˚Rd-œ -

A±‹-flj-R Yi”m.

ARu A•l-T- P- p —VUÙL UÙfl-

Y-Rt-LÙ] Bo-Yj- Rd œZk- R

L∞Pm Ht-T-”jR Yi”m.œZk˚R Gq-YÙ-fl Lt-°u-\-’

GuTRtœ ÿd°Vj’Ym

A∞dœm˙TÙ’

232

]T-\hpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w

J⁄ œZk˚R ≈h-” ÿt-\j-ßp Æ˚[-VÙ-•d ˘LÙi-•-⁄k-R-’.

ARt-œ SÙuœ Ap-X-’ Ik’ YV-’ C⁄dœm.

Æ˚[-VÙh-•u-˙TÙ-’ œZk˚Rú LY-]j˚R H˙RÙ

Jufl DojR’. œZk˚R œ≤k--’ Ui˚Q Et-fl- ˙SÙd-°-V-’.

Y¨˚N Y¨-˚N-VÙn ˘Np-¤m Gflm-◊-Ls! £±-’ ˙SWj-ßp Ge-°-

⁄k˙RÙ J⁄ ’i-” Dod-°p œf-£-˚Vd ˘LÙi-” YkR

œZk˚R Gflm-◊-Ls Fok-’ ˘Np-¤m YØ-ú œfld˙L ˚Yj

R’. G’-‹m ®L-Z-Æp-˚X. Gflm-◊-Ls ARu ¡˙R± Y¨˚N

RY-\Ù-Up ˘Np-Xj ˘RÙPe-°-]. ©u-]o AdœZk˚R J⁄

’i”d Lm˚T ˘LÙi-” Yk-’ ˚Yj-R-’. Cl-˙TÙ-’m Gflm-◊-

Ls AR-˚]d LPk-’ ˘Nu-\-]. Cf-˘N-V˚Xj ˘RÙPok-’

SPjR æo-UÙ-≤jR œZk˚R ˙Y˙\-˙R-‡m ˘TÙ⁄s °˚Pd-

œUÙ Gu-fl ˙R”m ˙Y˚[-´p A”d-L-˚[-´-≠-⁄k-’ Am-UÙ-

Æu A˚Zl-◊d-œ-Wp! œZk˚R ≈h-”d-œs˙[ K-•-V-’.

Ce˙L œZk˚R J⁄ Lt-\-≠p D”-Th-•-⁄d-

°\’. AdœZk˚Rú U]j-’s J⁄

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m ˛-„-r®- X- Vp Lp-Æ- p....

2

33

Adn-hns‚ LS-I-ßƒ ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w

˙LsÆ G›k’s[’. Gflm◊ Fok-’ ˘Np-¤m TÙ˚R-´p J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[ ˚Yj-’

R˚P Ht-T-”j-ß-]Ùp Gu] ®L-›m? ARt-LÙ] Æ˚P-˚Vd LÙi-T-Rt-LÙ] ÿVt-£-

´p D”-Th-•-⁄k-R-’. œZk˚R´u ÿRp ˙NÙR˚] Ko Dod-°p ’i˚P ˚Yj-’

S˚P-˘Tt-\-’. Nt-fl ˘T¨V Lm-◊j-’i˚P ˚Yj-RÙp Gflm-◊-Ls Gq-YÙ-fl AR˚]

Gßo-˘LÙs-fim Gu-T˚R A±-Y˙R AR-‡-˚PV A”jR ÿVt-£. Et-fl-˙SÙd-°-Ÿm

˙NÙR-˚]-´p D”-Th-”m Æ˚P LÙQ ÿVu-\-’. Cq-Æ˚P œZk-˚R˚Vl ˘TÙflj-R-

Y˚W J⁄ ◊ßV A±-YÙ-œm.

œZk-˚R-L-s CVp-TÙ-L˙Y G˚R-Ÿm A±V ˙Yi-”-˘Uu\ BoYÿ˚PV

YoLs. Rm- Uf —t-±-¤-ÿs[ EX˚L A±k-ßP AYoLs Gl- TÙ-›-’m ÿVt£ Nn’

˘LÙi•⁄lTÙoLs. Li-”m ˙Lh-”m ˘RÙh-”m ÿLok’m —˚Yj-’m ˙Ls-Æ-Ls

˙Lh-”m ÆNÙ-¨j-’m ˙NÙR˚] ˘Nn-’m œZk˚RLs A±-˚Yl ˘Tfl-°\ÙoLs. œZk-

˚R-L-∞u Cj-R-˚LV ©\Æj ß\uL˚[l TVu-T-”j-’-Y-’-Pu Y[of£V˚PV ˘Nn-

Y-Ru YÙ´-XÙ-L ÿ˚\VÙ] LpÆ ˘RÙPW ˙Yi-”m.

—t-flf-„-Zp Lp-Æ- p A±-YÙd-Lm

œZk-˚R-L-fid-œl TX ˘TÙ⁄h-L-˚[l Tt-±-V —V-UÙ] A±-‹-Ls Es[].

—VUÙ] L⁄j’Lfim C⁄dLXÙm. C˚Y ˘T⁄m-TÙ-¤m A±-Æ-Vp ÈoYUÙL C⁄dL

˙Yi-”-˘Uu-±p-˚X. EX-Wl -˙TÙhP ’¶-´-≠-⁄kR Ri-Ωo Ge˙L ˙TÙ´t-fl Gu\

B£-¨-˚V-´u Æ]Ù-Æt-œd œZk-˚R ·±V Tßp, A˚R „¨-Vu E±g£d œ•j-

ß⁄d-œm Gu-T-RÙ-œm. œZk-˚R-˚Vl ˘TÙflj-R-Y˚W C’ AR-‡-˚PV A±-YÙ-œm.

Cq-Y-±-Æp C⁄k-’ - LÙi˙P œZk˚R C’ RÙPo-TÙ] RPp-L-∞-¤m NÙR˚]L∞-

¤m D”-T”-°-\-’. CRu YÙ´-XÙLj Ru-‡-˚PV ÿk-˚RV ÿ•-‹-L-˚[j ß⁄j-ßd

˘LÙs-°\’. A±-Æ-VpÈoYUÙ] ÿ•-‹-L-fid-œ Y⁄-°-\-’. A˚]j-’ A±-‹-L-fim ◊’l-

©d-Ll-T-”-Y-’-Pu Y[of£ ˘T\- ˙Yi-”m. °˚PjR A±-Æu ¡’ A±-YÙd-Lm Gq-

YÙ-fl ®Lr-°-\-’? Ko G”j-’d-LÙh˚Pl TÙ⁄eLs.

œufl-L-∞p TX-Y˚L RÙY-We-L-fim E´¨]e-L-fim Es-[-].

YVp-Ls ˙Y[Ùi-˚Ud-œ-¨V CPe-L-[Ù-œm.

˙Y[Ùi-˚Ud-œm ©\ ˙R˚Y-L-fid-œm SÙm Bfl-L˚[ Sm-©-´-⁄d-°-˙\Ùm.

ÿR-XÙ-]˚Y œZk- R-Ls CVp-TÙ-L˙Y Tt-±-⁄d-œm A±-‹-L-[Ù-œm. B]Ùp

234

Adn-hns‚ LS-I-ßƒ ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w

œufl-L-fim Bfl-L-fim AØk’ ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°u-\] Gu-T-’ AYo-L-s LÙ‘m

Ei˚U-VÙ] A‡-T-Ye-L-[Ù-œm. CVp-TÙ-Lj Ru≤Pÿs[ A±-Æu YÙ´-XÙL

œZk˚R Cq-‹i-˚U˚V AX£ BWÙn-°\’; ÆUo-N-]j-’d-œm Eh-T-”j-’-°u\’.

œu-fl-L˚[ E˚Pl-T-RÙp TÙßd-Ll-T-”m E´-¨-]e-Ls VÙ˚Y?

œu-fl-Ls Cp-XÙ-Up ˙TÙ]Ùp A⁄-°-¤s[ Tœ-ß-´p Y\h£ Ht-T-”-Y-˙Ru?

YVp-L˚[ ®Wl-◊-Rp Sm˚U Gq-YÙ-fl TÙßd-œm?

Bt-±-≠-⁄k-’ UQp YÙ¨-]Ùp Bt-fld-œ Gu] ®L›m? SUd-œ Ht-T-”m

æeœLLs G˚Y?

Cl-©-Wf£-˚]-L-fid-œ-¨V LÙW-Qe-Ls VÙ˚Y? æo‹ Gu]?

Cj-R-˚LV £k-R-˚]-Ls œZk˚R´Pm J⁄ ©Wf-N˚] „r®˚XL˚[ E⁄-YÙd-

œ-°u-\-]. Cf-„r-®˚XLs œZk-˚R˚Vj ˙RP-¤dœj Ái-”-°u-\-]. R≤-VÙ-L-‹m

œ›-YÙ-L-‹m AYo-Ls ˙RP-≠p D”-T-”-°u-\-]o. L[lT-V-Qj-ßu YÙ´-XÙL ˙SW-•-

VÙLd Li-P-±k-’m, TÙPl-◊j-R-Le-Ls, B£-¨-Vo R⁄m œ±l-◊-Ls, ©\ ◊j-R-LeLs,

œflk-RL-”-Ls, B°VYt-±-≠-⁄k-’m AYo-Ls RLYpL˚[f ˙NL-¨d-°u-\-]o.

˙NL-¨jR RLYp-L˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn-°u-\-]o. —t-flf-„-Zp ∫o-˙L-”-L-[Ùp Ht-

T-”m ˘L”Rp-L-˚[d Li-P-±-°u-\-]o. RÙe-Ls ˘Tt-±-⁄d-œm A±˚Y Cl-˙TÙ-˚RV

®˚X-Ÿ-Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙod-°u-\-]o. AX£ BWÙn-°u-\-]o. L⁄-’˙LÙs-L-˚[,

®˚XTÙ-”-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdœ°u-\-]o. ©Wf-N-˚]j- æo-‹d-LÙ] RU-’ L⁄j-’-L˚[ ÿu

˚Yd-°u-\-]o. Cj-R-˚LV ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞u YØ-VÙ-Lj-RÙu œZk˚R A±˚Y E⁄-

YÙd-L˙YÙ Ap-X-’ A±˚Y UÙt-\j-ßt-œ Eh-T-”j-R˙YÙ ˘Nn-°u-\-’.

—r®-˚X-´-Vp LpÆ ˛ ˙SÙd-Le-Ls

œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm A±-Æ-Vp EQo‹ Y[ok-’ ˙Um-T-P-‹m A˚R Au-\ÙP

YÙrd-˚L-´p TVu-T-”j-R-‹m/ ß\u ˘Tfl-Rp.

Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp, ˙NÙR-˚] ˘Nn-Rp, RW-‹-Ls ˙NL-¨j-Rp, ˙NL-¨jR ˘Nn-ß-L˚[

Y˚Ll-T-”j-Rp, Æ[d-Lm ·fl-Rp, Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-Rp, ÿ•-‹d-œ Y⁄-Rp, T¨-˙NÙ-

ßj’l TÙoj-Rp, L⁄j-’d-L-˚[l T¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn-Rp ÿR-XÙ] A±-Æ-Vp Lt-\≠u

˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[j ˘R¨k-’ ˘LÙsfiRp.

ÿß- VÙo-Ls Ut-flm ©\- u

R˚X¬-” YÙ´-XÙ-L˙Y

œZk˚R ˘NVp-TÙ-”L˚[

˙Ut- LÙs-°-\-’.

Ei-˚U-VÙ-L˙Y œZk˚RLfid-œ

StTi◊-L-s Ht-TP LÙW-Q-UÙ-]- Y-

˘Vp-XÙm NÍ-Lj RÙPo-©u A•l-T-

˚P- XÙ-œm.

œZk- R- u RÙPo◊

ARu ’Yd-Lm ÿR˙X

NÍLUV-UÙ-]-’.

EVokR ®˚X- p ·fl

YRÙL C⁄k-RÙp œZk˚R

Ls·P J⁄ NÍL ÀÆ

Gu˙\ ·\ ˙Yi-”m.

˛ ˘Xq ˚Y ˙LÙhv°

2

35

Adn-hp-\n¿am-W-]-Inb ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w

Au-\ÙP YÙrd- Ll ©Wf£- ]-L˚[Ÿm NÍ-Ll ©Wf-£- ]-L- [-Ÿm ’p≠VUÙLl

TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m, AYt-±t-œj æo‹ LÙi-T-Rt-œUÙ] ß\u ˘Tfl-Rp.

˘RÙØp ÷h-Tm Utflm ˘RÙØp ˘RÙPo-TÙ] RU-’ ß\-˚]-Ÿm Bo-Yj-˚R-Ÿm

Y[oj-’d ˘LÙs-fi-Rp.

—t-flf-„-Zp ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fi-Pu EQo‹ Èo-Y-UÙL D”-T-”-Rp.

LÙW-Q- LÙ-¨-Ve-L˚[ A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙiP £k-R-˚]-L˚[ Y[oj-Rp.

©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[ ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ˙LÙQe-L-∞p A‘-L-‹m AYt-±t-œj æo‹ LÙi-

T-Rt-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[d Li-P-±Ÿm £k-R-˚]˚V Y[oj-Rp.

UÙ‡P Ußl-◊-L˚[ (Human Values) Es-YÙe-L-‹m AYt-±u A•l-T-˚P-´p

EX-°-Vp Li-˙QÙh-Pe-L˚[ Y[oj-’d-˘LÙs-fi-R¤m.

A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ- \-Ls ˛ ®˚X-Ls

Ce-œd œZk˚R A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-’ £X Lt-\p ®˚X-L-∞u YØ-VÙœm.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m œZk˚R Gu-˘]u] ˘Nn-°u-\-’? ARu TV-]ÙLd œZk˚R

Ht-L-]˙Y ˘Tt-±-⁄d-œm A±-Æp Gu-˘]u] UÙt-\e-Ls Ht-T-”-°u-\]?

„r-®-˚X-´-Vp Lp-Æ-´p A±‹ ˛ ®˚X-Ls

„r®-˚X-´-Vp Lt-\ -≠u YÙ´-XÙL E⁄-YÙ-œm A±-Æu ®˚X-Ls

Gu˘]u]?

„r®-˚X-´-Vp Lt-\-¤-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V,

L⁄j-’Ls

˘NVp-ÿ-˚\j -ß-\u-Ls

E[l-TÙe-œLs

˘NVp-ÿ-˚\j- ß-\u-Ls (Process Skills)

œZk˚R EX-˚Ll ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-Y-’ AYu E⁄-YÙd-œm L⁄j-’-L-∞u YÙ´-

XÙ-œm. L⁄j-’-⁄-YÙd-Lm ˘NVp-ß-\u-L-∞u Y[of£˚Vl ˘TÙflj’ A˚U-Ÿm.

Ru˚]f —t-±-Ÿs[ EX-Lj˚R Et-fl-˙SÙd-°-Ÿm ˙R•-Ÿm ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fid-œ Ei˚U-

VÙ] æo-‹-L˚[d Li-P-±-Ÿm ˙TÙ’ RÙu ˘NVp-ß-\u-L-∞u ˙Um-TÙ-” S˚P-

A±-YÙd-Lf NVp-ÿ˚\

m NÍ-Ll ©Wf-£- ]-Ÿ-Pu SW-•-VÙ-

L˙YÙ U˚\-ÿ-L-UÙ-L˙YÙ RÙPo-◊-

˚PV Lt-\p ©Wf-£- ]-L˚[ Y∞-

-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl˚T Ht-T-”j-

’-°u-\-]o.

m Lt-\p ©Wf-£- ]˚V Gßo- LÙs-

°u-\-]o.

m œZk˚R Lt-\p ©Wf-£- ]˚V Ht-

fld LÙs-°u-\Ùo-Ls.

m ©Wf-£- ]d-œj æo‹ LÙi-T-Rt-LÙ]

˘NVp-L- [j ßh-P-™-”-°u-\-]o.

m ©Wf-£- ]d-œj æo‹ LÙ‘m NVp-

TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-°u-\-]o.

m AßL NÙu-fl-L- [-Ÿm G”j-’d-LÙh-

”-L- [-Ÿm R”-Rp, ◊ßV „r-®- X-

L-∞p TVu-T-”j-Rp.

m E⁄-YÙd-°V L⁄j- RÙ-” RÙPo◊

˘LÙi-” BZ-UÙ] Æ -YÙ] Lt-\p

©Wf-£- ]-L-∞p D”-T-”-°u-\-]o.

m —V L⁄j-’-L˚[ Y∞- -”m NVp-

-L-∞p D”-T-”-°u-\-]o.

236

A±®u R²jRuûULs

ÏZkûR«u A±YôdLm

GuTÕ ùYßm RLYp

úNL¬l× UhÓUpX.

Rôu G§¬Óm ©Wf£û]«u

¾oÜdLôL SPjÕm

úRPpL°u Yô«XôLd

ÏZkûRLs LiPûPÙm

Ø¥ÜL[ôÏm.

A±YôdLjÕPu

ÏZkûRL°p £X

ùNVpØû\j §\uLÞm

Y[of£ ùTß¡u\].

ÏZkûRL°p A±ÜPu

ùRôPo×ûPV U§l×Ls,

E[lTôeÏLs,

LiúQôhPeLs úTôu\ûY

EÚYô¡u\].

]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w

˘Tfl°u\’. œZk-˚R-Ls G∞V L⁄j-’-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ L•-]-UÙ] L⁄j-’d-L-fidœf Np-

YRÙp ˘NVp-ß-\u-L-s ®Wk-R-W-UÙL ˙UmT”--°u-\-]. ˘RÙPd-Ld LpÆ ®˚X-´p ÿd-

°-Vj-’-Ym ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-ß-\u-Ls G˚Y?

Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp (Observation)

Y˚Ll-T-”j-Rp (Classification)

L⁄j-’l T -UÙt-\m (Communication)

A[-Æ-”-Rp (Measuring)

ÿ•-‹d-œ Y⁄-Rp (Drawing Conclusion)

C˚Y Uh-”-Uu± ˙Yfl- £X ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\j -ß-\u-L-˚[-Ÿm Lt-\p ˛ ©Wf-£-˚]j

æo‹ LÙQp ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m. ˙Yfl-ThP Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L-

∞u YÙ´-XÙL CYt˚\ Y¤l-T-”j-’m Ko A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\˚V SÙm Ut-˘LÙs[ Yi-

”m. Aj-R-˚LV ˘NVp-ß-\u-Ls Y⁄-UÙ-fl :

ÿu-]-±Æj-Rp (Predicting)

RW-‹-L- [l Tß‹ Nn-Rp (Recording / Representing Data)

RW-‹-L˚[ Æ[d-œ-Rp (Interpreting Data)

©Wf-£- ]d-œj æo‹ LÙQp (Problem Solving)

Æ]Ùd-Ls G›l-◊-Rp (Question Raising)

Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp, Y˚Ll-T-”j-Rp TÙu\ NVp-ß-\u-L˚[d œZk˚R Lt-\-¤d-LÙLl

TVu-T-”j-’°u-\-’ Gu-T-Ru ˘TÙ⁄s Gu]? œZk˚R EPp √ß-VÙ] £X ˘NVp-

TÙ”-L-∞p D”-T-”m-˙TÙ˙R A’ ˘RÙPo-TÙ] £k-R-˚]-L-fim Ru Es-[j-ßp S˚P-˘T-

fl-°u-\-]. B´u Cj-R-˚LV £k-R-˚]-L˚[ Sm-UÙp LÙQ ÿ•-Y-ßp-˚X. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄

˘NVp-ß-\-˚]l TVuT”j’m-˙TÙ-’m œZk-˚R-´u Es-[j-ßp Gu-˘]u] £k-R-˚]-

Ls S˚P-˘T\ YÙnl-◊i-” Gu-T-˚Rl T¨-˙NÙ-ßd-L-XÙm.

2

37


Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp

Etfl˙SÙdLp, ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß-\u-L-∞p A•l-T-˚P-VÙL A˚UV ˙Yi-”m.

·o-˚U-VÙ] Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp ß\u ©\ ˘NVpÿ˚\j- ß-\u-L-∞u (L-⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\m,

Y˚Ll-T-”j-Rp, ÿ•-‹d-œ Y⁄-Rp, ÿu-]˙W A±-Rp, A[j-Rp) ˙Um-TÙh-•t-œ

Cu-±-V-˚U-VÙ-R-RÙ-œm.

∏r-Y-⁄m œ±l-◊-L˚[ A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-” Et-fl-˙SÙd-L-¤d-LÙ]

ß\-˚]-Ÿm L⁄j-’d-L-˚[-Ÿm ˙Um-T-”jR Sm-UÙp CVX ˙Yi-”m.

©Wf-£-˚]j æo-‹d-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] RLYp ˙NL-¨l-©t-LÙL Im◊Xu-L-˚[l TVu-

T-”j-Rp.

˙Yfl-ThP L⁄j-’-Ls, ®Lr-‹-Ls, CYt-±t-œ C˚P-˙V-VÙ] Jt-fl˚U ˙Yt-fl-˚U-

L-˚[d Li-P-±-Rp.

J˙W UÙß-¨-VÙ] L⁄j-’Ls/ ®Lr-‹-Ls CYt-±t-°-˚P-˙V-VÙ] ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-L˚[

Et-fl- SÙd-Lp.

J˙W UÙß-¨-VÙ] L⁄j-’-Ls/ ®Lr-‹-Ls CYt-±t-œ C˚P-˙V-VÙ] Jt-fl-˚U-L˚[

Et-fl- SÙd-Lp.

AßL Æ[d-Le-L-˚[d Li-P-˚P-Rp.

RUdœj ˙R˚YVÙ] NÙuflL˚[ Uh-”m ˙Rok-˘R-”j-Rp.

®Lr-‹-L˚[ Y¨-˚Nl-T-”j-ßl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[p, Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp.

Et-fl˙SÙd-L-≠u YØ-VÙL J›e-L-˚Ul-◊-L-˚[d Li-P-˚P-Rp.

Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp TXu-L˚[ A±-Æj-Rp ˛ ˘NÙp ˘Y∞-¬” ˛ G›j-’ ˘Y∞-¬-”

Y˚Ll-T-”j-Rp

Et-fl-˙SÙd-L-˚Xj RÙPok-’, NL-¨jR TÙ⁄s-Ls, L⁄j-’Ls B°-V-Yt˚\

Y˚Ll-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m. ˘TÙ⁄s-L-fid-œm, L⁄j-’-L-fid-œm C˚P-˙V-VÙ] Jt-fl˚U

˙Yt-fl-˚U-Ls, Ju-˙\Ù-˘PÙu-fl ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm ˘RÙPo-◊-Ls B°VYt±u

A•lT˚P´p Y˚LlT”j’YRtLÙ] ß\˚] Y[odL Yi”m. R≤j-Ru- U-L∞u

A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] Jl-◊-˚UlT”j-Rp, ÿ˚\VÙ] Y˚Ll-T-”j-R-¤d-œ YØ-Y-œd-œm.

238

œZk˚RLs A˚PV˙Yi•V NVpÿ˚\jß\uLs

Y˚LlT”jRp

˙NL¨jRp

A‡UÙ]eL˚[E⁄YÙdœRp

G∞V NÙR˚]´pD”T”Rp

AX£ BWÙnk’˘TÙ’ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄Rp

L⁄j’l TÜÙt\m

˘Tt\ A±˚YlTVuT”j’Rp

A±ÆVp U]lTÙu˚U

A±ÆVp T˚PlTÙt\p

œ›f NVpTÙh”j ß\u


Et-fl˙SÙdL CV¤°u\ Ti◊L∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[ / L⁄j-’-

L˚[l ©¨jR±Rp.

˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u / L⁄j-’-L-∞u ˙Yt-fl-˚U-L˚[d Li-P-±-Rp.

˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u / L⁄j-’-L-∞u Jt-fl-˚U-L˚[d Li-P-±-Rp.

®Tk-R-˚]-ú A•l-T-˚P-´p ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[d œ›-YÙd-œ-Rp.

˙U˙XÙhPUÙ] Y˚LlT”jR≠⁄k’ ÷h-T-UÙ-]-Y˚YL˚[d Li-P-±-Y-Rt-LÙ]

∫WÙ] Y[of£.

L⁄j-’l T -UÙt-\m

A±‹ E⁄-YÙdLf ˘NV-pÿ˚\ú GpXÙ ®˚X-L-∞-¤m UÙQ-Yo-Ls —V-

UÙLd L⁄j-’-L˚[ YÙn-˘UÙ-Ø-VÙ-L˙YÙ ©\ Y•-Ye-L-∞˙XÙ R≤-VÙ-L-‹m, œ›-YÙ-L-

‹m ˘Y∞-´P CVX ˙Yi-”m. Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp, RWm-©-¨j-Rp, ÿ•-‹-Ls, ÿu·h-•˙V

·fl-Rp ˙TÙu\ ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß-\u-Ls °˚Pl-T-˙RÙ-” SpX ÿ˚\-´-XÙ] L⁄j-’l

T¨-UÙt-\-ÿm S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.

YÙn-˘UÙØd L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m.

˘U¸] S•l-◊, S•l◊ ÍXm L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞-´-Pp.

TPm Y˚Wk-’ L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞-´-Pp.

Th-•-Vp, Y˚WTPm, NÙoh ˙TÙu-\˚Y ÍXm L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞-´-Pp.

UÙß-¨-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd°d L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞-´-Pp.

œ±l-◊-Ls, RL-Yp-Ls, A±d-˚L-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y YØ L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞-´-Pp.

A[j-Rp

Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ YÙ´XÙLf ˙NL-¨jRj RL-Yp-L˚[ A[Æu

A•lT˚P´p Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi-• YW-XÙm. HL-˙RN A[-‹-L-fim, ÷h-T-UÙ] A[-‹-

L-fim ET-˙VÙ-°dL ˙Yi-•V ®˚X YW-XÙm. ø[m, EV-Wm, G˚P, Es-[-[-‹, ˙SWm

˙TÙu\ TX-Y˚L A[-‹-L˚[l TVu-T-”j-’m ß\˚] UÙQ-Yo-Ls ˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.

2

39Ik-’, Bfl, HZÙm Yœl◊L∞p œZk˚RLs ˘T\ ˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-ß-\u-Ls :

A[k-’ Li-”-©-•dL ˙Yi-•-V-’ G’ G]d Li-P-±-Rp.

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] A[‹ ET-˙VÙ-°j-’ A[j-Rp.

A[˚Yf N¨-VÙLl Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp.

ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

J⁄ Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙQf ˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹

˘Nn-’ ÿ•-‹-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œm NVp L⁄j-’-⁄-YÙdL Y˚[- p S˚P- T\ Yi”m.

ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œm ˘NVp £\kR ÿ˚\-´p S˚P-˘T\j RL-Yp ˙NL-¨jRp, ˙NL-

¨jR RL-Yp-L˚[l Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp, AYt˚\ AX£ BWÙn-Rp ˙TÙu-\˚Y ÿ˚\-

VÙL S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.

£\kR ÿ˚\-´p AX£ BWÙnk-RÙ˙X SpX ÿ•-‹d-œ YW ÿ•-

Ÿm. CRt-LÙL UÙQ-Yo-Ls ˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L˚[ Gq-YÙ-fl AX£ BWÙV

˙Yi-”-˘U] ÿu-·h-•˙V æo-UÙ-≤dL ˙Yi-”m. AX£ BWÙVj ˙R˚Y-

VÙ] £k-R-˚]˚Vj Ái-”-°u\ ˙Ls-Æ-L˚[ B£¨-Vo ˙LhL ˙Yi-

”m. T•l-T-•-VÙL EVokR ®˚X´XÙ] ÿ•‹ E⁄-YÙdœm ß\u UÙQ-Yo-

L-∞Pm Y[W ˙Yi-”m. CRu ˘NVpÿ˚\ ®˚X-Ls VÙ˚Y-?

˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ ©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹d-LÙ] NÙuflL˚[d

Li-P-±-Rp.

°˚PjR RW‹-L-∞u TWv-TW ˘RÙPo˚Td Li-P-±-Rp.

RW‹L˚[l T•Y A˚Ul©p Tß‹ ˘NnRp.

LÙW-Qe-L˚[ Ÿjß Èo-Ym Æ[d-œ-Rp.

ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp.

FLj-ßu YÙnl-◊-L˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßjRp.

◊ßV A±-Æu A•l-T-˚P-´p ÿu ®˚X-TÙ-”-L-∞p UÙt-\m ˘Nn-Rp.

240


T¨-˙NÙ-R˚]L∞p D”T”Rp

A±-Æ-Vp ˙RP-¤dLÙ] Lt-\p YØ˙V T¨-˙NÙ-R-˚]-´p D”-T-”-Rp, Bo-Y-ÿ-

Pu Et-fl-˙SÙd-°-V˚Y Tt± ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp. CYt˚\l T¨-˙NÙ-ßd-œm

YØL˚[ Li-P-±-Rp, Li-P-±k-R-Yt˚\l Tß‹˘NnRp, ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

˙TÙu\ ˘NVpLs Cßp APe-œm. J⁄e-°-˚QkR ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß-\-]ÙL A±-Æ-

Vp ˙RP-p T¨-˙NÙ-R˚]´p D”-T-”-Y˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm.

L⁄Æ-L˚[ ÷h-T-UÙLd ˚LVÙfi-Rp.

Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp ÍXm ©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹d-LÙ] RLYpL˚[f ˙NL-¨j-Rp.

RL-Yp-L˚[j ˙R˚Yl-Th-PÙp A[k-’ TÙojRp, Tß‹ ˘NnRp.

ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp.

◊ßV ˙NÙR-˚]-L-fidLÙ] ßh-P-™-Pp

˙NÙR˚] A±d˚L RVÙ-WÙd-œ-Rp

˘Y∞- -Pp

Cq-Y˚Lf ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß-\u-Ls YØVÙL A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lm S˚P˘Tflm

Yœl-T˚\ Gq-YÙ-fl C⁄d-œm? 3, 4 Yœl◊ T•-Ls ◊jRLm 2 TÙLm 3˛p Td-Lm 8˛11

TÙod-L.

2

41

hnebn-cp-Ø¬ F¥n\v? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w

„r-®- X- -Vp Ußl-¿” Hu? GRt-œ?Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RŸm SpX ÿ˚\-´p T•j-’ ÿu-˙]-fl-Y˚Rd LÙQ B£-

-Vo-Ls Æ⁄m-◊-YÙoLs. œZk˚R-L-∞u ß\- ]-Ÿm, Æ⁄l-Tj- R-Ÿm Li-P-±k-’ A˚R

Y[-Wf ˘Nn-V-‹m, AYo-L˚[j Ru]m-©d-˚L-Ÿ-Pu YÙrd-˚L˚V Gßo-˘LÙs[j

RVÙ-WÙdœY-ß¤m B£-¨-Vo LÙh-”m Bo-Y-ÿm D”TÙ-”m CRt-LÙ] NÙufl-L-[Ùœm.

Cq-YÙ-fl Lt-\p ®˚X-L˚[ Ußl-©-P-‹m, ARt-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ER-Æ-L˚[f ˘Nn-V-

‹m, SÙm Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVpÿ˚\ú TX ®˚X-L˚[l TVuT”j’°-˙\Ùm.

CR˚] B£- -VoLs ÿd-°V LP- U-L-[ÙLd L⁄-’-°u-\-]o. CRtœd LÙW-Qm Gu]?

TÙLm ˛ Ju-±p Tp-˙Y-fl Ußl-©-P-≠u ˙SÙd-Le-L-˚[l Tt±l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-˙PÙ-Up-

XYÙ? ARu A•l-T-˚P-´p ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[Yt-±p øe-Ls L⁄’m LÙW-Qe-Ls

G˚Y?

1. LtL ˙Yi-•-VYt˚\ Ltfls-[-]WÙ Gu\±-V.

2. œ±l-©hP LÙX A[Æp œZk˚R A˚Pk’s[ Y[of-£˚V A±-V.

3. Lp-Æú ÿu-˙]t-\j˚Rf NÍ-Ljßtœj ˘R¨-Æd-L.

4. œZk˚RL∞u A”jR Yœl-©t-LÙ] ˙Rof-£˚Vj æo-UÙ-≤d-L.

5. œZk˚RL∞Pm Lt-\-p BoYj˚R E⁄-YÙd-L.

Ußl-¿” GRt-œ?

„r-®-˚X-´-V-p Lt-\-≠p J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX A[Æp œZk˚RL∞Pm Ht-T-hP

UÙt-\j˚RŸm Y[of-£-˚V-Ÿm ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙsfiRp.

œZk˚Rú A±-YÙdLf NV-pÿ˚\d-œ ER-‹m R≤jRu- U-VÙ] R˚YL˚[d

Li-P-±-Rp.

L⁄j-’-⁄-YÙdLf ˘NV-pÿ˚\dLÙ] Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[d œZk˚Rd-œ

Ht\YÙfl ßh-P-™-Pp.

œZk˚R Ru]Ùp Gu] ˘NnVÿ•Ÿm, Bo-Ym Es[˚Y G˚Y ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\

A±-V-‹m Ae-∏-L-¨d-L-‹m.

Ußl-©-P-≠u SÙd-Le-Ls

1. Lt-\-¤d-œj R˚Y-VÙ] ER-Æ-Ls

A∞j-Rp.

2. œZk˚Rú Lt-\p ®˚X˚V

Eflß Nn-’ Rof£, NÙu±Rr

B°VYt˚\ A∞d-L.

3. Lp-Æj-’- \- u ÿu- ]t-\j˚R

NÍ-Lj-ßt-œj R -Æj-’ Ae-∏-LÙ-Wm

˘T\.

242

hnebn-cp-Øp∂Xv F¥v? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w

Lt-\-≠p D”-T-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] U]-®˚X˚V E⁄-YÙd°d œZk˚R˚V Et-NÙ-Ll-T-”j-

Rp.

TÙPj-ßh-Pj-ßu ˙SÙd-Le-L˚[ GkR A[‹ A˚PV ÿ•k-R-’ G]d Li-P-±Rp.

Yœl-T-˚\-´p SPkR Lt-\p ˘NVpL˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m, ˘RÙPo ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[

ßh-P-™P‹m.

œZk˚R-L-∞u Lt\p Y[of£ Tt-±V NÙuflL˚[f ˙NL-¨j-’l ˘Tt-˙\Ù-˚W-Ÿm

©\ A˚Ul◊L˚[Ÿm A±-Æj-Rp.

A”j’ Y⁄m ˘NVp-TÙ”L∞p œZk-˚R-Lfid-œj ˙R˚Yl-T-”m ER-Æ-Ls Tt±

A±-V-‹m, ©u-Úh-Pm A∞d-L-‹m.

Ußl-¿h”f ˘NV-pTÙ-”-Ls Tt-±V TVj˚Rl ˙TÙd°d œZk-˚R˚Vf —V- U-ßl-©-P-

¤d-œj Ái”Rp.

GpXÙd œZk˚RL∞u Lt-\-¤d-œm, Y[of-£d-œm ER-‹-Rp.

„r-®- X- -V-≠p G˚R Ußl-©-”-°- \Ùm?

œZk˚R-L˚[ Ußl-©-”m ˙TÙ’ SÙm Li-”-©-•dL

˙Yi•V˚Y G˚Y? œZk˚R˚V A±‹ ®˚X´¤m

EQo‹ ®˚X´¤m EPp ®˚X´¤m NÍL ®˚X´¤m

ÿu˙]\f ˘NnY˙R LpÆ´u ˙SÙdLUÙœm.

ARtLÙL Tu-ÿ-L A±Æu (Multiple intelligence) Y[of-

£dœ ER-‹m YÙnl-◊-L˚[ SÙm œZk˚RL-fid-œ A∞dL

˙Yi-”m. CR˚] Ußl-©h-PÙp Uh-”˙U œZk˚R-L-∞u

Y[of-£d-œm, ÿu-˙]t-\j-ßt-œm ˙R˚Y-VÙ] A‡-T-Ye-

L-˚[Ÿm, „r-®-˚X-˚V-Ÿm SmUÙp A∞dL ÿ•-Ÿm.

Al-T -• -VÙ -]Ùp GYt˚\ Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m?

œZk˚RL∞Pm E⁄-YÙ] L⁄j’Ls, U]-®-˚X-Ls,

2

43

Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-”d œ±l-◊-Ls Ußl¿” GRtœ?

1. ©Wf-£˚] „Zp E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

2. Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]˚V Gßo-˘LÙs-fi-Rp

3. Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]˚V Ht-fld-˘LÙs-fi-Rp.

ÿu A‡-T-Ye-L-s, L⁄j-’-Ls,

Li-˙QÙh-Pe-Ls, RL-Yp-Ls

CYt-±u ˘TÙ’ A˚Ul◊, L˚Xj -ß-\u.

©Wf-£-˚]˚V Ht-fld-˘LÙs-fim U]-®-˚X.

©Wf-£˚] œZk˚Rú A‡-TYf „Z-¤-Pu

˘TÙ⁄k’°u\RÙ?

E[l-Èo-Y-UÙL ˘TÙ⁄k-’-°u\RÙ?

A˚PkR A±-‹-Ls G˚Y?

TVu-T-”j-ßV RL-Yp-Ls G˚Y?

œZk˚Rú Lt-\p ˘NVp ÿ˚\ Gu]?

BWmTj RL-Yp-L-∞u TœlTÙnÆu YÙ´-XÙLj

Rt-LÙ-≠L ÿ•-‹-L˚[ (F-LeLs) E⁄-YÙd-œm

ß\u


˘NVpß-\u-Ls, Tu-ÿL A±‹ UiPXeLs, T˚Pl-◊j- ß\-u ˙TÙu-\˚YL˚[

A±YÙdLf ˘NVpÿ˚\ú Tp-˙Y-fl ®˚X-L-∞p Ußl-©P ˙Yi”m.

Ußl-¿-” Gk- RkR ®˚X-L-∞p?

Lt-\˚Xj ˘RÙPo ˘NV-pÿ˚\VÙLd LÙ‘m ˙TÙ’, Af-˘N-Vp ÿ˚\ú

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m Lt-\˚X Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”-Up-XYÙ? Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m

G˚R Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”-˘Uu\ ’p≠VUÙ] A±‹ Ußl¿” ˘NVpÿ˚\˚V A±-Æ-

Vp ÈoYUÙ]RÙL‹m, AßL ÷h-T-UÙ-]-RÙ-L-‹m UÙtflm. SÙu-LÙm Yœl-©p

244


Lt\p ùNVpTôhÓd Ï±l×Ls U§l©ÓYÕ GûR?

4. ©Wf-£˚]j æo‹ ˛ ßh-P-™-Pp

.5. ©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹d-LÙ] ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-Rp

6. ·”-Rp NÙu-fl-Ls, ERÙ-W-Qe-Ls Li-”-©-•j-Rp.

7. ÷h-TUÙLl ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[ Ht-fld ˘LÙs-fi-R-¤m,

◊ßV „Z-≠p TVu-T-”j-R-¤m

8. ©WßT≠l◊f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-Rp

©Wf-£˚] æo-‹d-LÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls,

L⁄-Æ-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\j ˙Rok-˘R-”d-œm ß\u,

œ›-YÙLf ˘NVp-T-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] BVjRÿm ß\-‡m.

˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ æo‹

LÙ‘m ß\u, R]’ L⁄j’L˚[d LÙWQ

LÙ¨Vj’Pu Æ[dœm ß\u. ©\o L⁄j-’-L˚[l Tœl-

TÙn‹ Nn-’ R]’ A±-‹-Pu C˚QlT-Rt-œm, R]’

L⁄j-’-L˚[ UÙt±d ˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] U]-®-˚X.

E˚W-VÙ-P-≠p D”-T-”-Rp ˛ E⁄-YÙd-°V L⁄j-’-L˚[

Ÿd-ß-Èo-Y-UÙL ˘Y∞-´-Pp, NÙu-fl-L-fid-°-˚P˙V

LÙWQ LÙ¨Vj RÙPo˚Td ·flm ß\u, NÙu-flL∞u

A•l-T-˚P-´p æo-‹-L˚[d LÙ‘Rp.

æo-‹-L˚[l ©\ „Zp-L-˙[Ù-” C˚Qd-œm ß\u,

˘Tt\ A±-˚Yl TVu-T-”j-’-Rp.

Ru‡˚PV Ut-flm ©\⁄˚PV L⁄j’L˚[f

˙NÙßjRp, RÙu L˚P©•jR YØ˚VŸm, £kR˚]

˚VŸm ÆUoN]l ÈoYUÙLl T¨˙NÙßjRp.

L˚Xjß\u, E⁄YÙd°V L⁄j˚Rl Tp˙Yfl

ÿ˚\L∞p Y∞´”Rp.

2

45


""œu±≠⁄k’ YV¤dœ'' Gu\ AX-°p Lt-\p ˘NV-pÿ˚\L∞u ®˚X-L˚[l Tœl-

TÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m GYt˚\ Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl SÙm T¨-˙NÙ-

ßl-˙TÙm.

A±YÙdLf ˘NV-≠u Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m Ußl-©-”-Y˚R SÙm TÙoj-’s-

˙[Ùm. B]Ùp Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Lt-\p ˘NV-≠-¤m ™Lÿd°VUÙ] ®˚X-L-∞p ÷h-T-UÙL

Ußl-©P Yi-”m. Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp U˙X RWl-ThP NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p ™L ÿd°VUÙ]

®˚XLs G˚Y?

YhPÙW B£-¨-Vo T´t-£-´p, "A±YÙdL ®˚X-Ls ÿd°VUÙ]RÙL

A˚UVd LÙW-Qm Gu]?' Gu\ LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-¤d-œl ©u J⁄ œ›

˘Y∞-´hP ÿ•‹Ls ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

A˚PkR A±Æu T¨-˙NÙ-R˚]

œZk˚R A˚PkR A±-‹, A‡-T-Ym B°VYt-±u Rt-˙TÙ-˚RV

®˚X˚Vl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi-” Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]˚V Ht-fld ˘LÙs-fim

U]-®-˚X˚V AY≤Pm E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m.

Rt-LÙ-≠L ÿ•-‹-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

BWmTj RL-Yp-L-∞u TWv-TWj RÙPo˚T A•l-T-˚P-VÙLd LÙi”

A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œY’m, Lt-\-≠u ˘RÙPok-’s[ ®˚X˚V ®o-

Q-´l-T-’m CkR ®˚X-L∞p Bœm.

RL-Yp-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ ÿ•-‹-Ls LÙ‘Rp

©Wf-£˚] æo-‹d-LÙ] RL-Yp ˙NL-¨l-◊, œ±l◊ G”j-Rp, ˘Nn-ß-L˚[

AX£ BWÙn-Rp. RL-Yp-L-fid-œ C˚P˙V Es[ LÙWQ LÙ¨Vj

˘RÙPo˚T ®fl-‹-Rp ˙TÙu-\˚Y L⁄j-’-⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œd œZk-˚R˚V

A˚Zj-’f ˘Np-¤m.

A˚PkR A±-Æu TVu-TÙ-”

A˚PkR A±˚Y YÙrd˚Lf „Z-¤d-œ Ht\YÙfl TVu-T-”j’Y-’

GqYÙfl GuT˚Rj ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙsfiRp Lt-\-≠u £\l-TÙ] ©WßT≠l

TÙœm.

246

Ußl-¿-” NVp-Ls

1. Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿”(Assesment for learning)

2. Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p(Assesment as learning)

3. Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-Pp(Assesment of learning)

]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

˙Ut ·±-V-Yt-˙\Ù-” øe-Ls EPu-T-”-°-»o-L[Ù? GpXÙd Lt-\p ˘NVp-

TÙ”-L-∞-¤m C˚Y ÿ›-˚U-VÙ-L-‹m N¨-VÙ-L-‹m A˚UV ˙Yi-”-

˘UufliPÙ? Ee-Ls L⁄j’ Gu]?

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m SPj-’-°u\ Ußl-¿h-•u YÙ´-XÙL Uh-”˙U

B£-¨-V-WÙp œZk˚R-L-fid-œ A∞dL Yi-•V ER-Æ-´u A[-Æ˚]j

æo-UÙ-≤dL CV-¤m. Lt-\-≠p ER-‹-Rp, Lt-\-≠u ˙TÙd˚Lj æo-UÙ-≤j-

Rp, Lt\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•t-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-Rp... Cq-YÙ-fl

œZk˚R´u Lt-\˚X ÿu- ]Ùd°d LÙi” NpX Ußl¿” ER-‹°\’.

„r-®- X- -V-≠p GYt˚\ Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m?

U§l©P

úYi¥VûY

T˚

Pl-◊-L

s

˘NVp ÿ˚\

L⁄

j-’

U]

lTÙeœ

NÍL

®˚X´p

2

47

Lt-\-Ûm U§l-ÀÓmþ-L-¦-Rm

Cq-Æ-˚[-VÙh-•tœ Ee-L˚[ YW-˙Yt-°u-˙\Ùm!

Æ˚[-VÙh-•u Æß-ÿ-˚\-Ls C˚Y-VÙ-œm.

1. C’ CWi-” ˙T⁄d-œ C˚P-´XÙ] ˙TÙh-•.

2. ÿRp STo ˙PÙd-Lu G”j-RÙp, A”j-R-T-•-VÙL CWiPÙm STo Æ˚[-VÙP

˙Yi”m.

3. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ÿ˚\-Ÿm J⁄-Y-⁄d-œ 1 ÿRp 4 Y˚W ˙PÙd-Lu G”dL ÿ•-Ÿm.

4. ˘UÙj-R-ÿs[ 27 ˙PÙd-Lu-L-∞p Cflß ˙PÙd-Lu G”l-T-Y˙W ˘Yt± ˘Tfl-YÙo.

“Can you add?” the White Queen asked.“ What’s one and one and one and one and one

and one and one and one and one?”“ I don’t know,” said Alice. “I lost count.”

Through the looking Glass - Lewis Carrol

C˚Y CWi-”m L¶-Rj-˙RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V-]YÙ, Hu?

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m ˛ L¶-Rj-ßp

248

Lt-\-Ûm U§l-ÀÓmþ-L-¦-Rm

L¶-Rd Lt\p Gu-\Ùp Gu]? Hu?

L¶Rÿ˚\´p £k-ßlT˙R L¶Rd Lt-\-≠u ÿd-°V ˙SÙd-Lm. R]-’ —t-fll-

◊-\j-ß-¤s[ L¶Rl ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[d L¶-R- ÿ˚\´p Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’, E⁄-

YÙd-°V A±˚Yl ◊ßV ©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙi-T-Rt-œl TVu-T-”j-’m ˙TÙ˙R

L¶-Rl-T”j’Rp ®Lr-°u-\-’. ˙SW A[˚Y F°d-œm ˙TÙ’m, øoj˘RÙh-•-´u

A[˚Yj æo-UÙ-≤d-œm˙TÙ’m, TV-Qj-ßt-LÙ] TQj˚Rd LQd-°-”m˙TÙ’m, NÙ˚X-

˚Vd LPl-T-Rt-LÙL YÙL-]e-L-∞u ˙YLj-˚R, S˚P-´u ˙YLj-˙RÙ-” C˚Qj’j

æo-UÙ-]m G”d-œm ˙TÙ’m L¶-R-U-V-UÙ] £k-R˚] TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”-°-\-’. C˚Y Jq-

˘YÙu-±-¤m RYflLs Ht-T-”m˙TÙ’ A’ L¶-Rf £k-R-˚]d-œ Al-TÙt-Th-P-RÙL

UÙfl-°-\-’.

L¶-R-U-V-UÙ] A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

©\ TÙPeL∞u A±-YÙd-Le-L˚[l ˙TÙu-˙\ L¶R A±-YÙd-L-ÿm S˚P

˘Tfl°\’.

£\kR A‡-T-Ye-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’m

°˚PjR RL-Yp-L˚[l TVuT”j-ß-Ÿm

RL-Yp-L˚[d LÙWQ LÙ¨-Vj- ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”jßj Rj-’-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-°Ÿm

E⁄-YÙd-°V Rj-’-Ye-L˚[, R]-’ A‡-T-Ye-L-∞p / ©Wf-£-˚]-L-∞p TVu-T-”jß-

, AkR A±˚Y Ußl-©h-”m.

L¶-R- A±‹ ˛ ·flLs

œZk˚R-Ls ©Wf-£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ˘NVp-TÙh-•p D”T”-Y-Ru YÙ´-

XÙ-L˙Y L¶-R- A±˚Yl ˘Tfl°\ÙoLs. AR-]Ùp L¶-Rj-ßu Gk-R-˘YÙ-⁄ ˘NVp-TÙ-

”m ©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹d-LÙ] NVp-TÙ-PÙ-œm. Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙ-” YØ-VÙLd œZk˚R A˚P-

Ÿm A±‹ ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\ A±YÙ-L-˙YÙ, Es-[-Pd-L- A±YÙL˙YÙ A˚U-V-XÙm. CRu

YÙ´-XÙLf £X U]-lTÙeœLfim Li-˙QÙh-P-ÿm œZk˚RL∞Pm E⁄-YÙ-°-u\].

L¶-Rj-ßu A•l-T˚P SÙd-L-UÙ] L¶-Rf- £kR˚] S˚P- T-fl-Y-’m Cq-YÙ-fl Tt\

A±Æu YÙ´XÙ-L˙Y Bœm. ˘TÙ’-YÙLd ·±-]Ùp L¶Rd Lt-\-≠-u YÙ´XÙLd

L¶-Rd- L⁄j-’-L-fim, L¶Rf ˘NVp--L-fim, ß\u-L-fim, L¶R U]lTÙeœLfim

Y[o-°u-\-].

1. L¶-Rd- L⁄j-’Ls

BWmT Ts∞d L¶-Rj-ßu ÿd-°V L⁄j-’-Ls C˚Y-VÙ-œm.

L¶Rd Lt-\p A‘-œ-ÿ˚\

˛ NCF 2005

œZk˚RLfidœd L¶-Rjßu¡RÙ] AfN-m UÙ± AR˚]W£dœm BoYm -YW Yi-”m.

œZk˚RLs L¶-Rj-ßtœ ÿd°Vj-’-Ym A∞dL Yi-”m. L¶R-˘UuT’ YÙn-TÙ-”-L-fim, CVk-ßWUV-UÙ] Æß-ÿ- \-L-fi-Up-X.

œZk˚RLs L¶-Rj˚R E˚W-VÙP‹m, L⁄j-’l T -UÙt-\m˘Nn-V-‹m, ÆYÙ-ßd-L-‹m, Jufl˙Nok-’ NVpT”YRtœUÙ]J⁄ TÙP-ÿ-UÙLd L⁄-’m ®˚XYW Yi-”m.

£d-L-XÙ] ©Wf-£- ]-L˚[ G›l-T-‹m, æo‹ LÙQ-‹m L¶-RmœZk˚RLfidœ ERY Yi-”m.

˘RÙPo-◊-L˚[l ◊¨k-’ LÙs-[-‹m, A˚Ul˚Td LÙQ-‹m, ŸdßÈo-Y-UÙLf £k-ßd-L-‹m, A±d- L-L-∞u N¨, RY-flL˚[ YÙ£j-’Eflß Nn-V-‹m œZk˚R ß\u-˘T\ Yi-”m.

Yœl-T- \- p Jq- YÙ-⁄œZk˚Rd-œm L¶-Rj˚RlT´Xj Ru]Ù-¤m ÿ•-ŸmGu‡m Sm-©d˚L Ht-TP˙Yi-”m.

2

49

-L-¦-R A±Üþ áßLs

Gi-L-fim L¶Rf ˘NVpLfim.

RW-‹-L˚[d (Data) ˚LVÙ-fi-Rp.

Y•-ÆVp.

Gi-L-fim L¶Rf ˘NVp-L-fim Gu\ Ui-P-Xj-ßp Gi-L-˚[-Ÿm, ©u]

Gi-L- [-Ÿm Eh-T-”jR Yi-”m. RW-‹-L˚[d (Data) ˚LVÙ-fim Ui-P-Xj-ßp TPe-

Ls, Ah-P-Y˚Q RVÙ-¨j-Rp, Ah-P-Y˚Q YÙ£j-Rp, TPe-L˚[ Æ[d-œ-Rp ˙TÙu-

\˚Y Eh-T-”m. Y•-ÆV≠p Y•YeL˚[Ÿm E⁄-YÙd-Lp-L-˚[-Ÿm Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm.

©Wf-£˚] æo-‹d-LÙLd œZk˚R Htfld-˘LÙs-fim- Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ L¶Rl ©Wf-£-˚]-

Ÿm, Cßp H˙R-‡m J⁄ L¶Rd L⁄j’P˙]Ù Ju-fld-œ ˙Ut-ThP L⁄j’-L-fi-P˙]Ù

˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V-RÙL C⁄d-œm.

2. L¶Rf ˘NVp--Ls

˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß\uL˚[l TVuT”jR YÙn-T∞l-T-’ Es-[-PdL A±˚YŸm,

U˙]Ù-®˚X˚VŸm Y[-Wf -˘Nn-V ˙Yi-”m. ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß\u-L-fid-œ ÿd-°-Vj-’-

Ym A∞dœm L¶-Rd Lt-\p S˚P- T\ Yi-”m. NVp-ÿ˚\j ß\u-L-∞u Y[of£

ÍXm L⁄j-’-⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œm, A±-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œm YØ-˙LÙ-¤m ©Wf-£˚]f „Zp-L-

˚[ Yœl-©p E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi-”m.

3. U]-lTÙeœ

L¶Rl ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fid-œj æo‹ LÙ‘m˙TÙ’ E⁄-YÙ-œm A±YÙd-Ljßu

ÍXm œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm £X U]-lTÙeœLs E⁄YÙ°u\]. œZk-˚R-L-∞u CVp-TÙ]

©WßT≠l◊-L-∞u ÍXm C˚Y ˘Y∞l-T-”-°-u\]. U]l-TÙe-œ-L-∞u £X ·fl-Ls

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

WN˚]

Bo-Ym

L¶-R-f £k-R-˚]-Ÿm, ©Wf-£-˚]d-LÙ] æo-‹m

L¶-Rd Lt-\-≠u YØ-VÙLd L¶-Rd-L-⁄j-’-Ls, ß\u-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls,

U]lTÙeœ-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\d œZk-˚R-L∞Pm E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”-UÙ-´u, L¶-R-

UV-UÙLf £kßd-Lj Ái-”m „Zp A˚UV ˙Yi-”m.

œZk-˚R-´u A‡-T-YeLs, Bo-Ym, Li-˙QÙh-Pm, Sm-©d˚L CYt-fl-Pu

C˚Qk-R-˚Y-VÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

250

L¦R A±-Üþ áß-Ls

œZk˚R A˚PkR A±-˙YÙ-” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV-RÙLf NYÙp A˚UV ˙Yi-”m.

œZk˚RL[Ùp Ht-fld ˘LÙs[ CV-¤m ©Wf-£˚]j ˘RÙPo-TÙ] RL-Yp-Ls

APe-°-V-RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

Cd-·flLs APe-°-V CVp-TÙ] „Z˚X E⁄-YÙdL ER-‹m Ej-ß-LsRÙu

"©Wf-£-˚]-Ls' . Cj-’-Pu Lt-\-≠u NÍ-Lj R˚Y-Ÿm „Z¤m œ›-YÙLj æo‹ LÙ‘m

YÙnl-◊-L-fim, ©Wf-£-˚]˚V A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙiP L¶Rd Lt-\-≠-¤i”,

Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp L¶Rl ©Wf-£˚] Gq-YÙfl A˚UV ˙Yi-”m?

L¶Rl ©Wf-£- ]-Ls:

U¶LiP≤u ≈h-” ÿt-\j-ßp U˚Zl-Tk-R-≠p ˘TnR U˚Z-´u A[‹ C’.

SÙs TL-≠p ˘Tn-R-’ CW-Æ-p ˘Tn-R-’ ˘UÙj-Rm

ÆVÙ-Zu 12 œl© 7 œl©

˘Ys∞ 6 œl© 8 œl©

N≤ 10 œl© 10 œl©

G]-’ Ts∞ ÿt-\j-ßp U˚Zl-Tk-R-≠p ˘TnR U˚Z-´u A[‹

SÙs Ts-∞-˙S-Wj-ßp CW-Æp ˘UÙj-Rm

ÿRp SÙs

CWi-PÙm SÙs

Íu-\Ùm SÙs

ÿRp SÙs ˘UÙj-Rm Gj-R˚] œl-©-Ls?

™L AßL U˚Z ˘TnR SÙs G’?

GpXÙ SÙh-L-fim J˙W -˙TÙp U˚Z ˘Tn-’s[RÙ?

Ee-Ls U˚Zl-Tk-R-≠p AßL U˚Z ˘TnR’ CW-ÆXÙ? TL-≠XÙ?

CkR SÙu-œ ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[Ÿm T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’ Jq-˘YÙu-±u R≤jRu˚UL-

˚[-Ÿm Li”-©-•-Ÿe-Ls.

ÿRp CWi-•-¤m Li-”-©-•dL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y G˚Y G]d ·\l-Th-”s-[-’.

AkR ˙SÙd-Lm ®˚\-˙Y-fl-Y-Ru ÍXm Af˘NVp-TÙ-” ®˚\‹ ˘Tflm. B]Ùp,

Íu-flm, SÙu-œm ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[l ˘TÙfljRY˚W A˚Y Ju-˚\-Ÿm CWi-˚P-Ÿm

˙TÙu\˚Y ApX. Ju-fld-œ ˙Ut-ThP ˙SÙd-Le-Ls, ˘Yq-˙Y-fl YØ-ÿ-˚\-Ls, œZk-

˚R-L˙[ æo-UÙ-≤j-’f ˘NVp-T-”jR CV-¤m ß\kR ©Wf-N-˚]-Ls Bœm.

2

51

©Wf-£-û]j ¾o-Üm L¦Rf £kRû]Ùm

ß\kR Æ]Ùd-L-∞p Es[ ©Wf-£- ]-L-∞u æo-‹-L˚[ YÙnl-◊-L˚[ BWÙnk’,

˙R•d LtL YÙnl◊ A∞dL ˙Yi-”m.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚R˚V-Ÿm ˘Yq-˙Y-\Ù] L¶R A‡-T-Ye-Ls Ái-”-°u-\-].

AR]Ùp Tp-ÆRUÙ] ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ AYoLfidœ A∞dL ˙Yi-”m.

Cf„Z≠p L¶R A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-L-jßt-œ ER-‹m Y˚L-´p, ß\kR ©Wf-£˚]

„Zp-L˚[Ÿm, J⁄ œ±l©hP SÙdLj˚R Uh”m LÙiP ©Wf£˚] „ZpL˚[Ÿm

E⁄-YÙd°d L¶Rf £k-R-˚]˚V Y[olT˙R BWm-Tl Ts-∞-d Lt\≠u ˙SÙd-L-m.

œ±l©hP ˙SÙdLj˚R ˚UVUÙLd ˘LÙiP ©Wf-£˚] ˛

G”j’dLÙh”

TÙm˚U YÙeLd L˚P-dœf Nu\ WÙUu A±-Æl◊l TX-˚L-´p

G›ß C⁄l-T-˚Rd LY-≤j-RÙu.

10 ÏTÙnd-œl TÙm˚U YÙe-°-]Ùp 1 ÏTÙn T¨-—

VÙ˚]l- ˘TÙm˚U ˛ 10 ÏTÙn

LW-• ˘TÙm˚U ˛ 5 ÏTÙn

œZk˚R ˘TÙm˚U ˛ 1 ÏTÙn

WÙUu 10 VÙ˚]l ˘TÙm˚U YÙe-°-]Ùu.

T¨— °˚PjR ÏTÙnd-œm ˘TÙm˚U YÙe-°-]Ùp Gk-˘RkR ˘TÙm-˚U-L˚[

YÙe-L-XÙm? Jq- YÙu-flm Gj-R˚] ≈Rm °˚Pdœm?

æo-‹ LÙ‘m-˙TÙ’ SPl-T-’ Gu]?

Cl-©-Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙQ ˙Yi-”-UÙ-]Ùp œZk-˚R-´u U]-ßp

S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi•V ˘NVp-ÿ˚\Ls G˚Y? A’ ˘RÙPo-TÙL Yœl-©p S˚P-˘T\

˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-Ls Gu-˘]u]? HL-˙RN Y•Ym A”jR Td-Lj-ßp ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-

”s-[-’.

252


E[f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls

©Wf-£˚]˚V EQoRp

©Wf-£˚] Æ[d-Lm

©Wf-£-˚]-´p Li-”-©-•dL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y, (˙SÙd-Lm) RWl-Th-

”s[ RL-Yp-L- [Ù-” RÙPo-◊-T-”jß GYt˚\d Li-”©-•dL

˙Yi-”- U]j æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.

©Wf-£- ]- u L¶R Y•Æp UÙtfl-Rp

©Wf-£- ]˚Vd L¶-Rj æo- Yd Li-”-©-•j-Rp

L¶Rj æo-‹d-LÙ] ©Wf-£˚] „Z˚Xl TVu-T-”j-Rp.

Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-”d œ±l-◊-Ls

©Wf-£˚]˚V Y∞- -Pp

—V A‡T-Ye-L˚[d ·fl-Rp.

GYt˚\d Li-”-©-•dL Yi”˘Uu\ Æ]Ùd-L-fi-Pu

˘RÙPo◊T”jßd ·fl-Rp.

˙SÙd-Lm, RL-Yp-Ls CYt-fl-Pu RÙPo-◊-T-”jß GYt˚\d

Li-”-©-•dL Yi-”- Uu-T˚Rj æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.

Gu] L¶Rf NVp NnV Yi-”- U]j æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.

F°j-Rp.

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] £u]eL˚[l TVuT”j’Rp.

Tp- Y-fl ©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹d-LÙ] Ej-ß-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œRp.

L¶Rf NV˚Xf Nn-Rp.

Tp- Yfl YØ-ÿ- \-L˚[d Li-”©•jRp.

T -NÙ-Ll Tt\ 11 ÏTÙnd-œ Gu- ]u] TÙm- U-L- [

YÙeL CV-¤m? TÙm- U-L-∞u TVo-L˚[Vm,

Gi-¶d- L˚VŸm ·fl-°-\Ùo-L[Ù G]l T - NÙ-ßj-Rp.

©Wf-£˚]f „Z-¤d-œ HtT æo-Æ˚] Æ[d-œ-Rp,

UÙt± A˚Uj-Rp.

CqYÙfl ©Wf-£˚]dœj æo-‹LÙ-‘m-˙TÙ’ S˚P-˘T-flm E[f ˘NVpL˚[d, L¶R

A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œ Ht\ Lt-\p˛Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVpL[ÙL UÙt-flm˙TÙ’ AYt-±p

C⁄dL ˙Yi-•V ·flL-˚[-Ÿm, AYt-±t-°-˚P-˙V-VÙ] ˘RÙPo-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm TP-UÙL

Y˚Wk-’ TÙ⁄eLs.

©Wf-£˚] „Z-≠u R≤jRu˚UL˚[d L⁄jßp LÙi-”, ©Wf-

£-˚]dLÙ]j æo-Æ˚] Ußl-©h-”j R˚YVÙ] UÙt\eLs

˘NnYRtLÙ] YØ-ÿ- \-L˚[j R”-Rp.

2

53

Au-\ÙP YÙr-Æp

˙S¨-”m ©Wf-£-˚]-Ls

©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹-L˚[

Au-\ÙP YÙr-Æp

TVuT”j-’-Rp


©Wf-£-˚]-´u

L¶R Y•Yj˚R

E⁄-YÙd-œRp

L¶RÈoY-UÙ]

©Wf£˚]j æo‹

254

©Wf-£˚]˚V

Ht-fld˘LÙs-fi-Rp

]iv\-]-cn-l-c-Whpw KWn-X-Nn-¥bpw

©Wf-£˚] æo-‹d-LÙ] ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p Ju-fld-œl ©u Ut-˘\Ùu-fl Gu\

Y¨-˚Nl-T-• £k-R˚] E⁄-YÙ-Y-ßp-˚X. C˚Y Ju-˙\Ù-˘PÙufl C˚Qk-’ Jq-˘YÙ⁄

®˚X-´-¤m ©Wf-£˚] æo-‹d-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-Ls Ußl-©PlT”°u\].

Aß-≠⁄k-’ ◊¨k-’˘LÙiPRu A•l-T-˚P-´p æo-‹d-LÙ] Ej-ß-L˚[f £X -˙Y-˚[-

L-∞p UÙt± A˚Uj-RÙp Uh-”˙U ©Wf-£-˚]d-LÙ] æo‹LÙQ ÿ•-Ÿm. CkR SÙu-œ

®˚X-L-∞-¤m, ÿu ©u]ÙL SPdœm £k-R-˚]-L-˚[, Cq-YÙ-fl G”j-’-˚Wd-L-XÙm.

ßh-P-

™-”-Rp

©Wf-£˚]˚V

Gßo

˘LÙs-fi-Rp

Ußl-©-”-Rp

Lt-\p

˘NVp-ÿ˚\

ßh-P-™-hP˚R

S˚P-ÿ-˚\l

T”j-Rp

Ce-œ Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m Ht-ThP £k-R-˚]-Ls Aq-Yl-˙TÙ-’ Ußl-©-Pl-

T-”-°-u\]. YÙnl-◊-L˚[d Li-P-±°u\]o; R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-\e-L˚[f Nn-°u\]o.

RÙu TVu-T-”j-ßV £k-R-˚]˚V Ußl-©-”m ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˙V C’. ARu YÙ´-XÙLl

©Wf-£-˚]dœ HtTj R]-’ £k-R-˚]˚V Gq-YÙ-fl TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl £k-

ßdœm TÙ’-RÙu GkR ◊ßV ©Wf-£-˚]-Ÿm Sm˚U Aßof£ A˚PVf NnYßp˚X.


2

55

]iv\-]-cn-l-c-Whpw KWn-X-Nn-¥bpw

L¶Rd Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp UÙß¨ ˛ ®˚X-Ls

˙S¨hP Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]Lfid-œj æo‹ LÙ‘m ˘NVp-ÿ˚\Ls YÙ´-XÙLj

RÙu œZk˚R L¶R A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-°u-\Ùu; ©Wf-£˚]Lfidœj æo-‹ LÙ‘m

ÿVt£´p D”T”°\Ùu. ÿR≠p Li-”-©-•dL ˙Yi-•V’ G’? GlT• Li-”©•dL

˙Yi”m, ARtœ Gu-˘]u] RLYp-Ls ˙R˚Y Gu-T-˚R-l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’ AYt-±t-

°- P- V-Ÿs[ RÙPo◊L˚[d Li-”©•d-°-\Ùu. Cq-YÙ-fl ©Wf-£- ]dLÙ] æo˚Yd

Li”©•d-°u-\Ùu. ˘RÙPok’ Aj æo-Æu A•l-T-˚P-´p R]-’ ÿ•˚Y E⁄-YÙd-

°, A˚Rl ◊ßV „Z-≠p TVu-T-”jß ˙Um-T-”j-’°-\Ùu. A±‹ E⁄-YÙdLf ˘NVp

ÿ˚\-´u ÿd-°V ®˚X-Ls C˚Y-VÙ-œm:

1. ©Wf-£˚]L˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnRp

2. æo‹ LÙ‘Rp

3. ˘TÙ’ ÿ•‹ LÙQp

Ck-®˚XL∞u Jq˘YÙ⁄ LhPjß-¤m ©Wf-£-˚]-Ÿ-Pu ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙsfim

˙TÙ’ œZk˚R L¶-Rd L⁄j-’-L-˚[, ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[, ß\u-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j’-°-

\Ùu. ©Wf-£˚]dœj æo-‹ °˚Pdœm Y˚L-´p AYt˚\ UÙt± A˚Uj’m, ◊ßV]

◊œjßŸm, ˘NnŸm ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\VÙœm C’.

Ck®˚X-L-∞p œZk˚RL∞u U]-ßp S˚P-˘T-flm £k-R-˚]-Ls G˚Y?

®˚X: 1 ©Wf-£˚]L˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnRp

©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[ Ht-fld-˘LÙs-fim œZk˚R, AYt±u æo-‹d-œj R˚Y-VÙ]

RW-‹-L˚[f ˙NL-¨lT’m æo-‹d-LÙ] YØ-ÿ-˚\-L˚[d Li-”-©-•l-T-’m ©Wf-

£˚]L˚[l Tœl-TÙ-Ÿm ®˚X-´-XÙ-œm.

Cl©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙQd Li-”-©-•dL ˙Yi-•V˚Y G˚Y?

AYt˚\d Li-”-©-•lT˘RlT•?

Gu-˘]u] RL-Yp-Ls ˙R˚Y?

°˚PjR RL-Yp-Ls G˚Y?

CYt-±-≠-⁄k-’ ◊ß-V-RÙL Gu-˘]u] RL-YpL˚[d Li”©•dL-XÙm?

CjR˚LV ˙RPp-LsRÙu Ce-œ S˚P-˘T-fl-°-u\]. Aj-’-Pu RWl-Th-”s[ RL-Yp-

L-fid-°-˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo-©˚]l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙ‘m ®˚X´p Gq-YÙ-fl

256

©Wf-£-û]j ¾o-Üm ùNVp §\u-LÞm

TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm œZk˚R Li-P-±-°-\Ùu. Li-”-©-•jRYt˚\ Si-To-L-

fiPu T°ok’ ˘LÙs°u\Ùu; Yœl-©p ˘Y∞-´-”-°u-\Ùu. ARÙ-Y-’ RW-‹-L˚[

AX£ BWÙn-R-¤m, Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘NnR-¤m Ck-®-˚X-´p S˚P-˘T-fl-°-\-’.

®˚X: 2 ©Wf-£˚] æo‹

©Wf-£˚]L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-Ÿm-˙TÙ’ ÍXm Li-”©•jR L⁄j-’-Ls,

AYt±t°˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo◊Ls B°VYt-±u A•l-T-˚P-´p œZk˚R æo‹

LÙ‘m ˘NVp-L-∞p D”-T-”-°-\Ùu. Tp-˙Y-fl YØ--L˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’m ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ-]-

Yt˚\ Ht-fld-˘LÙi-”mRÙu ©Wf-£-˚]d-LÙ] æo-˚Yd Li”©•d-°-\Ùu. RÙu

LPk’ YkR TÙ˚R-L˚[ ¡s-TÙo˚Y ˘Nn-’, RY-fl-L˚[d Li-”-©-•j-’f —V-UÙL

˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m, RÙu Li-”-©-•j-R-Yt˚\ ©\ œZk˚RL∞u æo‹L˙[Ù” Jl-©-P-‹m

˘Nn°\Ùu. —V-UÙLd L¶-Rf ˘NVpLs ˘Nn-Rp, UÙß-¨-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp ˙TÙu\

ß\-˚U-L˚[ Ck-®-˚X-´p œZk˚RLs TVu-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls. ©Wf-£˚]dœj æo‹

LÙ‘m ®˚X-´p œZk˚RLs TVu-T-”j-’-T-Yt˚\ ˘NVp-ß-\uLs, UÙß-¨-Ls E⁄-

YÙ-dœ-Rp, F°j-Rp B°-V-Yt-±p Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm.

®˚X : 3 ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

©Wf-£˚]j æo-Æu A•l-T-˚P-´p ÿ•-‹-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-° AYt˚\l ◊ßV

„r-®-˚X-L-∞p TVu-T-”jß ˙UmT”j’-°u-\-]o. œZk˚R´u Cd Li-”-©-•l◊Ls

©u-]o ˙S¨”m Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]L˚[d œZk˚RLs Ru]m-©d-˚L-Ÿ-Pu Gß-o

˘LÙs[ YØYœd-œ-°-\-’. Uh”UpX E⁄-YÙd°V L¶Rd L⁄j’L˚[ ’p-≠-V-UÙ-L-

‹m, ÿ›˚UVÙL‹m, G∞-˚U-VÙ-L-‹m ˘Y∞-´-”°-\Ùu. ˘UÙØ-´-≠-⁄k-’ ˙Yfl-Th-”

Y˚WTPm, Th-•-Vp, TPeLs B°V-Yt-±u ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m SPj-’-

°u-\Ùu.

©Wf-£˚]LfidLÙ] æo-‹m, ˘NVp-ß-\u-L-fimL¶Rd L⁄j-’d-Ls, ß\u-Ls ˙TÙu-\Yt˚\f ˘NVp-ß-\u-L˚[l TVu-T-

”j-’YRu YÙ´XÙLl ˘Tfl°\ÙoLs. ˘NVp-ß-\u-L˚[l ©Wf-N˚]LfidLÙ] æo-‹-

LÙ‘m ®˚XL∞p TVu-T-”j-’-m ˙TÙ’ A±-‹-⁄-YÙdLm SPlT˘RlT•?

©Wf-£˚]L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œm˙TÙ’LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y:

1. ˙R˚Y-VÙ] NÙtL˚[ Uh-”˙U ET- VÙ-°dL

˙Yi-”m.

2.. G∞V YÙd-°V A˚Ul◊

3. YÙoj- R-L-[Ùp RL-Yp-L˚[ Í•

U˚\d-LÙ-U≠⁄l-T-’.

4. TZdLUÙ] „ZpLs/ ®Lr‹Ls/ CPeL˚[

Eh-T-”j-Rp.

5. Gi-L˚[ CP-U-ßl©uT• NÙp-¤-Rp

6. TX-ÆR L¶Rf NVp-Ls Tp˙Yfl LhPe-L∞p

CPm˘Tflm ©Wf-£- ]-L˚[j RÆojRp.

2

57


®˚X 1 ©Wf-£˚]l Tœl-TÙn‹

˘NVp-ß-\u : AX£ BWÙn-Rp

©Wf-£-˚]˚Vf -N¨-VÙL ®o-Q-´j-Rp.

˙Yfl-ThP YØ-L˚[d Li-”-©-•j-Rp.

N¨-VÙ] YØ˚Vj ˙Rok-˘R-”jRp.

©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹d-LÙ] YØ˚Vd ·flRp.

˘NVp-ß-\u : RW‹ Tœl-TÙn‹

RL-Yp-Ls ˙NL-¨j-Rp.

˙R˚Y-VÙ] ◊ßV RW-‹-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdœRp.

RL-Yp-L˚[ ˙SÙd-Lj-ßt-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙL Y¨-˚NlT”jß Y˚Ll-T-”jßl

Th-•Vp C”-Rp.

RL-Yp-Lfid-°- P- V-Ÿs[ TWv-TW ˘RÙPo◊/ ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-L˚[d Li-P-±-Rp.

®˚X 2 ©Wf-£˚]j æo‹

˘NVp-ß-\u : L¶-Rf ˘NVp-TÙ”-L˚[f ˘Nn-Rp

L¶-Rf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L∞u -æo-‹-L˚[ F°j-’d ·fl-Rp/U]dL-Qd-LÙLd

·flRp

˙Yfl-ThP L¶-Rf ˘NVpÿ˚\-L˚[l TVu-T-”j-’Rp.

N¨-VÙ] Æ˚P Li-”-©-•jRp.

TVu-T-”j-ßV L¶-Rf ˘NVpÿ˚\-´u YÙnl-◊-L˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-Rp/

Ußl-©-Pp.

˘NVp-ß-\u : UÙß¨Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

CVp-TÙLl ˘TÙ⁄jR-UÙ] UÙß¨-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] YØ Li-P-±-Rp / L⁄Æ Li-P-±-Rp.

’p-≠-V-UÙL, ÷h-TUÙLl UÙß¨Ls ˘Nn-Rp.

UÙß¨-L-∞u AZ˚Lf —VUÙL Ußl-©-Pp, ˙Um-T-”j-Rp.

258


˘NVpÿ˚\j -ß-\u : F°jRp

F°l-T-Rt-LÙ] Ejß-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

(ÿ˚\, TVuT”jßV „jßWm)

T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’l TÙoj-Rp (’p≠Vm, ÿ˚\)

UflT¨∫X˚]´u A•l-T-˚P-´p N¨-VÙ] A[-Æ-≠-⁄k-’, Æj-ß-VÙ-Nm

Yk-R-Rt-LÙ] LÙW-Qm Li-P-±-Rp / ˙Um-T-”j-Rp.

®˚X: 3 ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß-\u : L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m

Li-P-±kR L⁄j-’-Ls, ÿ•-‹-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚YL˚[ ˙Yfl-ThP ÿ˚\-´p

˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-Rp. (Æ[dLm / TPÆ[dLm)

G∞V L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt\ ÿ˚\˚Vl TVu-T-”jßd L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m SPj-’-Rp.

(NÙu-fl-Ls Utflm ERÙ-W-Qj-’-Pu)

Li-P-˚PkR L⁄j-’-Ls, ÿ•-‹-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚YL˚[j ˘RÙœjRp.

2

59

©Wf-£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m Tp-˙Yfl Lh-PeL-∞p ˙Yfl-ThP ˘NVpÿ˚\j

-ß-\u-L˚[l TVuT”jßd L¶R A±‹ E⁄-YÙdLm S˚P˘Tflm Yœl-T˚\f

„Z˚Xl TÙ⁄eLs.

Lt\p ˘NVp- ÿ˚\Ls Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-”d œ±l-◊-Ls

2. ©Wf-£˚]l Tœl-TÙn‹

©Wf-£˚]˚Vj æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp,

˘Tt\ A±˙YÙ” ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”jß ARu

æo-‹d-LÙ] YØ-L˚[ B˙XÙ-£j-Rp ˛

˙Rok-˘R-”j-Rp,

—V T-¨-˙NÙ-R˚]

1. ©Wf-£˚] ˘Y∞- -Pp

3. ©Wf-£˚]j æo‹

©Wf-£˚]˚Vl Tœl-TÙn-‹ ˘Nn’ Æ˚P

Li”©•jRp. ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]Ùp Ju-fld-œ

˙Ut-ThP YÙnl-◊-L˚[Ÿm T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-Rp.

U‡ SL-Wd LÙh-£-L˚[d LÙQ SL-Wj-˚R-V-˚Pk-RÙu. Gq-Y-[‹ Bh-Ls! CkR Tv-

≥p GjR˚] ˙To C⁄d-°u-\-]o? U‡ LQd-°Pj ˘RÙPe°]Ùu.

YX-’ Td-Lm 3 ˙To ≈Rm AU⁄m 9 C⁄d-˚L-Ls. CP-’- Td-Lm 2 ˙To ≈Rm AU⁄m 8

C⁄d-˚L-Ls Gu-˙]Ù-” ˙Noj’ 8 ˙To C⁄d˚L Cp-XÙ-Up ®t-°u-\-]o. HL-˙R-Nm

Gj-R˚] ˙To Tv-≥p Es-[-]o?

RU-’ FLj˚Rd œ±j-’d˘LÙs-°u-\-]o.

˘Y∞-´”°u\]o.

Gp-˙XÙ-⁄d-œm ˙Yfl ˙Yfl Gi-Ls °˚PjR˙Ru? £k-ßjR ÿ˚\L˚[l T°ok’

˘LÙs˙YÙUÙ?

F°jR ÿ˚\˚Vj R≤jR≤-VÙL G›-’-°u-\-]o. £Xo ˘Y∞-´-”-°u-\-]o.

CkR YØLs -N¨-VÙ-]RÙ? ˙Yfl YØ-Ls Es[]YÙ? ˛ œ›-YÙ-°u-\-]o;

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m ˚LVÙiP ÿ˚\-L˚[d œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-´-”-°u-\-]o. ÆYÙ-Rm.

N¨-VÙ] YØL˚[d Li-P-±-°u-\-]o. œ› ˘Y∞-¬”.

GkR YØ˚V Htfld˘LÙs[XÙm.? LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp, T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-Rp, ˙Rok-˘R-”j-Rp.

øe-Ls G˚Rj ˙Rok-˘R-”l-¿o-Ls?

Htfld˘LÙs[d·•V YØ-L∞u ÍXm œZk˚R-Ls R≤jR≤-VÙLl

©Wf-£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙi°u-\-]o. ˘Y∞-´-”-°u-\-]o.

L¶Rf ˘NVp ÿ˚\-L˚[ Æ[d-œ-°u-\-]o˛ Tœl-TÙn‹ (J˙W ˙TÙu\˚Y,

ÆjßVÙ-N-UÙ-]-˚Y, Ht◊˚PV˚Y)

B£-¨-Vo ˘RÙœj-Rp (B£-¨-Vo T˚Pl◊ ˘Y∞-´-Pp)

˙U˙X œ±l-©h”s[ ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls ÍXm œZk˚R-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°V L⁄j-’-Ls, ß\u-Ls,

˘NVpÿ˚\j -ß-\u-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚YL˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ Li-”-©-•d-L-XÙUÙ?

360

LiQÙÍf£

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ Fßs\? ˛ `mj

Lt-\p NV-pÿ˚\L∞u ÍXm œZk˚RL∞Pm SPd-œm Tu-ÿL A±‹ Y[of-

£˚V Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m G] SÙm TÙoj-˙RÙm. G≤p ARt-

LÙ] Ußl-¿h”f ˘NVpÿ˚\ Gq-YÙfl A˚UV ˙Yi”m?

Ußl-©-P-≠u ÿRp ®˚X- GuT’ Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[f NL¨lTRÙL

A˚UŸ-Up-XYÙ? CjRL-Yp-Ls Ge-°-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm? Tp˙Yfl E˚\-Æ-Pe-L-∞-≠-

⁄k-’ RL-Yp-L˚[f ˙NL-¨dL ˙Yi-”-Up-XYÙ? VÙo? Hu? œZk˚R´u Y[of£˚V

ÿ›˚UVÙLl TÙod-L ER‹m RL-Yp-L˚[ B£-¨-Vo RÙ˙] ˙NL-¨dL ˙Yi-”m.

RL-Yp-Ls þ Lt-\-Ûd-Lô] U§l-©-P-Ûd-Ï

Lt-©j-Rp ˚L˙Vh-•p ©W-ß-T-≠l◊l Td-Lj-ß-¤s[ RL-Yp-L˚[ (U.-R-˛1) B£-

¨-Vo Gl-˙TÙ-’ ˙NL-¨j-ß-⁄l-TÙo?

R≤-VÙ-Ld L˚R G›-ßV˙TÙ’

UÙQ-Yl T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl˚T Ußl-©-”m˙TÙ’

Ck-®-˚X-´p ˙Ut-œ-±l-©h-”s[ RL-Yp-Ls B£-¨-V-⁄d-œj ˙R˚YVÙ?

Æ˚[-VÙh-” Æ[d-Lm RVÙ-¨lT-ßp œZk˚R GkR ®˚X-´p C⁄d-°-\Ùu,

L⁄j-ßp ˘Ttfls[ A±-‹ ®˚X Gu] ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ A±V CjRL-Yp-Ls B£-¨-

V⁄dœ ER-‹-Up-XYÙ? CVp-TÙL C˚Y Lt-\p ˘NVpÿ-˚\-L˚[ YØ -SPjR ER-‹-

T˚Y-VÙ-œm.

TÙLm˛ 3˘UÙØ˚V Ußl-©”-Y-’ Gq-YÙ-fl?

Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls˛1

A⁄i Æ˚[-VÙh-” Æß-L- [Ÿm,

Æ˚[-VÙh-” ÿ˚\L˚[-Ÿm

G›-ß- ⁄kRÙu.

YÙd-°-Ve-L˚[ J›e-LÙL

G›-ß -⁄k-RÙu.

L⁄j-’ ÿ›- U-VÙL C⁄k-R-’.

3

61


CkRj RL-Yp-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p B£-¨-Vo Lt-\p ˘NV-pÿ-˚\-L-∞p ˙R˚Y-VÙ]

UÙt-\e-L˚[f ˘Nn-V-XÙm. RÙu ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V ER-Æ-ú A[-‹, ÿ˚\, ˙TÙu-\-

Yt˚\ B£-¨-Vo æo-UÙ-≤j-’ S˚P-ÿ-˚\-T-”jß C⁄l-TÙo.

Cq-YÙ-fl Lt-\p ˘NVpÿ-˚\-L˚[ ÿu-S-Pjß ˘Np-¤m RL-Yp-Ls, Lt-\-p

Ußl-¿h-•p C⁄k’ °˚Pd-Ld ·•-V-˚Y-VÙ-œm.

Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-©-P-≠p °˚Pd-œm RL-Yp-L-∞u ˘TÙ’l Ti◊-Ls G˚Y-?

Lt-\-p ˘NVp ÿ˚\-L-∞u ÍXm B£-¨-V-⁄d-œd °˚Pl-T˚Y.

Lt-\p ˘NVp ÿ˚\-L˚[ ÿu SPj-ßf ˘Np-T˚Y.

°˚PjR RL-Yp-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p EP˙]Ù Ap-X-’ ©u-]˙WÙ ˘NVp

-TÙ-”-L-∞p ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V UÙt-\e-Ls, ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ER-Æ-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y

œZk˚RLfid-œl ©u-Úh-P-UÙLd °˚Pd-œm.

CkRj RL-Yp-Ls œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt\p ®˚X-˚Vl Tt±l TV-‡s[ RL-YpL˚[

A∞d-°-u\].

RL-Yp-Ls ˛ Ußl-©-P˙X Lt-\p

Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls 2. C’, RÙu ˘NnR ˘NVp-TÙh-˚Pf —V-UÙ-L˙Y Ußl-©-”-

Y-RÙ-œm. œZk˚R Ru ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Gq-YÙ-fl LÙi-°-\Ùu? Ru-˚]l Tt-±V

L⁄j-’ Gu-]? Gufl —V Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-°-\Ùu. CkR Ußl-©-P˙X Lt-\p ˘RÙPo-TÙ]

RL-Yp-L˚[ A∞d-°-\-’.

Ußl-©-P˙X Lt-\p ˛ RL-Yp-L-∞u ˘TÙ’l Ti◊-Ls

Lt-\p ˘NV-pÿ˚\ú˙TÙ’ œZk- R-Ls ˘Nn-Ÿm —V Ußl-¿h-•u ÍXm °˚Pl-T-’.

—V-UÙL ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-Ls A∞l-T-˚Y.

R]-’ Lt-\p ˘NV-p ÿ˚\ú, ßh-P-™-Pp, S˚P-ÿ-˚\, Ußl-©-Pp ˙TÙu-\-

˚Yl Tt± A±V œZk-˚Rdœm, C˚Rl-Tt±d œZk˚R A±k-’s-[Ù]Ù

Gu\±V B£-¨-V-⁄d-œm ˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-Ls A∞l-T-˚Y-VÙ-œm.

RL-Yp-Ls- ˛ Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-Pp

Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls˛3, Gq-YÙ-\Ù-]-’? Lt-\p ˙SÙd-L-ÿ-UÙL Jl-◊-˚Ul-T”j-

’m-˙TÙ-’ œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\-p ®˚X˚V Æ[d-œm RL-Yp-L-[Ù-œm C˚Y,

Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls 2

ÿu]o NÙu-]-Yt-±u

˘RÙPof-£-VpX

CWi-PÙ-Y-’ NÙu-]- Y.

362


C²-V-²u, LûR ØÝ-ûU-Vôd-Lp

C˚Y J⁄ AX-°u ÿ•-Æ-˙XÙ, T⁄-Yj-ßu ÿ•-Æ˙XÙ ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-∞-P˙UÙ œZk-˚R-

L-∞-P˙UÙ Lt-\p ®˚X˚V A±-ÆdL B£-¨-Vo ˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L-[ÙL C⁄d-L-XÙm.

Cq-YÙ-fl œZk˚R E⁄-YÙd-°V A±‹ GkR A[‹ ®˚X ˘LÙi-”s-[-’ Gu\ RL-

Yp-Ls Lt-\p Ußl-¿-˙PÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V-]YÙœm.

Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-Pp ˛ RL-Yp-L-∞u ˘TÙ’j Ru-˚U-Ls

˘Tt\ L⁄j-’ GkR A[‹ ®˚X LÙi-”s-[-’ Gu-fl A±-Y-Rt-LÙ] RL-YpL˚[

A∞j-Rp.

Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Le-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p œZk-˚R-L∞u Lt-\p ®˚X˚Vj æo-

UÙ≤dL ER‹m RL-Yp-L˚[ A∞j-Rp.

Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-Pp ˛ RL-Yp E˚\-Æ-Pe-Ls

Lt-\p S˚P- T-flm Yœl-T- \˙V Lt-\- Xl Tt-±V RL-Yp-Ls NL- l-©t-LÙ] £\kR

E˚\-Æ-P-UÙ-œm. Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú ˙TÙ’ B£-¨-Vo ˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-Ls Lt-©j-

Rp ˚L˙Vh-•u ©W-ß-T-≠l-◊l Td-Le-L-∞p LÙQl-T-”m. Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú TÙL-

UÙ] œZk-˚R-ú YÙn-˘UÙØd L⁄j’˚WLs, ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-Ls ˙TÙu\

Lt-\p ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”-L-fim, RL-Yp ˙NL-¨l-©t-LÙ] E˚\-Æ-Pe-L-[Ù-œm. Lt-\-˚Xl-Tt±j

RL-Yp-Ls A∞d-œm ˙Yfl-TX E˚\-Æ-Pe-L-fim Ei-Pp-X-YÙ? A˚Y G˚Y?

Si-To-Ls ©\ B£-¨-Vo-Ls

˘Tt-˙\Ùo NÍ-Lm

GRt-LÙL Cj-R˚] RL-Yp E˚\-Æ-Pe-Ls?

Yœl-T-˚\˙V RL-Yp ˙NL-¨l-T-Rt-LÙ] £\kR E˚\-Æ-P-UÙL C⁄d-œm-˙TÙ-’, Yœl-

©t-œ ˘Y∞˙V GRt-LÙLd œZk-˚R-˚Vl Tt-±V RL-Yp-L˚[ ÆNÙ-¨d-°-˙\Ùm? ClT•

ÆNÙ-¨d-œm ÿu Sm-ÿu-‡s[ œZk-˚R-˚Vl Tt± SÙm A±V ˙Yi-•-V-’i-”. Gu-

˘]u] £\l-Tm-Ne-Ls AY≤Pm/AY-∞-Pm Es-[]?

œZk-˚R-Ls ˙Yfl-Th-P-Yo-Ls. AYo-L-fid-œd ˘LÙ”d-œm Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-

L-fim ˙Yfl-Th-P-˚Y, Ht-fld-˘LÙs-fim Ru-˚U-Ÿm ˙Yfl-Th-P˚Y. A-Yu ◊Ze-œm

CPe-Lfim ˙Yfl-Th-P-˚Y-VÙ-R-≠-]Ùp Ußl-¿-”m ˙Yfl-ThP E˚\-Æ-Pe-L˚[ SÙP

˙Yi-•-Ÿs-[’.


TPj-ßu A•l-T- P- p G∞V

YÙd-°VeL-∞p L˚R H›-ß-]Ùu.

ÿ›- U-VÙ] L⁄j-’ Ei-”.

˘T⁄m-TÙ-XÙ] YÙoj- R-L˚[f

N -VÙL G›’-°-\Ùu.

£\lTÙL Y∞- -”°-\Ùu.

L˚R-ú ÿ•-‹, £\l-TÙL

C⁄kR’.

3

63


Ußl¿h” ÿ˚\-Ls

Yœl-T-˚\-´p J⁄ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-” S˚P-˘T-flm ˙TÙ’ œZk-˚R´u A±-‹-

⁄-YÙd-Lm £\kR ÿ˚\-´p S˚P-˘T-\- ˙Yi”m. œZk˚R R]’ Tu-ÿL A±˚Yl

TVu-T-”j-R- ˙Yi”m. CRt-LÙLl TX-ÿ˚\L-˚[d ˚LVÙ-fi-˙YÙ-Up-XYÙ? A˚Y

VÙ˚Y?

œZk-˚R-L˚[d œ›d-L-[Ùd-œ-Rp.

˘TÙfll-◊-L-˚[f —V-UÙL Ht-fld ˘LÙs[ YÙnl-T-∞jRp.

CWi-” ˙TW-Pe-°V £fl œ›d-L-[ÙdœRp.

œ›-Æp ˙SW-•-VÙLl Te-œ ˘TflRp.

˙Nok-’ ˘NV-XÙt-flRp.

Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp Cd Lt-\p ÿ˚\-L-˚[˙V Ußl-©-P-¤dœ TVu-T-”j-R-XÙ-Up-XYÙ?

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Ußl-¿h” ÿ˚\˚Vl TVu-T-”j-’m ˙TÙ’m °˚Pd-œm RL-YpLs

G˚Y? ARu œQ-S-XuLs Gu-]? SÙd-Lm Gu-]? AR-]Ùp B£- -V-⁄d-œd °˚Pd-

œm TXu Gu-]? ARt-LÙL ET-˙VÙ-°d-œm L⁄-Æ-Ls VÙ˚Y? CYt-˚\l Tt± Æ¨-

YÙL ÆYÙ-ßdL ˙Yi-”-Up-XYÙ?

J⁄ CWi-PÙm Yœl◊ B£-¨˚V "TPok-’ TPok-’' Gu\ TÙPj-ßp ÈN-¶d-LÙ-

˚Vl Tt±d œ±l◊ RVÙ-WÙd-œ-Y-Rt-LÙ] ˘NVp-TÙ-” SPjR Yœl-T-˚\-´p SPjßV

˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[l TÙol-˙TÙm.

ÈN-¶d-LÙ-˚Vl- Tt±l TÙPl-◊j-R-Lj-ßp œ±l-©-Pl-Th-”s-[-˚Rj R≤-VÙLd

Li”-©-•dL YÙnl◊ A∞j-Rp.

TÙP-lT-œ-ß-´-≠-⁄k-’ Li-P-±k-R-Yt-˚\f £±V œ›d-L-∞p Te-œ ˚Yj-Rp.

ÈN-¶d-LÙ-˚Vl- Tt± AßL RL-Yp-Ls APe-°V ◊j-R-Lj˚Rd œ›d-L-fidœ

A∞j-Rp.

œ›-Æp YÙ£j-Rp.

R≤-VÙ-Ld œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨j-Rp.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m RVÙ-¨jR œ±l-◊-L˚[d œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-´-Pp.

œZk- R-L-∞u R≤j-Ru˚U-Ls

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚RŸm R≤j-

Ru˚U YÙnk-R-YoLs.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\p

ÿ˚\-L-fim Yfl-Th-P- Y-VÙ-œm.

Jq- YÙ-⁄ œZk- Rd-œm R]d˙L

E¨V £k-ßdœm ÿ˚\-Ÿi-”.

Tu-ÿL A±-‹j R[j-ßu Tp- Yfl

·fl-Ls £X¨Pm Aß-L-UÙ-L-‹m,

£X -Pm œ˚\k-’m LÙQl-T”m.

œZk- R- u Æ⁄l-Te-Ls, Bo-Ye-

Ls, U]- Y›f-£-Ls Yfl-Th-P- Y-

VÙ-œm..

Jq- YÙ-⁄ œZk- RŸm Yfl-ThP

œ”mTf „Z≠≠-⁄k-’, Yfl-ThP

YÙrd˚L A‡-T-Ye-L˙[Ù-” Y⁄-

°-\Ùu. AYo-L-∞u Æ⁄l-T-eL-∞-

¤m Li˙QÙh-Pe-L-∞-¤m A˚Y

©W-ß-T-≠d-œm.

364 ˘TÙ’d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp

œ›-Æu ˘TÙ’l T˚Pl◊j RVÙ-¨j-Rp

œ›l T˚Pl◊L˚[ ˘Y∞-´-Pp

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œ›-l T˚Pl-◊L-∞u £\l-Tm-Ne-L˚[l Tt± ÆYÙ-ßj-Rp

-B£-¨-Vo T˚Pl-˚T ˘Y∞-´-Pp

B£-¨-Vo T˚Pl-©u £\l-Tm-Ne-L˚[l Tt± ÆYÙ-ßj-Rp

ÆYÙ-Rj-ßu A•l-T-˚P-´p Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m R]-’ T˚Pl◊L˚[

˙Um-T-”jß G›-’-Rp.

œ› Ußl-©-Pp

œ±l◊ E⁄YÙd-œm ˘NVp-TÙh-•u A•l-T-˚P-´p œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•u

T•-L˚[ ¡i-”m Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-˙YÙm.

R≤-VÙ-Lj RVÙ-¨jR œ±l-˙TÙ-” œ›-Æp ˙Nok-R]o.

œ›Æp SPjR ˙Yi-•V ˘NV-pÿ-˚\-L-˚[l Tt± B£-¨-Vo N¨-VÙ]

A±-‹flj-Rp-Ls YZe-°-]Ùo.

Re-Ls œ±l˚T Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m YÙ£j-RÙo-Ls.

Ut-fls-[-Yo-Ls Re-Ls L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm A±-‹-flj-Rp-L-˚[-Ÿm ·±-]Ùo-Ls.

Ad L⁄j-’d-L˚[ Eh-T-”jß J⁄ ◊ßV œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨j-RÙo-Ls.

Cd œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•p Ge-˘Lp-XÙm Ußl-©-Pp SPk-R-’?

©\ œZk-˚R-Ls RÙe-Ls RVÙ-¨jR œ±l˚T ˘Y∞-´h-P-˙TÙ-’ RÙu G›-ßV

œ±l-˙TÙ-” Jl-◊-˚Ul-T-”jß A’ Gk-R-[-‹d-œ Es-[-’ G] A±k-RÙo-Ls.

R]-’ T˚Pl˚Tl ©\-W-’ T˚Pl-˙TÙ-” Jl-◊-˚Ul-T-”jßl ©\ œZk-˚R-L-∞u

£\l-◊-L˚[ A±--kRÙo-Ls.

Cf £\l-◊-L˚[ U]-ßp ˘LÙi-” R]-’ T˚Pl˚T ˙Um-T-”j-’-°-\Ùu. Ce-œ

Ußl©P˙X Lt-\-XÙL UÙfl-°-\-’.

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-” S˚P-˘T-flm ˙TÙ’m, SPkR ©\-œm Ußl-©-P-¤d-LÙL ET-˙VÙ-

°jR Ej-ß-L-fim L⁄-Æ-L-fim G˚Y?

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-” ˛

A±-‹-flj-RpLs

GpXÙd œZk˚RL-fim RÙm

G›ßV˚R YÙ£j-’

˘Y∞- -”Rp.

Jq- YÙ-⁄ œZk- RŸm

˘Y∞- -”m- TÙ-’m Aßp

©•j-R- Y-L- [-Ÿm ©•d-LÙ-R- Y-

L- [-Ÿm œ±j’ Yj-’

LXk-’- W-VÙ-”Rp.

™Lf £\k-R˚Rd Li-”-©-•j-Rp.

GR-]Ùp £\k-R-’ G] ÆYÙ-ßj-Rp.

˙Um-T-”jß UÙt± G›-’-Rp.

3

65

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ coXn-Iƒ ˛ `mj

œZk˚R-Ls Re-L-fid-°-˚P-˙V ˙Ls-Æ-Ls ˙Lh-Pp.

œZk˚RLs ET-˙VÙ-°d-œm ˙NÙR-˚]l -Th-•-Vp.

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-” R]d-œ Gq-YÙ-fl ER-Æ-V-’ Gu\ —V-U-ßl-¿-”.

NL Ußl-¿-”

Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•u GkR ®˚X- p, Gq-YÙ-fl NL Ußl-¿-” SPjR ˙Yi-”- Uu-flm,

ARt-œ Gu-˘]u] Ej-ß-L-˚[d ˚LVÙ[ ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-flm B£-¨-Vo N¨-VÙLj

ßhP™P ˙Yi-”m. Al-˙TÙ-’ RÙu NL Ußl-¿-” S˚P-˘T-flm.

ÿu-]o œ±l-©hP œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨dœm ˘NVp-TÙh-•p œZk˚R —V-UÙL G›ßV

œ±l˚T ÿR-≠p £±V œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-´-”-°\’. Ceœ R]-’ T˚Pl˚T Si-To-

L∞u T˚Pl-˙TÙ-” Jl-◊-˚UlT”j-’Rp S˚P-˘Tt-\’.

Si-To-L-∞u T˚Pl◊ R]d-œl ©•j-R-’/©•d-LÙ-Up ˙TÙ]-˙Ru?

R]-’ T˚Pl-©p œ±l-©u ·fl-Ls Es-[-]YÙ?

˘NÙpX ˙Yi-•-V˚Y N¨-VÙLf ˘NÙpXl-Th-”s-[]YÙ?

.˙TÙu\ Æ]Ùd-L˚[j R]d-œs G›l-◊-°-\Ùu. Si-To-L-∞u T˚Pl-

˙TÙ-” Jl◊˚U ˘Nn-’ R]-’ T˚Pl-©u ˙Uu-˚UL-s,

œ˚\Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\d Li-P-±-°u-\Ùu.

NL-U-ßl¿-h-•t-LÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-R -˙Yi-•V

Ej-ß-L-fim L⁄-Æ-L-fim G˚Y?

C⁄Y-⁄m LPk-’ ˘Nu\ Lt-\p ˘NV-pÿ-˚\-´u

Tp-˙Y-fl ®˚X-L-∞p Lt-\-˙XÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV

œ±l-◊-Ls APe-°V ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp.

B£-¨-Vo Yœl-©p LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•V Ußl-©-Pp

˙Ls-Æ-Ls.

NL Ußl-¿-”f ˙NÙR-˚]l -Th-•-Vp

366

Kq∏v hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛ `mj

G]’ L˚R Bm Cp˚X

G]-’ L˚R´p SpX RÙPd-L-ÿm

˘RÙPof-£-Ÿm ÿ•-‹m Ei-”.

SÙu L˚R˚V ÿ›- U-VÙ]

YÙd-°-VeL∞p G›-ß-Ÿs- [u.

L˚R- ®Lr-‹-Ls Y - N-VÙL Es-[-].

.

G]-’ L˘V›j-’ AZ-LÙ-L Es-[-’.

ÑV U§l-À-Ó

Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´u GpXÙ ®˚X-´-¤m —V Ußl-¿-” SPd-°-\-’. C’ CVp-TÙL

®Lr-°-\-’. £X ˙Y˚[-L-∞p ˘R¨k-’m SPd-°-\-’. Cj-R-˚LV Nk-Rol-Te-L˚[ SÙm T¨-

˙NÙ-ßl˙TÙm.

R]-’ A±-Æ˚]/ Lt-\p ˘NVpÿ-˚\-L˚[, Si-To-L-∞u A±‹/ Lt-\p ˘NV-p

ÿ˚\-L˙[Ù” Jl-©h-”l TÙod-œm-˙TÙ-’ ...

R]-’ Lt-\p ˘NVpÿ-˚\-L˚[/T˚Pl-◊-L˚[l ˘TÙ’-YÙL E⁄-YÙd-°V œ±l-◊-L∞u

A•lT-˚P-´p Ußl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’...

J⁄ R≤l-ThP ˘NVp-TÙh-•p B£-¨-V-¨u ©u-Úh-Pm °˚Pd-œm˙TÙ’...

ÆUo-N]lÈoY-UÙ] Lt-\-p A‘-œ-ÿ- \- Vl ©u-Tt-flm SÙm, œZk˚R CVp-TÙ-L-‹m

£X ˙Y˚[-L-∞p A±k-’m SPj’m CjR-˚LV —V Ußl-©-P-pL˚[d LPk’ ˘NpX

AY-‡d-œ ERY ˙Yi-PÙ-UÙ? R]-’ £k-R-˚]-˚Vl Tt-±f £k-ßdLj Ái-”m YÙnl-◊-

L˚[ BWmT Yœl-◊-L-∞-˙X˙V ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-”m. Al-

˘TÙ-›-’-RÙu —V Ußl-¿-”m, Lt-\-¤m BZ-UÙL A˚U-Ÿm.

—V Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-V-‹m, R]-’ £k-R-˚]˚Vl Tt-±f

£k-ßd-L-‹m B£-¨-Vo ˙Lh-œm Æ]Ùd-Ls ER-‹m. Aj-

R˚LV Æ]Ùd-L˚[ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•u TX ®˚X-L-∞-

¤m SÙm G›l-◊-°-˙\Ùm. ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ Æ]Ùd-

L˚[d Lt-\-≠u GkR ®˚X-´p ET-˙VÙ-°dL ˙Yi-”m

Gufl BWÙn-˙YÙm.

1. CYt-fls Ee-L-fid-œl ©•j-R-UÙ-]-’ G’?

Æ⁄m-◊-Y-Rt-LÙ] LÙW-QeL-˚[d ·\ ÿ•ŸUÙ?

2. øe-Ls RVÙ¨j-R -œ-±l-©t-œm CRt-œm HRÙ-Y-’ ˘RÙPo-

◊s-[RÙ? Gu-˘]u] ˘RÙPo◊Ls Es-[]?

3. -œ-±l◊ RVÙ-¨d-œm ˙TÙ’ øe-Ls GYt-˚\-˘Vp-XÙm LY-]j-ßp-

˘LÙiºoLs?

L˚R˚V Ußl-©Pj RVÙ-WÙd-°V NÙR- ]l Th-•-V˚Xl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

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67

]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛ `mj

4. ÿR-≠p RVÙ-¨jR A•d-œ-±l˚Tl ˙TÙXÙYÙ C’ Es-[-’?

Gu˘]u] ˙Yfl-TÙ”-Ls Es-[]?

5. ˘NÙt-L-˚[j ˙Rok-˘R-”jR ˙TÙ’ LY-]j-ßp ˘LÙi-P˚Y VÙ˚Y?

6. ·”-Rp ˘NÙt-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j-RÙ-R-˙Ru?

7. ÿu]o G›-ß-V˚R UÙt± G›-’m ˙TÙ’ Gu-˘]u] UÙt-\e-Ls

˘NnVj æo-UÙ-≤j-æo-Ls?

CYt-fls Gu-˘]u] ˙Ls-Æ-L˚[ øe-Ls ˙Lh--¿o-Ls?

B£-¨-Vo Ußl-¿”

œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Rp B£-¨-V-ü Au-\Ù-Pf ˘NVp-TÙh-

•u ÿd-°-V-UÙ] Tœß Gu-fl L⁄-Rl-T-”-°-\-’. B£-¨-V-˚Wl TÙfljR Y˚W,

RÙu ßh-P-™h-” SPj-ßV Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls YØ-VÙL Gßo-TÙojR

A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lm S˚P-˘Tt-\RÙ G]l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-Rp.

J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX-Lh-Pj-ßp Ht-ThP œZk-˚R-ú Y[of-£-˚Vl

◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-fiRp.

Tp-˙Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞u ÍXm °˚PjR A±-YÙd-Lj-ßu ˙Uu˚UL˚[

Efl-ß- Nn-Rp.

œZk-˚R-ú Tu-ÿL A±‹ Y[of£®˚X-˚Vl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-Y-˙RÙ-” ARu

Y[of-£-˚V-Ÿm, T¨-QÙ-Uj-˚R-Ÿm ◊¨k-’-˘LÙi-” Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-Ls A∞jRp.

œZk-˚R-Ls Yœl-©-¤m, ˘Y∞-´-¤m, œ”m-Tj-ß-¤m, NÍ-Lj-ß-¤m LÙh-”m R≤

Bfi-˚U˚V-Ÿm NÍL D”-TÙh-˚P-Ÿm ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[p.

CjR-˚LV ÿ˚\-´p A˚UkR Yœl-©-¤m, ˘Y∞-´-¤m SPd-œm ÿ›-˚U-VÙ]

Y[of-£-ú ®˚X-L˚[ B£-¨-Vo Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m. ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ˙Y˚[-L-∞p Tp-

˙Y-fl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ER-Æ-Ls SpL ˙Yi-”m. Aq-Yl-˙TÙ-’ AYt˚\l Tß‹ ˘Nn-

Y-’m Cu-±-V-˚U-VÙ-R-RÙ-œm.

œ•-¤m, ≈”m, YV-¤m, YÙnd-LÙ-¤m, Y\i-” Æh-P-˙RÙ !

—V Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙ-Ld

œZk- R-L˙[ ET- VÙ-°d-œmEjß-L -fim L⁄-Æ -L -fimG˚Y? œZk˚R LPk-’ Nu\ Lt-\p

˘NV-pÿ- \- u Jq- YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-

-¤m SPd-œm NVp-TÙ-”-

L˙[Ù” RÙPo-◊- PV œ±l-◊-Ls

APe-°V NÙR- ]l-Th-•-Vp.

B£- -Vo Yœl-©p Y∞- h-”

ÆYÙ-ßjR —V Ußl-¿h-”d

˙LsÆLs.

Lt-\- Xl Tt±d œZk- R˙V E⁄-

YÙd-°V —V Y∞-¬h-”d

œ±l◊Ls.

368

kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛ `mj

Aq-YÙ-˘\-≤p Lt-\p˛Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm N¨-VÙ], ÷h-

T-UÙ] RL-Yp-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p RÙu Ußl-©-Pp SPjR ˙Yi-”m. CRt-LÙLl TX

˙Y˚[-L-∞p Tp-˙Y-fl Ej-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm L⁄-Æ-L-˚[-Ÿm ET-˙VÙ-°dL ˙Yi-•-Y-⁄m. ET-

˙VÙ-°d-œm Ej-ß-L-fim L⁄-Æ-L-fim ˙Yfl-Th-P-RÙL C⁄k-RÙp Uh-”˙U CR˚] G∞-

RÙ-L-‹m SpX ÿ˚\-´-¤m S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”jR ÿ•-Ÿm.

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-”L˚[f N¨-VÙ] ÿ˚\-´p Et-fl ˙SÙd-œm B£-¨Vo ÿ˚\-NÙWÙ

Ußl-¿h˚P Al-˙TÙ˙R SPj-’-°-\Ùo. Aq-YÙ-˘\-≤p œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨d-œm ˘NVpÿ˚\-

´u Tp-˙Y-fl ®˚X-L-∞p SPkR œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[l TÙ⁄e-Ls. —V-UÙLj RVÙ-

WÙd-°V œ±l˚Td œ›-Æp YÙ£j-’ ˘Y∞-´h-”, ˙Um-T-”jß ˘Y∞-´h-P-˙TÙ-’ G˚Y-

˘Vp-XÙm Ußl-©-Pl-Th-P] GuT˚Rl TÙol-˙TÙm.

®Lr-Æu / TÙPd L⁄j-˙RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Lt-\p GkR A[‹ SPk-’s-[-’?

E⁄-YÙd-°V L⁄j˚R ÿ˚\-VÙL ˘Y∞l-T-”jR ÿ•k-RRÙ?

NÍLj ß\u-Ls ˛ ©\-¨u L⁄j-’d-L˚[d LY-≤d-L-‹m, Ußl-©-P-‹m, AYt˚\

R]-’ A±-˙YÙ-” ˙Nol-T-Rt-LÙ] Æ⁄l-Tm / U]-®˚X GkR A[-Æt-œ Es[’?

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•u ˙SÙd-Lm, LÙX A[-‹, Ht-fld-˘LÙiP ˘TÙfll-◊-L-∞u

Ru˚U B°-V-Yt-±t-˙LtT SPk-’ ˘LÙs[ GkR A[-Ætœ CV-¤-°u-\-’?

CRt-LÙL B£-¨˚V ET-˙VÙ-°jR L⁄Æ Gu-]-YÙL C⁄d-œm? J⁄ ˙NÙR-˚]l-

Th-•-Vp RVÙ-¨l-˙TÙm. ARu ·fl-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-” Yœl-©-¤s[ GpXÙd

œ›d-L-∞u ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm Ußl-©-”-Y-Rp-XYÙ £\k-R-’? Ht-\-’?

Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-Ls ˛ Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-Ls

Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ-Ll TX-ÆR Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-L˚[ ET-˙VÙ-°d-L-XÙm. B]Ùp

B£-¬-Vo TûPl-©u ùUô¯j ùRôPo-Tô] úUu-ûU-ûVl Tt±

AÚi Su-\ô-Ll úT£-]ôu. AÚ-Ôd-Ï Yô£d-Ïm TZd-Lm Es--[Õ

úTôp úRôu-ß-¡-\-Õ. GûRl-Tt-±-Vô-]ô-Ûm BrkR LÚjûRf Nh-

ùPu-ß áß-Y-Õ Ut-\-Yo-L-°u Lt-\ûX ªL-Üm Tô§d-¡-\-Õ. AR-]ôp

AÚ¦u Cj-R-ûLV Ïßd- -Ó-Lû[d ÏÝ-®-Ûm YÏl-©-Ûm SPdÏm

A±-Ü-Ú-YôdL ùNVp-Ø-û\d-Ï Ht-\-Yô-ß Uôt± AûUdL úYiÓm.

þLt-©j-Rp Ï±l-úTh-¥u ©W-§-T- -l× Td-Lj-§- - -Úk-Õ.

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A[ym-]-Is‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛ `mj

Lt-\-≠u ˙SÙd-Lm, Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ- \- u Ru- U, Ußl-©-P-≠u ˙SÙdLm, Ußl-©-”m

ÿ˚\, œZk- R-L-fid-œ ARu ÍXm °˚PdL ˙Yi-•V Lt-\p ERÆLs ˙TÙu-\-

˚Y˙V J⁄ œ±l-©hP ˙Y˚[- p GkR Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß˚V TVuT”jR ˙Yi-”- Uu-

T-Ru A•l-T˚P.

Al-T-•l-ThP Ej-ß˚V B£-¨-Vo-RÙu Rok-˘R-”dL Yi-”m. £X Ußl¿h”

Ej-ß-L-fim, L⁄-Æ-L-fim ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-]. AYt-˚\l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj’, Ge-˙L,

Gl-˙TÙ-’ TVuT”jR ˙Yi-”-˘U] B˙XÙ-£l-˙TÙm.

1. T«t-£j-Rôs (Work Sheet)

T´t-£jRÙs œZk-˚R-L-fid-œ Ht-\-RÙ-L‹m, G›-’m ˙R˚Y˚Vj Ái-”-Y-

RÙL‹m C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m. œZk˚R G›-ßV œ±l-◊-Ls ÍXm AYo-L-∞u EQof-£-

Ls, £k-R- ]-Ls, ˘UÙØj-ß-\u-Ls B°-VYt˚\ Tt-±l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ CV-¤m. œ±l-

◊-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ œZk- R-L-∞u Lt-\p Y[of-£˚V Ußl©P ÿ•-Ÿm. B£-

-Vo, œZk- R, ˘Tt- \Ùo B°- VÙ- -Pm NÙu-fl-L- [Ù-” G”j-’- WdL T´t-£jRÙs

ER‹m.

œZk-˚R-L-fid-œd ·”-Rp Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-Ls A∞d-L-‹m T´t-£jRÙs

ÍXm CV-¤m. Cj-R-˚LV Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L-fid-LÙL Yœl-T-˚\d-œs Es[ Nk-Rol-

Te-L˚[ Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up, Yh-PÙW YÙnl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm TVu-T-”jR ÿ•-Ÿm. T´t£jRÙs-

L˚[ Yœl-T-˚\-´-˙X˙V Èojß ˘NnV ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-±p-˚X. ˘Tt-˙\Ùo ER-Æ-Ÿ-P-

‡m Yh-PÙW Y[e-L˚[ ET-˙VÙ-°j-’m ÿ›˚U-VÙd-œm T´t-£j-RÙs-Ls A±-‹j

˙RP-≠u ◊ßV ®˚X-L-fid-œd œZk-˚R-L˚[ A˚Zj-’f ˘Np¤m. T´t-£j-RÙs-

L˚[d œZk- R-L˙[ Um-T-”j-’m NVp-TÙh˚Pf Nn- YÙ-UÙ? EeLs, NL B£¨Vo-

L-∞u L⁄j’ Gu]?

T´t-£jRÙs-Ls A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-’-T˚Y Uh-”-Up-X. Y˚WkR TPe-L-˚[Ÿm

Th-•-Vp-L-˚[Ÿm SÙP-Le-L-˚[-Ÿm T´t-£j RÙs-L-∞p Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-[Ù-Ll TVu-T-

”j-R-XÙm. J⁄ AX-°u ÿ•-Æp, J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX-Lh-Pj-ßt-œl ©u-]o ˘Tt\

A±-‹-L˚[ B£-¨˚V Ußl-©-P-‹m, œZk˚R —V-UÙL ˘R¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[-‹m T´t-£j-

RÙs-Ls ER-‹m.

370

A[ym-]-Is‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛ `mj

T´t-£j RÙs-L-˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’ ˘UÙØj ˘RÙPo-TÙ] A±‹ Ui-P-Xe-L°p

Ht-T-”jR Yi-•V Uu-˚U-L-˚[d Li-”-©-•d-L-XÙm. ARt-LÙ] ©uÚhPe-L˚[l

T´t-£j-RÙ-∞-˙X˙V Tß‹ ˘Nn-’ YZeLXÙm.

AW-— R™r EVo®˚XlTs∞, NÙ˚X

KQ ÆZÙ2010 BLvh 20 ùYs°d ¡ZûU LôûX 10 U¦d-Ï

ùRôPd¡ ûYl-T-Yo : §Ú.Uô¬VlTu (ùTtú\ôo B£¬Vo NeLj RûXYo)

-úTôh-¥ ®TWeLs

Bi-L-Þd-Ï ùTi-L-Þd-Ï Gp-úXô-Úd-Ïm

Yôp T±jRp CûN Sôt -Lô - édúLôXl úTôh-¥

Kh-Pl TkRVm Vôû]dÏ Yôp YûWRp L«ß CÝjRp

Nôl-Tô-Ó úTôh-¥ E±V¥ ®]ô¥ ®]ô

U§-Vm : K-Q ®ÚkÕ

• Wô_ô-®t-Ï GkùRk-Rl úTôh-¥-L-°p Te-ùL-Ód-L-Xôm? ............................................................

• Wô_ô-Üm WôRô-Üm úNokÕ Te-ùL-Ód-L CVÛm úTôh-¥Ls GûY? .........................

• KQ ®ZôûYj ùRôPe¡ ûYl-T-Yo Vôo? .................................................................................................

• AÚi ùLôi-Ó YkR Õi-Ól ©W-Ñ-Wj-§p £X TÏ§-Lû[d LôQ-®pûX.

ØÝûUlTÓjÕeLs?

TôW§ LûXUu\m

K-Q-®Zô

2010............................................., .................... §eLs ¡ZûU

......................................... :§Ú. Tô. AÚQôfNXm( Foj RûXYo)

úTôh-¥- ®TWeLs

Ae-Lu-Yô-¥ BWmTl Ts° SÓ¨ûXl Ts° ùT¬-V-Yo-L-Þd-Ï

........................................ ........................................ ......................................... ........................................

........................................ ........................................ ........................................ .......................................

....................................... ...................................... ........................................ ......................................

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71

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ X¥-ßƒ, Sqfp-Iƒ ˛ `mj

˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp (Check List)G∞-RÙ-Lf NVp-T-”j-Rd ·•-V-’m, NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ ÿ˚\-VÙ-Ll Tß‹ Nn’

RL-Yp-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨l-T-Rt-œm ER-Yd-·-•-V-’-UÙ] J⁄ Ußl-¿h-”d L⁄Æ˙V ˙NÙR-

˚]l-Th-•-Vp. œZk˚R —V T¨-˙NÙ-R˚] ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œm, B£-¨-Vo œZk-˚R˚V Ußl-

©-”-Y-Rt-œm ˙NÙR˚]l Th-•-V-˚Xl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. B]Ùp HRÙ-Y-’ J⁄ ß\-≤u

˘Y∞l-TÙh˚P Uh-”˙U Ußl-©P CV-¤m Gu\ œ˚\-TÙ-” ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-V-¤d-œ

Es-[-’.

CWi-PÙm Yœl◊ ˘UÙØl-TÙP Yœl-©p SÙP-L-U-V-UÙd-œm „r-®-˚X-´p œ›f ˘NVp-

TÙ-”-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ ER-‹m ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’.

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•p Te-˙Lt-◊.

1. Yt-◊-flj-RÙ-U˙X A˚]-Y-⁄m œ›-Æp Te-˙Lt-\-]o.

2. Rm L⁄j-˚R/ T˚Pl˚T A˚]-Y-⁄m ˘Y∞-´h-P-]o.

3. VÙ-⁄m VÙ˚W-Ÿm R˚P ˘NnV ÿVt-£l-T-ßp˚X.

4. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m œ›-Æ-¤s[ ©\⁄dœ ER-‹m Y˚L-´p A±-‹-flj-Rp-L-˚[-Ÿm

L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm ·±-]o.

TÙPl-˘TÙ-⁄-fid-œ ÿd-°Vj-’-Ym

5. Ru L⁄j-’d-Ls/T˚Pl-◊-Ls Tt-±V ©\W’ L⁄j-’-L˚[ BWÙnk-’ A±-Rp.

6. ©\-˚Wd LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-≠p Te-˙Lt-Lf ˘Nn-’ A±-‹-˚WLs YZe-œ-Rp.

Jj-’- Zl◊

7. ©\-¨-Pm Bo-Yj-˚Rj Ái-•, LXk-’ ˘LÙs-[f ˘Nn-Rp.

8. œ›-Æp Ru ˘TÙfll˚T EQok-’, ˙SWm, A±-‹-flj-Rl-ThP T˚Pl◊ B°-V-

Yt˚\d œ±j-’ Efll-©-]o-L-fid-œ ®˚]-Óh-”-Rp.

9. Rm Gi-Qe-Ls, L⁄j-’-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ ˘Y∞-´-P-‹m Ußl-©-P-‹m ©\-⁄d-œ

YÙnl-◊ R⁄-Rp.

L⁄j-’l-T- -UÙt-\m

10. œZk˚R-Ls Re-L-[-’ L⁄j-’d-L-˚[j ˘R∞-YÙL ˘Y∞-´h-P-]o.

11. ˘R∞-YÙ-L-‹m J›e-LÙ-L-‹m ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-fim Y˚L-´-p RÙe-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°V

A±-˚Yd œZk-˚R-Ls ˘Y∞-´h-P-]o.

ÏÝûY U§l-©-Ó-Y-Rt-Lô]

úNôR-û]l Th-¥-Vp

ÏÝf ùNVp-TôhûP U§l-©-Ó-Y-RtÏ

Cf-úNô-R-û]l- Th-¥-V--u AûUl-©p

Gu-ù]u] Uôt-\e-Ls ùNnV

úYi-Óm? AYtû\ YÏl-©p

Gq-Yô-ß ùNVp-T-ÓjR Ø¥-Ùm?

372

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ X¥-ß ƒ, Sqfp-Iƒ ˛ `mj

Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-L- [-Ÿm Y∞-¬-”-L- [-Ÿm Ußl-©Pf NÙR- ]l Th-•-V- Xl

TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.

œ±l-©hP ˙SÙd-Lj-ßu A•l-T-˚P-´p ˙R˚Yl-T-”m RL-Yp-L˚[j ßWhP

ER‹m Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú ÿd-°V -®-˚X-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œf ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-

•-V-˚Xl TVu-T-”j-’-Y˙R £\k-R-’. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-ú ˙SÙd-Le-Ls UÙflm-˙TÙ’

L⁄-Æ-L-fim UÙfl-T-”m.

˙NÙR-˚]l-Th-•-V-≠u YÙ´-XÙ-Ld °˚Pd-œm RL-Yp-L˚[l Tœj-RÙWÙV-‹m,

œZk-˚R-ú A±‹j R[j-˚Rj ßh-Pl-T-”jßl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ©uÚhP-ÿm ER-

ÆŸm YZeL‹m B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ CVX ˙Yi-”m. Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-•t-œm Ußl-

¿h•u YØ-VÙL SPd-œm Lt-\-¤d-œm ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-V-˚Xl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.

3. Et-fl ˙SÙd-Lp

J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX C˚P-˘Y-∞-´p œZk-˚R-L-∞u SPj-˚R, Æ⁄l-Te-Ls,

˙S¨-”m Lt-\p CPo-TÙ-”-Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\l Tt-±V J⁄ ˘TÙ’d L⁄j-’ B£-¨-V-⁄d-

œd °˚PdL ˙Yi-”m. CRu ÍX-UÙLd œZk-˚R-˚Vl Tt-±V Ußl-¿h-•t-œj ˙R˚Y-

VÙ] TV-‡s[ RL-Yp-Ls °˚Pd-œm. CRt-LÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”m ÿ˚\-L-fis

J⁄ Ej-ß˙V Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp.

Et-fl˙SÙd-L-≠u YÙ´-XÙLd œZk-˚R˚Vd œ±jR ˙Yfl Gu-˘]u]

RLYpL˚[ A±V CV-¤m?

œZk-˚R-L-∞u SPj-˚R, TZd-Le-Ls ÿR-≠-V] Tt± A±Rp.

B£-¨-V-ü A±-‹-flj-Rp-Ls GkR A[‹ TVu-Th-”s-[-] Gu-T-˚Rd œ±j-’

A±Rp.

Lt-\-¤d-LÙL Yœl-T˚\ J›e-L-˚Ul◊ GkR A[Æt-œ ER-Æ-V-’ Gu-T˚R A±-

Y-Rt-œ (œ-±l-TÙ-Ld œ›f-˘N-Vp-TÙh-•t-œ).

4. Æ]Ùd-Ls Æ]-Yp

Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\-L-∞u Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”m Æ]Ùd-L-

∞u YÙ´-XÙ-L˙Y œZk˚R ©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙQ Æ˚Z-°-\Ùu. æo‹ Li-Pl-

©u-]-⁄m Æ]Ùd-Ls Æ]Y ˙Yi-•-V- ˙R˚Y Ht-T-P-XÙm. Ak-®-˚X-´p Æ]Ùd-

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L∞u YÙ´XÙLd œZk-˚R-L∞u Lt-\p NVp-ÿ-˚\, LPk-’ Nu\ YØ-Ls, œZk˚R

E⁄-YÙd-°V A±-‹, U]-®˚X ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ ÿ•-°-\-’.

6. UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊ : (Portfolio)

J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX Lh-Pj-ßp œZk˚RLs ˘NnR Tp-˙Y-fl Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-

”-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ E⁄-YÙ] Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-∞u ˘RÙœl˙T UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-◊.

C’, œZk˚R J⁄ UÙRj-ßp, J⁄ T⁄-Yj-ßp, J⁄ Y⁄-Pj-ßp ˘NnR Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-

L[Ù-œm. Cd-LÙX A[-Æp Tp-˙Y-fl Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[f ˘Nn-Y-Ru ÍX-UÙL

˘UÙØd Lt-\-≠p œZk˚R A˚PkR Lt-\p Y[of£ œ±j-R RL-Yp-L˚[ Cl -T˚Pl-

◊j ˘RÙœl◊ R⁄-°-\-’. Aßp œZk˚R R≤-VÙL E⁄-YÙd-°V T˚Pl-◊-Ls CPm-˘T-\-

XÙm. ˙U¤m œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•u YÙ´-XÙ-L-‹m Yœl-©p ˘TÙ’-YÙL E⁄-YÙ] Lt-

\p ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”-L-∞u ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls, Ußl-¿-”-Ls B°-V-˚Y-Ÿm CPm˘Tt-±-⁄d-œm.

T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl˚Tl TVu-T-”jßd œZk-˚R-ú J⁄e-°-˚QkR Y[of-£

œ±jR ˘R∞-YÙ] L⁄j˚R E⁄-YÙdL CVX ˙Yi-”m. Cß-≠-⁄k-’ œZk-˚R-ú

Lt-\p Y[of-£- V A±k-’ LÙs[ ÿ•-Ÿm. T˚Pl-◊j RÙœl-©p Gu- ]u] Lt\p

NÙu-fl-L˚[ Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm?

UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊ ˛ ˘UÙØ

Tp-˙Y-fl ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-Ls (—-V-UÙL E⁄-YÙd-Ll-Th-”d œ›-Æp ˙Um-

T”j-Rl-Th-P-˚Y)

Lt-\p NÙu-flL˚[ Ußl-©”-Y-Rt-LÙLd œZk-˚R-L˙[ E⁄YÙd-°V œ±l-◊-Ls.

˙So-LÙ-Qp ˛ Æ]Ù-®-Wp, A±d˚L

Th-•-Vp-Ls TPe-Ls

—V ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls ˘RÙœl-◊-Ls

T´t-£j RÙs-Ls œZk-˚R-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°l TVu-T-”j-ßV

˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp-Ls

L˚Xd-Lp-Æ-ú Tp-˙Y-fl ’˚\L∞-≠-⁄k-’ (Ne-∏-Rm, CVd-Lm, LÙh£ Y•-Ym)

E⁄-YÙ] T˚Pl◊-L-fim ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”-L-∞u Ußl-¿-”-L-fim.

K-Æ-Vm Y˚WRp ˛ œZk˚Rd-œd

°˚PdL Yi-•V Lt-\p

A‡-TYe-Ls

CVt- L˚V Et-fl- SÙd-°d-

˙LÙ”-L- [-Ÿm Yi-Qe-L- [-Ÿm

TVu-T-”jß K-Æ-Vm Y˚W-°-\Ùo-Ls.

T\- Y-L- [-Ÿm ©\

E - -]e-L- [-Ÿm Yi-Qe-L- [l

TVuT”jß Y˚W-V-‹m,

AYt- \Ù-” RÙPo-◊- PV

˘Yq- Y-fl UÙØ Y∞-¬h-”

Y•-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m

˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

L˚R, LÆ˚R B°-V-Yt-±¤s[

LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-L-∞u Ti◊

SXuL˚[ Æ[d-œm TPe-Ls

Y˚W°\Ùo-Ls.

≈h-•p Y[od-œm ÆXe-œ-L- [-Ÿm

Y] ÆXe-œ-L- [-Ÿm Lt-T˚]

˘Nn-’ K-Æ-V-UÙL Y˚W-°-\Ùo-Ls.

374


J⁄ B£-¨-V-o ˚Yj-’s[ Ju-\Ùm Yœl◊ œZk-˚RL∞u

J⁄ T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-˚Tl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

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œZk- R-L-∞u T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl˚T Ußl-©-”-Y-ßu YÙ -XÙLd œZk- R- Vl

Tt±V Gu- ]u] L⁄j-’-L˚[ B£- -Vo ˘R¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[-XÙm?

œ±l-©hP LÙX Lh-Pj-ßp œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\-≠p Ht-ThP Y[of-£, UÙt-\m.

˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L˚[ E⁄YÙd-œ-Y-ß-¤s[ Y[of-£.

˘NVpÿ-˚\j -ß-\-≤p Ht-ThP Y[of£.

L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\j-ßp œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm Ht-T-”m Y[of£ (˙Y-fl-ThP ˘UÙØ

˘Y∞¬h” Y•-Ye-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j-’m ß\u)

UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u U]-lTÙe-œ / Ußl-◊-L-∞p E⁄-YÙ-œm Y[of£ / UÙt-\m.

L˚Xj-ß-\-≤p Ht-T-”m Y[of-£, Æ⁄l-Tm.

œZk- R-L-∞u T˚Pl-◊j RÙœl-©p NodL Yi-•V Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-Ls Tt±V

œ±l-◊-L˚[d œZk- R-L- [Ù-” LXk-’- W-VÙ-• E⁄-YÙdL Yi-”m. Cd-œ-±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-

T- P- p Re-Ls T˚Pl-◊-L˚[d œZk- R-Ls —V Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-V-XÙm; NL Ußl-¿-”m

˘Nn-V-XÙm. B£- -V-⁄m CR˚] Ußl-©h-” Jq- YÙ-⁄ T˚Pl-©-¤m œZk- R- u Lt-\p

Y[of-£- Vl Tt-±V RW ®o-Q-Vd œ±l-◊-L˚[l Tß‹ NnV Yi-”m. C’ œZk- Rdœ

A∞d-Ll-T-”m Cu-±-V- U-VÙR ©uÚhP-UÙL A˚UŸm. ˙U¤m C’ œZk- R- u Lt-\-

˚Xd œ±j-’ ˘Tt- \Ùo-L-fi-Pu ˙T—m J⁄ BY-QUÙL A˚U-Ÿm. Yœl-◊l ˘Tt- \Ùo

B£- -Vo Ne-Ld ·h-Pj-ßp ˘Tt- \Ù-⁄-Pu L⁄j’l T -UÙt-\m ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œm T˚Pl-◊j

˘RÙœl- Tl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.

T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊ E⁄YÙd-œm˙TÙ’ LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•-V-˚Y:

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ AX-œ, Ui-P-Xm B°-V-Yt-±u L⁄j-’, ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\j

ß\u-L-˙[Ù-” RÙPo-◊-˚PV Lt-\p NÙu-fl-Ls CPm-˘T\ Yi”m.

Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Ljßu A•l-T-˚P-´p SPkR A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lj-˚Rl

©WßT≠d-œm Lt-\p NÙu-fl-Ls CPm-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.

A±-YÙd-Lj-ßu Tp-˙Yfl ®˚X-L˚[ Y¨-˚N-lT-• A±k-’ ˘LÙs

-YRtœm Y[of£ ®˚X-´-˚]l ◊¨k-’ LÙs-YRtœm HtTd Lt\p

NÙufl-L˚[ J›e-œ-T-”jß A˚UdL ˙Yi-”m.

TPe-Ls, T˚Pl-◊-Ls, E⁄-YÙd-°-V-˚Y-Ls, ˙NL-¨l-◊-Ls ˙TÙu\

376 Tp˙Y-fl Lt-\p NÙu-fl-Ls CPm-˘Tt-±-⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

—V-UÙ-Lj RVÙ-¨j-’, œ›-Æp ˙Um-T-”j-ßV Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-˚[l Tœj-RÙWÙnk-’m,

˙Um-T-”j-ß-Ÿm ˘Y∞-´P ˙Yi-”m.

—V Ußl-¿-”, —V ˘Y∞-¬-” ˙TÙu\ ™L BZ-UÙ] Lt-\-¤d-œ YØ-LÙh-•-V-Ru

Æ˚[-‹-Ls C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p Y[of-£-´˚] ®Wk-R-W-UÙL Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œl TVu-T-”m

UÙQYo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-©u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Yj-˚Rl Tt± SÙm ÿu-]˙W LXk-’-˚W-

VÙ-•-˙]Ùm. J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX A[-Æp œZk˚RLs Tt\ Lt-\p A˚P-‹-L-˚[˙V

T⁄Y Ußl-¿h-•p SÙm Ußl-©-P-‹m BY-Ql-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-°-˙\Ùm.

J⁄ T⁄-Yj-ßu Cfl-ß-´p œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p A˚P-‹-L˚[ Ußl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’

SÙm GYt-˚\-˘Vp-XÙm LY-]j-ßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m?

T⁄Y Ußl-¿h-•p œZk-˚R-L∞u Lt-\p A˚P‹-L-˚[d œ±j-R RL-Yp-Ls.

T⁄-Yj-ßu RÙPdLm ÿRp ÿ•‹ Y˚W-´-XÙ] Lt-\p A˚P‹ ARÙ-Y-’ RÙPo

Ußl-¿h-•u ÍX-UÙ-L, UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-◊, Lt-©j-Rp ˚L˙V-”, œ›l

T˚Pl-◊-Ls B°-V-Yt-±p LÙQl-T-”m Lt-\p Y[of£ œ±jR TV-‡s[ œ±l◊Ls.

CVp-TÙL˙Y C˚Y CWi-•u A•l-T-˚P-´p Uh-”˙U œZk-˚R˚Vl Tt-±V

Ußl-¿” ÿ›-˚U-˘T-flm. G”j-’d-LÙh-PÙ-L, J⁄ T⁄-Yj-ßp œZk˚R SÙu-œ L˚R-Ls

G›-ß-]Ùu Gu-fl L⁄-R-XÙm. C’ ˘RÙPo-TÙ] Gu-˘]u] NÙu-fl-Ls T˚Pl-◊j

˘RÙœl-©p CPm- ˘T-flm? œZk˚R G›-ßV L˚R-L-fim L˚R G›’m ˘NVp-ÿ˚\-

˙VÙ” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV B£-¨-V-ü TV-‡s[ œ±l◊Lfim C⁄d-œm. L˚R G›’-Y-

˙RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV L˚R˚V Æ[d-œm ÿ˚\, L˚R ®Lr-‹-Ls, ©u-]¶ Æ[dLm,

L˚Rd-·-flm L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞-lT-”j’m ÿ˚\ B°-V-Yt-±u Y[of-£-Ÿm Ce-œ Ußl-

©-Pl-T-”m.

Aq-YÙ-˘\-≤p œZk-˚R-ú L˚R G›-’m ß\˚] Ußl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’ T˚Pl◊j

˘RÙœl©¤m T⁄-Y Ußl-¿h-•-¤m CPm-˘Tt\ L˚R-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œm J˙W

ÿd°Vj-’-Ym ˘LÙ”d-Ll-TP ˙Yi-”Up-XYÙ? Cd-L-⁄j-ßu A•l-T-˚P´p ˘RÙPo

Ußl¿”, T⁄Y Ußl-¿-” B°-V-Yt-˚\j ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”j-’-Y-ßu YÙ´-XÙLd œZk-˚R-

ú Lt-\˚Xd œ±jR ÿ›-˚U-VÙ] L⁄j˚R Gq-YÙ-fl E⁄-YÙd-L-XÙm?

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hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ Fßs\? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w

„r-®- X- -Vp Lt\˚X

Ußl-©”-Y- Rl-T-•?CWi-PÙm Yœl◊ B£-¨-Vo J⁄-Yo R]-’ œZk˚R-L-˚[d œ±j-’

˘Yq-˙Yfl „r-®˚X-L-∞p ˙NL-¨j-R RL-Yp-Ls C˚Y.

1. Ui-¶t-œs ˘Np-¤m Ri-Ω-o Gu]YÙ°-\-’ Gu\ T¨-˙NÙ-R˚]˚Vf ˘NnR

˙TÙ’ Ne-∏-RÙ-Æu œ› ˙YL-UÙ-Lf ˘Nn-R-’. œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh•tœj R˚X˚U

RÙe-L‹m L⁄j-’d-L-˚[l T°ok-’ ˘LÙs-[‹m AY-fid-œj ß\-˚UŸi-”.

2. Æ˚R ÿ˚[d-LÙ-R-Ru LÙW-Qm Gu-]- Gu\ Æ]Ù-Æt-œ LÙÆ-VÙ-RÙu

N¨-VÙ] Tß-X-∞j-RÙs.

3. —t-fll-◊-\j-ß-≠-⁄d-œm ≈”-L˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd° AYt˚\ ™Lf £\l-TÙL K-Æ-V

-UÙ-Lj æhP ’o-LÙ-YÙp ÿ•k-R-’.

4. EQ-‹d-LÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-’m Aß-L-UÙ] RÙY-Wl Tœ-ß-L˚[ Aß-L-UÙ-Ll

Th•V≠hP-Ys Ru-VÙ.

Cj-R -L -Yp-L -∞u Ti◊L-fim TVu- -L -fim J˙W UÙß-¨ -VÙ -]˚YVÙ?

G”j’dLÙhPÙL, Y˚Ll-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] Tp-˙Y\Ù] A•l-T˚P-L-˚[d œ±j-’l

˙TÙ’UÙ] L⁄j-ßp˚X Gu\ Ei˚U, Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\´u ˙TÙ’ RÙm Gl-T-•l-

ThP ERÆ A∞dL ˙Yi-”m Gu-T-˚Rl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ ERÆ´⁄d-

œ-Up-X-YÙ? C’ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh˚P ÿu-˙]Ùd°f ˘N¤j-’-Y-Rtœm Lt-\p Ußl-

¿h-•t-œm R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Y-XÙ-œm. Aq-YÙ-\Ù- u, ©\ RL-Yp-L-∞u Ti-◊-L-fim SÙd-

L-ÿm Gu-]-YÙL C⁄d-œm?.

RL-Yp-Ls ˛ Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-•t-œ

B£-¨-Vo œ±l-©-¤s[ Ju-fl, Íu-fl, Ik-’ B°-V- RL-Yp-L˚[ AYo GkRf

„r®-˚X-´p Tß‹ ˘Nn-ß-⁄lTÙo?

378


œ›f˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-fid-°-˚P-´p

Y˚Ll-T-”j-’m ®˚X-´p

A˚PkR A±-˚Yl T¨-˙NÙ-ßd-œm ˘TÙ›-’

Ck-®-˚X-´p ˙Ut-·-\l-Th-P RL-Yp-Ls B£-¨-V-⁄d-œj ˙R˚Yl-T-”Y˙Ru-?

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•u TXu Gu], L⁄j-ßp, A˚PkR A±-Æu ˘TÙ’l-

Ti◊ Gu] ˙TÙu\Yt-˚\d œ±j-’ A±k-’ ˘LÙs[ Cj-R-L-Yp-Ls B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ

ER-Æ-´-⁄d-œ-Up-XYÙ? CVp-TÙ-L˙Y C’ Lt-\p ˘NVpÿ˚\˚V ÿu-˙]Ùd-°f

˘N¤j’-Y-Rt-LÙ] RL-Yp-L-[Ù-œm. Cj-R-L-Yp-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p B£-¨-Vo Lt-\p

˘NVp-TÙh-•p ˙R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-\e-Ls ˘Nn-ß-⁄l-TÙo. RÙm A∞dL ˙Yi-•V

ERÆ´u Ru-˚U, A[-‹, ÿ˚\ ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\-Ÿm ßh-P-™h-” S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”jß

C-⁄l-TÙo. Cq-YÙ-fl Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\-L˚[ ÿu-˙]Ùd-°f ˘N¤j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ]

RLYpLs Lt-\-p Ußl-¿-” Gu\ ˙SÙd˚L A˚P-Y-Rt-LÙ] Ju-\Ù-œm.

Lt-\-p Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-L-∞u ˘TÙ’l-Ti-◊-Ls G˚Y?

Lt-\-≠p RÙu GkR ®˚X-´p C⁄d-°-˙\u Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm GkR ®˚X˚V

A˚PV ˙Yi-”m Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm œZk˚R A±k-’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m. Ak®-˚X˚V

A˚PVj R]-’ A±-Æp Gu-˘]u] UÙt-\e-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m Gu-T-˚R-

Ÿm œZk˚R Lt-\p Ußl-¿h-•u YÙ´-XÙL A±-°-\Ùu. Cj-R-˚LV Ußl¿h-”j RL-

YpL˙[ A”j-’ GkR ˘NVp-TÙh˚P A∞dL ˙Yi-”m Gu-T-˚Rj æo-UÙ-≤dL B£-

¨-V-⁄d-œ YØ-LÙh-”-°-\-’. Yœl-T-˚\-d Lt-\-≠u-˙TÙ-’ E⁄-YÙ-œm Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-

Ls Lt-\-p Ußl-¿h-•u Æ˚[‹-L-[Ù-œm.

RL-Yp-Ls ˛ Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p

B£-¨-Vo Tß‹ ˘NnR CWi-PÙ-Y-’, SÙu-LÙ-Y-’ œ±l-◊-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’

B£¨V⁄dœd °˚PjR RL-Yp-Ls G˚Y? C’ RÙu ˘NnR ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls œ±j’

œZk-˚R˙V SPj-ßV —V-U-ßl-¿-PÙ-œm. œZk˚R R]-’ ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Gq-YÙ-fl

LÙi°\Ùu? Ru-˚]d -œ-±jR —V A©l-©-WÙ-Vm Gu-], RÙu £k-ßjR YØ-Ls

©Wf£˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙi-T-Rt-œ GkR A[-‹d-œ ER-Æ-] ˙TÙu\ —V Ußl-¿-”-L∞u

Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p Gu\ ˙SÙd-Lj-˙RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV RL-Yp-L-[Ù-œm.

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79


CjRL-Yp-L-∞u ˘TÙ’l-Ti-◊-Ls G˚Y?

Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\L-∞u ˙TÙ’ B£-¨-V-⁄d-œd °˚PlT˚Y.

œZk-˚R´u —V Ußl-¿h-•u YØd °˚PlT˚Y.

œZk-˚R-´-Pm Ht-ThP Lt-\p Ti-◊, ˘LÙ”d-Ll-T-”m Lt-\p ˘NVpÿ˚\

˙TÙu\Yt-˚\d œ±j-’d œZk˚Rd-œm B£-¨-V-⁄dœm R∞-YÙ] RL-YpL-˚[j

R⁄-°u-\-’.

—V ˙Um-TÙh-•t-œ YÙnl-T-∞d-°-\-’.

RL-Yp-Ls ˛ Lt-\˚X Ußl-©P

Cfl-ß-´-¤s[ CWi-” œ±l-◊-L-fim B£-¨-V-⁄dœj R⁄m RL-Yp-Ls VÙ˚Y?

œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm E⁄-YÙ] L⁄j-’d-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ˚\jß-\u-L-s B°-V-Yt˚\l

©±˘RÙ⁄ „Z-≠p T¨-˙NÙ-R˚] ˘Nn-R-˙TÙ-’ B£-¨-V-⁄d-œd °˚PjR ÿ•-‹-L˙[

Cd-œ-±l-◊Ls. œZk-˚R´u Lt-\˚Xd œ±l-©-”m NÙu-fl-Ls C˚Y, NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙL

Ko AX-°u ÿ•Æp Cj-R-˚LV RL-Yp-L˚[ B£-¨-Vo ˙NL-¨l-T-’ CVp-◊. BL˙Y

RÙu C˚Y Lt-\p Ußl-¿” Gu\ ˙SÙd-Lj˚R ®˚\-˙Yt-fl-°u-\-].

Cj-R-L-Yp-L-∞u ˘TÙ’l-Ti-◊-Ls G˚Y?

A˚PkR L⁄j-’Ls GkR A[‹ ®˚X -®t-°u\] Gu-T˚R A±k-’ ˘LÙs[

ER-‹-°u-\-].

Lt-\p SÙd-Le-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p UÙQ-Y-≤u Lp-Æj RWj˚R ÿ•‹ NnVl

TVu-T-”m RL-Yp-˚L-[j R⁄-°u-\-].

Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄-Æ-Ls

Lt-\-¤d-œl TX ÿ˚\-L-fii-”. B]Ùp TÙPj-ßh-Pd Li-˙QÙh-P-ÿm A‘-œ

ÿ˚\-L-fim Lt-\p˛Lt-©j-Rp ÿ˚\- - ]j Ro‹ Nn-Ÿm A[‹˙LÙp-L-[Ù-œm. ∏˙Z

RWl-Th-”s[ Lt-\p ÿ˚\-Ls Gk˘RkR Lt-\p A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\L-˙[Ù-” ˘RÙPo◊

˘LÙi”s-[] Gu-T˚R BWÙnk-’ TÙ⁄e-Ls.

L[lTV-Qm ˘Nn-’ LÙh-”-Rp (Demonstration)

Æ¨-‹˚W ©Wf-£- ]j æo‹

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls T´t£ Nn-Rp (Drilling)

J⁄e-°- Qk-’ Lt-\p T¨-˙NÙ-R-˚]--Ls

380


CYt-fls NÍL A±-YÙd-Lj-ßu A•l-T- P- p A˚UkR Lt-\-¤d-œl TÙ⁄j-

R-UÙ-]˚Y G˚Y? Lt-\-˙XÙ-” Ußl-¿-”m SPd-œm ˙TÙ’ Lt-\p ÿ˚\-L˚[-Ÿm

Ußl©Pl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. B]Ùp Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ÿ˚\-´u ˙SÙd-Lm, TVu-T-”j-’m

L⁄-Æ-Ls CYt-±tœ HtT Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-L-fim UÙfl-Th-P-RÙL C⁄d-œm.

œ› Ußl-¿-”

""˘LÙ—- Y[o-Y-Rt-LÙ] „Zp SU-’ —t-fll-◊-\j-ßp Es[-]YÙ Gu-\ ˘NVp-

TÙh•u Tœ-ß-VÙL —t-fll-◊\ Bn-‹d-œf Np-¤m- TÙ-’ GYt- \- Vp-XÙm Et-fl- SÙdL

˙Yi”m Gu-T˚Rd Li-”-©-•j-RÙo-Ls. ÿR≠p R≤j-R-≤VÙLj RL-Yp-L-˚[f

˙NL¨j-RÙo-Ls. Li-P-±k-R-Yt˚\f £fl œ›-Æp T°ok-’ ˘LÙi-PÙo-Ls. ˘RÙPok-’

D Y[o-Y-Rt-LÙ] „Zp —t-fll-◊-\j-ßp Es[-]YÙ Gu-T˚Rd Li-P-±-Ÿm ˘TÙ⁄h-”

œ›YÙLf ˘Nu-\-]o. Li-P-±k-R-Yt˚\d œ-›-Æp T°ok-’ ˘LÙiP-]o. —t-fll-◊\m

UÙN-˚PYRt-œd LÙW-Q-UÙ-]-Yo-Ls VÙYo? RÙu ˘Nn-Y-’m ©\o ˘Nn-Y-’-m Gu\

Ah-P-Y-˚Q-˚Vj R≤j-R-≤VÙLl Èojß ˘Nn-’ Li-P-±-V-‹m ˘Nn-R -]o.

LiP±kRYt˚\d œ›-Æp Te-œ ˚Yj-R-]o.''

L[l-T-V-Qm ˘RÙPo-TÙL ˙U˙X ·\l-ThP ˘NVp-TÙh-•p Íu-fl ÿ˚\ œ›f

˘NVp-TÙ-” S˚P-˘T-fl-°-\-’.

GYt˚\ Et-fl-˙SÙdL ˙Yi-”m Gu-T-˚Rd Li-P-±-Ÿm-˙TÙ-’.

Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp YÙ´-XÙ-Lj RL-Yp-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨d-œm˙TÙ’.

ÿ•-‹-L˚[ J⁄e-°-˚Qd-œm-˙TÙ-’.

CYt-fls ÿRp ®˚X-´˚]l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-˙YÙm.

œ›-Æp S˚P-˘T-fl-Y-’ Gu]?

B£- -Vo, œ›-Æp S˚P- T\ Yi-•V NVp-ÿ- \-L- [l Tt± G”j-’- Wd°\Ùo.

R≤j-R-≤-VÙ-Ld Li-P-±k-R-©u œ›-Æt-œ Y⁄-°-\Ùo-Ls.

YÙ£j-’ ˘Y∞- -”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ut-\-Yo-Ls Re-Ls A©l-©-WÙ-Ve-L-˚[d ·fl-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m ˘Y∞-´-”-m ˙TÙ’ Ut-\-Yo-Ls G›-’-°-\Ùo-Ls.

3

81


Ce-œ S˚P-˘Tt\ œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p Gk-˘RkR ®˚X-´p Ußl-¿-”

S˚P˘Tt-\-’?

RÙu Li”©•jR RL-Yp-Ls ©Wf-£-˚]j æo-Ætœ Ht\RÙ? —VUßl¿”

˘Nn°\Ùo-Ls.

©\ œZk˚RL∞u Li”©•l◊dL˙[Ù” Jl-©h-”j RÙu GkR ®˚X-´p

Es˙[u Gufl AYo-L˙[ Ußl-©-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

RÙu Li-P-±k-R-˚YL˚[ ÆPl ©\ œZk˚RLs Li©•jRYt±p Gu˘]u]

˙Uu-˚U-Ls/œ˚\-L-s Ei˘P]d Li”©•d°\ÙoLs? CYt-˚\ U]-ßp

˘LÙi˙P A”jR LhPjßp SPdœm CjR˚LV NVpTÙ”L∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs.

Ce-œ Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\-XÙL UÙfl-°u-\-’.

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-” S˚P-˘T-flm-˙TÙ-’m

S˚P-˘Tt-\l- ©-\-œm Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ]

£X Ej-ß-Lfim L⁄-Æ-L-fim

œZk˚R-Ls Re-L-fid-œs Æ]Ùd-Ls Æ]-‹-Rp.

œZk˚R-Ls TVu-T-”j’m ˙NÙR-˚]l -Th-•-Vp

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ” R]d-œ Gq-YÙ-fl ER-Æ-V-’ Gu-T˚R

—V-Ußl¿” ˘Nn’ ˘Y∞-´-Pp.

NL Ußl-¿-”

Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lm Gu] Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm AR˚] A˚P-Y-˘Rl-T• Gu-T-˚Rl

◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-Y-Rt-LÙ] CVp-TÙ] YÙnl˚T NL Ußl-¿-” A∞d°\’. C⁄-Y-⁄-˚PV

Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-˚[Ÿm NL Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ AYt˚\ ˙UmT”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] A±-

382


‹fljRp-Ls YZe-œ-Y-Ru ÍXm Lt-\-˚Xl Tt±V ˙Um-ThP Tœl-TÙn‹ S˚P-˘T-fl-

°\’. Cj-’-Pu CVp-TÙ] ©u-Úh-P-ÿm Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄d-œm °˚Pd-œm.

ÿu-]od œ±l-©hP L[l-T-V-Qm ˘RÙPo-TÙ] A±d-˚L˚Vl T˚Pl◊j

˘RÙœl©p ˙Nodœm -ÿu J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ-⁄-Yo YÙ£j-’j ReLs L⁄j’-L˚[l Tß‹

˘Nn°-\Ùo-Ls. Ce-œ BZ-UÙ] NL Ußl-¿-” S˚P-˘T-flm. LÙW-Qm Gu-]-˘Yu-\Ùp

C⁄-Yo Uh-”˙U Es[ „r-®˚X´p AYWYo ˘NnR A±d-˚L-Ÿ-Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙol-

T-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-°˚Pd-°-\-’. Ce-œd œZk˚Rú U]-ßp S˚P-˘T-fl-Y-’ Gu]?

Si-T-≤u A±d˚L´p R]d-œl -©-•j-R-’/ ©•d-LÙR’ G’? Hu?

R]-’ A±d-˚L˚V ÆP Si-T-≤u A±d-˚L-´p Æ[d-L-UÙ]

œ±l-◊-Ls EiPÙ/ Cp-˚XVÙ?

˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ Æ[d-Lm ÿ›-˚U-VÙ-]-’m Æ¨-YÙ-]-˚Y-ŸUÙ?

˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ ERÙ-W-Qe-Ls ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-˚Y RÙ]Ù?

Si-Tu Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙh˚P SÙu A‘-°V’ ˙TÙu˙\ A‘°Ÿs[Ù]Ù?

B°-V- Æ]ÙdL˚[j RUd-œs Æ]-‹-°-\Ùo-Ls.

CYt-±u YÙ -XÙL C⁄-Y-⁄d-œm Ußl-©-”m YÙnl◊ °˚Pd-°u-\-’. Aj’Pu

TVu-R-⁄m Lt-\˚Xl ˘TÙfll˙Ttœm YiQm R≤l-ThP Y[of-£-Ÿm ˘TÙfll-◊m

Lt\˚Xl Tt±f —V-UÙL Ußl-©-”-m Ru-˚U-Ÿm Ru]m-©d-˚L-Ÿm NL Ußl-¿h-•u

YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚Rd-œd °˚Pd-°u-\-’.

NL Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙLl TVu-T-”jRlT”m L⁄-Æ-Ls

C⁄-Y-⁄m LPk-’ ˘Nu\ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú Tp-˙Y-fl ®˚X-L-∞p SPkR

Lt\˙XÙ” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV œ±l-◊-Ls APe-°V ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp.

B£-¨˚V Yœl-©p LXk-’-˚W-VÙ”m ˙TÙ’ ˙LhP Ußl-¿h-” Æ]Ùd-Ls.

TÙP Ë≠-¤s[ NL Ußl-¿h-”f ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp.

—V Ußl-¿-”

Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞p œZk˚R —V Ußl-¿h-•u YØ-VÙ-Ld LPk-’

˘Np°\Ùu. C˚Y CVpTÙL S˚P-˘T -flT˚YVÙ-œm. £X ˙Y˚[-L -∞p

˘NVt˚LVÙL‹m SPd°u\]. Cj-R˚LV „r-®-˚X-Ls G˚Y?

R]-’ A±˚Y / Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚Vf NL œZk-˚Rú A±‹ / Lt-\p ˘NVp-

3

83


ÿ˚\ŸPu Jl-©h-”l TÙod-œm-˙TÙ-’.

R]-’ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V / T˚Pl-˚Tl ˘TÙ’-YÙL E⁄-YÙd-°V RW-®o-Q-Vd

œ±l◊L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Ußl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’.

J⁄ œ±l-©hP ˘NVp-TÙh-•p B£-¨-˚V-ú ©u-Úh-Pm °˚Pd-œm-˙TÙ-’.

ÆUo-N]l Èo-YUÙ] Yœl-T˚\ ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[j ˙R”m SÙm, Cj-R-˚LV —V

Ußl-¿-”-Ls ˘NnV AYo-L-˚[j ÁiP ˙Yi-”Up-XYÙ? œZk˚RLs Re-Ls —V £k-

R˚]-L-˚[d œ±j-’f £k-ßd-Lj Ái-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L˚[j ˘RÙPdLl-Ts∞ Yœl-

©-˙X˙V Ht-T-”j-ßd ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-”m. Aq-YÙ-fl ˘Nn-RÙp Uh-”˙U œZk˚RL∞u —V

Ußl-¿-”m Lt-\-¤m BZ-UÙL A˚U-Ÿm.

B£-¨˚V Ußl-¿-”

œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Y-’ Gu-T-’ B£-¨-˚V-ú Au-\ÙP

LP˚UL∞u J⁄ Tœ-ß-VÙ-L˙Y L⁄-Rl-Th-” Y⁄-°u-\-’. Ko B£-¨--˚V˚Vl ˘TÙflj-R-

Y˚W CRu ˙SÙdLm Gu]?

J⁄ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú YÙ´-XÙL SÙm

Gßo-TÙojR ®˚X-´-XÙ] A±-YÙd-Lm

œZk˚R-L-∞-Pm Ht-Th-”s-[RÙ Gu-T-˚Rl

T¨˙NÙßd-L.

J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX A[-Æp œZk˚R

A˚PkR ÿu-˙]t-\j-˚Rl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[.

Tp-˙Y-fl Ui-P-Xe-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm

Lp-Æ-ú ˙Uu-˚U˚V Efl-ßl-T-”j-R.

œZk-˚R-ú Tu-ÿL A±‹ Y[of-£-ú

R[e-L-˚[d Li-P-±-Y-’-Pu, ARu Y[of

£˚V-Ÿm T¨-QÙ-Uj-˚R-Ÿm ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-”,

˘RÙPok-’s[ Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-˚[ YZeœ

Y-Rt-œ.

384


œZk˚R, Ts-∞-´-¤m Ts-∞d-œ ˘Y∞-˙V-Ÿm œ”m-Tj-ß-¤m NÍ-Lj-ß-¤m

˘Y∞lT”j’m Bfi-˚U-˚V-Ÿm NÍL D”-TÙh-•u R[j-˚R-Ÿm Li-P-±-Y-Rtœ.

Cm-ÿ- \- p Yœl-©-¤m Yœl-◊d-œ Y∞- V-Ÿm J⁄ œZk- R- u J⁄e-°- QkR

Y[of-£˚V B£-¨˚V Ußl-¿-” ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. ˙U¤m ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ˙SWe-L-∞p

ERÆ ˘Nn-Y-’m Tß‹ ˘Nn-Y-’m Cu-±-V-˚U-VÙ-R-RÙ-œm. CR]•l-T-˚P-´p...

œZk-˚R˚V J⁄e-°-˚QkR ®˚X-´p LÙQ ˙Yi-”m.

AYu / AY-˚[l Tt-±V ˘Nn-ß-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨dL ˙Yi-”m.

˙NL-¨jR ˘Nn-ß-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ©u-Úh-Pm A∞dL

˙Yi-”m.

˙R˚Y-VÙ] ˙SWe-L-∞p ERÆ ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m.

B°-V˚Y B£-¨-˚V-´u Au-\ÙP LP˚UL-∞u J⁄ Tœ-ß -RÙu.

Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm N¨-VÙ-]-’m ÷h-T-UÙ-]-

’-UÙ] ˘Nn-ß-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´-˙X˙V Ußl-¿-” SPjR ˙Yi-”m. CRu ˘TÙ⁄h-”

Ko B£-¨-˚V Tp-˙Y-fl „r-®-˚X-L-∞p Tp-˙Y-fl Ej-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm L⁄-Æ-L-˚[-Ÿm TVu-

T-”jR ˙Yi-•-Y-⁄m. TVu-T-”j-’m Ej-ß-L-fim L⁄-Æ-L-fim ˙Yfl-Th-PÙp Uh”˙U

CR-˚]l TVu-R-⁄m Y˚L-´p S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”jR ÿ•-Ÿm.

Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄-Æ-Ls ˛ „r-®- X- -Vp Lp-Æ´p

Yœl-T- \d Lt-\-≠u ˙SÙd-Lm, Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ- \- u Ru- U, Ußl-¿h-•u

˙SÙdLm, Ußl-©-”m ÿ˚\, œZk˚R-L-fid-œ ARu YØ-VÙ-Ld °˚PdL ˙Yi-•V ERÆ

B°-V--Yt±u A•lT- P´p RÙu J⁄ œ±l-©hP „Z-≠p Gq-Y- L-VÙ] Ußl-¿h-”

Ej-ß-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m Gu-T-˚Rj æo-UÙ-≤dL ˙Yi-”m. B£¨˚V˙V

AR˚]j ˙Ro‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄-Æ-Ls B°V˚Y Tt±

Ußl-¿h-” EjßLs Gu-‡m Tœ-ß- p ·\l-Th-”s-[-’. Aj’Pu -„Zp ®- X -Vp

Lp-Æ´p AYt˚\ Ge˙L TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi”˘UuT˚Rl Tt±f £k-ßd-L-XÙm.

1. ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp

CWi-PÙm Yœl-◊f „r-®-˚X´Vp Yœl-©p Et-fl˙SÙd-Lp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V

Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œj ’˚Q-◊-¨-Ÿm J⁄ ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-V-˚Xl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

3

85


©WNÙj A¥RÙ N¥RÙ A⁄i ©√RÙ

1. ©Wf-£- ]j æo-‹d-LÙ] NÙu-fl-L˚[

Et-fl- SÙd° Li-”-©-•j-’s-[-]o.

2. ˘TÙ⁄s-L-fid-°- P- V-VÙ]

˙YflTÙh- Pl ◊¨k-’ LÙi-”s-[Ùo-Ls.

3. ˘TÙ⁄s-L-fid-°- P˙V Es[

Jl-◊- U- Vd Li-”©•j-’s-[Ùo-Ls.

4. £\l-◊j-Ru- U-L- [d Li-”

©•j-’s-[Ùo-Ls.

5. RL-Yp-L˚[ ÿ˚\-VÙL G›-ß-Ÿs-[-]o.

6. A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œ Ju-±t-œ

˙Ut-ThP (TPm, Ah-P-Y˚Q) ÿ˚\-L˚[l

TVu-T-”j-ß-Ÿs-[-]o.

Lt-\p T˚Pl◊Ls, Lt-\p Y∞-¬-”-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œf NÙR˚]l

Th-•-V- Xl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. œ±l-©hP SÙd-Lj-ßu A•l-T- P- p SÙm Gßo-TÙodœm

RL-Yp-Ls °˚Pl-T-Rt-œl TVu-T-”m Y˚L-´p Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´u ÿd-°-V-UÙ]

®˚X-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œf ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-V-˚Xl TVu-T-”j-’-Y-’ Sp-X-’.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m ˙SÙd-Le-Ls UÙfl-Y-Rt-œ HtT Ußl-¿h-”d L⁄-Æ-L-fim

UÙflT”m.

2. Et-fl ˙SÙd-Lp

ÿRp Yœl-©p E´-¨-L-∞u TPe-L˚[ Ei-‘m EQ-Æu A•l-T-˚P-´p

Y˚Ll-T-”jß Jh-”-°u\ ˘NVp-TÙh-˚Pd LY-≤-Ÿe-Ls.

œZk˚R-Ls ˙NL-¨jR Tp-˙Y-fl E´-¨-L-∞u TPe-Ls Yœl-©p ˘RÙe-L-Æ-Pl-

T-”-°u\]. œZk˚R-Ls œ›d-L-[Ù-°-\Ùo-Ls. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œ›-Æt-œm Tp-˙Y-fl

E´¨L∞u TPe-Ls A∞dLl-T”-°-\-’. £\l-◊j-Ru-˚Ud-˙LtT Y˚Ll-T-”jß Jh-”-

°\Ùo-Ls. GRu A•l-T-˚P-´p Y˚Ll-T-”j-Rl-Th-P-’ Gu-fl Tß‹ ˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Y˚Ll-T”j-ßl Th-•-Vp RVÙ-¨d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙh˚P Et-fl ˙SÙd-œ-Rp YÙ´-XÙL B£-¨Vod-œ Gu-˘]u] RL-

YpLs °˚Pd-œm?

©Wf-£-˚]j æo-‹d-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ÿ˚\-´p UÙQYo-Ls œ›-Æp L⁄j-’l

T¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn-R-˚Rl Tt-±.

G]-’ œ›- Efll©]o-L-∞u Et-fl- SÙd-LpEt-fl-˙SÙd-Lp

386


E´-¨-]eL-˚[d œ›-YÙL Y˚Ll-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œd œZk˚R Tp-˙Y-\Ù] ®Tk-R˚]/

- A•l-T˚PL˚[l TVuT-”j-ß-V-˚Rl Tt-±.

ÿ˚\-VÙL G›-’-m œZk˚Rú ß\-˚]l-Tt-±.

CRu A•l-T- P- p Tp- Y-fl ®˚X- -¤s[Yo-L-fid-œl TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Lt-\p NVp-

TÙ-”-L˚[ A∞dL B£- Vod-œ CV-¤m. Gßo-TÙojR ®˚X´p Es-[-Yo-L-fidœm

ARtœd ∏r ®˚X- -¤s-[-Yo-L-fidœm ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ERÆ A∞d-L- CV-¤m.

˙SW-•-VÙ] Et-fl˙SÙd-L-≠u YÙ´-XÙL œZk˚R-L-˚[l Tt± ˙Y˘\u-˘]u]

A±V CV-¤m?

œZk˚RL-∞u SPj-˚R, TZd-L-Y-Zd-Le-Ls B°VYt-˚\l Tt-±.

B£-¨-V-ü A±-‹-˚W-L˚[ GkR A[‹ ©u-Tt-fl-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T-’ Tt-±.

Lt-\-¤d-LÙL Yœl-T-˚\-ú A˚Ul◊ GkR A[‹ ER-‹m Gu-T˚R A±V

(œ-±l-TÙL œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•t-œ).

3. Æ]Ùd-Ls Æ]-‹-Rp

Yœl-©p œZk˚RLs ˘NnR J⁄ ˙NÙR-˚]-´p AYo-Ls ˙NÙR-˚]-ú Tp˙Yfl

®˚X-Ls YØ-VÙ-Ld LPk-’ ˘Nu-\-]o. ÿ•-‹-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-°-]o.

œZk˚R LPk-’ ˘Nu\ ˙NÙR-˚]-ú ®˚X-L-˚[-Ÿm E⁄-YÙd-°V L⁄j-ß-˚]Ÿm

—V-UÙL Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ AY-‡d-œ ERÆ ˘Nn-Ÿm Y˚L-´p Æ]-‹m £X

Æ]ÙdL˚[d LY-≤-Ÿe-Ls.

Ee-Ls FLm Gu]?

Li-”-©-•j-R˚Y G˚Y?

FLm N¨-VÙL C⁄k-RRÙ?

Li-”-©-•jR-Rt-œm FLj-ßt-œm C˚P˙V Gu-˘]u] ˙Yfl-TÙ”Ls Es[]?

ÿ•-‹d-œ Y⁄-Y-Rtœ Ee-L-fid-œ ER-Æ-V˚Y G˚Y?

B£-¨-V-ü Cl-T-•l-ThP Æ]Ùd-L-fid-œ C⁄dL ˙Yi-•V R≤j-Ru-˚U-Ls G˚Y?

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚RŸm Lt-\˚X A‘-œ-Y-’ Gq-YÙ-fl Gu-T˚R A±k-’ ˘LÙs

-Y-RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

œZk˚Rú Ru-]m-©-d˚L-˚V-Ÿm, AY-‡-˚PV Lt-\p ß\-˚]-Ÿm AY-‡d-œ

G”j’-˚WdL CV¤-Y-RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

—V-U-ßl-¿h-” YÙnl-◊-Ls

Lt-\˚X Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] YØ-ÿ- \-L˚[d œZk˚R-LsG”j-’˚Wd-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Lt-\- Xl Tt-±f £k-ßd-°-\Ùo-Ls.ARu Gp- X- V-Ÿm Uu- UL˚[Ÿm Li-”-©-•j-’f—V-UÙL Y∞´”°-\Ùo-Ls.

Lt-\-≠u Uu- U-L- [l ◊¨k-’˘LÙs[ ER-‹-Y-’-Pu Lt-\-≠uA”jR ®˚Xd-œf Np-Y-Rt-œGu] Nn-V-XÙm Gu-T- RdLi-P-±-Vj Ái”°-\Ùo-Ls.

R]-’m, ©\-W-’m Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L˚[ Ußl-©h-”f —V-UÙ-L-‹m NLœZk˚R-Lfid-œm ©u-Úh-PmA∞d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

3

87


Lt-\p „Z-¤d-œ HtTd œZk˚R-L-s Re-L-[-’ L⁄j-’d-L-˚[-Ÿm,

Li-˙QÙhPj-˚R-Ÿm Æ[dL ER-‹m ß\kR Æ]Ùd-L-[ÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

Lt-\p „Z-¤d-œ HtTd œZk˚R A”jR ®˚Xd-œf ˘NpX ER‹m Y˚L-´XÙ]

Æ]Ùd-L-[ÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

≈h-”f-„-Z˚Xl Tt-±-Ÿm, YÙrd-˚L-Ÿ-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV ©Wf-£-˚]-Ls Tt-±-Ÿm,

œZk-˚R-´u Tp-˙Y-fl A‡-T-Ye-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] Li-˙QÙh-Pm

B°VYt-˚\l Tt-±V RL-Yp °˚Pl-T-]-YÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

Æ]Ùd-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm œZk˚R´u Tß-˚Xl Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’

AYoL-fidœ A∞dL Yi-•V ©u-Úh-P-ÿm ER-Æ-Ÿm Gq-YÙ-fl A˚UV Yi”m

Gu-T˚R B£-¨-Vo æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp ˙Yi-”m.

4. NÙR-˚]˚V Ußl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’

œZk˚R-Ls —V-UÙLf ˙NÙR-˚]L˚[ Y•-Y-˚Ud-L-‹m, ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p

D”TP‹m, RL-Yp-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m ÿ•-‹-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-L -‹m

©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙi-T-Rt-œ-UÙ] YÙnl-◊-Ls „r-®˚X´Vp Yœl-©p °˚PdL

˙Yi-”m. A-Yo-Ls ˘NnR ˙NÙR-˚]L˚[ Ußl©”-Y-Ru YØ-VÙL, AYo-Ls ˘Tt\

A±-˚Y-Ÿm ARt-œl TVu-T-”j-ßV Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-˚V-Ÿm ÿ›-˚U-VÙL Ußl-©P

CV-¤m.

5. œZk-˚R T˚Pl-◊j RÙœl◊ (Port Folio)

Et-fl˙SÙd-Lp œ±l◊

Bn-‹d œ±l◊

L[l-T-VQ A±d˚L

˙So-LÙ-Qp ˛ Æ]Ù-®-Wp A±d˚L

TPe-Ls

Ah-P-Y-˚Q-Ls, Y˚W-T-Pe-Ls

LQd- L-”l◊ ˛ T•-Ye-Ls, A±d- L-Ls

©W-ß-T-≠l◊d œ±l-◊-Ls

T˚Pl-◊-Ls

388

L¦-R U§lÀÓ Gq-Yôß?

A±-YÙdLf NVp-ÿ- \- p Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-YRu SÙdLm Gu-]- Yu\Ùp,

Lt-\¤d-LÙ] ©u-Úh-Pm œZk˚Rd-œ A∞d-L-‹m, Lt-\p SÙd-Lj˚R A˚P-Y-RtLÙ]

ERÆ A∞l-T-RtœUÙ-œm. CRt-œj R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-Ls B£- -V-⁄d-œ Ußl-©-”R≠u

ÍXm °˚Pd-°u-\-]. R]-’ Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lm Gu-]-˘Yu-fl ˘R∞-YÙ-Lj ˘R¨k’

˘LÙiP œZk˚RVÙp R]-’ Lt-\˚Xf —V-UÙL Ußl-©P ÿ•-Ÿm. œ›d-L-[Ù-Ld Lt-

\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-Y-Ru-Í-Xm R]-’ Lt-\-˚Xd œ±jR RL-Yp-Ls NL

œZk˚RL∞u YÙ´-XÙLd œZk˚Rd-œd °˚Pd-°u-\-’. Cq-YÙ-fl ˙Yfl-ThP E˚\-

ÆPe-L -∞-≠-⁄k-’ Lt-\ -˚Xd- œ-±j-R Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls œZk˚Rd-œm

B£¨V⁄dœm °˚Pl-T-’ Gq-YÙ-fl G]l- TÙol-˙TÙm.

Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls

Ko B£-¨Vo R]-’ œZk˚RL-˚[d œ±j-’l Tp-˙Yfl „r-®-˚X-L-∞p, R]’

©W-ßT≠l◊ Td-Lj-ßp ˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L-˚[l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

CkRj RL-Yp-L-∞u Ru-˚U-L-fim TVu-TÙ-”-L-fim Ju-fl -˙TÙp Es-[-]YÙ?

ERÙ-W-Q-UÙ-L, WÆVÙp ©Wf-£-˚]dœj æo‹ LÙQ ˙Yfl-ThP YØ-L-˚[d Li-P-±V

CV-X-Æp˚X Gu\ RL-Y˚X A±kR B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ, Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•u J⁄

®˚X´p, RÙu Gq-Æ-R-UÙ] ERÆ˚V AY-‡d-œ YZeL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl Li-P-±V

ERÆ´-⁄d-œ-Up-XYÙ? C’ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh˚Pj ˘RÙPo-Y-Rt-œ ER-‹-Y-’m Lt-\p

Ußl-¿h-•t-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-’-UÙ] J⁄ RL-Yp Gu-\Ùp Ut\ RL-Yp-L-∞u

Ru˚ULfim ˙SÙd-L-ÿm Gu-]-YÙ-´-⁄d-œm?

RL-Yp-Ls ˛ Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-•t-œ

Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls ˛ 1 I B£-¨-Vo Gk-˘RkR „r-®-˚X-L-∞p ˙NL-¨j-ß-⁄l-TÙo?

1. ©Wf-£-˚]˚Vl Tœl-TÙ-Ÿm ®˚X-´p

2. ©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙ‘m ®˚X-´p

L¶R Ußl-¿-”- Gq-YÙ-fl?


A©-WÙ-™VÙp ©Wf-£- ]-L-fidœj

æo‹ LÙQl Tp-˙Y-fl YØ-L-˚[d

LiP±V CV-¤m. B]Ùp

WÆdœl ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fid-œj æo‹

LÙQl Tp-˙Y-fl YØ-L-˚[d

LiP±V CV-XÙ’.

J⁄ Y¨-˚N-´p Tj-’ VÙ˚]d-

œh•-Ls Es-[-]. AYt˚\

CWi” Y - N-L-[Ùd-œm- TÙ-’ J⁄

Y¨-˚N´p Gj-R˚]? Íu-fl

Y¨˚N-L-∞p Bd°-]Ù˙XÙ? TPj-

ßu ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu Gi- Qd

LiP±k’ ·h-•f NÙp-Y-Rt-œm

˘T⁄d-Lt- T-X˚]E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-Rt-œm

Gp- XÙ-WÙ-¤m CV-¤-°u-\RÙ?

J⁄ SÙs Tj-’ VÙ˚]d-œh-•-Ls

≈Rm E⁄-YÙd-°-]Ùp H› SÙh-L-∞p

Gj-R˚] VÙ˚]d-œh-•-Ls Gu\

Æ]ÙÆtœ Gp- XÙ-WÙ-¤m Æ˚P

Li-P-±V CV-X-Æp- X. Æx-‘

Uh”˙U N -VÙ] Æ˚P- Vd

·±]Ùu.

3

89

L¦-R U§lÀÓ Gq-Yôß?

CkR ®˚X-L-∞p CqYÙ-\Ù] RL-Yp-Ls B£-¨-Vod-œ GRtœl TVu-T-”m?

A©-WÙ™, ©Wf-£-˚] TœlTÙn-Æp Ge-°-⁄d-°-\Ùs? ©Wf-£-˚]dœj æo‹

LÙi-T-ßp R]-’ Yœl-©u ˘TÙ’-YÙ] ®˚X Gu]? Cf-˘Nn-ß-L˚[ A±k-’

˘LÙs[ CkRj RL-Yp-Ls B£-¨-Vod-œ ER-Æ-´-⁄d-œ-Up-XYÙ? NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙL C˚Y

Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•-˚]j ˘RÙPo-Y-Rt-LÙ] RL-Yp-L-˙[-VÙ-œm. Ck-Rj RL-Yp-L-∞u

A•l-T- P- p B£- Vo Lt-\p NVp-TÙh-•p R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-\e-L˚[f Nnß⁄dL-

XÙm. RÙu ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-•-V -E-R-Æ-´u Ru-˚U, A[-‹, ÿ˚\ GuTYt-˚\-Ÿm

B£-¨Vo æo-UÙ-≤j-’ S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-ß-´-⁄d-L-XÙm. Cq-YÙ-fl Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•-

˚]j ˘RÙPok-’ SPjR ER-‹m Cj-R-˚LV RL-Yp-Ls, Lt\¤dLÙ] Ußl-¿-” Gu\

˙SÙd-Lj˚R ®˚\-˙Yt-fl-m.

Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-L-∞u Ti-◊-Ls G˚Y?

C˚Y Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-fid-°-˚P˙V B£-¨-V-⁄d-œd °˚Pd-°u-\-].

Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•˚]j ˘RÙPok-’ ˘LÙi-” ˘NpXl TVu-T-”-°u-\-].

A±-Æ-‡-˚PV GpXÙ Ui-P-Xe-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’-m RL-Yp-Ls °˚Pd-°u-\].

°˚PjR RL-Yp-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p EP-]-•-VÙ-L˙YÙ Ap-X-’ A”jR

®˚X´˙XÙ ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p UÙt-\-˙UÙ, ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ER-Æ˙VÙ œZk˚Rd-œl

©uÚhP-UÙL YZe-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.

RL-Yp-Ls ˛ Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p

B£- Vo Tß‹ NnR CWi-PÙ-Y-’ RL-YpL∞-≠-⁄k-’ B£- -Vod-œd °˚PjR

RLYp-Ls Gu-˘]u]? C˚Y œZk˚R ˘NnR ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[d œ±j-’ AY-]’

—V Ußl-¿-”-L˙[ Bœm. œZk˚R R]-’ ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Gq-YÙ-fl LÙi°\Ùu?

œZk˚Rdœj Ru˚]d œ±jRÙ] L⁄j-’ Gu-]-YÙ-L C⁄d-œm? RÙu £k-ßjR YØ-

Ls ©Wf-£-˚]dœj æo-‹-LÙQ GkR A[-‹d-œ ER-Æ]? Gu\ —V Ußl-¿-”-Ls,

Ußl¿˙P Lt-\p Gu\ ˙SÙd-Lj-’-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV RL-Yp-L˚[ œZk˚Rdœ A∞d-

°u\].

Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls ˛ 2

Si-To-L-fi-Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙoj-R-

˙TÙ-’ Y•-Ye-L- [l TVu-T-”jß

SÙu E⁄-YÙd°V ≈h˚P ÆP

Ne∏RÙ E⁄-YÙd-°V ≈˙P Sp-X-’

Gufl G]d-œl ◊¨k-R-’. ’oLÙ

RÙu Y˚WkR ≈h˚P Ußl-©h-”

Cq-YÙ-fl ·±-]Ùs.

390

U§l-ÀhÓ Øû\-Lsþ L¦-Rm

R]-’ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u ßh-P-™-Pp, ˘NVp-T-”j-’-Rp, ©Wf-£-˚]dœj æo‹

LÙ‘-Rp ˙TÙu\-Yt-˚\d œ±j-’ A±k-’ ˘LÙs[ œZk˚Rd-œm, C˚Rl-Tt±d

œZk˚R ˙TÙ’-UÙ] A±-‹-˚P-V-Yu-RÙ]Ù Gu\±Vj ˙R˚YVÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[

B£-¨-Vod-œm YZe-œ-°-\-’.

RL-Yp-Ls ˛ Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-Pp

Í-u\Ù-Y-’ Ußl-©-Pp RL-Yp-Ls Gj-R-˚L-V˚Y? Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lj-˙RÙ-”

Jl©h”l- TÙod-œm ˙TÙ’ œZk˚R´Pm SPkR Lt-\-≠u RWj-˚Rj ˘R∞-YÙd-œ-°u\

RL-Yp-L˙[ C˚Y. C’ £X-˙Y˚[ Jo AX-°u Cflß-´˙XÙ Ap-X-’ J⁄ T⁄-Yjßu

Cfl-ß-´-˙XÙ, Ap-X-’ ˘Tt-˙\Ù-¨P˙UÙ Ap-X-’ UÙQ-Yo-L-∞P˙UÙ Lt-\p RWj-˚Rj

˘R¨-Æl-T-Rt-LÙL B£-¨-Vo ˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L-fim BL-XÙm. Cq-YÙ-fl œZk˚R

A˚PkR A±‹ A-Y-≤Pm GkR A[-‹d-œ ®˚X ®t-°-\-’ Gu\ RL-Yp, Lt-\˚X

Ußl-©-Pp Gu\ ˙SÙd-Lj-’-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V-RÙœm.

Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄-Æ-Ls

Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-©-P-¤m, Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\-¤m Yœl-T-˚\-´p Lt-\p

˘NVpTÙ”L∞Ú˙P SPl-T-˚Y-VÙ-œm. J⁄ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-” S˚P-˘T-flm-˙TÙ-’

œZk˚R-´u A±-YÙd-Lm TV-‡s[ ÿ˚\´p S˚P-˘T\ SÙm TX YØ-L-˚[l

©uTtflY’i-”.

œ› Ußl-©-Pp

œ› Uß-¿h•u J⁄ ERÙ-W-Qj˚R G”j-’ NÙßj-’l TÙod-L-XÙm. CWiPÙm

Yœl-©p YZe-°V J⁄ ˘NVp-TÙh˚Pl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

œZk-˚R-L-∞u B˚P-L-fid-œ UÙ˘T-⁄m Æ˚Xd-œ-˚\-l◊.

C]m Æ˚X C]m Æ˚X

TÙYÙ˚P 85 Ï. Nh˚P 95 Ï.

£fl-™-Vo E”l◊ 120 Ï. LÙp Nh˚P 75 Ï.

Es-[Ù˚P 32 Ï. T≤-Vu 25 Ï.

Ußl¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls ˛ 3

˘UÙj-R-ÿs[ 31 UÙQ-Yo-L-∞p 15

˙T⁄d-œd LØj-R-≠p CPo-lTÙ-”

˙S -”-°-\-’.

Ju-fld-œm Ut-ThP L¶R

˘NVp-Ls Y⁄-°u\ ©Wf-

£˚]L˚[ Y•Y- UdL T⁄m-

TÙu- U-VÙ] œZk˚R-L-fid-œm

CV-X-Æp- X.

˙Yfl-ThP A[-‹-L-fi- PV

˘NqYLe-L- [d LÙ”j-’,

CYt±p Nq-Y-Le-Ls G˚Y

Gufl LhP- TÙ-’ WÙ_ -Æt-œd

LÙW-Qe-L˚[d Li-P-±-V-‹m

Æ[d-L-‹m ÿ•k-R-’.

3

91

ÏÝ U§l-ÀÓþ L¦-Rm

˘Pn£ E”l-◊, TÙYÙ-˚P, ˘Th•d-˙LÙh ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ YÙe-°-]Ùs. AßoxP-

NdLWj˚Rf —Zt-±-V- TÙ-’ AY-fid-œ Jq- YÙ-⁄ C]j-ß¤m °˚PjR RsfiT•˚Vl

TÙ⁄e-Ls.

˘Pn£ YÙe-°-V-’ RsfiT• °˚Pj-R-’

£fl-™-Vo E”l◊ 20 Ï.

TÙYÙ˚P 15 Ï.

˘Th•d-˙LÙh 5 Ï.

˘Pn-£d-œ RsfiT• °˚Pj-R-’ Ï. ?

L˚P-´p ˘LÙ”j-R-’ Ï. ?

CkRf ˘NVp-TÙh-˚Pf ˘NnV B£-¨-Vo R]-’ Yœl-T-˚\-´p TVu-T-”j-ßV

Tp-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-L-˚[l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

ÿR-≠p œZk˚RLs R≤j-R-≤-VÙLl ©Wf-£-˚]-˚Vl Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-R-]o.

£X-⁄-˚PV ˘Y∞-´-P-¤d-œl-©u œ›-YÙd-Ll-Th-P-’. œ›d-L-[ÙLf ˘NVp-TP

˙Yi”˘Uu\ œ±l◊Ls YZe-Ll-Th-P-].

œ›d-L -∞p ˘RÙœd-Ll-ThP YØ-ÿ-˚\-L˚[ Yœl-©p ˘Y∞-´h-”,

©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙ‘m Tp˙Y\Ù] YØ-ÿ-˚\-Ls œ±j-’ Yœl-©p

LXk’˚WVÙPlThP’. Ht-fld-˘LÙs-[l-TP ˙Yi-•-V-Yt˚\ Ht-fld-˘LÙi-”m

˘TÙ⁄kRÙRYt˚\ ®WÙ-L-¨j-’m ˘RÙœd-Ll-Th-P-’. CkR YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-∞p ™L-‹m

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Ju˚\d œZk˚R-Ls ˙Rok-˘R-”j-’l ©Wf-£-˚]d-œ R≤j-R-≤-VÙLj

æo‹ LÙQ-‹m ˘Nn-R-]o. ˘RÙPok-’ œ›d-L-[Ùd-Ll-Th-P-’. A”j-R-ÿ˚\

œ›dL[ÙLf ˘NVpTP ˙Yi”˘Uufl œ±l◊Ls YZe-Ll-Th-P-].

œ›Æp Li-P-±kR Tp˙Yfl ˘NVp-TÙh-” ÿ˚\-Ls Yœl-T-˚\-´p

˘Y∞´PlTh-P -]. Ut\ œ›d-Ls Æ]Ùd-Ls Æ]Æ AYt˚\l Tt±d

LXk’˚WVÙ•]o. B£-¨-Vo R]-’ YØ-ÿ-˚\-L˚[ ˘Y∞-´h-PÙo. LXk’˚WVÙPp

ÍXm ™L-‹m ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˘NVp-TÙh-”ÿ˚\ ˙Rok-˘R-”d-Ll-Th-P-’.

Ck-Rl ©Wf-£- ]d-œj æo‹ LÙi-T- RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊- PV œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-”- 1 ˛ p

SPkR Ußl-¿h-˚Pl Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-Ÿe-Ls.

œ›f ˘NVp -TÙh -•t -LÙ]œ±l◊Ls GpXÙd œZk˚R-L-fim AYo-Ls

G›-ß-V-Yt˚\ YÙ£j-’ Y∞- P˙Yi-”m, LÙWQLÙ¨Vj’PuÆ[dL Yi”m.

Jq- YÙ-⁄ œZk˚R Y∞- -”m-˙TÙ-’m Aßp Ht-fld- LÙs[˙Yi-•V YØ-ÿ- \-L- [-Ÿm˘TÙ⁄k-RÙR YØ-ÿ- \-L- [-ŸmTt± ÆYÙ-ßdL Yi-”m.

™L-‹m TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] YØ-Ls/ÿ˚\-L˚[d Li-P-±V Yi-”m.

CWi-PÙ-Y-’ œ›f NVp-TÙh-•uT¨k-’- W-Ls Gu]YÙL C⁄dœm?

Gp- XÙ-⁄˙U AY-W-Yo Li-P-±kRYØ ÿ˚\˚V Y∞-´P˙Yi”m.

™L-‹m TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] YØÿ˚\Ls Li-P-±-Vl-TP˙Yi”m.

Jq- YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m AY-W-YoLiP±kR-Rt-œm UXÙLdœ›Æp LXk’˚WVÙ•°˚PlTYt- \-Ÿm Tß‹˘NnV Yi-”m.

392

ÏÝ U§l-ÀÓþ L¦-Rm

Ceœd œ›-Æp G˚R Ußl-©h-PÙo-Ls?

J⁄ œZk˚R J⁄ YØ-ÿ-˚\-˚Vd Li-”-©-•j-RÙu. C’-˙TÙu-fl Ut\

œZk˚RLfim TX YØ-L- [d Li-P-±k-R-]o. CYt-±p GkR YØ-ÿ˚\ ©Wf-£- ]dœj

æo‹ LÙQ ™L-‹m ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]’? Hu? C˚Y œ›-Æp ÆYÙßdLlT”°u\].

Cj-R -˚LV ˘NVp-TÙh-•u-˙TÙ -’ œ› Efll-© -]o -Ls J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ -⁄ -Yo

Ußl©”°u\]o. Cq-YÙ-fl J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ-⁄-Yo Ußl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’ —V Ußl-©-”-R-¤m

CVpTÙ-L SPd-°-\-’.

Ce-œ B£-¨-Vo GYt-˚\-˘Vp-XÙm Ußl-©h-”s-[Ùo?

Gk-˘RkRd œZk˚R-Ls N¨-VÙ] YØ-ÿ-˚\-˚Vd Li-P-±k-R-]o?

AYo-Ls Li-P-±kR YØ-ÿ˚\ N¨-VÙ-]-’RÙ]Ù?

YØÿ˚\ Li-P-±V CV-XÙ-R-Yo-Ls GYo? Hu?

CkR Ußl-©-P-≠u ÍXm œZk˚Rd-œd œ›-Æ≠⁄k’ AYu TVu-T-”j-ßV

L⁄jß˚]d œ±j-’m ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-˚Vd œ±j-’m Gu-˘]u] ©u-Úh-P-ÿm

ERÆŸm °˚Pj-ß-⁄d-œm?

RÙu Li-P-±kR YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-∞u ®˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm œ˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm ◊¨k-’

˘LÙs°u\]o.

RÙu Li-P-±k-R-Yt-±-tœm Ru Si-To-Ls Li-P-±k-R-Yt-±tœm C˚P˙V

Gu˘]u] ˙YflTÙ”Ls Es-[-] G]l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs°u-\-]o.

Si-To-Ls Li-P-±k-R-Yt-±p Ht-fld-˘LÙs[jRd-L-’/ Ht-fld-˘LÙs-[ ÿ•VÙR-’

G’-˘Y] A±k-’ ˘LÙs-°\Ùo-Ls.

Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp CWi-PÙ-Y-’ œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•p Ußl©Pl-Th-P-’ G˚Y?

œZk˚R-L-fid-œd œ›-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ °˚PjR ©u-Úh-Pm Lt-\-≠p GkR A[‹d-œj

RÙd-Lj˚R Ht-T-”j-ß-´-⁄d-œm?

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-” SPd-œm-˙TÙ-’m SPkR ©u-◊m Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙL Gu-˘]u-]-

Ej-ß-L-˚[Ÿm L⁄-Æ-L-˚[Ÿm TVu-T-”j-ß´⁄lTÙo-Ls?

œ›d-L-fid-°-˚P-´-¤m œ›-Æ¤m Æ]Ùd-Ls Æ]-‹-Rp.

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh˚P/Lt-\p T˚Pl-©˚] Ußl-©”YRtLÙ] œ›-Æu

˙NÙR˚]l-Th-•-Vp

3

93

NL U§l-ÀÓþ L¦-Rm

NL Ußl-¿”

ÿu-]od ·\l-ThP ˘NVp-TÙh-•tLÙLd œZk˚R R≤l-ThP ÿ˚\-´p Li-P-

±kR ©Wf-£-˚]l Tœl-TÙn‹ YØ-L-˚[-Ÿm, ˘NVp-TÙh-” ÿ˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm R]-’

œ›Æ]⁄Pu T°ok-’ ˘LÙs-°-\Ùu. Ce-œd œZk˚R RÙu Li-P-±kR YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-

˚[-Ÿm ˘NVp-TÙh-” ÿ˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm R]-’ Si-To-L-fi--Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙod-°-\Ùu.

ARu ÍXm R]-’ YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-∞-¤m ˘NVp-TÙh-” ÿ˚\-L-∞-¤-ÿs[ ®˚\-

œ˚\-L˚[d Li-P-±-°u-\Ùu. CRu YØ-VÙLj RÙu Li-P-±k-R-Rt-œm Ru SiTu

Li-P-±k-RRt-œm Es[ ˙Yfl-TÙ-” Gu]? Si-Tu Li-P-±k-R-Yt-±p G˚R Ht-fld

˘LÙs-[-XÙm? Ht-Lj -R-LÙ-R-’ G’? Hu? Gufl —V-UÙL Ußl-©-P-‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùu. NL

Ußl¿h•tLÙL Gu-˘]u] Ej-ß-L˚[Ÿm L⁄-Æ-L-˚[Ÿm TVu-T-”jRXÙm?

NL Ußl-¿h-”f ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp.

©Wf-£-˚]l Tœl-TÙn‹ ®˚X-´-¤m, ARt-œj æo‹ LÙ‘m ®˚X-´-¤m

B£-¨Vo ˙L-h-”d LXk’˚WVÙ•V Ußl¿h” Æ]Ùd-Ls.

Li-P-±kR A[-˚Y-Ls / Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls.

—V-Ußl¿”

Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ -”-L -∞u ˙TÙ’ œZk-˚R Ru˚]j RÙ˙] —V-UÙL

Ußl©”°\Ùu. C’ AYu A±-VÙ-U- X˙V AY-‡s S˚P- T-fl-°-\-’. £X Y˚[L∞p

˘R¨k-’m SPdL-XÙm.

R]-’ A±-Æ˚] / NVp-TÙh-” ÿ˚\˚V, R]-’ Si-T-≤u A±‹ / NVpTÙh”

ÿ˚\-Ÿ-Pu Jl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’.

R]-’ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh˚P / T˚Pl-˚T, ˘TÙ’-YÙL E⁄YÙd°V Ußl-¿h-”d

œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Ußl-©-”m˙TÙ’.

RÙu ˘NnR ˘NVp-TÙh-•t-œ B£-¨V¨u ©u-Úh-Pm °˚Pd-œm-˙TÙ-’.

CWi-PÙm Yœl-©p Al-◊Æu ≈” Gu-‡m TÙPj-ßp Ae-∏-L-¨d-Ll-T-PÙR

A[-Æ˚]l TVu-T-”jß ø[m LQd-°”m ˘NVp-TÙh˚P (°-Qt-±-≠-⁄k-’ Gq-Y[‹

ÁWj-ßp UWe-Ls Es[]) Ts-∞-´p ˘Nn-R-˙TÙ-’, A[dLj ˙Rok˘R-”jR Lm-©u

A•l-T-˚P´p FLe-L-˚[d ·±-]o. ©u◊ A[k-’ TÙoj-R-]o. Al˙TÙ’ B£¨Vo

L⁄m-T-X-˚L-´p £X Æ]Ùd-L˚[ G›-ß-]Ùo. A˚Y- :

øe-Ls F°jR A[‹ Gu]?

NL Ußl-©-Pp Æß--Ls

©\-W-’ Lt-\˚X Ht-fld-

˘LÙsfieLs, Ae-∏-L- -Ÿe-Ls.

£\l-◊l Ti◊-L- [d

Li”©•ŸeLs.

Lt-\p SÙd-Lm Ut-flm

Li”©•jR Ußl-¿h-”d

œ±l◊L∞u A•l-T- P- p

˙UmT”j’YRtœj R˚YVÙ]

T¨k-’- W-L˚[ YZeœe-Ls.

TVuR⁄m A±‹fljRp-L˚[

YZe-œe-Ls

394

ÑV U§l-ÀÓþ L¦-Rm

øe-Ls F°jR ÿ˚\ Gu]?

Ee-L-fi-˚PV FLe-L-fi-Pu A’ ˘TÙ⁄k-’-°\RÙ?

Ee-L-fi-˚PV £X FLe-L˚[ Ei˚UVÙ] A[‹Pu ˘TÙ⁄kRf -˘NnV

Gu] ˘Nn-V-XÙm?

Yœl-©p S˚P- T-fl-m Lt-\p NVp-TÙ-”-L-fid-°- P- p B£- -V-W-’ ÿ˚\VÙ]

R˚X-¬-”-L-∞u YØ-VÙLd œZk˚R R]-’ A±-˚Y-Ÿm Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-” ÿ˚\-

˚VŸm ˙NÙßj-R-±-V-‹m —V-UÙL Ußl-©-P-‹m YÙnl-◊-Ls °˚Pj-R-]. œZk˚R´u

—V Ußl¿” AY]’ Lt-\-XÙ-L˙Y UÙ±-Æ-”-°-\-’ Gu-fl G”j-’d ·\j R˚Y´p˚X

ApXYÙ?

—V Ußl¿h•u TV-]ÙL E⁄-YÙ-œm A±-‹-L˚[ Gq-YÙ-fl ET˙VÙLl

T”jRXÙm? ARt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊d-Ls Gu-˘]u]? Æx-‘-Æu —V -˘Y∞¬h-”d

œ±l˚Tf ˙NÙß-Ÿe-Ls.

°Qt-±u A⁄-°p C⁄d-œm Ik-’ UWe-L-fid°- P˙V-VÙ]

C˚P-˘Y∞ F°j-’ G›-Rl-Th-P-’. A[k-’ TÙoj-R-˙TÙ-’

CWi-” FLe-Ls °h-Pj-RhP N¨-VÙ-´-⁄k-R-]. Ut\ Íu-flm

N¨-VÙL A˚U-V-Æp-˚X. N¨-VÙ] A[-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ ™L‹m

ÆjßVÙNlTh” C⁄k-R-]. Gu-˚]ÆP SiToLs Aß-L-

UÙLf N¨-VÙ-] Æ˚P-L˚[d Li-P-±k’s[]o.

—V Ußl-¿h-•p LY-≤dL˙Yi-•-V-˚Y. SÙu Ht-fld- LÙiP Ej-ß-Ls/

YØ-Ls.

SÙu £k-ßjR ÿ˚\

G]-’ Li-”-©-•l-©u/ ÿ•-Æu

˙Uu-˚U-Ls, Gp-˚X-Ls /

LÙWQeLs.

SÙu L⁄j-’d-L˚[/

Li”©•l◊L˚[

˘Y∞´”mÿ˚\.

G]-’ Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-L-∞u

®˚\Ls.

3

95

B£-¬-Vo U§l-ÀÓþ L¦-Rm

œ› Ußl-¿-”, NL Ußl-¿-”, —V Ußl-¿-” B°V ÿ˚\-Ls C˚Qk-’ Y⁄m-

Lt-\p Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\˙V J⁄e-°-˚QkR Lt-\p Bœm. A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-

˚\-Ÿm, ©Wf-£˚] A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] ÆUo-N]Èo-Y-UÙ] Lt-\-p TV-‡s[ ÿ˚\´p

S˚P-˘T\j ˙R˚Yl-T-”m YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-fim, Ej-ß-L-fim, ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-fim, Cq J⁄e-

°-˚QkR Lt-\-≠p APe-œm. A˚Rl Tt± BWÙn˙YÙm.

B£- -V-o Ußl-¿-”

ÿu-]od ·\l-ThP ˘NVp-TÙh-•p TX ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ ®˚X-L-∞¤m

œZk˚RL∞u œ›f NVp-TÙh-•˚] B£-¨-Vo Ußl-©h-•-⁄l-TÙo Ap-XYÙ? ARtœ

Gu˘]u] Ej-ßL˚[d ˚LVÙi-•-⁄l-TÙo? Gu-˘]u] L⁄j-’L˚[

Ußl©h•⁄lTÙo? AR-]Ùp œZk˚Rdœd °˚PjR TVu Gu-]? B£- -V- u SÙdLm-

Gu-]YÙL C⁄k-ß-⁄d-œm-?

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-˚Pj æÆ-W -UÙ-Ld Li-LÙ-¶j-’d ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm

B£¨V˚Wl ˘TÙflj-R-Y-˚W-´p ÿ˚\NÙWÙ Ußl-¿-” Al-˙TÙ˙R S˚P-˘T-fl-°-\’.

AlT•VÙ-]Ùp ©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙ‘m ®˚X-L∞p SPkR œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh•p

œZk˚R-Ls R≤j-R-≤-VÙLj RVÙ-¨j-R˚Rd œ›-Æp YÙ£j-’ ˘Y∞-´h-”,

LXk’˚WVÙ• ˙Uu-˚UlT”jß ˘Y∞-´h-P-˙TÙ-’ Ußl-©-PlTh-P-˚Y G˚Y G]d

LÙQ-XÙm.

©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙ‘m ß\˚] GkR A[-‹d-œ A˚Pk-’s-[Ùu?

Y•-Y-˚UjR YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm NVp-TÙh-” ÿ˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm TV-‡s-[ -ÿ-˚\´p

TVu-T-”jR CV-¤-°u-\RÙ?

NÍ-Lj-ßp D”-T-”m ß\u-Ls ˛ ©\-⁄-˚PV L⁄j-’-L∞p LY-]m ˘N¤j-R-‹m,

Ußl-©-P-‹m, R]’ A±-‹-Pu C˚QdL‹m ˙R˚Y-VÙ] U]lTdœYm /

U]-®˚X B°-V˚Y GkR A[-‹d-œ Es-[]?

œ›f NVp-TÙh-•u SÙd-Lm, SWm, NVp-TÙh-•u Ru˚U B°-V-Yt±tœ

Ht\ Y˚L-´p ˘NVp-TP GkR A[-‹d-œ CV-¤-°u-\’?

Cq-YÙ-fl œZk˚R-L-∞u Lt-\˚X ®Wk-R-W-UÙL Ußl-©P B£-¨-Vo

TVuT”j-’m L⁄-Æ-Ls G˚Y? AYt-±p GYt-˚\-˘Vp-XÙm œZk-˚R-Ls

TVu-T”j-R-XÙm G] B˙XÙ-£-Ÿe-Ls.

396 Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄-Æ-Ls

90 Ut-flm 128m Td-Le-L-∞p œ±l-©-Pl-Th-”s[ Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm

L⁄ÆL˚[-Ÿm L¶Rd Lt-\-≠p Gq-YÙ-fl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm?

1 T´t-£j-RÙs (Work Sheet)L¶-Rd-L-⁄j-’L˚[ Y•-Y-˚Ud-L-‹m A˚Y GkR A[-‹d-œd œZk-˚R˚V

A˚Pk-’s-[] G] A±-V-‹m T´t-£j-RÙ˚[ SÙm TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. ∏˙Z

RWlTh”s[ T´t-£j RÙ˚[l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

Aß-L-m G’?

VÙ˚] WÙ_Ù Æ⁄k-’ ˘LÙ”l-T-Rt-LÙ-L ˚Yj’s[ TZe-L-∞u ˚TL-˚[l TÙ⁄eLs.

CYt-±p Aß-L-UÙ-]-’ G’?

T´t£jRÙs GRtœ? L⁄j-’⁄YÙdL

E⁄-YÙd°V L⁄j-’d-Ls

GkR[‹dœf N -VÙ-]˚Y G]d

Li-P-±V

œZk˚R´u Lt-\p

ÿu˙]t\j˚R ®o-Q- dL

œZk˚Rd-œj R]-’ A±-Æ˚]l

Tt±f- —V-UÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’ LÙs[

˘Tt- \Ù-⁄d-œd œZk˚RL∞u

Lt\p ÿu- ]t-\j˚Rf NÙu-fl-

L∞u ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu R∞-‹-T-”j-R.

T´t-£j-RÙs Ußl-¿-”

œ› Ußl-¿-”

NL Ußl-¿-”

Gu\ Ej-ß-L-∞u YØ-VÙLd œZk- R-

L˚[ CVp-TÙ-L˙Y —V Ußl-¿h-”dœ

A˚Zj-’f NpXl T´t-£j-RÙ∞u

Ußl-¿-” ER‹m.

J⁄ œ›Æ-¤s[

Gi-¶d˚L

œ›dL-∞u

Gi-¶d˚L

˘UÙj-Rm

U§l-ÀhÓ Ej§L , LÚ®L

[

ss

3

97

U§l-ÀhÓ Ej-§-Ls, LÚ-®-Lsþ L¦-Rm

2. ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp

©Wf-£-˚]-dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m R]-’ ß\˚] Ußl-©-Pl TVu-T-”j-’m ˙NÙR-˚]l

Th-•-V-≠p Gu-˘]u] ·fl-L˚[ Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m?

SÙu Gu-˚]l Tt±

˘TVo :

Gi. —V Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l◊Ls Ei” Cp˚X

1. SÙu ©Wf-£-˚]-˚Vf N¨-VÙ-L EQok’s˙[u.

2. ©Wf-£-˚]j æo-‹d-LÙLl Tp-˙Y-fl YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[d Li-P-±k-˙Ru.

3. SÙu Li-P-±kR YØÿ˚\L˚[ Si-To-L-fi-Pu T°ok-’ ˘LÙi-˙Pu.

4. ˘TÙ’d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp YØl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ©Wf-£-˚]

æo‹ YØÿ˚\˚Vj ˙Rok-˘R-”dL Gu-]Ùp ÿ•k-R-’

5. ˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[f ˙NL-¨d-L- Gu-]Ùp ÿ•k-R-’.

6. Tp˙Y\Ù] YØÿ˚\L∞p ˙Um-Th-P-Yt-˚\d Li-P-±k-˙Ru

7. N¨-VÙ] Æ˚P˚Vd Li”©•j˙Ru.

8. Gu-‡-˚PV Æ˚P-L-∞-p HtThP œ˚\-L-fid-LÙ] LÙW-Qj˚R

SÙu ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-˙Pu.

9. G]-’ ÿ•-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm œ›-Æ-¤m Yœl-©-¤m

T°ok-’ ˘LÙs[ Gu-]Ùp ÿ•k-R-’.

3. Æ]Ùd-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Rp

œZk˚R-L-∞Pm S˚P-˘T-flm Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-P-‹m, œZk˚R-L-fid-œj R]-’

Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-P-‹m ˘RÙPok-’ ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V UÙt-\e-L˚[ ÿ•‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m

Æ]Ùd-L-[Ùp CV-¤m. YÙn-˘UÙ-Ø-VÙL Æ]-‹m Æ]Ùd-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙL Yœl-◊f

„Zp Sh◊\‹-˚P-V-RÙ-L-‹m ˙RP-¤d-œj Ái-”-Y-RÙ-L-‹m A˚U-Ÿm Gu-T˚R SÙm

EQok’s˙[Ùm.

398

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ X¥-ßƒ, Sqfp-Iƒ ˛ KWnXw

Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lj-˙RÙ-” Jl-©h-”d œZk˚RVÙp Gu] ˘NnV CV-¤m GuT˚RŸm

◊¨k-’d˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m.

œZk˚RL-∞u ©WßT≠l©-≠-⁄k-’m Æ]Ùd-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’m AYu £kR˚]

G˚Y Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm Gu] ˘NnV CV-¤m Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm Li-P-±V ˙Yi-”m.

œ±l-©hP L⁄j-’-Ls ˘RÙPo-TÙL UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u ß\u-Ls, RY-\Ù] L⁄j-’d-

Ls, TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-ÿ˚\Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\d Li-P-±V ˙Yi-”m.

UÙQ-Yo-Ls ˘Nu-\-˚PkR Lt-\p ®˚X-˚Vl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m.

CkR Ußl-¿h-” ˙SÙd-Le-L-˚[ SÙm Æ]Ùd-Ls YÙ´-XÙ-Ll ˘T\ CV¤m.

Æ]Ùd-Ls TV-‡s-[-˚Y-VÙL A˚U-Y-’ Gl-˙TÙ-’? Gq-YÙ-fl?

SU-’ Æ]Ùd-L-∞p £X Æ]Ùd-Ls ©\ Æ]Ùd-L-˚[- ÆP Su-\ÙL A˚Uk-’s[]

Gu-fl RÙu-fl-UpXYÙ? Aq-YÙ-\Ù] Æ]Ùd-L-∞u TÙ’l Ti◊Ls G˚Y? AYt˚\

Ee-Ls Lt-©j-Rp ˚L˙Vh• (Teaching Manual) ≠⁄k-’ Li-”-©-•j-’l Tœl-TÙn‹

˘Nn-V-‹m.

Æ]Ùd-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œm ÿ˚\-´p £X UÙt-\e-L-˚[f ˘Nn-RÙp ˙Ut-œ-±l-©hP

˙SÙd-Le-L˚[ ®˚\-˙Yt\ CV-¤m. ˘T⁄d-Lp ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV CWi-” Æ]Ùd-Ls

∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s-[-]. AYt-fls øe-Ls ˙Rok-˘R-”d-œm TV-‡s[ Æ]Ù G’?

(1) 5+5+5 = ..............5x3 = .................

(2) 5+5+5 Cu Ut-flm 5x3 Cu Æ˚P-Ls J˙W ˘RÙ˚L-VÙ-Ld LÙW-Qm

Gu]?

Æ˚P LÙi-T-’Pu ÿRp Æ]Ù-Æp œZk˚Rd-œs G›kR U]l-˙TÙ-WÙh-Pm ÿ•-Y-

˚P-°-\-’. B]Ùp, CWi-PÙ-Y˙RÙ? TX-ÿ˚\ ·h-”-Y˙R ˘T⁄d-Lp Gu-‡m L⁄j-’-

⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œ ER-‹-°-\-’.

4. G]’ T˚Pl◊j RÙœl◊ (Port Folio)J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX A[-Æp œZk˚R-Ls ˘NnR Tp- Y-fl- Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-

∞≠⁄k’ E⁄-YÙ] Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-∞u RÙœl˙T G]’ T˚Pl◊j RÙœl◊ (Port folio)

G]’ T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p GYt˚\ Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm?

3

99

TûPl-×j ùRôÏl×þ L¦-Rm

©Wf-£-˚]j æo-‹d œ±l-◊-Ls.

G]-’ L¶-Rl ◊j-R-Lj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ ˙Rok

-˘R-”d-Ll-Th-P˚Y.

œZk˚RLs E⁄-YÙd-°V ©Wf-£-˚]-Ls.

œZk˚R-Ls E⁄YÙd-°V ÿ•-‹-Ls.

œZk˚RLs E⁄-YÙd-°V œ±l-◊-Ls.

TPe-Ls / Y˚W-T-Pe-Ls (Graphs). E⁄-YÙd-°V Th-•-Vp-Ls.

œZk˚RL-∞u ©WßT≠l◊-Ls, ◊ßV Li”-

©-•l-◊-Ls.

T´t-£j RÙsLs (Worksheet).

4100

hne-bn-cp-Øepw ^oUv_m°pw ˛ `mj

Lt-\-¤m Lt-©j-R-¤m TV-‡s[ Y˚L- p A˚U-Y-’ Gl- TÙ-’ Gu-T˚R J˙W

YÙd-°-Vj-ßp ·\-ÿ•ŸUÙ? Ee-Ls A‡-T-Yj- RÙ-” CWi-PÙm Yœl◊ œZk˚RLfidœd

°˚PjR Cd Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh˚PŸm C˚Qj-’ Bn‹ ˘Nn-Ÿe-Ls.

≈” Y˚W-V-XÙm

œZk-˚R-L˚[ LiL˚[ Í•d-˘LÙi-” AY-W-Yo ≈h-•tœs SPl-T’ ˙TÙp

Lt-T˚] ˘Nn-Vf ˘NÙu]Ùo. ©\ A˚\-L˙[Ù” Jl©h”, Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ A˚\-Ÿm Geœ

A˚Ukß⁄d°u\] Gu-T-˚R œZk-˚R-Ls Lt-T˚] ˘Nn-R-]o. Li-˚Qj ß\kR

©u £X œZk-˚R-Ls AYo-Ls LtT˚]´p LiP ≈h•u TPj-˚Rl Tt± ·±-]Ùo-

Ls. ""J⁄ T\-˚Y-˚Vl ˙TÙu-fl ≈h-•u ˙U˙X T\k-’ ˘Nufl ∏˙Z

˘Ne-œj-RÙ-Ll TÙojRÙp ≈” Gl-T-• C⁄dœm?''

""≈h-•t-œ ˙Ut-·˚W Cp˚X G]d L⁄-’eLs'', Guflm B£-¨-Vo

·±]Ùo. ""Al-T-•VÙ]Ùp Ak-Rl T\-˚Y- LÙ‘m ÆRj-ßp ≈” Y˚W-

V-XÙUÙ?'' œZk-˚R-Ls R≤-VÙLl TPm Y˚W-Vj RÙPe-°-]o. Y˚WŸm

ÿu-]-⁄m Y˚WŸm ˙TÙ’m œZk-˚R-L-fid-œ IVm G›k-R-’. B£-¨-

Vo AYt-fls £X-Yt˚\l Tt±l ˘TÙ’YÙL-‹m £X-Yt˚\l Tt± Ak-

RkRd œZk˚R-L-fi-Pu Uh-”m LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•-]Ùo. TPm Y˚W-Y-Rt-

°-˚P˙V œZk-˚R-L-∞u Y˚WRp ß\-˚] A±k-’ ˘LÙs[ AYo-L-

∞u TPe-L-˚[l TÙoj-’d ˘LÙi˙P ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Æ]Ùd-L˚[

Æ]-Æ B£-¨-Vo œZk-˚R-L-fid-°-˚P˙V SPk-RÙo.

£X œZk-˚R-L-∞u TPe-L-˚[l TÙojR˙TÙ’ AYo-L-∞p £X-⁄dœ

Al-T-•l-ThP Li-˙QÙhPj-ßp TPm Y˚W-Y-’ L•-]m Gu-T-’ B£¨-

Tœß --- 4

Lt-\p Ußl¿”-m©u-Úh-Pm A∞j-R-¤m

4

101


V-⁄d-œl ◊¨k-R-’. AjR˚LV œZk˚R-Ls Aß-Lm-˙To Es[-]o Gu-fl ◊¨kR ˙TÙ’

B£-¨-Vo Ejß˚V UÙt-±-]Ùo. U˚N˚V Yœl-©u S”-Æp SLoj-ß Lh-PÙo. U˙X-

´-⁄k-’ CkR ˙U˚N-˚Vl TÙoj-RÙp Gl-T-• C⁄d-œm? AR˚] Y˚W-V-XÙUÙ? œZk-

˚R-Ls Y˚Wk-R-]o. A’-˙TÙu-fl J⁄ £fl ˘Th-•-´p Tp-˙Y-fl Y•-Ye-L-∞-¤s[

Æp˚X-L˚[ (Token) ˚Yj-R-©u ˙U≠-⁄k-’ TÙoj-RÙp ˙RÙu-flm LÙh-£˚Vd œZk-

˚R-Ls Y˚Wk-R-]o. ¡i”m AYo-Ls ≈” Y˚W-Vj ˘RÙPe-°-]o.

£X œZk˚RLs Y˚WkR TPe-L-∞p ≈h-•u Es˙[ Es[ A˚\-Ls

C˚Qd-Ll-T-PÙ-R˚R B£-¨-Vo LY≤j-RÙo. AYo-L˚[ J⁄ œ›-YÙd-°V ©u, ""YWÙk-

RÙ-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ N˚U-V-X-˚\d-œ Gq-YÙ-fl ˘Np-Y-’? YW-˙Yt-T˚\ Gq-YÙ-fl T”d˚L

A˚\-L˚[ C˚Qd-°u-\-’?'' Gufl ˙LhPÙo. œ›-Æ-p LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•V-©u TPe-

L˚[ UÙt± Y˚W-Vj ˘RÙPe-°-]o. GpXÙ A˚\-L-fim C⁄k-RÙ-¤m AYt±u

A˚Ul◊ Ju-˙\Ù-˘PÙu-fl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙL A˚U-V-Æp-˚X. B£-¨-Vo J⁄ œZk-˚R-

ú TPj˚Rl TÙoj-’, ""LÆ-RÙ-Æu ≈h-•u A˚\-L-∞p ™L-‹m T¨-V-’ G’? £±V’

G’?'' Gufl ˙LhPÙo. AY-fid-œd ˙LsÆ ◊¨k-R˙RÙ Gu-]˙YÙ? ˙YL-UÙL UÙt±

Y˚W-Vj ˘RÙPe-°-]Ùs.

©u-Úh-P-ÿm Lt-\-¤m

B£-¨-V-⁄d-œm œZk-˚R-L-fid-œm C˚P˙V Tp-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-L-∞p S˚P-

˘T-flm T˚PdLj Ái”m R˚X´PpL˚[Ÿm LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-PpL˚[Ÿm TÙoj-˙RÙm.

Uh-”-Up-X, £X ˙Y˚[-L-∞p GpXÙd œZk˚R-L-fi-P-‡m £X ˙Y˚[-L-∞p œ›d-L-

fi-P-‡m £X-˙Y-˚[-L-∞p J⁄ œZk˚RŸ-Pu Uh-”m B£-¨-Vo R˚X´h-” AYo-L-

∞u Lt-\˚X Ußl¿-” ˘Nn-R-Ru A•l-T-˚P-´p ©u-Úh-Pm A∞d-°\Ùo. Ce-œ

B£-¨-Vo A∞jR ©uÚhPj-ßu Ti-◊-Ls G˚Y?

VÙ£≤-ú TP˙U Yœl-©p £\k-R-’ G]d ·\-Æp-˚X.

˘NpXm-UÙ-‹d-œd ·±-V-’ ◊¨-V-Æp˚X Gu-fl G”j-’-˚Wd-L-Æp-˚X.

UÙ≠≤ ˘LÙg-Nm ·P LY-≤dL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl A±-‹-flj-R-‹™p-˚X.

GR-]Ùp? C˚Y Lt-\-≠u A”jR ®˚Xd-œd œZk-˚R˚V A˚Zj’f ˘NpX ER-

Y˙YÙ Ái-P˙YÙ ˘NnYßp˚X Gu-T-’ B£-¨-V-⁄d-œj ˘R¨-Ÿm. AR-]Ùp Yœl©p

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚Rd-œm ˙R˚YlT”m -˙Y-˚[-´p, ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ERÆ A∞dL‹m

AYo-L-˚[f —V Ái-”-R-¤d-œs-[Ùd-œ-Y-Rt-œ- ER‹m ©u-Úh-P˙U B£-¨-Vo

A∞jRÙo G]-XÙm.

©u-Úh-Pm ˛ £\l-◊-Ls

1. œZk- R-L-∞-P-™-⁄k-’ Gu] Gßo-

TÙod-°u- \Ùm Gu-T-’ R∞-YÙd-

Ll-T-”-°u-\-’.

2. Lt-\- XÙ-” RÙPo-◊- PV’m

˘TÙ⁄s TÙßkR L⁄j’dLfim

A∞dLlT”°u\].

3. GkR YØ˙V Gq-YÙ-fl ÿu- ]Ùd-

°f NpX Yi-”m Gu-T’

œ±j’ œZk˚R˚Vf £k-ßdL

˚YdL CV-¤-°u-\-’.

4. Lt-\p SÙd-Lj-’-Pu RÙPo-◊-

˚PV N -VÙ] YØ- p Np-¤-

°u\ Lt-\p NV˚X Ae-∏-L- d-

°u-\-’.

5. ˙Uu- UL˚[f —h-•d-LÙh-”-°u-

\’. Ee-Ls Yœl-©-¤m œZk˚Rú

- Lt-\˚Xl TV-‡s-[-RÙdœY’m

Lt-©j-R˚X T˚Pl-TÙL

UÙt-fl-Y’m C˚Y-Vp-XYÙ?

4102


©u-Úh-Pm ˛ IVe-Ls, Æ]Ùd-Ls

Tp- Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞p Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-”-Pu Ußl-¿h- P-Ÿm ©u-Úh-Pj- R-Ÿm

J⁄e-°- Qj-’f ˘Np-Y-ßp Ee-L-fid-œ G›m IVe-Ls G˚Y? Aq-YÙ-\Ù] IVe-L- [

˘Y∞l-T-”j-’m £X Æ]Ùd-Ls ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s-[]. AYt˚\ YÙ£-Ÿe-Ls. Ee-Ls

A‡-T-Ye-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Æ˚P-L˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ Æ¨-‹-T-”j-’e-Ls.

Aj-’-Pu C˚Y Ee-L-fid-œs ◊ßV IVe-L˚[ Ht-T-”j-RXÙm. ERÙ-W-Q-

UÙL, œZk˚R G›-ßV ˘Nn-ßd-œ SÙu GjR-˚LV ©u-Úh-Pm A∞dL ˙Yi-”m?

T¨-˙NÙ-ßd-L-‹m.

©u-Úh-Pm Gu-\Ùp Gu]?

••••• Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lj-ßu A•l-T-˚P-´p œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\˚X

Ußl-©h-”j ˘RÙPok-’ Lt-\-≠u ˙TÙd-˚Ll Tt± AYo-

Lfid-œ A∞d-œm RLYp-L-[Ù-œm.

••••• Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ U¤m Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ]

YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[ B£-¨-V-⁄d-œd ·flm RLYp-L-[Ù-œm.

©u-Úh-Pm GRt-œ?

••••• œZk-˚R-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°V L⁄j-’-Ls, ß\u-Ls, L⁄j-’ E⁄

-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œl TVu-T-”j-ßV Ejß-Ls B°VYt-±u TVu

-L-˚[l Tt-±-Ÿm, ˙U¤m GYt-±-˘Xp-XÙm LY-]m ˘N¤jR

˙Yi-”m Gu-flm RLYp-L˚[ A∞l-T-Ru YÙ´XÙLd

œZk˚R-L∞u Lt-\-p RWj˚R Aß-L-¨d-Lf˘Nn°u-\-’.

••••• —V-UÙ-Ld Lt-L-‹m A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m ©Wf-£-˚]-dœj

æo‹ LÙQ-‹m CV-¤-°u\ ß\-‡s[Y]ÙL UÙt

-\-‹m CV-¤m Y˚L-´p R]-’ Lt-\˚X UÙt\ ER-‹m ˘NVp-

ÿ-˚\-L˚[Ÿm ß\u-L˚[Ÿm RL-Yp-L˚[Ÿm œZk-˚R-

Lfidœ A∞d-°u-\-’.

4

103

©u-Úh-Pm A∞l-T-Rt-LÙ] Ejß-Ls

G˚Y?

©u-Úh-Pm TV-‡s-[-RÙL A˚U-Y-’

Gl-˙TÙ-’?

(A˚Y Ußl-¿h-”-Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV ˘Yq-˙Y-fl Y•-Yj-ßp

A˚U-V-XÙm Gu-\Ù-¤m ˘TÙ’-YÙL... )

••••• LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-≠p LXk’ ˘LÙs-fiYRt-LÙ] Æ]Ùd-Ls

••••• —V Ußl-¿-”

••••• B£-¨-V-o L⁄j’

••••• Lt-\p T˚Pl◊-L∞p Tß‹˘NnRp.

••••• UÙQYo T˚Pl◊j˘RÙœl◊d œ±l-◊-Ls, ˙NÙR-˚]lTh-•-Vp

••••• Ußl-©-”-Y-’-Pu ˘RÙPok-’ S˚P-˘T-flm YÙn-˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-

¬-”-Ls / A±-‹-˚W-Ls.

••••• Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lj -˚Rj ˘R∞-YÙ -Ll ◊¨k-’ AR-˚]f

A˚PV ER-‹-Y-RÙL C⁄d-œm.

••••• Jq- YÙ-⁄ Lt-\p NVp-TÙh-•¤m œZk- R- ‡˚PV -Lt\p

RWm ÿu-˙]±f ˘Np-Y-RtLÙ] YØ-Ÿ-Pu C˚Qk-R-RÙL

C⁄dœm.

••••• Yœl-©-¤s[ œZk˚R-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L, ˙R˚Y-VÙ]

Lt\p L⁄-Æ-Ls œZk-˚R-L -fid-œm B£-¨ -V -⁄d-œm

°˚Pdœm ˙SWm, CYt-±u A•l-T-˚P-´p S˚P-ÿ-˚\l

T”jR CV-¤-Y-RÙL C⁄d-œm.

©u-Úh-Pm „Z-¤d-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙL

A˚U-Y-’ Gl-˙TÙ-’?

••••• Ußl-¿h”f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙiP Lt-\-p

NÙu-fl-L-fi-Pu Jl-©h-”lTÙod-œm ˙TÙ’.

••••• œ±l-©hP Lt-\¤Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV R]-’ ß\-u Gp-˚X-,

ERÆ ˙R˚Y-VÙ] Tœ-ß-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\d œZk-˚R ◊¨k’

˘LÙs-fim Y˚L-´p RLYp-Ls A∞d-œm ˙TÙ’.

••••• œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\p ˙Um-TÙh-˚P (œ-Zk-˚R˚V Ap-X)

˚UVl-T-”j-’m-˙TÙ-’.

••••• œZk-˚R Ht-fld-˘LÙs-fim Y˚L-´p (Gi-¶d-˚L-´-¤m

Ti©-¤m) A±-‹-˚W-L-[Ù-L-˙YÙ, YØl-T-”j-Rp œ±l-◊-L-[Ù-

L˙YÙ A˚U-Ÿm ˙TÙ’.

4104 ©u-Úh-Pm A∞l-T-˘Rl-T-•?

••••• œZk-˚Rd-œl ◊¨Ÿm ˘UÙØ-´p E⁄-YÙd-Ll-T-”m A±

‹˚WLs, Æ]Ùd-Ls, œ±l-◊-Ls B°V Y•-YeL-∞p.

••••• ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] Tœ-ß-Ls, YØ-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls

B°VYt˚\ Ht-fld-˘LÙs-[j Ái-”m Y•-Æp.

••••• œZk-˚R-´u Ru]m-©d-˚L-˚Vj Ái-”m Y˚L-´p.

©u-Úh-Pj˚R G∞-VRÙdL

Gu] ˘Nn-V-XÙm?

••••• Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lj˚R ÿu-]˙W Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[

˙Yi-”m.

••••• Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-L-˚[Ÿm, A[-˚Y-L˚[Ÿm ˘TÙ’-YÙL

A˚UdL ˙Yi-”m.

••••• £k-ßd-œm ß\˚] œZk-˚R-L-∞˚P˙V Y[-Wf ˘NnV

˙Yi”m.

••••• NL-U-ßl-¿-”m, —V Ußl-¿”m ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] Ej-ß-L˚[d

Lt©jRp UÙß-¨-´p Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m.

4

105

Kq∏v hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛ KWnXw

©u-Úh-Pm VÙ⁄d-œ?

œZk-˚R-L-˚[l ˘TÙflj-R-Y-˚W-´p Ußl-¿h-•u A•l-T-˚P-´p °˚PdL ˙Yi-

•V ©u-Úh-Pm Gj-R-˚L-V-RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m?

Lt-\p ˘TÙfll-©-≠-⁄k-’ GR˚] Gßo-TÙod-°u-˙\Ùm Gu-T˚R Æ[d-œ-Y-RÙL

C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Lt-\-˚Xl Tt±d œZk-˚Rd-œj ˘R∞-YÙ]

RL-Yp-L˚[ A∞dL ˙Yi-”m.

Lt-\˚X ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] YØ-ÿ-˚\-Ls, œ±l-◊-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ G”j-’

-˚WdL ˙Yi-”m.

RY-\Ù] L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘Nn-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm œZk-˚R-´u LY-]j-ßt-œd ˘LÙi”

YW ˙Yi-”m.

œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\-≠p E⁄-YÙ] R≤jRu˚U YÙnkR’m, LY-≤d-Ll-TP ˙Yi-

•V’UÙ] ·flL˚[ ˘Y∞l-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m.

B£-¨ -V -˚Wl ˘TÙflj-R -Y -˚W -´p Ußl-¿h•u YÙ´-XÙ -Ll ˘Tfl-°u\

©u-Úh-Pm ™L ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]-’m £\l◊-˚P-V-’-UÙ-œm. LÙW-Qm A˚Y.

Lt-\p A‘œÿ˚\ Lt-©j-Rp ÿ˚\- B°VYt-±u TVu-L-˚[l Tt-±V N¨-VÙ]

RLYpL˚[ A∞d-°u-\-’.

Lt\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ÿ˚\-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls B°V˚Y GkR A[‹ TÙPj-ßt-œm œZk- R-

L-fid-œm ˘TÙ⁄k-’-°u-\] Gu-T˚R Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] RLYpLs °˚Pd-°u\].

Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿-”, Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p Gu-T-]Yt-˙\Ù-” ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”jßl TVu

-T-”j-ßV Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-Ls Lt-\˚X GkR A[‹ ˙Um-T-”j-ß-] Gu-T˚R

Bn‹ ˘NnV ER-‹-°u-\-’.

Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-L-fim A[-˚Y-L-fim

GkR A[‹ œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p RWj-ßt-œm, Lt-\p ©u-◊-Xj-ßt-œm ˘TÙ⁄jR

-UÙ-]˚Y Gu-T-˚Rd Li-P-±-V-‹m ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V UÙt-\e-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’

˘LÙs-[-‹m ER-‹-°u-\-’.

CYt-fl-Pu A”jR ®˚X Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ Gq-YÙ-fl A˚UV ˙Yi-”m Gu-T˚R

B£- -Vo Al- TÙ˙R æo-UÙ-≤l-T-’m, Ußl-¿h-•u YÙ -XÙ-Ll ˘Tfl-°u\ ©u-Úh-Pj-ßu

A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ-œm. Uh-”-™u±d Lt-\-≠u Cl-˙TÙ-˚RV ®˚X-´-≠-⁄k-’ A”jR

4106

]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛ KWnXw

®˚Xdœ J⁄ œZk-˚R˚V/ HWÙ-[UÙ] œZk-˚R-L˚[/ EV-Wf ˘Nn-Y-Rtœ B£-¨-Vo

A∞dL ˙Yi-•V ER-Æ-Ÿm ARt-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Ej-ß-L-fim G˚Y Gu-T-˚Rj

æo-UÙ-≤l-T-’m B£-¨-V-⁄d-œd °˚Pd-œm ©u-Úh-Pjßu A•l-T-˚P-´XÙœm.

AR]Ùp CkRl ©uÚh-Pm Gu-T’ œZk˚Rd-œ A∞d-œm ©u-Úh-Pj-ß-≠-⁄k-’

ARu Ti-©-¤m ˙SÙd-Lj-ß-¤m ÿt-±-¤m UÙfl-Th-P-RÙ-œm

Ußl-¿-”m ©u-Úh-Pm A∞j-R-¤m

Ju-\Ùm Yœl-©p ÿRp A˚W Bi-•p SPkR Tp-˙Y-fl NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p TÙ¤ Gu\

œZk-˚R-´u Te˙Lt˚T Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ B£-¨˚V RVÙ-¨jR œ±l-◊-L-˚[l TÙ⁄e-

Ls.

E˚W-VÙ-Pp

---þ œ›-Æp E˚W-VÙ-Pp E⁄-YÙd-°-]Ùu.

---þ —VUÙL G›R ÿVt-£j-RÙu.

---þ G›-ß-V-Yt˚\ YÙ£jRÙu.

---þ SÙu G›-ßd ˘LÙ”j-R-Yt-˚\f —h-•d-LÙh-• YÙ£j-RÙu.

---þ œ› ˘Y∞-¬h•u˙TÙ’ TÙoj-’ YÙ£j-RÙu.

L˚R.

TPm 1, TPm 2 CYt-±u L⁄j-’-L˚[f N¨-VÙ-Ld ·±-]Ùu.

Æ[d-Lm

YÙ˚Z-˚Vl Tt±

---þ L⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-PÙu.

---þ G›-ß-V-Yt˚\ YÙ£j-’ ˘Y∞-´h-PÙu.

---þ £X ˘NÙt-L˚[f N¨-VÙ] Y•-Yj-ßp G›-’-°-\Ùu.

---þ B£-¨-Vo G›-ß-V-Yt-˚\l TÙoj-’ G›R ÿVt-£d°-\Ùu.

4

107

A[˚Y

YÙ∞´p ®˚\jRp

---þ YÙ∞-´p øo ®˚\d-œm ˘NVp-TÙh-•p Te-œ ˘LÙi-PÙu.

---þ œY˚[´u TPm Y˚Wk-’ F°j-’ G›-ß-]Ùu.

---þ Y˚Wk-R-’ GjR˚] Gu-T-˚Rd ·\ ÿ•k-R-’.

©Wf-£-˚]-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’ LÙs-fi-Rp

E˚W´p Gj-R˚] UÙj-ß-˚W-Ls?

˛ ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙiPÙoL[Ù Gu\±V ˙LhLlThP Æ]Ùd-L-fid-œf

N¨VÙL Tß-X-∞jRÙu.

˛ ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu œ›d-L-[ÙL UÙt-fl-°-\Ùu.

˛ ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu ©Wf-£-˚]j æo-‹-L-∞p D”-T-”-°-\Ùu.

◊¨k-’ LÙs-[p

---þ TPj-ß-¤s[ E´-¨-]e-L˚[ A˚Y Ei-‘m EQ-‹-Pu ˘RÙPo◊

T”j-ß-]Ùu.

---þ LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-˚Xj ˘RÙPok-’ L⁄j-’-L-˚[d ·±-]Ùu.

---þ E´-¨-]e-Ls, AYt-±-u TVu-Ls B°VYt˚\ ˘RÙPo-◊T”jßl

◊¨k’ ˘LÙiP˚Rd ·±-]Ùu.

Cd-œ-±l-◊-L-∞u £\l-◊-Ls G˚Y?

TÙ¤ GkR ®˚X´p C⁄d°\Ùu Gu-flm GkR ®˚X˚V A˚PV ˙Yi-”m Gu-

T˚R-Ÿm CYt-±-≠-⁄k-’ ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ CV-¤UÙ?

ÿRp A˚W-VÙi-•p Gßo-TÙojR RWj-˚R A˚Pk’s[Ù]Ù GuT˚Rl ◊¨k-’

˘LÙs[ Cd-œ-±l-©u YÙ´-XÙL CV-¤UÙ?

B£-¨˚V TÙ¤-Æt-œ A∞d-œm ©u-Úh-Pm Gq-YÙ-fl C⁄d-œm?

4108

’p≠-V-UÙL Ußl¿” ˘NnY-Rtœ

Li-QÙ-Íf£ Æ˚[-VÙh-˚Pl Tt± Ju-\Ùm Yœl◊ œZk-˚R-Ls G›-ß-V-˚Rl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

4

109

CYt˚\j RWm ®oQ´lTRtLÙL Ju-\Ùm Yœl◊ B£-¨-Vo- œ›dL∞Pm

·±V ˙TÙ’ Aß-L-UÙ] œ›d-L-fim ÿRp T˚Pl©tœ A Ÿm CWiPÙYRtœ B Ÿm

Íu-\ÙYRtœ C Ÿm A∞j-R-]o. J⁄ œ›Æ]o Uh-”m Ju-±t-œ 'A' Ÿm ©\-Yt-±t-

œ B °˙W-”m A∞j-R]o. øe-L-[ÙL C⁄k-RÙp Jq-˘YÙu-±t-œm GkR °˙W-” A∞l-

¿o-Ls Hu? CWi-PÙ-Y-’, Íu-\Ù-Y-’ T˚Pl◊-Ls J˙W RW-ÿ-˚P-V-]YÙ?

Ußl-©”YRtLÙLd œ›d-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°V RW®oQVd œ±l-◊ -Ls ∏˙Z

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

©Wf-£˚] ˘RÙPo-TÙ] ˘T⁄m-TÙu- U-VÙ] L⁄j-’-Ls Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[-].

L⁄j-’d-L-∞u J›e-œÿ˚\.

Tp-˙Y-fl Y˚L-VÙ] YÙd-°-Ve-Ls APe-°-Ÿs-[-].

J˙W Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l- Tl TVu-T-”j-ß-Ÿm Yq- Y-fl °˙W-”-Ls YWd-LÙ-WQm

Gu]?

CmÍu-fl T˚Pl◊-L-˚[-Ÿm Jl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ °˙W-” A∞dLd ·\-Æp-˚X.

T˚Pl©p œ±l-©hP Yœl-©p SÙm Gßo-TÙod-œm RWj˚R Ht-fld ˘LÙi-”RÙu

°˙W-” A∞dL ˙Yi-”m.

L⁄j-’ J›e-L-˚Ul◊ Gu-T-’ Gu]?

B °˙W-” A∞jR œ› ·±-V-˚Rl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

J¸ık’ Æ˚[-VÙ-”-Y-Rt-LÙL Gi-Ql-TP ˙Yi-•-V-Yo VÙo GuT˚Rj æoUÙ-

≤l-T-’ Gq-YÙ-fl Gu-T-’ ·\l-Th-”s-[-’.

Æ˚[-VÙh-•u Æß-ÿ-˚\-L-fim Æ˚[-VÙh-” ÿ˚\-Ÿm ·\l-Th-”s-[-’.

ÿ˚\l-T-”jß G›-ß-Ÿs-[-]o.

CWi-PÙ-Y-’ Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l˚Tf ˘NVp-TÙh-•t-œ HtT Æ[d-°V ˙TÙ’

Cd-œ-±l-◊-Ls E⁄-YÙ-´]. CkR Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-©-¤m Au-◊, ®°p

CYo-Ls J˙W RWj-ßp YW Yi-”- Uu-T-ßp- X. B -‡m Ußl- Ti-L- [d ·h”m-

˙TÙ-’ B °˙W-•u Gp-˚Xd-œs YW-XÙm. Cq-YÙ-fl ˘NVp-TÙh-•t-œ HtT Ußl-¿h-”d

œ±l-◊-L˚[ Æ[d° Ußl-¿-” SPj-’-Y-’ °˙W-” N¨-VÙL A˚U-Y-Rt-œ ER-‹-Up-XYÙ?

4110

"RiΩ⁄m LiΩ⁄m' Gu\ AX°p ®Lr‹ 1˛p Es[ ""G›’˙YÙm ˘Yt±

˘Tfl˙YÙm'' Gu\ ˘NVpTÙ” (B£¨Vo ˚L˙V” ˛ Tœß 2 TdLm ˛ 144) ˘NnR ˙TÙ’

œZk˚RLs G›ßV E˚WVÙPp T˚Pl◊L˚[l TÙ⁄eLs.

4

111

B£¨VoL∞Pm CYt˚\ Ußl©Pf ˘NÙu] ˙TÙ’ AYo ·±V L⁄j’LsRÙm

C˚Y.

®°p G›ßV E˚WVÙP˙X £\kR’. ÿRXÙYRÙL Es[ Èe-˘LÙ-• G›ßV

E˚WVÙP≠u ·fl-Ls N¨VÙL Es[’.

4112 EeLs L⁄j’ Gu]?

B£¨Vo ß⁄Uß. NÙkß ·±V˚Rl TÙ⁄eLs.

®°p, Èe-˘LÙ-• CYo-Ls G›ßV E˚WVÙPpL˚[ Jl©hPÙp Gu˚]l ˘TÙfljRY˚W

®°p G›ßV˙R £\kR’. CWi” E˚WVÙPpL∞¤m E˚WVÙP≠u ·flLs C⁄d°u\].

B]Ùp ®°p G›ßVßp ÿu]o Gl˙TÙ˙RÙ ˙LhP LÙLj˚R HUÙt±V S¨´u Ti◊

U˚\ÿLUÙL ˘Y∞lT”jRlTh”s[’. ˘NÙp¤m L⁄j’ ÿ›˚UVÙL Es[’. Èe-˘LÙ-•

G›ßVßp ÿu]o SPkR ®Lr‹ œ±l©PlTh”s[RÙp ˘RÙPok’ Y⁄m E˚WVÙP¤dœj

˘RÙPof£ Es[’ Li·PÙ°\’.

B£¨Vo ß⁄Uß. NÙkßVÙp CjR˚LV Ußl©Pp SPjR ÿ•kR˙Ru? CWi” ÆRd

Li˙QÙhPjßp BWÙnkRRu Æ˚[˙Y C’. E˚WVÙPp Gu\ ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h”

Y•Yjßu ·flLs Tt±Ÿm ÿu]o SPkR L⁄jRÙdLm ©WßT≠d°\RÙ Gu\

Li˙QÙhPÿ˙U A˚Y. GpXÙj RLYpL˚[Ÿm ·\Æp˚XVÙ´‡m RÙu ·\

®˚]jR˚Rj ˘R∞YÙLl Tß‹ ˘Nn’s[Ùo. Y¨Lfid°˚P´p J¸ıkß⁄dœm

L⁄j’dL˚[d ·P Bn‹ ˘NnRRÙpRÙu ÿu]o SPkR L⁄jRÙdLm ©WßT≠lT˚R

AYWÙp Li”©•dL ÿ•kR’.

Ut\ œZk-˚R-Ls G›ßV E˚WVÙP˚Xl TÙ⁄eLs. CYoLfidœ GjR˚LV ERÆ

˙R˚YlT”°\’ Gufl BWÙnk’ TÙ⁄eLs.

4

113

£\kR ßhP™Pp

˘UÙØdL⁄jRXœ

AXœ 10 : ·i”d œ´p

©Wf£˚] UiPXm : J”dLlTh˙PÙ⁄dœ ÿu‡¨˚U CpXÙ˚U.

L⁄jRXœ : 1 ˘UÙØ

L⁄j’ : Jq˘YÙ⁄ Tœß´¤m £\lTÙ] SÙh”l◊\ Æ˚[VÙh”Ls

Es[]. G∞V YÙd°VeL˚[l TVuT”jßf £fl

œ±l◊Ls G›’Rp.

˙Rß :

˙SWm :

U]lTÙu˚U : SÙh”l◊\ Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p Teœ˘Tflm U]lTÙu˚U.

Lt\p L⁄ÆLs : B£¨Vo TÙPm

B£¨Vo ·tfl

""˙LÙUß KPÙ˙R!... KPÙ˙R!....''

""Gu˚]l ©•dL ÿ•VÙ˙R!''

"" WÙ_¯ E˚RjRÙp ˙SWÙ ˙LÙpRÙuPÙ!''.

TdLj’ ˚URÙ]jß≠⁄k’ TX œZk˚RL∞u EtNÙLd œWpLs ˙LhP].

_u]p A⁄˙L AUokß⁄kR ˘NmUXo „m©l˙TÙ] Ru LÙpL˚[j RPÆl

TÙojRÙs.

""G]dœ Uh”m Hu CkR Æß!''

AYfidœ LiΩo YkR’. R]’ Fufl˙LÙpL˚[ G”jRÙs. A˚R

Fu±VT• ˘U’YÙL SPk’ ˘Nufl ˚URÙ]j˚R A˚PkRÙs.

˘NmUXo ˚URÙ]jßp Gu˘]u] LÙh£L˚[l TÙojß⁄lTÙs?

œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙLl Tßp ·\h”m.

4114

œ›YÙL C⁄k’ LXk’˚WVÙ•l Tßp ·\h”m.

AYoLs ·flm TßpL˚[ YhPÙWl TÙPjßp EhT”j’eLs.

TÙPlTœß A±ÿLm

˛ YhPÙW TÙPjßp EhT”jßV TßpLs N¨RÙ]Ù Gufl TÙodLd

œZk˚RL˚[l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZVf ˘NnŸeLs.

˛ TÙPlTœß˚Vd œZk˚RLs YÙ£dLh”m. (FL YÙ£l◊)

˛ B£¨V¨u UÙß¨ YÙ£l◊.

˛ Gu˚]l˙TÙp YÙ£dL ÿ•ŸUÙ? Gufl ˙Lh”d œZk˚RL˚[ YÙ£dLj

Ái”Rp.

˛ YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh•

YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh•dLÙ] Ußl¿h”d ·flL˚[d œZk˚RLfiPu

LXk’˚WVÙ• E⁄YÙdœRp.

˛ ARu A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RL∞u YÙ£l˚T Ußl©”Rp.

˘NmUX¨u SiToLs VÙo?

˘NmUX⁄dœ Æ˚[VÙh˚Pj RÆW ˙Yfl Gu˘]u] ˘R¨Ÿm?

˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”d œZk˚RL˚[ ¡i”m YÙ£dLj Ái”eLs.

AØjR˚R YÙ£jRp

TÙPlTœß´p Es[ œZk˚RLs YÙ£dL Yi”m Gufl B£¨Vo æoUÙ≤jR

˘NÙtL˚[ ˘NÙp≠d˘LÙi˙P L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’Rp. YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l

TVuT”jß J¨⁄ÿ˚\ B£¨Vo YÙ£j’d LÙh”Rp.

""SÙu J⁄ NÙp˚X AØl˙Tu. B]Ùp øeLs YÙ£dœm TÙ›’ SÙm G›ßV

GpXÙ NÙtL˚[Ÿm YÙ£dL Yi”m'' Gufl NÙp≠ Jq˘YÙ⁄ NÙpXÙL AØdL

˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘NÙp˚XŸm AØdœm ˙TÙ’m Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RŸm YÙ£dL

˙Yi”m. CqYÙfl L⁄mTX˚L´p ˘NÙtL˙[ CpXÙUp œZk˚RLs YÙ£dLh”m.

˘NVpÿ˚\

4

115

˛ £u]g£fl YV’ ÿRp øeLs ®˚\V Æ˚[VÙh”L˚[ Æ˚[VÙ•

C⁄l¿oLs ApXYÙ? Gu˘]u] Æ˚[VÙh”Ls Æ˚[VÙ• C⁄l¿oLs Gufl

˙Lh” Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m ˘NÙpYRtœ YÙnl◊ A∞ŸeLs.

Jq˘YÙ⁄Yo ˘NÙpY˚RŸm L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs.

ARtœ©u ""LiQÙÍf£'' Æ˚[VÙ”Y’ GlT•?

˛ œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙLd ·\h”m.

˛ œ›Æp LXk’˚WVÙPh”m.

˛ L⁄j’f „¨-Vu E⁄YÙdœRp.

˛ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RŸm L⁄j’L˚[d ·\h”m.

˛ CRu ERÆŸPu CqÆ˚[VÙh˚Pl Tt±d œ±l◊ G›’Rp.

˛ œ› ˘Y∞¬”.

˛ B£¨Vo TÙPj˚R ˘Y∞´”Rp.

˛ YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞jRp, œZk˚RL∞u T˚Pl◊LfiPu Jl©”Rp.

LiQÙÍf£

Gi‘Rp

J∞k’ LÙsfiRp

B£¨Vo TÙPm

LiQÙÍf£

J⁄Yo Li˚Q Í•d˘LÙi”

GiQ Yi”m. Ut\YoLs

J∞k’ LÙs[ Yi”m.

J∞kRYoL˚[d Li”©•jRÙp

AYoLs "A‹h'.

4116

ãr¨ûX«Vp LÚjRXÏ

AXœ : Æ⁄k’dœ YÙeL!

L⁄jRXœ : 5

Lt\p L⁄Æ : B£¨Vo TÙPm (Y´tfl Y≠ LÙWQeLs)

TÙPjßhP SÙdLeLs

©Wf£˚] UiPXm : R≤U≤R Utflm ˘TÙ’ —LÙRÙWm Tt±V

ÆØl◊Qo‹ Cu˚U.

L⁄j’ : ˙SÙnLs EiPÙYRtœl TX LÙWQeLs Es[].

˘NVpÿ˚\ : R]’/©\o EQ‹l TZdL YZdLeL˚[ Etfld

LY≤j’m YÙ£j’ A±k’m ˙SÙn Y⁄YRtLÙ]

TZdL YZdLeL˚[d Li”©•jRp.

U]lTÙeœ : ˙SÙnLfidœ GßWÙ] ÿu˘]fN¨d˚L ˙Ut˘LÙs

fim U]lTÙu˚U.

B£¨Vo ·tfl

""I˚V˙VÙ! GØXÙ Hu ø ◊p˚X ßu°\Ùn?''

TÙh• Y⁄jRj˙RÙ” ˙LhPÙo.

""TÙh• G]dœ Y´fl Y≠dœ’.

È˚] ◊p˚Xj ßu\˙TÙ’ Y´tfl Y≠ UÙ±ÆhPRpXYÙ? A’RÙu SÙ‡m

ßu˙\u!'' Y´t˚\ ©•jRT• GØXu ˘NÙu]Ùu.

""N¨ N¨ EP˙] ◊\lT” U⁄j’YU˚]dœ NpXXÙm'' TÙh• AYNWlT”jß]Ùs.

TÙh•Ÿm ˙TW‡m U⁄j’YU˚]dœf ˘Nu\]o.

""SÙd˚L øh”'' GØXu øh•]Ùu.

U⁄j’Yo LiL˚[ Etfll TÙojRÙo.

˚LÆWpL˚[d LÙhPf ˘NÙu]Ùo.

4

117

Y´t˚\j RPÆl TÙojRÙo. AY⁄dœ Æ`Vm ◊¨kR’.

AYo GØX‡dœ B˙XÙN˚] ˘NÙpXj ˘RÙPe°]Ùo.

˘NVpÿ˚\

GØX‡dœ Y´tfl Y≠ YWd LÙWQeLs G˚Y? C’ ˙TÙufl EeLfidœ

Y´tfl Y≠ Y⁄Y’iPÙ? Hu?

˛ R≤VÙLd L⁄j’L˚[d ·\h”m

˛ œ›Æp B˙XÙ£jRp

˛ œ›Æp L⁄j’L˚[ ˘Y∞´”Rp

˛ NÙoh ˛ 1

˘NÙt „¨Vu E⁄-YÙd-°d œZk˚RL∞Pm Y´tflY≠dLÙ] LÙWQeL˚[l

Tt±d LXk’˚WVÙPp SPjß A˚R ÿ›˚UVÙdœRp.

Y´tflY≠ LÙWQeLs ™L AßLUÙL EQ‹ Ei‘Rp, —jR™u˚U.

B£¨Vo ·tfl

U⁄j’Yo GØX‡dœ Gu˘]u] B˙XÙN˚]Ls ·±´⁄lTÙo?

˛ LXk’˚WVÙPp

˛ œ›Æp L⁄j’L˚[l Te°”Rp

˛ CqYÙfl Y´tflY≠ YWÙUp C⁄dL SÙm LY≤dL ˙Yi•V˚Y G˚Y?

SÙu ˘NnV ˙Yi•V˚Y. Gu ˘Tt˙\Ùo ˘NnV ˙Yi•V˚Y

£flœ±l◊ RVÙ¨jRp

AYWYo ˘Tt˙\Ù¨Pm ˘LÙ”dLf "£fl œ±l◊' G›R ÿ•ŸUÙ?

˛ œZk˚RLs R≤VÙL G›’Rp.

˛ NL Ußl¿”

4118

AX-œ 4 : Æ⁄k-’dœ YÙe-L.

L⁄j-R-X-œ :

˙SWm:

©Wf-£˚] Ui-P-Xm : A±-Æ-Vp Èo-Y-UÙ] R≤ U≤R B˙WÙd-°-Vm Ut-flm

˘TÙ’f —LÙ-RÙ-Wm Tt-±V ÆØl-◊-Qo-Æu-˚U.

L⁄j-’ : EQ‹ TZd-L-Y-Zd-Le-Ls UÙfl-Y-Ru ÍXm B˙WÙd-°Vf

∫o-˙L-”-Ls E⁄-YÙ-°u-\] Gu-T˚R A±-VÙR ®˚X.

Lt-\p L⁄j-’ : G∞-˚U-VÙ] ·h-Pp, LØj-Rp.

L⁄-Æ-Ls : $ ◊∞-Vm Æ˚R-Ls, NÙoh

B£-¨-Vo ·tfl

¿h-Po UÙUÙ-‹dœ Ht-ThP ˘RÙp-˚X-Ls VÙ˚Y?

G≠j ˘RÙp-˚X-L-˚[l ˙TÙdL ¿h-Po UÙUÙ Gu-˘]u] YØ-ÿ-˚\-L˚[d

˚LVÙuPÙo?

¿h-Po UÙUÙ ≈h-•t-œ-s G≠ Gl-T• Yk-R-’?

GkR A˚\d-œ-s ÷˚Zk-R’? Aeœ Gu-˘]u] TÙoj-R’?

B£-¨-Vo LXk-’-˚W-VÙ• ÿu-]o SPkR ®Lr-‹-L˚[ ®˚]-‹lT”j-’-°-\Ùo.

L¶-Rm L⁄j-R-X-œ

4

119N˚U-V-X-˚\-´-≠-⁄kR LÙn-L-±-Ls A˚]j-˚R-Ÿm L•j’d œR±-˚Yj-’s-[].

N˚U-Vp ˘NnV YkR ˙U¨ UÙ™ CYt-˚\˘Vp-XÙm TÙoj’ ™L-‹m Y⁄k-ß-]Ùs.

""CkR G≠-Ls ˘Nn-Ÿm ˘RÙp-˚X˚Vj RÙeL ÿ•-V-Æq-˚X˙V! SÙu Gu-] -

˘Nn˙Yu'' Gufl ·± R˚X-´p A•j-’d˘LÙi-PÙs.

""I˙VÙ..! ˙SW-UÙ° Æh-P˙R... Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m NÙl©P Yk-’-Æ-”-YÙo-L˙[.. N˚U-Vp

˘NnV˙Yi”-˙U.. LÙn-L-±-Ls Gp-XÙm Ae-œm Ce-œ-UÙLf £R-±d-°-Pd-°u-\]''.

£R-±d- °-PkR LÙnL-±-L∞p N˚U-Vp Nn-Y-Rtœ Ht-\- Y-L˚[j R≤-VÙ-Ll ©¨j’

˚Yj-RÙo.

Aeœ Gk-˘RkRd LÙn-L-±-L˚[ ˙U¨ UÙ™ N˚U-V-¤d-LÙL G”j’ ˚Yj-ß-⁄l-TÙo?

(Rd-LÙ-∞, Lj-R-¨d-LÙn, E⁄-˚[d-°-Ze-œ, ˙LWh, ™[-LÙn)

Rd-LÙ∞

Lj-R-¨d-LÙn

E⁄- [d °Zeœ

˙LWh

™[-LÙn

LÙn-L-±-Ls G≠ -L-•j-R’ L•d-LÙ-R’ ˘UÙj-Rm

4120

CkR Ah-P-Y-˚Q˚Vd L⁄m-T-X-˚L-´p Y˚W-Rp.

œZk-˚R-Ls AYo-L-fidœ Æ⁄lT-UÙ] Gi-¶d-˚L-´p Æ”-Th-Pl TPe-L˚[

Y˚W-Vh-”m.

B£¨-Vo ∏rdLÙ‘m ˙Ls-Æ-L˚[d ˙Lh-Pp.

G≠-Ls G-Yt-˚\-˘Vp-XÙm L•j-’s-[-]?

L•jR Rd-LÙ∞ Gj-R-˚]?

Lj-R-¨d-LÙn ˘UÙj-Rm Gj-R˚]?

L•jR E⁄-˚[d °Zeœ Gj-R˚]? L•d-LÙ-R˚Y Gj-R˚]? ˘UÙj-Rm Gj-R˚]?

L•jR ™[-LÙn Gj-R˚]? L•d-LÙ-R˚Y Gj-R˚]? ˘UÙj-Rm Gj-R˚]?

L•jR ˙LWh Gj-R˚]? L•d-LÙ-R˚Y Gj-R˚]? ˘UÙj-Rm Gj-R˚]?

Æ˚P-L˚[d œZk-˚R-L˙[ ·\h-”m. ˘UÙj-Rm ˘RÙ˚L-˚Vd ·fl-Y-Rt-LÙLl

TPm Y˚Wk’ LÙi-©dL ˙Yi-”m.

£X-Yt˚\d œZk-˚R-L-fim Y˚W-Vh-”m.

ARt-œl-©u C˚R-˙TÙ-X˙Y ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ NÙoh-•p TPe-L-fidœl Tß-XÙL

GiL˚[ G›-R-˙Yi-”m.

Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙh-˚P-Ÿm œZk-˚R-L˙[ G›-’m Y˚L-´p ˙Ls-Æ-Ls ˙Lh-”,

AYoLs Bo-Yj˚Rj Ái-”e-Ls.

œZk-˚R-Ls TPe-L-fidœl Tß-XÙL C⁄d-œm LÙn-L-±-L-∞u Gi-¶d-˚L˚V

AhPY-˚Q-´p G›-Rh-”m. LÙn-L-±-L-∞u Gi-¶d-˚L˚Vl ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u (◊-∞-

Vm Æ˚R, Ug-NÙ• Æ˚R) ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu ·h• ˘UÙjR Gi-¶d-˚L˚Vd Li-”-

©•d-Lh”m.

4

121

Rd-LÙ∞

Lj-R-¨d-LÙn

E⁄- [d °Zeœ

˙LWh

™[-LÙn

LÙn-L-±-Ls G≠-L-•j-R’ L•d-LÙ-R’ ˘UÙj-Rm˛

˛

˛

˛

˛

3

˛

˛

˛

˛

2

˛

5

˛

˛

4 2 6

CRu-©u ÿu-]o Y˚Wk-R-ß-≠-⁄k’ £±’ UÙt-\m Ht-T-”jß ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ NÙoh

Y˚WV ˙Yi-”m.

Cßp ˘UÙj-Rm Gi-¶d-˚L-˚V-Ÿm L•j-Rd LÙn-Lt-L-∞u Gi-¶d-˚L-˚V-

Ÿm Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p ˘LÙ”j’ L•d-LÙR LÙn-L-±-L-∞u Gi-¶d-˚L˚V Li-”-©-

•d-Lj ÁiP ˙Yi-”m.

Cf ˘NVp-TÙh˚Pd œZk-˚R-L˙[ Bo-Y-ÿ-Pu G›-’m Y˚L-´p ˙Ls-Æ-L-s

˙Lh” AYo-Ls Bo-Yj˚Rj Ái-P-˙Yi”m.

Rd-LÙ∞

Lj-R-¨d-LÙn

E⁄- [d °Zeœ

LÙn-L-±-Ls ˘UÙj-Rm G≠ L•jR˚Y L•d-LÙ-R˚Y

˛

3

2

6

5

˛

7 4 ˛

4122

T⁄Y Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls

ÿRp-SÙs

—i-˘P≠ C˚W˙R-•l ◊\l-Th-P-’.

L⁄l◊l È˚] TÙoj-RÙp Gu L˚R Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu. T’e°l T’e° G≠

˘Nu-\-’. ""Hn... —i-˘P≠ Ge˙L ˙TÙ°-\Ùn?''

◊Ro-L-fid-°-˚P˙V CWi-” Li-Ls ™u-‡-°-u\]. AkRd Li-Ls Ru˚]

˙SÙd° Y⁄-Y˚R G≠ EQok-R-’.

"C’ AkRd L⁄lTu È˚] Ap-XYÙ?'

""I˙VÙ...!'' —i- P≠ R˚Xj- R-±dL K-Pj ˘RÙPe-°-V-’. K-•f- Nu-fl ˘TÙk-’d-œs

J¸ık-’ LÙ˚Rd ·o-˚U-VÙd-œ°-\-’.

""™VÙq.....''

"L⁄lT≤u ™Wh-”m œWp! Gu] ˘Nn-Y-’!

T£d-°-\-˙R... NÙl-©h-” CWi-” SÙh-Ls B°-Æh-P-’.

CYu ˘RÙk-R-W-YÙp ˘Y∞˙V R˚X LÙhP ÿ•-VÙ˙R!

Ce-°-⁄k-’ Rl-©dL Gu] YØ?' —i-˘P≠ ˙VÙ£j-R-’.

Si-Tu Sp-Xu A¶-≠-Pm ˙Lh-PÙp HRÙ-Y-’ ˙VÙN˚] R⁄-YÙu.

Ce-œ, ÿRp ˘NVp-TÙ” ·h-Pp A•l-T˚P-´-¤m CWi-PÙ-Y’ ˘NVp-TÙ”

LØjRp A•l-T˚P-´-¤m A˚Uk-’s-[-’.

Cd-L-¶Rf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ BWmT ®˚X-´p Ug-NÙ• Æ-˚R-Ls/ ◊∞-Vm

Æ˚RLs CYt-˚\l TVu-T-”jßd œZk-˚R-L˙[ Æ˚Pd -LÙ-Qh-”m. J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ-

⁄-Yo Ußl-©-Ph-”m. Cq-˙Y-˚[-´p B£-¨-V-⁄m Æ˚P- LÙQ ERY ˙Yi-”m.

˙U¨ -UÙ™ N˚U-V-˚Xf ˘Nn’ ÿ•j-RÙo. ≈h-PÙo A˚]-Y-⁄m UÙ™-´-u

N˚UV˚Xl TÙWÙh-•-]o. C⁄l-©-‡m UÙ™-´-u U]-ßp SÙNm ˘NnR G≠˚V JØd-L-

˙Yi-”m Gu\ Gi-Qm JVÙ’ C⁄k-R-’.

G≠-˚Vd Li-”-©-•j’ SpX A•-˘LÙ-”dL ˙Yi-”˘Uufl ˙U¨ UÙ™ ¿h-Po

UÙUÙ-Æ-Pm ·±-]Ùs.

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123

T´t-£j-RÙs- 1 E˚W-VÙ-Pp

—i-˘P≠ ˘U’-YÙLl ˘TÙk-ßu ˘Y∞˙V Gh-•l-TÙoj-R-’.

"SpX ˙Y˚[! L⁄lT˚]d LÙQ-Æp-˚X.'

—i-˘P≠ UÙm-T-Zj ˙RÙh-Pj˚R ˙SÙd° K-•-V-’.

""£p...-£p...-£p...''

—i-˘P-≠˚Vl TÙojR Sp-Xu A¶p Nj-R-™h-P-YÙ-fl K-• Yk-R-’.

""Gu] —i-˘P≠ Æ˙N`-Nm? Gl-T-• C⁄d-°-\Ùn?''

Sp-Xu A¶-≠u ˙Ls-Æd-œf —i-˘P≠ Gu] Tßp ·± C⁄d-œm?

L⁄l◊l È˚]-´u ˘RÙk-R-W-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ Rl-©dL A¶p ·±V ˙VÙN˚]

Gu-]-YÙL C⁄d-œm?

E˚W-VÙ-Pp T´t-£j-RÙs- 1

˙SWm C⁄h-Pj ˘RÙPe-°-V-’. —i-˘P≠ ˘TÙk-ßu ˘Y∞˙V Yk-R-’. L⁄l◊l È˚]

J¸ık-ß-⁄k’ TÙol-T˚R —i-˘P≠ A±-V-Æp-˚X.

TPj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ SPk-R-Yt˚\d Li-”-©-•j-’ G›-’e-Ls.

L˚R˚V ÿ›-˚U-VÙd-œ-Rp ˛ T´t-£j-RÙs 2

""AlTÙPÙ... Rl-©j˙Ru.

C≤-˙Up L⁄l◊l -È-˚]-VÙp ˘RÙk-R-W‹ Cp-˚X.

CkR Nk-˙RÙ-`-UÙ] ˘Nn-ß˚Vf ∫d-°-W-UÙL Sp-Xu A¶-≠-Pm ˘R¨-ÆdL

˙Yi-”m.'' —i-˘P≠ UÙm-T-Zj ˙RÙh-Pj˚R ˙SÙd° K-•-V-’.

""Sp-XÙ... Sp-XÙ...'' TX-ÿ˚\d ·l-©hP’.

J⁄ Tß-¤m Cp˚X.

"AYu E\e° Æh-PÙ˙]Ù Gu-]˙YÙ!

SÙ˚[ YW-XÙm' Gu-fl Gi¶f —i- P≠ ß⁄m© SPk-R-’. "˙N Gu] ’o-SÙt-\m!

—i-˘P≠ Íd˚L Æ¨j-’ ÷LokR-’. UÙh-”f NÙ¶-´u SÙt-\m

˙TÙp... AkR SÙt-\m ˙U¤m ·”-R-XÙL Íd-˚Lj ’˚[j-R-’. A˙RÙ! C⁄h-•p

™u-‡m CWi-” Li-Ls, —i-˘P≠ ©•j-R-’ Kh-Pm.

Gu] SPk-ß-⁄d-œm? (R-]-’ L⁄j-˚Rd ·fl-Rp)

—i- P≠ :Gu] —i- P≠

Æ˙N`-Nm?

Sp-Xu A¶p :

—i- P≠ :

Sp-Xu A¶p :

T´t£j RÙs 2 L˚R ÿ›- U-VÙd-œRp

—i- P-≠˚Vl È˚] TÙoj-R-’.

—i- P≠ K-•-V-’.

4124

—i- P≠ GYt- \- Vp-XÙm NÙl-©h-•-

⁄d-œm?

T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 3 AX£ BWÙn-Rp

"C≤ Gu-]Ùp ˘LÙg-Nm ·P SPdL CV-XÙ-’.' —i-˘P≠ T£-VÙp ’•j-R-’.

EPp R[ok-R-’. LÙp-Ls R[ok-R-]. —i-˘P≠ ˘U’-YÙL ˘Nu-fl LtL-∞u

C˚P-´p T’e-°-V-’. Ru˚] A±-VÙ-U˙X Áe-°l ˙TÙ]-’. ßº-˘Wu-fl H˙RÙ

Nj-Rm ˙Lh-” ÆØj-’ TÙoj-R-’.- ÿu-]Ùp R]-’ C]j˚Rf NÙok-R-Yo-Ls £Xo

®t-°-\Ùo-Ls. ""VÙo ø..? Ge-°-⁄k-’ Y⁄-°-\Ùn...?'' AkRd œ›-Æp C⁄kR ÿßVYo

˙Lh-PÙo. —i-˘P≠ SPk-R-Yt-˚\d ·±-V-’.

—i-˘P≠ Gu-˘]u] ·±-´-⁄d-œm? (R-]-’ L⁄j-˚Rd ·fl-Rp)

""A˙RÙ TÙo, Ae˙L ˘R¨-°-\˙R A’-RÙu Ge-Ls ˙RÙh-Pm. Ae-œ ˙Yfl-VÙ-⁄m

÷˚ZV SÙe-Ls A‡-U-ßdL UÙh-˙PÙm. B]Ùp ø Cl-˙TÙ-’ T£-˙VÙ-”

A˚Xk-’ Yk-ß-⁄l-T-RÙp ˙RÙh- -Pj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ E]d-œ Æ⁄l-T-UÙ-]-Yt˚\

G”j’f NÙl-©h-” Æh-” Ce-°-⁄k-’ K-•-Æ-”.'' RÙjRÙ G≠ ·±-V-’. —i-˘P≠

Nk- RÙ- j-’-Pu ˙RÙh-Pj-ßt-œs K-•-V-’. ""aÙn,.... Gq-Y-[‹ EQ-‹l- ˘TÙ-⁄h-Ls!

Cßp GpXÙ EQ‹ Y˚L-L-˚[-Ÿm Gu]Ùp EiQ ÿ•ŸUÙ?''

˙RÙh-Pj-ßp —i- P≠ TÙoj-R-Yt- \l TÙ⁄e-Ls. øe-Ls —i- P-≠- GYt- \- Vp-XÙm

ßu-±-⁄d-œm?

AX£ BWÙn-Rp ˛ T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 3

""Y´-fl ®Wm-©-VRÙ? C≤ Ce-°-⁄k-’ K-•-Æ-”.'' RÙjRÙ G≠ ·±-V-’, —i-˘P≠

T¨-RÙ-T-UÙL Gp-˙XÙ-˚W-Ÿm TÙoj-R-’. ""Gu-˚]-Ÿm Ee-L-fi-Pu ˙Noj-’ ˘LÙs

≈o-L[Ù?'' A’ RVe°j RVe°d ˙Lh-P-’. ""Em, ÿ•-VÙ-’'' RÙjRÙ G≠ Efl-ß

VÙLd ·±-V-’. ˙NÙL-UÙL —i-˘P-≠l ◊\l-Th-P-’.

4

125

""G]-’ ˘TÙk-’d-œf ˘Np-¤m YØ G’? YkR YØ U\k-’ Æh-P˙R? VÙ¨-Pm

˙Lh˙Tu"'' A’ —t-flm ÿt-flm TÙoj-R-’.

"A˙RÙ £\˚L Æ¨j-’ J⁄ £h-”d-œ-⁄Æ Y⁄-°-\˙R!' —i-˘P≠ £h-”d œ⁄-Æ-

´Pm YØ ˙Lh-P-’.

£h-”d-œ-⁄Æ ˘NÙp-≠d ˘LÙ”jR YØ G’-˘Yu-fl Li-” ©•-Ÿe-Ls.

YØ Li-”-©•l˙TÙm ˛ T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 4

""£p... £p'' —i-˘P-≠˚Vl TÙojR A¶p UWd-°-˚[-´-≠-⁄k-’ C\e° Yk-R-’.

""SiTÙ, LY-]-UÙL C⁄, Eu-˚]l TÙoj-RÙp Al-˙TÙ˙R ßu-fl Æ”-˙Yu Gufl

L⁄l◊l È˚] Le-L-Qm Lh-• ˘LÙi-” Ce-œ A˚X-°-\-’. ø Ge-LÙ-Y-’ ˙TÙn

Rl-©dL YØ-˚Vl-TÙo.''

Sp-Xu A¶p ·±-V˚Rd ˙Lh-”f —i-˘P≠ TVk-’ S”e-°-V-’. ""SÙu Gl-T-•

Rl-©l-˙Tu.? ø˙V J⁄ YØ-˚Vd ·fl.''

A¶p —i-˘P-≠-´u LÙßp WL-£-Vm ˘NÙu-]-’.

—i-˘P-≠-´-Pm A¶p Gu-]- ·± C⁄d-œm? (R-]-’ L⁄j-˚Rd ·flRp)

""Gu] YkRÙ-¤m N¨, SÙu Gu ˘TÙk-’ Y˚W ˙TÙn Y⁄-°-˙\u'' -Gu-fl ·±

—i-˘P≠ ˘TÙk˚R ˙SÙd°f ˘Nu-\-’.

""aÙ... aÙ.. ø Y⁄-YÙn Gu-fl G]d-œ ˘R¨-Ÿm œW˚Xd ˙Lh-”f —i-˘P≠

Aßof-£ -Ÿ -Pu ß⁄m-©l TÙoj -R -’ "A˙RÙ ˘TÙk -ßu ˙U˙X L⁄l◊l

È˚]! I˙VÙ.... SÙu Gu] ˘Nn-˙Yu? Gu L˚R Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu...'' —i-˘P≠

¡i-”m Kh-Pm ©•j-R-’.

CWi-PÙm SÙs

'"C’ GkR CPm? Gu-˘]u] LÙh-£-Ls? ÿu-]Ùp ˘NpXf ˘NpXl TX-Y-

˚LVÙ] LÙh-£-Ls. SÙu ÿRp ÿ˚\-VÙL Cl-˙TÙ-’-RÙu Cl-T-•l-ThP LÙh-£-L-˚[l

TÙod-°˙\u.'' —i-˘P≠ ˚Nd-°-∞u ©u-]Ùp Es[ ·˚P-´u

˙U≠-⁄kR —i-˘P≠ Bf-£-¨-Vl-Th-P-’.

T´t-£j-RÙs˛ 4 YØ Li-”-©-•dLX-Ùm

—i- P-≠d-œ YØ LÙh-”e-Ls

4126

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""˚Nd-°s Kh-”m £fl-Yu Gu˚] C’-Y-˚Wl TÙod-LÙ-R-’ G]’

TÙd-°-Vm!''

""L⁄l-Tu È˚]-´-P-™-⁄k-’ Gu-]Ùp Rl-©dL ÿ•-Ÿ-˘Uu-fl SÙu ®˚]d-L˙Y

Cp-˚X.'' —i-˘P≠ SPk-R-Yt˚\ ®˚]j-’l TÙoj-R-’.

—i-˘P≠ L⁄l-T-≤-P-™-⁄k’ Gl-T-•j Rl-©j-ß-⁄d-œm? (R-]-’ L⁄j-˚Rd ·fl-Rp)

J⁄ LÙo ˙YL-UÙL ˙TÙY˚Rf —i-˘P-≠l TÙoj-R-’.' BLÙ... LÙo Gq-Y-[‹

˙YL-UÙLf ˘Np-°-\-’. SÙu ˙TÙœm ˚Nd-°-[Ùp Cq-Y-[‹ ˙YL-UÙLf ˘NpX

ÿ•-ŸUÙ? A’ ˙VÙ£j-R-’. ˙Yfl £X YÙL-]e-L-˚[-Ÿm A’ TÙoj-R-’.

—i-˘P≠ TÙojR YÙL-]e-L-˚[l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

CkR YÙL-]e-L-∞u R≤j-Ru-˚U-Ls G˚Y?

C˚Y -VÙ-‹m ˙YL-UÙLf ˘Np-¤m YÙL-]e-L[Ù?

Y˚Ll-T-”j-’-Rp T´t-£j-RÙs 5

˚Nd-°s ®u-\-˙TÙ-’ —i-˘P≠ R]-’ £k-R-˚]-´-≠-⁄k-’ ¡i-P-’.

˚Nd-°s Cl-˙TÙ-’ J⁄ L˚P-´u ÿu-]Ùp ®ufl ˘LÙi-•-⁄k-R-’.

£fl-Yu ˚Nd-°-∞-≠-⁄k-’ C\e° L˚Pd-œs ˘Nu\Ùu.

—i-˘P≠ ˚Nd-°-∞-≠-⁄kR ·˚Pd-œs J¸ık-’ C⁄k-R-’.

"Sp-X-˙Y˚[ AYu Gu-˚]l TÙod-L-Æp-˚X.'

£±-’ ˙SWj-ßp £fl-Yu ß⁄m© YkRÙu.

—i-˘P≠ C˚P-˘Y∞ YØ-VÙL Et-fll TÙojR-’.

"I˙VÙ! AYu ·˚P˚V ˘S⁄e-°d ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°-\Ù˙]!'

—i-˘P-≠d-œl TV-UÙL C⁄k-R-’.

£fl-Yu ·˚P˚Vd Lh-•´-⁄kR L´t˚\ AÆrj-RÙu,

·˚P˚V G”j-’˘LÙi-” L˚Pd-œs ˘Nu-\Ùu.

—i-˘P≠ TVk-’ S”e-°-V’. "Gu L˚R Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu!'

£fl-Yu ·˚P˚Vd ∏˙Z ˚Yj-R-’m —i-˘P≠ RÙÆ

K-•--V-’m J˙W ˙SW-UÙL C⁄k-R-’.

LÙn-L-±-Ls C⁄d-œm ·˚P-L-∞u C˚P˙V H±l T’e-°-V-’,

"SpX ˙Y˚[ Gu˚] VÙ⁄m LY-≤d-L-Æp-˚X.'

Y˚Ll-T-”j-RpT´t-£j-RÙs˛ 5

GpXÙ YÙL-]e-L-fim YL-UÙL

˘Np-¤-T- YVÙ?

C˚Y YL-UÙLf Np-Y-’ Hu

4

127

·˚P-L-fid-°-˚P˙V C⁄k-’ £fl-Yu Gu] ˘Nn-°-\Ùu Gu-fl TÙoj-R-’.

£fl-Yu AYu ≈h-•p T´o ˘NnR LÙn-L-±-L˚[ ÆtLd ˘LÙi-” Yk-ß-⁄d-

°\Ùu. AYu ·˚P-´-≠-⁄k-’ L˚Pd-œs G”j-’ ˚Yd-°-\Ùu. L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo

AYu ˘LÙi” YkR LÙn-L-±-Ls Jq-˘YÙu-˚\-Ÿm G”j-’ ˚Yj-’ LQd-œ

G›’°\Ùo.

£fl-Yu ˘LÙi-” YkR LÙn-L-±-Ls G˚Y?

Jq-˘YÙu-flm Gj-R˚] ≈Rm Es-[]?

G’ ·”-Rp? G’ œ˚\‹?

GiQ±‹ ˛ T´t-£j RÙs ˛ 6

L˚Pd-LÙ-W-≤-Pm TQm YÙe-°d˘LÙi” £fl-Yu ◊\l-Th-PÙu.

—i-˘P-≠d-œl T£-VÙp Li-Ls C⁄i-P-].

L˚P ÿ›-Y-’m ßu-T-Rt-LÙ] ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls! TZe-Ls, °Ze-œ-Ls, ˙LWh... BLÙ...

YÙ´p E™r-øo ®˚\k-R-’.

"GRÙ-Y-’ G”j-’j ßu-˙TÙUÙ? Gl-T-•j ßu-T-’?' L˚P-´p J˙W ·h-Pm. TÙ⁄h

Ls ÆtL Y⁄-T-Yo-L-fim YÙeL Y⁄-T-Yo-L-fim... "VÙWÙ-Y-’ Gu-˚]l TÙoj-RÙp

Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu! T£-˚Vj RÙe-°d ˘LÙi-” Gq-Y-[‹ ˙SWm-RÙu Cl-T-•˙V

C⁄l-T-’!... ?'

Al-T-•˙V A’ E\e°l ˙TÙ]-’.

H˙RÙ Nj-Rm ˙Lh-” ÆØjR-’. —t-flm TÙoj-R-’.

J˙W C⁄h-”. VÙ˚W-Ÿm LÙQ-Æp-˚X. A’ ˘U’-YÙL ˘Y∞˙V Yk-R-’. TZj-ßu

UQm ARu Íd-˚Lj ’˚[j-R-’. ARu YÙ´p E™r-øo ®˚\k-R-’.

A”jR SÙs LÙ˚X-´p L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo Yk-’ L˚P˚Vj ß\k-RÙo. ˙LÙTj-RÙp

AYo ÿLm £Yk-R-’.

L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo Hu ˙LÙTl-T-”-°-\Ùo? (R-]-’ L⁄j-˚Rd ·fl-Rp)

L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo ÿ‘-ÿ-‘j-’d˘LÙi˙P ˘Y∞˙V ˙TÙ]Ùo. ˚L´p J⁄ ˘T¨V

R•-Ÿ-Pu ß⁄m© Yk-RÙo. J¸ık-ß-⁄kR —i-˘P≠ C˚Rd Li-” TVk-’ S”e-

°V’.

"SÙu J⁄ TZm-RÙ˙] NÙl-©h-˙Pu. ARt-œ Hu CYo Cl-T-•d ˙LÙl-T-”-°-\Ùo?'

T´t£ RÙs ˛ 6 GiQ±‹

Jq- YÙu-flm Gj-R˚] ≈Rm?

·”-Rp G’?

œ˚\‹ G’?

˘T -V-ß-≠-⁄k-’ £±-V-ßt-œ

Y - Nl-T-”j-’e-Ls

4128

˘TÙ⁄s ˘RÙ˚L

◊P˚X 4 ÏTÙn

™[-œ 2 ÏTÙn

˘UÙj-Rm

˘TÙ⁄s ˘RÙ˚L

YÙ˚Zl-T-Zm 8 ÏTÙn

Rd-LÙ∞ 5 ÏTÙn

˘UÙj-Rm

=

L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo LÙn-L-±-Ls C⁄kR ·˚P-L˚[ Jq-˘YÙu-\ÙL UÙt-±-]Ùo.

·˚P-L-fid-°-˚P˙V C⁄kR —i-˘P≠ ∏˙Z Æ›k-R-’m AYo A•j-R-’m

J˙W ˙SW-UÙL C⁄k-R-’.

Gu] SPk-ß-⁄d-œm? (R-]-’ L⁄j-˚Rd ·fl-Rp)

"SpX ˙Y˚[- SÙu Rl-©j˙Ru Cp-XÙ-Æ-•p Gu L˚R Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu!'

—i-˘P≠ TZd-·-˚P-L-fid-°-˚P-˙V-´-⁄k-’ ®˚]j-’l TÙoj-R-’.

""UÙUÙ! Gu] LÙ˚X-´p R•-Ÿ-Pu ®t-°-»o-Ls?''

"J⁄- £-fl-™-´u œWp Ap-XYÙ A’!' —i-˘P≠ ˘U’-YÙLj R˚X øh-• ˘Y∞˙V

TÙoj-R-’.

""TÙUÙ! J⁄ G≠ L˚Pd-œs H± SÙNm ˘Nn-’s-[-’. TZj-˚R-Ÿm SÙNm ˘Nn-’-

Æh-P-’. Cu-fl SÙu A˚Rd ˘LÙp-XÙ-Up ÆPl ˙TÙY-ßp˚X.'' L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo

·±-V˚Rd ˙Lh-”f —i-˘P≠ TVk-’ S”e-°-V-’. "C≤ SÙu Gu] ˘Nn-˙Yu?

Gq-YÙ-fl Rl-©l-˙Tu?'

""TÙUÙ! Gu] ø LÙ˚X-´-˙X˙V L˚Pd-œ Yk-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùn? GRÙ-Y-’ ˙Yi-”UÙ?''

L˚Pd-LÙ-W-¨-Pm TÙUÙ YÙe-L ˙Yi-•V ˘TÙ⁄h-L-˚[d ·±-]Ùs. L˚P-LÙ-Wo

TÙUÙ ˙LhP ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[d ˘LÙ”j-RÙo. ˘UÙj-Rm Gj-R˚] ÏTÙn Gu-fl ˙LhPÙo.

TÙUÙ YÙe-°V ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls G˚Y Gu-fl ˘R¨-ŸUÙ?

Th-•-V-≠p Jq-˘YÙu-±u Æ˚X-˚Vl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

LÙn-L-±-L-∞u Æ˚X-VÙLl TÙUÙ Gj-R˚] ÏTÙn ˘LÙ”j-ß-⁄l-TÙs Gu-fl Li-”-

©•Ÿe-Ls.

L¶Rf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 7

GpXÙd LÙn-L-±-L-˚[-Ÿm TÙUÙ ˚Td-œs Ch-PÙs.

TZm ˘LÙi-” ˙TÙL L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo J⁄ ˚T˚Vd ˘LÙ”j-RÙo.

AYs TZj˚Rl ˚T´p ®˚\dLj ˘RÙPe-°-]Ùs. UÙUÙ, ˙Y˘\Ù-⁄ ˚T R⁄≈o-

L[Ù?''

""˙Yfl ˚T GRt-œ?''

T´t-£j-RÙs 7L¶Rf˘NVp-TÙ”Ls

˘UÙj-Rm Gj-R˚] ÏTÙn?

TÙUÙ LÙ”jR ÏTÙn

4

129

11

""TZm ˚YdL CkRl ˚T ˙TÙRÙ-’?''

L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo ˙Y˘\Ù-⁄ £±V ˚TŸm ˘LÙ”j-RÙo.

CWi-” ˚TL-∞-¤-UÙL AYs TZe-L˚[ ˚Yj-RÙs.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ˚T´-¤m AYs Gj-R˚] TZe-Ls ≈Rm ˚Yj-ß-⁄l-TÙs?

Íu-fl ˚T C⁄k-ß-⁄k-RÙp Gj-R˚] TZe-Ls ≈Rm ˚YdL CV-¤m?

GiQ±‹ T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 8

""UÙUÙ, CkR ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls Ce-œ C⁄d-Lh-”m. SÙu TÙp YÙe° Y⁄-°-˙\u. ø

˚T˚V ˘Y∞˙V ˚YdL ˙Yi-PÙm L˚Pd-œs˙[ ˚Y.''

L˚Pd-LÙ-W-¨u ˙VÙN-˚]d-œ HtT AYs ˚T˚V L˚Pd-œs˙[ ˚Yj-RÙs.

TÙp YÙe° Yk-R-©u, AYs ˚T˚V G”j-’ ˘LÙi” ≈h-”d-œj ß⁄m-©-]Ùs.

Íu-\Ùm SÙs

""Am-UÙ....! C˙RÙ LÙn-L-±...''

TÙUÙ-Æu œWp ˙Lh-” AmUÙ ˘Y∞˙V Yk-RÙo-Ls.

TÙUÙ-Æu ˚L´-≠-⁄k-’ ˚T˚V YÙe-°-]Ùo-Ls.

AmUÙ LÙn-L-±˚Vd ∏˙Z ˘LÙh-•-V-’m, —i-˘P≠ ˘Y∞˙V RÙÆ-V-’m J˙W

˙SW-UÙL C⁄k-R-’.

""AmUÙ!.......................................... !''

TÙUÙ TVk-’ AX± ˘LÙi-” ©u-]Ùp œßj-RÙs. ""TVl-T-PÙ˙R TÙUÙ! A’

J⁄ G≠d-œg-—-RÙu.'' AmUÙ AY˚[ NUÙ-RÙ-]l-T-”j-ß-]Ùo. ""C˚RRÙu L˚Pd-

LÙ-Wo UÙUÙ Ae-œ ˙R•d ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°-\Ùo.'' TÙUÙ Am-UÙ-Æ-Pm SPk-R-Yt˚\d

·±-]Ùs.

TÙUÙ Gu-˘]u] ·±-´-⁄l-TÙs? (R-]-’ L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp)

—i-˘P≠ TÙUÙ-Æu ˚T´p Yk-R-’ Gl-T-•?

AmUÙ ◊p-L-fid-°-˚P˙V H˙RÙ Ju-fl A˚N-°-\˙R....!

œh-• ÿVp-Ls ◊pLh˚Pf —h-•d-LÙh-•j Re-L-[-’ RÙn-L-∞-Pm ·±],

""A’ G˙RÙ LWl-TÙu Èf-£-VÙL C⁄d-L-XÙm. A’ TW-YÙ-´p˚X øe-Ls NÙl-©-

”e-Ls'' AmUÙ ÿVp-Ls œh-• ÿVp-L˚[ NUÙ-RÙ-]l-T-”j-ß-].

T´t-£j-RÙs 8 GiQ±‹

TL-∞p Gj-R- ]- ≈-Rm?

4130

B]Ùp SÙu-œ œh-• ÿVp-L-fim TVk-’ A⁄-°p ˘Np-X-Æp-˚X.

""N¨ SÙe-Ls Gu-]-˘Yu-fl TÙod-°˙\Ùm.'' AmUÙ ÿVp-Ls CWi-”m

˙Nok-’ ◊t-L-fid-°-˚P˙V ˙SÙd-°-].

A˙RÙ.. J⁄ YÙp A˚N-°-\-˙R... !''

©e° ÿVp ÿR-≠p TÙoj-’ TVk-’ ©u-]Ùp ˘Nu-fl ™d° ÿV-≠-Pm

·±-V’.

""YÙ⁄e-Ls. TÙUÙ-Æ-Pm ˙TÙn ÆT-Wj-˚Rd ·fl-˙YÙm'' ˛ ™d° ·±-V-’.

"Cu-fl Gu L˚R Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu...'

—i-˘P≠ ®˚]j-R-’.

Rl©f ˘NpX Gu] YØ?

"Gu] Yk-RÙ-¤m TW-YÙ-´p-˚X. SÙu ˘Y∞˙V R˚Xd-LÙhPl ˙TÙ°-˙\u.' A’

◊p-L-fid-°-˚P˙V C⁄k-’ ˘UpX ˘Y∞˙V Yk-R-’.

ÿVp-L-fim œh-•-L-fim TÙoj-R].

—i-˘P-≠˚Vd Li-P-’m œh-• ÿVp-Ls TVk-’ AZj ˘RÙPe-°-].

""TV-T-PÙ-æo-Ls. SÙu Ju-flm ˘Nn-V-UÙh-˙Pu. Gu-˚] Ju-flm

˘Nn-VÙ-ß-⁄k-RÙp ˙TÙ’m'' ˚LVÙp YQe°d ˘LÙi-” —i-˘P≠ ˘Lg-£-V-’.

""VÙo ø? Ge-°-⁄k-’ Y⁄-°-\Ùn?'' ™d-°-Ÿm ©e-°-Ÿm ˙Lh-P-’.

—i-˘P≠ Gu] ·±´-⁄d-œm?

Æ[dLd œ±l◊ ˛ T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 9

""N¨ Cufl-ÿ-Rp Ge-L-fi-Pu ˙Nok-’ ˘LÙs. Ge-Ls TÙUÙ-Æ-Pm Eu

L˚R-˚Vd ·\-XÙm. SÙm SpX Si-To-L-[ÙL Ce-œ Y£d-L-XÙm.''

""CkRd œh-• ÿVp-Ls VÙ⁄-˚P-V˚Y?''

""CYo-L-∞p CWi-” ˙To G]-’ œh-•-Ls, CWi-”-˙To ™d-°-Ÿ-‡-˚PV œh-•-Ls''

Gu-fl ©e° ·±-V-’.

""CYo-L˚[ Gl-T-•l ©¨j-R-±V ÿ•-Ÿm?''

""ø Su-\ÙL Et-fll-TÙo. CYo-L-∞p CWi-” ˙To J˙W-˙TÙp Es-[-Yo-Ls,

—i-˘P≠ SÙu-œ œh-• ÿVp-L-˚[-Ÿm Et-fll-TÙoj-R-’.''

J˙W ˙TÙX ˙RÙt-\m Es[ ÿVp-Ls G˚Y?

T´t-£j-RÙs 9 Æ[d-Ld -œ-±l◊

—i-˘P≠ Gu] ·±-´-⁄d-œm?

4

131

ÿVp œh-•-Lfid-œ °˚Pj-R˚Y

¡Rm Es-[˚Y

AmUÙ ÿVp-L-fid-œd °˚Pj-R˚Y

J˙W ˙RÙt\m ˘LÙiP ÿVp-Ls G˚Y? T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 10

TÙUÙ J⁄ ˘TÙh-P-Xj-’-Pu ÿVp-L-fid-œ A⁄˙L Yk-RÙs,

TÙUÙ-˚Yl TÙojR’m —i-˘P≠ ◊t-L-fid-°-˚P˙V J¸ık-R-’. TVl-T-PÙ-˙R,

—i-˘P-≠. Ce˙L YÙ. TÙUÙ Ju-flm ˘Nn-V-UÙh-PÙs.

™d-°-Ÿm ©e-°-Ÿm ·±-]. ""øe-Ls VÙ˚Wl Tt± ˙T£d ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°-»o-Ls?''

TÙUÙ ˙Lh-PÙs.

©e-°-Ÿm, ™d-°-Ÿm SPk-R-Yt˚\d ·±-].

—i-˘P≠ ˘Y∞˙V Yk-R-’.

øiP YÙ¤m, NÙm-Tp ®\-ÿm, EPp ÿ›-Y-’m ˙WÙU-ÿm ÿs ˙TÙu\ ¡˚N-

Ÿm.... —i-˘P-≠˚V TÙUÙ-‹d-œ ™L-‹m ©•j-’ ˙TÙ]-’.

""B]Ùp J⁄ Æ`-Vm, LÙn-L±d L˚Pd-œs ◊œk-’ ß⁄-•j ßu-\-’ ˙TÙX Gu

≈h-•p ß⁄P ÿVt-£d-LÙ˙R!'' —i-˘P≠ ""N¨˘Vu-fl R˚X Bh-•-V-’. C˙RÙ

C˚R øe-Ls Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m NÙl-©-”e-Ls.''

TÙUÙ ˘TÙh-P-Xj˚R ÿVp-L-∞u ˚L´p ˘LÙ”j-RÙs.

""aÙn... LÙWh...'' œh-• ÿVp-Ls K-• A⁄˙L Yk-R-].

AmUÙ ÿVp-Ls LÙWh˚Pl Te-°-Pj ˘RÙPe-°-].

13 LÙWh-Ls. œh-•-L-fid-œ 2 ≈Rm. Ju-fl —i-˘P-≠d-œj RÙn ÿVp-L-fidœ GjR˚]

≈Rm °˚Pj-ß-⁄d-œm?

L¶R ©Wf-N-˚]˚V AX£ BWÙn-Rp T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 11

CW‹ ˙SWm...

AmUÙ ÿVp-L-fim œh-• ÿVp-L-fim E\e°Æh-P].

—i˘P≠ ˘U’YÙL ˘Y∞˙V ˘Nu-\-’.

"Gu-]-YÙ-]Ù-¤m N¨ G]d-œ Fo —t\ ˙Yi-”m.'

A’ NU-V-X˚\ YÙN-≠p ®u-\-’.

"A˙RÙ! H˙RÙ J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s °Pd-°-\˙R!'

A’ ÿLok-’ TÙoj-R-’. Gu-]-˘Yu˙\ ˘R¨-V-Æp-˚X.

"≈h-PÙ-⁄dœj ˙R˚Y-´p-XÙR ˘TÙ⁄-[ÙL C⁄d-L-XÙm.

˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-RÙL C⁄k-RÙp Ce-œ Cl-T-• ≈QÙd-L-UÙh-PÙo-Ls Ap-XYÙ?

J˙W ˙RÙt\m ˘LÙiP ÿVp-Ls

G˚Y?

T´t-£j-RÙs 11

L¶R ©Wf-N- ]˚V AX£ BWÙn-Rp

ÿVp-L-fid-œ 13 LÙWh-”-Ls °˚Pj-R]. 2 ≈Rm

œh-• ÿVp-L-fid-œ ˘LÙ”j-R]. Ju˚\f —i-

˘P-≠d-œ ˘LÙ”j-R]. ¡Rm Es[Yt˚\

AmUÙ ÿVp-Ls Te-°h-” G”j-R-]. Jq- YÙ-

⁄-Y-⁄d-œm Gj-R˚] ≈Rm °˚Pj-ß-⁄d-œm?

T´t-£j-RÙs 10

TÙUÙ ˘LÙ”jR LÙWhL∞u

Gi-¶d˚L

—i- P-≠d-œ °˚Pj-R-’

4132

L•j-’l TÙol-˙TÙm.' —i-˘P≠ A˚R G”j-’ J⁄ L•! ""I˙VÙ...!

Gu YÙn! I˙VÙ...'' A’ TW-T-Wl-◊-Pu K-•-V-’.

N˚U-V-X˚\, T”d˚L A˚\ Ge-˘Le-˘Lu-fl ˘R¨-VÙ-Up AX±d ˘LÙi-”

Kh-P˙UÙ Kh-Pm. £X ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls ∏˙Z Æ›k-R-].

"VÙWÙ-Y-’ ÆØj-RÙp Gu L˚R Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu!'

K-”-Y-Rt-°-˚P-´p A’ AkRd LÙh-£-˚Vd Li-P-’,

™u-‡m CWi-” Li-Ls.. I˙VÙ... ¡i-”m A’ ß⁄m© K-•-V-’.

Nj-Rm ˙Lh-” ÿVp-Ls ÆØj-R-]. —i-˘P≠ Gu] Bf-—?

""SÙu G˚R˙VÙ L•j-˙Ru...

B]Ùp ARu ˘TVo G]d-œj ˘R¨-V-Æp-˚X.

"ÿR-≠p ˘LÙg-Nm Ri-Ωo œ•' ˛ ™d° Ri-Ωo ˘LÙi-” ˘LÙ”j-R-’.

""C≤ ˘NÙp, AkR ˘TÙ⁄-∞u R≤j-Ru-˚U-Ls G˚Y?''

—i-˘P≠ L•jR ˘TÙ⁄-∞u R≤j-Ru-˚U-L˚[d ·\d ˘RÙPe-°-V-’.

A˚R ˙Lh-P-‹-Pu ©e-°d-œ Gu] ˘TÙ⁄s G]j ˘R¨k-’ Æh-P-’.

—i-˘P≠ L•j-R-’ J⁄ Tf˚N ™[-LÙ˚Vj RÙu.

—i-˘P≠ Tf˚N ™[-LÙ-˚Vl Tt-±V Gu-˘]u] R≤j-Ru-˚U-L˚[d

·±-´-⁄d-œm?

Et-fl-˙SÙd-œ-Rp ˛ T´t-£j-RÙs 12

""C˙RÙ ˘LÙg-Nm LÙWh Es-[-’.

C˚Rj ßu-\Ùp. LÙWm UÙflm.''

™d° ˘LÙ”jR LÙWh˚Pf —i˘P≠ ßu-\-’.

""Cl-˙TÙ-’ ˘LÙg-Nm CR-UÙL Es-[-’.''

""Li-U-¶-L˙[ C≤j Áe-œe-Ls.''

©e-°-Ÿm ™d-°-Ÿm œh-•-L˚[j ÁeL ˚Yj-R-].

£±-’ ˙SWj-ßt-œs œh-• ÿVp AZj ˘RÙPe-°-V-’.

T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 12Et-fl- SÙd-œ-Rp

4

133

T´t£jRÙs ˛ 13

TÙP˚X ÿ›˚UlT”j’Rp

B¨˙WÙ... BWÙ˙WÙ...

Li˙Q U¶˙V

Li‘-\eœ

B - WÙ... BWÙ- WÙ...

......................................................

......................................................

......................................................

""Gu] Bf-— Li˙Q!'' ©e° œh-•˚V G”j-’ ˙RÙ∞p Ch-”j RÙXÙh-”l

TÙPj ˘RÙPe-°-V-’.

©e° TÙ•V TÙh-•u ¡ß-˚Vl TÙ”e-L-˙[u.

TÙP˚X ÿ›-˚U-lT-”j-’-Rp T´t-£j-RÙs 13

-—i-˘P≠ E\-ML ®˚]j-R-’. Li-L˚[ Í•-V-’.

B]Ùp E\d-Lm YW-Æp-˚X.

AkRd LÙh-£˙V ®Z-XÙ-•-V-’.

''™u‡m CWi-”-Li-Ls, AY-]Ù-Lj-RÙu C⁄d-œm!''

¡i-”m J⁄ RP˚Y —t-±-¤m TÙoj-R-’.

™u-‡m Li-Ls Gu˚] ˘S⁄e° Y⁄-°u-\-].

Al-T-•˙V A’ E\e-°l-˙TÙ-]-’.

LÙ˚X-´p ™d° A˚ZjR˙TÙ’-RÙu ÆØl◊ Yk-R-’.

—i-˘P≠ RÙu CW-Æp LiP LÙh-£-L˚[ ©e-°-´-Pm ·±-V-’.

""N¨, ø Gu-‡-Pu YÙ. ø TÙojR B˚[ LÙh-”-°-˙\u.''

—i-˘P≠ ©e-°-Ÿ-Pu SPk-R-’.

A˙RÙ... AkR A˚\-ú Í˚X-´p... J⁄ ˘Th-•-L-⁄-°p... SÙu ˙St-±-W‹ Li-P...

"A˙R ™u‡m Li-Ls...' —i˘P≠ Li-Ls LNd-°d-˘LÙi” Et-fll TÙoj-R’.

"A˙R Bs-RÙu' TVj-RÙp —i-˘P-≠-ú EPp S”e-°-V-’.

TVl-T-PÙ˙R —i-˘P≠ SiTÙ Eu˚] Ju-flm ˘Nn-V-UÙh-˙Pu. Eu-˚]l ©•d-Lj

’Wj-ß-V-Ru TX-˚]l TÙo.

C˙RÙ Gu LÙp-L-˚[l TÙo L⁄l-Tu È˚] Ru LÙp-L-˚[d LÙh-•-V-’. CWi”

LÙp-L∞¤m Lh-”-Ls.

—i-˘P-≠-ú TVm ˘R∞k-R-’.-A’ TÙN-UÙ-Ll È˚]-˚Vl TÙoj-R-’.

5

134

Tœß ˛ 5

L⁄j-’l T -UÙt-\m ˛ NÍ-Lj-ßp

kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

""TX-Ë-fl RP-˚Y-Ls AYs ˙U˚_-˚Vj ß\k-’m ÍP-‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùs Gu-T-

ßp C⁄k-’ BWm-©l-T-’ Sp-X-’. ˙U˚_-´-≠-⁄k-’ G˚R-VÙ-Y-’ G”d-L˙YÙ,

Cp˚X U˚_d-œs G˚R-VÙ-Y-’ Yd-L˙YÙ S¨h-PÙ- XÙØV VÙ⁄m U˚_-

˚Vj ß\d-L-˙YÙ, ÍP˙YÙ ·PÙ-’ G] SÙu NÙp-≠-´-⁄k-˙Ru. AR-]Ù-˙X˙V

Ee-Ls ULs Gl-˙TÙ-’m £X-Yt˚\ ˘Y∞˙V G”d-°-\Ùs. £X-Yt˚\ Es˙[

˚Yd-°-\Ùs. AY-[-’ ˙SÙh-”l-◊j-R-Lm, ˘Tu£p, ˘Th-•, TÙPl-◊j-R-Lm Ut-flm

˙U˚_d-œs Yfl Gu-]- Yp-XÙm C⁄d-°\˙RÙ A˚Y A˚]j- R-Ÿm Jufl

˘Y∞˙V G”d-°-\Ùs; Cp˚X, Es˙[ ˚Yd-°-\Ùs. ERÙ-W-Qj-ßt-œ G”j-’d

˘LÙs-˙YÙ-˙U. SÙe-Ls G›j-’-L˚[ G›-Rl ˙TÙY-RÙ-L Ee-Ls ULs ÿR-≠p

˙U˚_-˚Vj ß\k’, SÙh”l ◊j-R-Lj˚R G”l-TÙs. ©u-]o Al-T-•˙V U˚_-

´u Ut-TÙ-Lj˚Rl TPÙ˘W] Í”-YÙs. ©u-]o Ufl-T-•-Ÿm U˚_- Vj ß\k’,

R˚X˚V Es˙[Æh-”, ˘Tu-£˚X ˘Y∞˙V G”j-’, ˙YL-UÙL ˙U˚_˚V

Í• A G›-’-YÙs.''

"˙PÙh˙PÙ ˛ NÙu, _u-]-≠p J⁄ £fl-™-' ´-≠-⁄k-’

5

135tSmt´m-®m-s\-°p-dn-®v...

F¥p-sIm-≠mW

bpsS So®¿, Ah-f

Cßs\ ]Xn-I-c

XΩn¬ kwkm-cn-°

sNøp-Ibpw Xoc

°p-Ibpw ]h¿Ø

sNtø-≠Xv F¥

kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

NÍ-L-m ˛ ≈” ˛ Ts-∞

≈” Utflm —t-fll-◊\f NÍ-Lj-ßu Sm-©d-˚L-Ls Gi-Qe-Ls,

TZdL YZd-Le-Ls ÿR-≠V Ti-TÙh”d ·fl-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’m CVt-˚Ld

·fl-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’m E⁄-YÙd-Ll-ThP ˘TÙ’-YÙ] ÿu-]-±-˙YÙ-”-RÙu

œZk˚R/ UÙQÆ Ts-∞d-œ Y⁄-°-\Ùs. Cd-L-⁄j-ßu A•l-T-˚P-´p

©\ NÍ-Le-L-∞u Sm-©d-˚L-L-˚[-Ÿm Gi-Qe-L-˚[-Ÿm Ru-‡-˚PV

GiQe-L-fi-Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙol-T-Rt-œm, T¨-˙NÙ-R˚] ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œm,

R]’ Si-To-L-∞u £k-R-]-˚L-˚[-Ÿm A±-‹L˚[-Ÿm ©¨j-R-±-Y-

RtœUÙ] ßh-P-™hP Lt\p A‡-T-Ye-L-fi-PuRÙu œZk˚R Ts-∞d-œ

Y⁄-°-\Ùs. A±-Æ-Vp-Èo-Y-UÙ] A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y˙R Ts-∞-ú ÿd-

°V ˘TÙfll-TÙ-œm. ARt-LÙLd œZk-˚R˚Vj Rœ-ß-Ÿs-[-Y-]Ùd-œ-Y-’m

RœkR „r-®-˚X˚V E⁄-YÙd°d ˘LÙ”l-T-’m ≈h-•u ˘TÙfll-TÙ°\’.

CRu YÙ´-XÙL, AYu YÙ›m NÍ-Lm Gßo-˘LÙs-°\ ©Wf-£-˚]-L-∞p

D”-T-P-‹m, RÙu Tt\ A±- Yl TVu-T-”jß U¤m Uu˚UV˚PV‹m

œZk-˚R-VÙp CVp-°-\-’. NÍ-Lj-ßu ˘TÙ’ A±-‹-L˚[l ◊’-˚Ul-T-”j-

R-‹m Æ¨-YÙd-L-‹m ˘Nn-°-u\ ˘NVp-TÙh-•p ≈”m Ts-∞-Ÿm Ju-fl

˙N⁄m „r-®-˚X-VÙLd Lp-Æ˚V SÙm LÙQ˙Yi-”m.

œZk- Rú Lt\¤m ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄m B£¨V⁄m

œZk-˚Rú Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm Y[of-£-˚V-Ÿm ˚UV-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-”s[

˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p AY-W-Yo Te˚Ll ©¨j-R-±k-’ J⁄e°-˚Qk-’ ˘NVp-T-

”-Y-Rt-LÙ] Bo-Yj-˚R-Ÿm ß\-˚]-Ÿm J⁄e˙L ˘T\ B£-¨-V-⁄m ˘Tt-

˙\Ù-⁄m ÿVX ˙Yi-”m. Ce-œ J⁄-Yo Ut-˘\Ù-⁄-Y˚W 'A±-‹-flj-’-Y-

RÙL' ®˚]dLj ˙R˚Y-´p-˚X. ≈” Ut-flm Ts-∞f „r-®-˚X-L˚[

U]-ßp˘LÙi-” œZk˚Rú Lt-\p, Y[of-£ B°-V-Yt-fld-˙Lt\

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ßh-P-™-P˚X -Y•Y˚UdL ˙Yi”m. A˚R S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-

T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œ Ht-\-YÙ-fl B£-¨-V-⁄dœm ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄d-œm C˚P-´-XÙ]

L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\m A˚UV ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-T˙R ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-œm.

úPôh-úPô-Nô-û]l Tt-±...

úPôh-úPô-þ-Nô-²u B£-¬ûV

AYs Am-Uô-®-Pm Cq-Yô-ß á\d

LôW-Qm Gu]? AYo-L-Þd-¡-

ûPúV EûW-Vô-P-Üm LXk-Õ-ûW-

Vô-P-Üm, Ø¥-Ü-Ls GÓd-L-Üm

ùNnV úYi-¥-V-Ru úRûY

Gu]?

5

136

kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ˛ taJ-e-Iƒ

L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt\ Ui-P-Xe-Ls G˚Y?

œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\-˙XÙ” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Gu-˘]u] LÙ¨-Ve-L˚[l Tt±l

˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fi-Pu LXk-’-˚W-VÙP ˙Yi-”m? GpXÙ Yœl◊ ˘T. B. N ·h-Pe-L-∞¤m

J˙W LÙ¨-Ve-Ls œ-±jRÙ LXk-’-˚W-VÙP ˙Yi-”m? LpÆVÙi-•u ˘RÙPd-Lj-ßp

ÿRp Yœl◊ ˘T. B. N ·h-Pj-ßp, T⁄Y Ußl-¿-” ˘RÙPo-TÙ] LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-≠p

G] Ak-RkRd ·hPeLfid-œ Ht\YÙfl ˙R˚Y-L-˚[-Ÿm ©Wf-£-˚]-L-˚[-Ÿm

˘RÙPok’ NnV Yi-•V LÙ -Ve-L- [-Ÿm Tt-±d LXk-’- W-VÙP Yi-”m. GpXÙd

·h-Pe-L-∞-¤m E˚WVÙP ˙Yi-•V £X ˘NnßLs C⁄d-L-XÙm. ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˙SWj-

˚R-Ÿm Nk-Rol-Tj-˚R-Ÿm „r-®-˚X-˚V-Ÿm ˘TÙflj-’ R]-’ Yœl-©t-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-

Yt˚\ B£-¨-V˙W ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-XÙm. CYt-±p GpXÙd ·h-Pe-L-∞-¤m E˚WVÙP

˙Yi-•-V-’m £X œ±l-©hP ˙SWe-L-∞p LXk-’-˚W-VÙP ˙Yi-•-V-’-UÙ] LÙ¨-Ve-Ls

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-]. A˚Y ÿ›-˚U-VÙ-]-˚Y-Vp-X. B£-¨-Vo-, ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-

CYoL∞u ˙R˚Yd-˙LtT CYt-±-≠-⁄k’ ˙Yi-•-V˚Rj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-XÙm. ◊ßV-]-

Yt˚\f ˙Nod-L-XÙm.

1. TÙP Ht-TÙ-”m Lt-\-¤m

BWmT Yœl-◊-L-∞p TÙP Ht-TÙh-•u ˙SÙd-Le-Ls G˚Y?

œZk˚R Ts-∞d-·-Pe-L-∞p Lt-T˚Y G˚Y?

œZk˚R Lt-T-’ Ge-M-]m?

E˚W-VÙ-Pp, LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp

Æ˚[-VÙh-”, L˚R-Ls, TÙh-”-Ls, SÙP-L-U-V-UÙd-Lp, TÙj-ßW S•l◊

©Wf-N-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙ‘-Rp

˘Tt\ A±-˚Yl TVu-T-”j-’-Rp

˘NVp ßh-Pm

˘UÙØd-LpÆ ˛ Gu]? Gq-YÙ-fl? (R-™r / Be-°-Xm)

˘UÙØ-Lt-\p ˛ ·flLs

L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt\ÿ˚\-Ls

Lt-\p ’˚QdL⁄-Æ-Ls

˘UÙØ Y[of-£d-LÙ] ≈h-”f-„-Z˚X E⁄-YÙdœ-Rp.

≈h-•p Ëp ®˚X-Vm A˚Uj-R-¤m œ”m-Tj-ß-]o A˚]-Y-⁄m YÙ£j-R-¤m.

Yœl◊ ˘T. B. N ·h-Pj-˚Rl Tt± J⁄

˘Tt˙\Ù- u L⁄j-’

''Gu-‡-˚PV ULs SÙu-LÙm Yœl-

©p Gu] T•d-°-\Ù- [u-fl K-W-[˙Y

SÙu A±k-ß-⁄k-˙Ru. GlT• T•l-T-

˘Ru\ Gu‡- PV T˚ZV FL-ÿm,

G]-’ ULs G›-ßV L˚R-L-fim TÙPp-

L-fim AY-fi- PV T˚Pl-◊-L-∞u NL-

¨l-◊m, TÙXo Uu-\j-ßp AY-fi- PV

S•l-˚Tl Tt-±V ≈•˙VÙ LÙh-£-L-

fim, Yœl©-¤s[ GpXÙd œZk- R-

Lfim Nok-’ Ei-PÙd-°V Yœl◊d

Li-LÙh-£--Ÿm Yœl◊ T. B. N ·h-

Pj-ßp SW-•-VÙLl TÙojR˙TÙ’-RÙu

G]d-œl ◊¨k-R-’ AYs Gl-T-•, Gq-

YÙfl T•d-°-\Ù- [u-fl.''

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137

kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ˛ taJ-e-Iƒ

œZk-˚R-Ls ˘Tt-˙\Ù-¨-Pm ˙LhP £X

Nk-˙R-Le-Ls...

ÿh˚P Æ¨k-’ LÙØd-œg-— Y⁄

-˘Uu-\Ùp, ÿh-˚P˚V E˚Pj

-RÙp LÙØd-œg- Nd LÙQ-Æp

-˚X˙V! Hu?

˘T¨V PÙe-Lo XÙ¨ Y˚[-‹

-L∞p N¨k-’ ÆZÙ-R-’ Hu?

Ts-∞-L-∞p R™r Lt-©j-RÙp

˙TÙRÙ-RÙ? LQd-œ GRt-œ?

TPm Y˚WkR EPu ®\m

˘LÙ”dL Yi-”UÙ?

K-Ql Ti-•- L- u TÙ’ ∫≤d

-œm LÙn-L-±d-œm Æ˚X ·”-Y’

Hu?

TÙYd-LÙn T›j-RÙ-¤m LNl-T-’

Hu?

L¶-Rd-LpÆ ˛ Gu]? Gl-T-•?

L¶Rm ˛ ·flLs

©Wf-N-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙQ-¤m L¶-R-ÿm

ÿd-°V L⁄j-’ Ui-P-Xe-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß\u-Ls

L¶-Rd Lp-Æ-Ÿm Au-\ÙP YÙrd-˚L-Ÿm

—t-flf-„-Zp LpÆ ˛ Gu]? Gl-T-•?

—t-flf-„-Zp LpÆ ˛ ·fl-Ls

ÿd-°V ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß\u-Ls, L⁄j-’ Ui-P-Xe-Ls

Au-\ÙP YÙrd-˚L-Ÿm —t-flf-„-Zp Lp-Æ-Ÿm

CVt-˚L-Ÿm NÍ-L-ÿm œZk-˚R-Ÿm

L˚Xd-LpÆ ˛ Gu]? Gl-T-•?

L˚Xd-LpÆ ˛ Ui-P-Xe-Ls

C˚N, A˚N-‹, LÙh£ Y•-Ye-Ls

SÙP-Lm

SP-]m

T˚Pl◊d L˚X

TPm Y˚W-Rp, Yi-Qm æh-”-Rp

Æ˚[-VÙh-”d Lp-Æ-Ÿm —LÙ-RÙ-Wd Lp-Æ-Ÿm.

RP-L-[l TÙh-•-Ls (Athletics)

Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls (Games)

—LÙ-RÙWd L⁄j’-L-fim ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fim

R≤-S-To Án˚UŸm NÍ-Lj Án-˚U-Ÿm

—j-Rm ˛ Ts-∞, ≈”, —t-fll-◊-\m

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138

kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ˛ L´-ßƒ

2. Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m

G˚R Ußl-©-”-Y-’? Gl-T-• Ußl-©-”-Y-’? Ußl-¿-” Gq-YÙ-fl œZk-˚R´u

Lt\≠p RÙd-Lj˚R Ht-T-”j-R-‹m ˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-°-\-’ GuT˚Rd œ±j-’l ˘Tt-

˙\Ù-⁄m B£-¨-V-⁄m L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m SPjR ˙Yi-”m. Lt-\-˙XÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV

©uÚhPÿm AR-]-•l-T-˚P-´p Ts-∞, ≈” C˚Y C˚Qk’ Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-

”-˘Uu-T˚RŸm æo-UÙ-≤l-T-˙R Ck-Rd ·h-Pj-ßu ÿd-°V ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-œm. Uh”-UpX,

˘RÙPo Ußl-¿h-•u YÙ -XÙLd Lt-\- XÙ-” RÙPo-◊- PV ©uÚhP ÆYWe-Ls ≈h•-

≠-⁄k-’m Ts-∞-´-≠-⁄k-’m ˘RÙPok-’ °˚Pj-’d˘LÙi˙P C⁄dœm. AYt˚\f

˙NL-¨d-L-‹m Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m ˘RÙPo ˘NVp-TÙh˚P ˙Ut-˘LÙs-[-‹m ˘Tt-˙\Ùo

Ut-flm B£-¨-Vo-L-[Ùp CVX˙Yi-”m. ARt-LÙLd Lt-\p Ußl-¿h-” A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-

L∞p ˘TÙ’-YÙ] Gi-Qe-L-˚[-Ÿm ÷‘d-Le-L-˚[-Ÿm E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m.

B]Ùp, EP-]-•-VÙL C˚Y Tt±V J⁄-™jR L⁄j’ E⁄-YÙdL CVXÙ-’.

œZk-˚R´u NÍLf„Zp, A±-‹-®-˚X, EQo-‹, B˙WÙd-°-Vm CYt-±u Y[of-£˚V

Ußl-©Pj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] SP-Y-•d-˚L-L˚[l T•l-T-•-VÙL G”dL ˙Yi-”m. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄

®˚X-´-¤m ˘TÙ’-YÙL YWd-·-•-V˚Y ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-].

ÿRp T• Yœl-T˚\f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙLd LPk-’ ˘Np-¤m ˙TÙ’

œZk˚R-L-∞u ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd-œYRtœ.

Rt-˙TÙ-˚RV ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”-Ls, ÿk-˚RV Yœl-©p SPkR ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”

L∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p TV-‡s[ ÿ˚\-´p Ußl-©-”-Y’ Gl-T• Gu\

L⁄j-’-⁄-YÙ-L.

œZk˚R-L-∞u- Y-∞l-TÙ-”-L-∞-¤s[ R≤j-Ru- UL˚[ Ae-∏-L- d-L-‹m

Et-NÙ-Ll-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-Y-RÙp Ht-T-”m TX˚]d Li-P-±YRtœ.

UÙQ-Y-o T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊L˚[ (Portfolio) ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-Pu Te-

°-”--YRtœ.

5

139

kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ˛ amXrI

CWi-PÙm UÙQYo T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl˚Tl ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-Pu Te-œ ˚Yl-T-Ru

T• ÍXm AYo-Ls ReLs œZk-˚R-ú Y[of-£˚V A±k-’˘LÙs

Y-Rt-œ.

NÙu-fl-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Yœl-T-˚\f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Ußl-©-

P-‹m AYt˚\d œ±j-’d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-‹m ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄d-œ YÙnl

T-∞l-T-Rt-œ.

œ”m-Tf „Z-≠p Li-P-±kR œZk-˚R-L∞u R≤j-Ru-˚U-L˚[l Tt-

˙\Ùo-Ls B£-¨-V-⁄-Pu T°ok’ ˘LÙs-[.

Ru œZk-˚Rú ß\-˚U-L˚[l Tt± Si-To-L-fim B£-VoLfim

·fl-Y˚Rl ˘Tt-˙\Ùo ˙Lh-T-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl◊ A∞l-T-Rt-œ.

Íu-\Ùm Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚Rú Y[of-£˚V A±-V SPj-ßV C˚Pd-LÙX

T• Ußl-¿h˚Pl Te-œ ˚Yl-T-Rt-œ.

Ru-‡-˚PV T˚Pl-©u/ ˘Y∞-¬h-” ß\≤u ˙Uu-˚Ud œ±j-’

œZk˚R˙V —V-UÙL ÆY-¨l-T-Rt-œ.

˙Rok-˘R-”jR T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ ÿ˚\-VÙLd Li-LÙh£lT”j-’-Y-Rtœ.

SÙu-LÙm Lp-Æ-VÙi-•p J⁄ UÙQ-Y-≤u ™Lf- £-\kR (˘Y-∞l-T-”-R-≠u) R≤j-

T• Ru˚UL˚[ A±k-’˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œ.

™Lf £\kR ˘NVp-ß-\u ˘Y∞l-TP ER-ÆV ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V Æ[d-

œ-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-T-∞l-T-Rt-œ.

£\kR ˘NVp-ß-\-≤u R≤j-Ru-˚UL˚[ ®˚X-˘T\f ˘Nn-Y-ßu

˙R˚Y-˚Vl Tt±d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-”-Y-Rt-œ.

˘Tt˙\Ù⁄Pu L⁄j’l TÜÙt\m J⁄ UÙß¨

Go-QÙ-œ-[m -UÙYh-Pj-ß¤s[ Y[-Vu-£-We-LWÙ AW-— BWmTl Ts∞´p

·•V ÿRpYœl◊ ˘T. B. N ·h-Pj-ßp SPkR ˘NVp-L˚[l TÙod-L-XÙm.

·h-Pj-ßt-œ ÿu◊

UÙQYo T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊L∞≠⁄k’ Gk-˘RkR C]e-L˚[l ˘Tt-˙\Ù-¨-Pm

LÙhP ˙Yi”-˘Uufl UÙQ-Y-‡m B£-¨-V-⁄m ˙Nok-’ æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.

G]-’ „r-®- X- -Vp œ±l- Th-•-≠-⁄k-’

09.08.2009 N≤

UWl- TÙk-ß-≠-⁄k-’ UWe- LÙjß T\k-’ TÙY

˚Rl TÙoj-˙Ru. Nu-fl TÙoj-R-˙TÙ-’ Íufl

£±V ÿh- P-Ls. Ys˚[ ®\m. LÙLj-ßu ÿh-

˚Pl- TÙp C[ øX ®\-Up-X.

16.08.2009 ˛ N≤

Ts-∞-´-≠-⁄k-’ Yk-˙Ru. AkR UWe-˘LÙjß

˘TÙk-ß-≠-⁄k-’ T\k-’ ˙TÙY-˚Rl TÙoj-˙Ru.

UWj-ßp H±l TÙoj- Ru. ÿh- P-L˚[d LÙQ-

Æp- X. Íu-fl £u-]g-£-fl œg-—-Ls, LiL˚[

Í• "·... ·..'. Gu-fl A›-R]. UWe- LÙjß YkRÙp

Gu- ]d LÙj-ß-Æ-”m. SÙ˚[l- TÙod-L-XÙm.

23.08.2009 ˛ N≤

Cu-fl AkR UWe- LÙjß TÙ]-‹-Pu AkR œg-

—-L- [d LÙQ UWj-ßp H±- ]u. £\-œ ÿ˚[dL

Æp˚X Li ß\d-L-Æp- X.

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A˚R E⁄-YÙd-°V „r-®˚X Tt-±V A±˚Yl ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄d-œ Æ[d-°d ·fl-Y’

Gl-T-•-˘Vu-fl œZk˚R-L-fi-Pu ÆYÙ-ßj-Rp.

œZk˚R-L-∞u ˘Yt-±d-œd LÙW-Q-UÙ] Yœl-T˚\f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[l Tt±d

·h-Pj-ßp G”j-’d ·fl-Y-Rt-œd œZk˚R-L˚[ BVj-Rl-T-”j-’-Rp.

Si-To-L-∞u ˘NVp-ß-\u ˘Yt-±d-LÙ] LÙW-Qe-L-∞p GYt˚\l Te-°P ˙Yi”-

˘Uu-fl æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.

Lt-\pÿ˚\-´p Ht-ThP UÙt-\j˚Rl ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄d-œ Æ[d-°d ·fl-Y-Rt-LÙL

UÙß¨ Yœl-˘T-”dLj æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.

·h-Pj-ßp G”d-Ll-T-”m æo-UÙ-]e-L˚[j RVÙ-WÙd-œ-Y-Rt-LÙ] ˘TÙfll˚T NL

B£-¨-˚V-´-P˙UÙ ˘Tt-˙\Ù-¨-P˙UÙ Jl-T-˚Pj-Rp.

·h-Pj-ßp

A±-ÿ-Lm ˛ Lt-\pÿ˚\-´p Ht-ThP ÿd-°V UÙt-\e-Ls ˛ ©Wf-£-˚]d-LÙ]

æo‹ ˛ œ› Ußl-¿-” ˛ NL Ußl-¿-” ˛ CYt-±u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym ˛ C˚Y œ±j’f

—⁄e-Ld ·±d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp SPj-’-Rp.

UÙß¨ Yœl-˚Tl TÙo-˚Y-´-Pp ˛ J˙W L⁄j˚R ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-L-∞p ˘Y∞l-

T-”j-’-Y˚R A±-Rp ˛ Ußl-¿-h” Ej-ß-L˚[l ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-fi-Rp.

UÙß¨ Yœl-©-≠-⁄k-’ E⁄-YÙ-œm T˚Pl-◊-L-˚[l Tt±l ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-∞u SpX

L⁄j˚R G›-’-Rp. AYtfls J⁄£X L⁄j’L˚[ ˘Y∞´hP©u, ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-

Ls G›-ßV BdLÈoYUÙ] L⁄j-’-L˚[d ·h-Pj-ßp T°ok’ ˘LÙsfi-Rp.

UÙQYo T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p œ±l-©-Pl-Th-”s[ SpX L⁄j-’-L˚[l ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-

Ls YÙ£j-Rp.

œZk-˚R-Ls J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ-⁄-Yo œ›-YÙ-Ld ·•j RÙe-Ls Et-fl-˙SÙd-°V SpX

L⁄j-’-L˚[ ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp.

˘RÙPo Ußl-¿h-•p Yk-’s[ UÙt-\e-Ls G˚Y-˘Vu-fl ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fi-Pu ÆYÙ-

ßj-Rp.

˘Tt-˙\Ùo-Ls ˘NnV ˙Yi-•-V-’; ˘Nn-Vd ·PÙ-R-’ G˚Y Gu-T-’ Tt±l ˘TÙ’

ÏZk-ûR-L-Þd-Ï A°dL úYi-¥V ©u-

òh-PjûRl (feed back) Tt±l ùTt-

ú\ôo-L-°u LÚj-Õ.

""œZk˚R NnR LÙ -Ve-L-∞p Sp-

X-Yt-˚\ G”j-’d ·flm TÙ’

AY-‡d-œ Ru-]m-©d˚L Ht-

T”m...'' (U-¶-Li-P-≤u Am-UÙ)

""Cp- X... Cp˚X'' A’ Uh-”m

˙TÙRÙ-’, œ˚\-L- [-Ÿm —h-•d

LÙhP Yi-”m'' (U- Lv-Y- - u

Am-UÙ)

""Fd-œ-Æj-RÙp Uh-”˙U œZk- R-

L-fid-œ Y[of£ Ht-T-”m'' (WÙ-RÙ-

Æu Am-UÙ)

œZk- R- u Lt-\˚X Um-T-”jR

˙Ut-·-±V GkR A‘-œ-ÿ˚\

ELk-R’? Hu?

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LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp YÙ´-XÙL ÿ•-‹d-œ Y⁄Rp.

A”j-R -·h-Pj-ßp ÿ•kR A[-Æt-œ SpX L⁄j-’-L˚[d ·fl-Y-Rt-LÙLl ˘Tt-

˙\Ùo-L˚[j RVÙo-T-”j-Rp. A”jR ·h-Pj-ßt-LÙ] œ±l-◊-L˚[l ˘Tt-˙\Ù-¨-Pm

·fl-Rp.

·h-Pj-ßt-œl ©\-œ

·h-Pj-ßp G”d-Ll-T-”m æo-UÙ-]e-L˚[l Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp.

Ts∞ Y[d-œ› (SRG) Æp NÙufl-L-fi-Pu ÆYÙ-ßj-Rp.

A”jR ˘T. B. N ·h-Pj-ßt-LÙ] RVÙ-˘W-”l-©u ÿu-˙]Ù-•-VÙL ÆYÙ-ßdL

˙Yi•-V˚Y G˚Y G]j æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m ˛ IVe-Ls

NÍ-Lj-ßt-œm ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fid-œm B£-¨-Vo-L-fid-œm ◊ßV TÙP Ht-TÙ-” G”j-

’˚Wd-œm Ußl-¿h-˚Pl Tt-±V HWÙ-[UÙ] IVe-Ls C⁄d-L-XÙm. œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-

\˚X ˚UV-UÙL ˘LÙiP LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ A‡-T-Ye-Ls, Lt-\˚X

Ußl-©-”m- ˘N-Vp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞p D”-TPf ˘Nn-Rp, T´t-£-Ls B°V˚Y ÍXm CqYVe-

L-fid-œj æo‹ Ht-T-”m. SÙm C’-Y˚W ·±Vß≠-⁄k-’ Ht-TP YÙnl-◊s[ IVe-L-

˚[l TÙod-L-XÙm. AYt-±u Æ˚P-L˚[ øe-Ls —V-UÙLd Li-”-©-•j-R-©u Ce-œd

˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[]Yt-fl-Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

1. NÍ-Lm ˛ ˘Tt-˙\Ùo ˛ B£-¨-Vo CYo-L-fid-°-˚P˙V Ußl-¿h-˚Pl Tt-±V

TV-‡s[ L⁄j-’l-T- -UÙt-\m SPdL Yi-”-Up-X-YÙ? Cq-YÙ-fl Nn-Y-Ru ÍXm

SPd-œm Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-ú R≤j-Ru-˚U-Ls G˚Y?

œZk˚R R]-’ Lt-\˚Xf ˙NÙßj-’, Ußl-©h-” ˙Um-T-”j-ßV ÆT-We

-L˚[l ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fim B£-¨-Vo-L-fim A±V ÿ•-Ÿm.

œZk-˚R-ú R≤-S-To Y[of-£, NÍL EQo‹ Y[of-£, Lt-\p ÿ˚\,

Ts-∞-´p SPd-œm Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ Ut-flm ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls Tt±d ·”

-R-XÙLj ˘R¨k-’˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œ,

Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙLl TVu-T-”j-ßV RW-®o-Q-Vd œ±l-◊-L˚[ ÿ˚\-VÙLd L˚P

©•j-’d œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\-˚Xl Tt-±V N¨-VÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[ A∞l-TRtœ.

AÓjR YÏl× ùT.-B. N áh-Pj-§t-Lô]

¨Lrf-£-Ls...

A”jR Yœl◊ T. B. N ·h-Pj-

ßt-LÙ] ®Lrf-£-Ls Gu-]-YÙL

C⁄d-œm? Ee-L-fi- P-V- Ut-flm

˘Tt˙\Ù-⁄- P-V- R˚Y-L- [j

˘RÙPo-◊-T-T-”jß CkR UÙß- ˚Vl

TÙoj-’ Ee-Ls Yœl◊ T. B. N

Æt-LÙ] ®Lrf-£-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-

œeLs. T. Y. œ (SRG) ·hPj-ßp

C˚Rl-Tt± E˚W-VÙ-”e-Ls.

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]T-\hpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw ˛ kwi-b-ßƒ

˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fim B£-¨-Vo-L-fim ˘RÙPof-£-VÙ-L-‹m, Au-TÙ-L-‹m, TWv

TW Sm-©d-˚L-Ÿ-P-‡m L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œ.

2. UÙQYo T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊ Gq-YÙ-fl C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m?

T˚Pl-◊-j ˘RÙœl-˚Tl Tt-±V G]-’ A‡-T-Ym

Íu-fl T¨V ©[Ùv-•d LÙl◊Ls (Plastic File). R™r, L¶-Rm, „r-®-˚X-´-Vp

LpÆ Gu-fl SÙu ˘RÙœl-˚Tj ˘RÙPe-°-˙]u. Aj-’-Pu œ±l-˙T-”-L-fim Ei”

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ AX-°-u Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ Aq-Yl-˙TÙ˙R Ak-RkR TÙPe-L-∞u

˘RÙœl-◊-L-fi-Pu C˚Qj-˙Ru. J⁄-ÿ˚\ œZk-˚R-L-∞Pm LÙi-©j-’d ˘LÙ”j-

˙Ru. ARu-©u AYo-Ls C˚R Aj-’-Pu ˚Yd-Lh-”UÙ Gu-fl ˙Lh-TÙo-Ls.

B]Ùp SÙu EP˙] A˚R A‡-U-ßl-T-ßp-˚X. Aßp ˚YdL ˙Yi-”-UÙ-ú

RW-UÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl AYo-L∞Pm A±-‹-flj-’-˙Yu. Aq-YÙ-fl UÙt±

A˚UjR ©u AYt˚\ T˚Pl-◊-L-∞u ˘RÙœl-©p ˙Noj-’d ˘LÙs-˙Yu.

˛ J⁄ BWmTl Ts∞ B£-¨-˚V

J⁄ LÙX A[-Æp (A-X-œ/T⁄-Ym/Y⁄-Pm) œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\-≠p Ht-ThP

Y[of£, ÿu- ]t-\m, £k-R˚] Nn-V-‹m NVp-T-P-‹m Tt\ ß\u CYt-±u NÙufl-

Ls T˚Pl-◊-j ˘RÙœl-©p C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m. SU-’ Ts∞f „Z-¤d-œ HtTl Tp-˙Yfl

TÙPe-L-∞u T˚Pl-◊-j ˘RÙœl˚T E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m. Aßp AX-œ-L-fid-œ HtTd

Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L˚[ Y¨-˚Nl-T-”j-R-XÙm.

3. T˚Pl-◊-j ˘RÙœl-©p (Port folio) Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-V˚Y G˚Y?

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ TÙPj-ß-¤-ÿs[ T˚Pl-◊-j ˘RÙœl-©p Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-VYt˚\

B£-¨-Vo ˚L˙Vh-•-≠-⁄k-’m, B£-¨-V-ü Lt-©j-Rp œ±l-˙Th-•-≠-⁄k-’m ˙Rok-˘R-

”e-Ls. ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-Yt˚\ Yœl-T˚\f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞p Lt-\p NÙu-fl-

Ls E⁄-YÙ-œm ÆRj-ßp B£-¨-V-ü Lt-©j-Rp œ±l-˙Th-•p Æ[dL ˙Yi-”m. Cj-

’-Pu ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fi-P-]Ù] L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\j-ßt-œl TVu-T-”j-ßV L⁄-Æ-Ls, œ±l-

◊-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-”UÙ Gu-fl £k-ß-Ÿe-Ls.

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t^m¿´vt^m-fntbm ˛ D≈-S°w

T˚Pl-◊j RÙœl-◊-L-∞p (Port Folio) C⁄dL Yi-•-V˚Y

A. œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p NÙu-fl-Ls

Ak-RkR Y[-Ë-≠p C˚Y Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-•-⁄l-T-˚Rl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

B. B£-¨-V-ü Et-fl ˙SÙd-Lp-Ls

œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p ÿ˚\, Lt-\p ©Wf-N-˚]-Ls, U] Y[of-£, NÍLj

˘RÙPo◊ C˚Y Tt-±V Æ[d-L-UÙ] œ±l-◊.

B£-¨-Vo Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙLl TVu-T-”j-ßV ˙NÙR˚] Th-•-V-≠u SLp, œ›f

˘NVp-TÙ-”, L[l-T-V-Qm, ˙NÙR- ], ˙So-LÙ-Qp ˙TÙu\ ®Lr-‹-L-∞p B£ -Vo

TVu-T-”j-ßV L⁄-Æ-Ls Cßp Eh-T-”m.

C. œZk-˚R-ú —V Ußl-¿-”

œZk-˚R-ú —V Ußl-¿h-”f ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp, —V ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls

—V-UÙ-L-‹m œ›-Æ-¤m Li-”-©-•jR Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls.

œZk-˚R-L-∞u Æ⁄l-Te-Ls, ˘TÙ›-’-˙TÙd-œ-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y Tß‹ ˘NnV

˙Yi-”m. (R-™r AXœj ßhPj’Pu R]-’ YÙ£l◊ Bo-Yj-˚Rl Tt±d

œZk˚R G›R˙Yi•V UÙß-¨-˚Vl TÙ⁄e-Ls)

œZk-˚R-ú Æ⁄l-Te-Ls, ß\u-Ls, Bo-Ym ˙TÙu-\-˚Yl-Tt-±V B£-¨-V-

ü —⁄d-L-UÙ] Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp œ±l-◊-Ls.

D. Th-•-V-pLs, ˙NL-¨l-◊-Ls

œZk˚R YÙ£jR ◊j-R-Le-L-∞u Th-•-Vp.

TÙojR ß˚Wl-T-Pm, ˙LhP LÆ-˚R / TÙPp ˙TÙu-\-Yt±u —⁄d-Lm.

L˚R-Ls, LÆ-˚R-Ls, ◊ßo-Ls, TPe-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt±u ˙NL-¨l-◊-Ls (C˚Y

G]-’ „r-®-˚X-´-Vp / R™r / L¶-Rd œ±l-˙T-”-L-∞p ÿu-]˙W ˘Nn-’ Y⁄-

T-˚Y).

˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄m B£-¨-V-⁄m ˙Nok-’ E⁄-YÙd-°V œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\p ˘RÙPo-

TÙ] Et-fl ˙SÙd-LpLs, ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls CYt-±u —⁄d-Lm,

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t^m¿´vt^m-fntbm ˛ D≈-S°w sXc-s™-Sp-°¬

4. T-˚Pl-◊-L-∞u ˘RÙœl-◊-L-∞p (Port Polio) Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-V-Yt-˚\j ˙Rok-

˘R-”l-T-’ Gq-YÙ-fl?

C˚R Gq-YÙ-fl ˘Nn-V-XÙm? J⁄ Ts-∞-´p ˘NnR ÿ˚\˚V AX-£l TÙodLXÙm.

J⁄ AX-œ-Pu RÙPo-◊- PV Lt-\p NVp-ÿ- \-L-fid-°- P˙V T˚Pl-◊-j RÙœl-

◊-L-∞p Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-V-Yt±u ÿRp-LhPj ˙Rok-˘R-”l◊ SPkß-⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

Aq-Y-X-œ ÿ•kR ©u B£-¨-V-⁄m œZk-˚L-fim ˙Nok-’ AYt-±p £\k-R-Yt˚\j

˙Rok˘R-”dL ˙Yi”m. œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\p TXu, Y[of-£, £k-ßd-L-‹m T˚Pl◊

ß\‡-Pu ˘NVp-T-P-‹m ˘Tt\ ß\u ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ ˘Y∞l-T-”j-’m NÙu-fl-L˚[ Cq-

YÙ-fl Li” -©-•d-L-XÙ-Up-X-YÙ? B£-¨-V-ü Ußl-¿h-•u A•l-T-˚P-´p Af-NÙu-fl-

L˚[d œZk-˚R-L-∞u ©uÚh-Pj-ßt-LÙLl Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. œZk-˚R-Ÿ-˚PV

ÿu-≤-˚X-´p C˚R ˘Nn-Y-’ œZk-˚R-ú ˙Uu-˚Ud-œ ER-‹-Up-X-YÙ? Aj-’-Pu

©uÚh-Pm A∞jR SÙ˚[-Ÿm Aßp œ±l-©P ˙Yi-”m.

Cq-YÙ-fl Rok- R-”j-R-Yt˚\l T˚Pl-◊-j RÙœl-©p (Port Polio) Eh-T-”j-RXÙm.

Ut-\-Yt˚\d œZk-˚R-Ls ≈h-•t-œd ˘LÙi-” ˘Np-Xh-”m. CkRf ˘NVp-ÿ˚\

Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX-°-¤m S˚P˘T-flm˙TÙ’ T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊ Gq-YÙ-±⁄dœm Gu-fl

£k-ßj-’l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

5. T˚Pl◊-j ˘RÙœl-◊-Ls (Port Polio) ÍXm °˚PjR Ußl-¿h-” ÆY-We-L˚[f

—⁄d-L-UÙL ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-Pu L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn-Y-’ Gl-T-•?

œZk-˚R-ú T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-©t-LÙLj ˙Rok-˘R-”j-R-Yt˚\l ˘Tt-˙\Ùo TÙol-T-

Rt-œ YÙnl-T-∞dL ˙Yi-”m. ©uÚh-Pj-ßu A•l-T-˚P-´p Ts-∞-´-¤m ≈h-•-¤m

˘NnV ˙Yi-•-V-˚Yl Tt±j æo-UÙ-≤dL ˙Yi-”m. œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\p Y[of-£,

˙Uu˚U CYt˚\l ˘Tt-˙\Ù-ü LY-]j-ßt-œd ˘LÙi-” YW ˙Yi-•-V-’ ™L ÿd-°-V-

UÙ-œm. Y˚[-Vu £We-L˚W Ts-∞-´p ˘NnR˚Rl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

Jq- YÙ-⁄ T⁄Y Cfl-ß- -¤m, Jq- YÙ-⁄ AX-°-≠-⁄k-’m Rok- R-”j-R-Yt±u

ÍXm, Ak-RkRl TÙPj-ßp LPk-’ ˘Nu\ Ui-P-Xe-L-∞p C⁄k-’ R˚X-£-\kR Lt-\p

NÙu-fl-L- [d Li-”-©-•d-L-XÙm. Aj-’-Pu œZk- R- u Y[of-£˚V U]-ßt- LÙi”

œZk-˚Rd-œ ELkR RW®o-Q-Vm A∞d-L-XÙm. Ce-œ B£-¨-V-⁄m œZk-˚R-Ÿm ˙Nok-’

©uÚh-Pj- Rl(feed back) Tß‹˘Nn-Rp

Lt-\p U¤m Um-TP œZk- Rdœ

YØd-LÙh-”-R˙X ©uÚh-Pj-ßu

˙SÙd-Lm. A’- TÙp AYu Tt\

A±-‹-L˚[ EQWf Nn-’ U¤m

˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] Fd-Lm

A∞dL Yi-”m. Aq-YÙ-\Ù- u

C˚Y R˚YlT-”m œZk- R-

Lfidœ Ak-RkR Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-

∞p ©uÚh-Pj˚R Tß‹ Nn-

RÙp TÙ’UÙ-]-’. YÙn- UÙ-Ø-

VÙLl ©uÚh-Pm A∞l-T-’m

CRu A•l-T- P- p-RÙu.

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145

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛ kvIqƒXe ]≤Xn

Ußl-©P Yi-”m. Ck-®- X- p Tt- \Ù- W-Ÿm Eh-T-”j-ß-]Ùp AYo-Ls ÍY⁄dœm

C˚P-´-XÙ] L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\m Y¤l-T-”m.

Ts∞ A[-Æ-XÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\j ßh-Pm

SÙm C’-Y˚W ÆYÙ-ßjR Lt-\p˛Lt-©j-Rp Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-Ls Jq-˘YÙ-⁄

Ts-∞-dœÿ¨V L¶l◊ ÿ˚\-VÙL (Assessment System) UÙ\ Yi-•-Ÿs-[-’. Aß-

≠-⁄k-’ CVp-TÙ-L˙Y E⁄-YÙLd ·•V ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls Ts-∞-´u Bi”j ßh-Pj-ß-

¤m, Ts∞ SÙh-LÙh-•-´-¤m LhPÙVUÙL CPm˘T\ ˙Yi-”m. Cq-YÙ-fl RVÙWÙ-L

˙Yi-•V Tp-˙Y-fl ßh-Pe-L-fim ˘NVp-L-fim Ts∞ A[-Æ-XÙ] Tp-˙Y-fl A˚Ul-◊-

L-∞u ÿd-°V SÙd-LUÙ-L-‹m NVp-TÙ-PÙ-L-‹m UÙ\- Yi-”m. SRG, MPTA, CPTA,PTA, Ts∞ ˙Um-TÙh-”d œ›, (SSG) ˙TÙu-\-˚Y-L∞u ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ J⁄e-°-

˚Qj-’d œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm Y-[of-£-˚V-Ÿm UÙt-\j-˚R-Ÿm Eflß˘NnV

˙Yi-”m. ARt-˙LtTd L⁄j-’lT¨-UÙt-\j-ßt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊, ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-j ßh-P-

™-P- ˙Yi-”m. CkR ˙SÙd-Lj˚R U]-ßp ˘LÙi-”, Ts∞ A[-Æ-XÙ] Ußl-¿h-”

ÿ˚\-˚Vj ßh-P-™-”m˙TÙ’ SÙm LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-L-fim Aßp SÙm Eflß

˘NnV ˙Yi-•V ·fl-L-fim G˚Y?

1. Uß-l-¿h-” A‘-œ-ÿ˚\ Tt±l ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-Ls ˘R¨k-’˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œm Aßp

Re-L-fi-˚PV Te-L-∞l˚T ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\-˚U˚V A˚P-Y-Rt-œm Ts∞

A[-Æp ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-Ls.

CkR Aj-ß-VÙ-Vj-ßu ˘RÙPd-Lj-ßp ·\l-Th-P-’ ˙TÙu-fl C˚R SÙu-œ

LhPeL-[ÙL S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-´-⁄d-œm.

2. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Lh-Pj-ß-¤m SPdL ˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-L˚[j æo-UÙ-≤jRp ˛ S˚P

- ÿ˚\l-T-”j-’-Rp ˛ Ußl-©-”-Rp.

SRG ·h-Pe-L-∞p S˚P-˘T-flm ßh-P-™-P-≠u A•l-T-˚P-´p Jq-˘YÙ-⁄

Yœl-©-¤m PTA ·h-Pe-Ls.

Cj-R-˚LV ·h-Pe-Ls Y⁄-Pj-ßp SÙu-œ ÿ˚\-VÙ-Y-’ S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi

”m.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ·h-Pj-ß-¤m œZk˚RL-∞u Lt-\p ß\-‡d-LÙ] NÙufl-L-˚[l

TÙod-L-‹m, A˚Y -Tt-±V Æ[d-Le-Ls °˚Pd-L-‹m, œZk˚R-L-fi-˚PV

Lt-\p ˘NVp-L˚[l (SÙ-P-Lm, L˚R/ LÆ˚R YÙ£j-Rp, ˙Tf-—, T˚Pl-◊,

TÙh” ÿR-≠-V-Yt-˚\l) TÙol-T-Rt-LÙ] „Zp-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL‹m ˙Yi-”m.

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146


NÍLÿm, Ts-∞-Ÿm Ju-fl ˙Nok-’ œZk˚RL∞u Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm Y[of-£-˚V-Ÿm

TÙWÙh”m ÆRj-ßp J⁄ Lt-\p ß⁄-Æ-ZÙ-YÙLd ·h-Pe-Ls UÙ\ ˙Yi-”m.

3. œZk˚R-L-∞u Y[of-£˚Vl Tß‹ ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] YØ-Ls, ÿ˚\-Ls, ˙SWm

˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\j æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ AX°¤m Ußl-¿” ˘NnYRt-LÙL, ÿu-]˙W ®f-N-´d-Ll-ThP

Ui-P-Xe-L˚[Ÿm, Yœl◊ ˘T. B. N ßp S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-•-V-’m ˘Y∞-´P

˙Yi-•-V-’-UÙ] ˘NVp-L˚[Ÿm B£-¨-Vo Li-P±k-’ T. Y. œ Æp

˘Y∞lT”jR- ˙Yi-”m.

T⁄Y Ußl-¿h-•p œZk-˚R´u Lt-\p®˚X˚Vl Tt±l ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-Pu LXk-

’-˚W-VÙ-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] YØ-ÿ-˚\-L˚[l Ts-∞-V-[-Æp æo-UÙ-≤d-L-XÙm.

4. œZk˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p NÙufl-L˚[f (Lt-\p ˘NVp-L-fim, T˚Pl-◊-L-fim)

˙NL-¨j-’l Ts∞ A[-Æp ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp, œZk˚R-L-fi-dLÙ] ◊j-R-Le-L-[ÙL

˘Y∞- -”-Rp.

5. œZk˚RL-∞u Lt-\p, ÿu-˙]t-\m, Æ⁄l-Te-Ls, Bo-Ye-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y

œ±j’ SPj-ßV Ußl-¿-”-L-∞u ˙NL-¨l-◊m, NÍ-Lj-’-P-]Ù] L⁄j-’lT¨-UÙt-\-ÿm.

Ts∞ A[-Æ-¤m Tg-NÙ-Vj-’ A[-Æ-¤m Cj-R-˚LV CWi-” L⁄j-R-We-œ

-L-[Ù-Y-’ S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.

B£-¨-Vo-L-∞u T´t-£j ˙R˚Y-Ls CkRd L⁄j-R-We-œ-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ E⁄-YÙL

‹m, ˙NL-¨d-Ll-T-P-‹m ˙Yi-”m.

Ts-∞-V-[-Æ-XÙ] ˘NVp-ßh-Pj-ßu ÿ›-˚U-VÙ] AXNp Cj-’-Pu S˚P

˘T\˙Yi-”m.

Ts-∞-´-‡-˚PV Y[of-£l T¶-Ls Ck-Rd L⁄j-R-We-°u J⁄ Tœ-ß-VÙL

UÙ\˙Yi-”m.

NêLj R¦dûL«u(Social Audit) TÙL-UÙLd LpÆf ˘NVp-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-

Y-Rt-LÙ] J⁄ YÙnl-TÙL C’ UÙ\˙Yi-”m.

6. ˘RÙPof-£-VÙL Y[ok-’ YWd-·-•V Ko BY-QUÙLl TÙP HtTÙh˚P UÙt-fl-

Y-Rt-LÙ] ˘NVp-Ls:

œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p Ut-flm Ußl-¿h-”-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”jßl Tp-˙Y-fl

5

147


A˚Ul-◊-L-∞-≠⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm ÆY-We-L˚[f ˙NL-¨j-’l TÙPj-ßh-Pm ˛

Lt\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˛ Ußl-¿-h” A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-Ls ˛ TÙPl-◊j-R-Le-Ls ˛ Lt-

\p L⁄-Æ-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-V-‹m, ˙R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-\e-

L˚[d ˘LÙi-” YW-‹m TVuT”jR ˙Yi-”m.

Ts∞ ˛ Tg-NÙ-Vj-’ ˛ UÙYhP A[-Æp SPj-Rd-·-•V ˙Ut-œ-±l-©hP L⁄j-

R-We-œ-L˚[ CRt-LÙ] J⁄ YÙnl-TÙL J›e-L-˚UdL ˙Yi-”m.

LpÆ ˛ J⁄ NÍ-Lf ˘NVpTÙPÙL UÙfl-Rp

Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm Ußl-¿h-˚P-Ÿm ˙Uu-˚Ul-T-”j-’m ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙLl

TÙPj-ßh-Pm Xh-£-V-™-”m ÿ˚\-´p Lp-Æ˚V J⁄ NÍLf ˘NVp-TÙ-PÙL UÙt-fl-Y-Rt-

LÙ] SpX YÙnl◊ SUd-œd °˚Pd-°-\-’. SÙm YÙ›m NÍ-Lj˙RÙ” C˚Qk’ A±˚Y

E⁄-YÙd-L‹m, AR˚] ÆUo-N-]d Li-˙QÙh-Pj-’-Pu AX£ BWÙnk-’ ÿ•-‹-L˚[

Ht-fld-˘LÙs[‹m, ÿu-˙]-±f ˘Np-¤m Y[of£f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Efl-ßl-T-”j-’-Y-

Rt-œm Y[ok-’ Y⁄m R˚X-ÿ-˚\-´-]-¨u Lp-Æf NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-Y-Ru YÙ´-

XÙ-L˙Y CV¤m.

ARt-LÙ] ÿVt-£˚V SÙm Yœl-T-˚\-´-≠-⁄k-’ ˘RÙPe-œ-˙YÙm.

149Reference1. Posamentier, S. Alfred. 1996, The Art of Problem Solving-A Resource for Mathematics Teacher,

Corwin press, INC, California.

2. Goleman. Daniel, Emotional Intelligence, Bantam Books, London

3. Koch. Janice, Science Stories - Teachers and Children as Science Learners, Houghton Mifflin Company,Boston.

4. The role of Teachers in the assessment of learning. www. assessment_reform_group.org.

5. Black, P. & Wiliam, D. 1998. Inside the Black Box: Raising standards through classroom assessment,King’s College, London

6. Black, P. & William, D. 1999. Assessment for Learning: Beyond the Black Box, Assessment ReformGroup, University of Cambridge, School of Education

7. Bresciani, Marilee J. What Exactly is Assessment? What is your role in [email protected]. North Carolina State University.

8. Coombe, Christine and Christine Canning. 2002. Using Self – Assessment in the classroom: Rationaleand Suggested Techniques. Article, Karen’s Linguistic Issues. UAE. Higher Colleges of Technology.

9. Earl, Lorna M. Class room Assessment for Deep Understanding: Shifting from Assessment ofLearning to Assessment for Learning and Assessment as Learning. Excerpted from Earl, L. 2003.Assessment as learning. Using Classroom Assessment to Maximize student Learning. Thousand Oaks:Corwin Press.

10. Harlen, Wynne. 2007. Assessment of Learning. London. SAGE Publications.

11. NCERT. 2008. Source Book on Assessment for classes I – V. Language – English, New Delhi.

12. RampalAnita. Assessment of Children’s Learning. Concept note.

13. Sibia, Anjun.2002. Valuing Teacher Questioning. New Delhi. NCERT.

14. National Curriculum Frame Work - 2005, NCERT, New Delhi

15. Kerala Curriculum Frame Work - Kerala - 2007, SCERT, Kerala

16. Tetsuko Kurayonagi, Tottochan

d -d≥kv

150

Members

1. Sri. Babu. C, Principal, DIET, Ernakulam.

2. Dr. K. J. James, Senior Leturer, DIET, Ernakulam.

3. Smt. Jayashree Klakkurnath, Teacher, GLPS, Makayil, Ernakulam.

4. Smt. E. K. Nisha, Leturer, DIET, Ernakulam.

5. Smt. C. Krishna priya, Teacher, Ponthayil, LPS, Marampally.

6. Smt. Simi Clylus, Teacher, GLPS, Padiyavattam.

7. Smt. K. S. Sreelatha, Teacher, GLPS, Valyanchirankara.

8. Sri. A.L. Mohanan, Teacher, GLPS, Kurukunnapuram.

9. Sri. R. Harikrishnan, Teacher, BJBS, Kalady.

10. Sri. K.K. Mohammed Bhaseer, Leturer, DIET, Ernakulam.

11. Dr. P. Satha Nesan, Asst. Professor(Ret.), SCERT.

12. Sri. Kalatharan.T. B, Programme Officer, SSA, Kerala.

13. Sri. S. Rajesh, Teacher, SSA, Pathanamthita.

14. Sri. Siju Raj, Teacher, SSA, Pathanamthita.

15. sri. G. Stalin, Leturer, (Ret.), DIET, Thiruvalla.

Tamil Version

Members

1. Durai Raj, GUPS, Pambanar, Idukki

2. Jayakumar. T.K, Govt. Tamil VHSS & TTI, Chalai, Thiruvanathapuram3. Manivannan. C, Sanskrit HSLPS Fort, Thiruvananthapuram4. Dr. Nainar. M, (Rtd) University College, Thiruvananthapuram5. Raj. S.T, GUPS, Vandiperiyar, Idukki6. Robert Xavier. M, HM, ALPS,Attempatty, Palakkad

evaluation source book for teachers standard i & ii...

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