“Every Time France Sneezes, Europe Catches A Cold.”

A Revolutionary poster with the motto of the French Revolution: Unity, Indivisibility of the French Republic, Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood – or deathSource, click here.

The Ancien Regime The First Estate – The Clergy

Why are they the first estate? What jobs or services do they provide? Where did they get their money from?

The Second estate – Nobility owned 25%-30% of the land Where did they get their power from? They owned the land, but had little

monetary income Nobles hated absolutism and resented

the royal bureaucracy that employed the middle class men in positions once reserved for the aristocracy

 Third Estate – commoners of society and majority of the French Citizens Who made up this estate? Did they pay taxes? If so how much?

The 3 Estateseiu.edu/~cfnek/syllabi/2560.htmes

1. Unfair Class & Tax System (Last slide)

2. Economic TroublesWhat were the economic

causes to the French Revolution? Deficit Spending: Wars: How to solve?

A Poor Harvest Why a famine? Effects?

Louis XVI of France - portrait by A.F. Callet (1741-1823) www.wikipedia.org

Failure of reformWho is Jacques Necker and

what did he suggest to Louis XVI?

Why was he dismissed? Pressure for reform mounted

Wealthy and powerful classes demanded the king call the Estates General

Had not been summoned for 175 years

Why is the monarch hesitant?What did the Nobles hope

would happen?

3.The Enlightenment Paris was home to this philosophical

movement rooted in the questioning of the status quo

How did the Enlightenment cause the revolution?

4.The example of the American Revolution How did the American Revolution cause the French

Revolution?

John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphiawww.wikipedia.org

Louis XVI Calls the Estates General in 1789 Why?

Louis had each estate prepare cahiers or notebooks containing their grievances Many called for reforms

The meeting of the Estates General, 5 May 1789www.wikipedia.org

Delegates to the Estates General from the Third Estate Why?

From the beginning the Estates General deadlocked over voting How?

National Assembly Called members from other estates to join and help write a

constitution Famous Tennis Court Oath: The group wouldn’t disband

before drawing up a constitution

Sketch by Jacques-Louis David of the Tennis Court Oathwww.wikipedia.org

July 14 1789 Why was the Bastille stormed? Significance?

The Storming of the Bastille,Jean-Pierre Houël (1735-1813)www.wikipedia.org

Section 2: Creating a New France Revolts in Paris and the Provinces

Why are we seeing revolts? The Great Fear

What caused it? Famine + Fear = Crazy Peasants

peasants go crazy over the nobles who were trying to reimpose medieval dues

Attacked homes of nobles Burned old manor records

Paris in Arms Revolutionary Center Factions (small groups) competed for power Marquis de Lafayette

Headed National Guard – middle class militia formed in response to the royal troops in Paris

Radical Paris Commune Replaced the royalists government of the city Could mobilize whole neighborhoods for protests or violent

Actions to further the Revolution

August 4th Vote – What did it establish?

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen What did it say?

Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen Written by Olympe de

Gouges, a playwright National Assembly ignored

her demands Louis XIV refused to accept

decrees on the abolition of feudalism and declaration of rights Why? Representation of the Declaration of the Rights of

Man and of the Citizen in 1789www.wikipedia.org

Why did the women march to Versailles? Women wouldn’t leave unless king came with

them back to Paris Royal family moved into Tuileries Palace and

placed under virtual house arrest for 3 years

This picture shows the women's march on Versailles 1789 www.wikipedia.org

1790 – Civil Constitution of the ClergyWhat did it say?

Constitution of 1791What government was

created with this document?

Legislative assembly established to make laws and collect taxes, and decide issues of war

Louis XVI’s failed flight Marie Antoinette, Louis and their son try to escape in disguise, but they

were discovered and they were brought back to Paris Reaction outside France

How did other Monarchs react to the French Revolution? Émigrés – nobles, clergy and others fleeing revolutionary France Some who supported the American Revolution put down the French

Revolution – why do you think? Threat from Abroad

October 1791 – Declaration of Pilnitz – Prussia and Austria threatened to intervene to save the monarchy

Revolutionaries took threat seriously and prepared for war  Eager to spread the revolution and destroy tyranny abroad, the

Legislative assembly declared war first on Austria, then on Prussia Britain and other states

The return of the royal family to Paris on 25 June 1791, colored copperplate after a drawing of Jean-Louis Prieurwww.wikipedia.org

Section 3: Radical Days Radical Groups Gain

Popularity in the Legislative Assembly

Sans-culottes: Jacobins

Radicals took control of the assembly What new government was

created? What did they want?

1792 – abolish the monarchy and declare France a republicDrew up new French

constitution Typical Sans-CulottesLouis-Léopold Boilly www.wikipedia.org

Outbreaks of Violence What were the September Massacres?

Death of a king and Queen Why and how did they die?

National Convention pursued a policy of de-Christianization Notre Dame turned into the Temple of Reason Non religious calendar with 1793 as Year I of the new

era of freedom Why do you think the Convention did this?

Execution of Louis XVI in what is now the Place de la Concorde, facing the empty pedestal where the statue of his grandfather, Louis XV, had stood. www.wikipedia.org

Committee of Public Safety – to deal with the threats of France; 12 member committee Purpose? Goal?

Maximilien Robespierre – Jacobin Ideology? Connection to Rousseau?

Reign of Terror – 1793-1794 Dictatorship 1793-1794 the Committee took control of

France to save the country from the rest of Europe – universal mobilization of the nation

40,000 people died – ermines of the republic even if no proof existed

Guillotine 15% guillotines were of mistaken identify or

falsely accused Within a year the Reign of terror turned on

its own people Convention turned on the committee of

Public Safety

1791 – French colony Saint Domingue (Haiti) revolted Toussaint L’Ouverture – son of

African slaves led the revolt of over 100,000 men

Later Napoleon captured Toussaint and he died in French prison

January 1804 western Hispaniola became first independent nation of Latin America

1793 France went to war with Britain, Netherlands, Spain and Prussia

Toussaint Louverture. From a group of engravings done in post-Revolutionary France. (1802) www.wikipedia.org

Thermodorian Reaction – What is it?Robespierre guillotined on July 28, 1794What happened during this reaction?

New Constitution (1795) which created the Directory

The Directory (1795 – 1799)What was it?What problems did it have?Foreign concerns:Enemies

Right – royalists wanted to restored monarchy Left – radicals wanted power

Political coup e’tat By Whom?

Execution of M. Robespierre www.wikipedia.org

Early Military CareerWhat was his reputation?

Napoleon’s Coup de e’tat Helped overthrow the directory and set-up

three man board “the consulate” Napoleon took title first consul

1802 – named himself consul for life 1804 – had enough power to name himself emperor

Napoléon Bonaparte in the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (detail of an oleo by François Bouchot) www.wikipedia.org

Domestic Policies Held plebiscites – purpose?Establishing peace with

Catholic Church Concordat of 1801 - What did

it do?Codification of LawsCentralized administrative

machineNapoleon preserved and

destroyed aspects of the revolution Liberty had been replaced by

despotism The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries, by Jacques-Louis David, 1812www.wikipedia.org

Napoleonic CodeEquality of all citizens before the lawReligious tolerationAdvancement based on merit – what group

wanted this most of all?  Economic Reforms

What did Napoleon reform? Social Reforms

Public Schools: Encouraged émigrés to return provided

they took an oath of loyalty Land Reform: Women:

The Grand Empire Strongest power in Europe Claimed or defeated most of

Europe Forceful diplomacy Would take kings and queens

of European countries off their thrones and replace them with family and friends

1805-1807: Napoleon’s Grand Army defeated Austrian, Prussian, Russian Armies

1807-1812: Napoleon Master of European Empire

Spread of French Revolution principles to conquered territories that will be an important factor in the development of liberalism in these countries.

Napoleon's Empire at its greatest extent.

Dark Blue-French EmpireMedium Blue-Conquered "Rebellious" StatesLight Blue-Allied States

www.wikipedia.org Posted by user Kieran4

Napoleon wanted to take over Great Britain – issue to overcome?

1805 Napoleon prepared to invade BritainNapoleon defeated at Battle of Trafalgar

off the southwest of Spain Napoleon Tries to Weaken Britain

Through Economic Warfare: the Continental SystemExplain how the system worked?Why does it fail?

Still France was at an age Napoleon

While nationalism pushed French armies to success it also worked against them.

Many Europeans even though they liked the ideas of revolution saw Napoleons armies as oppressors

Resented Napoleons effort to impose French Culture All over Europe Nationalism unleashed revolts against

France especially in Spain Napoleon’s brother, Joseph was made king of Spain in

1808 Why did the Spanish revolt against Joseph? Were they successful? Who helped them? Why?

The Third of May 1808, Francisco Goya www.wikipedia.org

Why did Napoleon Invade Russia? How did the Russians choose to deal

with Napoleon? Was it successful? Only 100,000 survived many died and

others deserted – What defeated the Grand Army?

Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, painted by Adolph Northen in the 19th centurywww.wikipedia.com

Russia allies with Austria and Prussia against a weakened France

1813 they defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Nations at Leipzig

1814 European troops approach France and Napoleon abdicates

Napoleon is exiled to Elba in the Mediterranean Louis XVIII, brother of the late king is restored to the

French throne

Napoleon and Poniatowski at Leipzig, painted by Suchodolski 1797–1875www.wikipedia.org

What were the problems with Louis XVIII?

How does Napoleon come back? March 1815 Napoleon marches into Paris Napoleon will attempt to rebuild his empire Lasts 100 days

Battle of Waterloo June 18th, 1815 French Army met English and

Prussian forces Duke of Wellington and General Blucher met at

Belgian town of Waterloo Battle crushed the French Army Again Napoleon exiled this time to St. Helena

where he would eventually die in 1821 What is his legacy?

Battle of Waterloo, painted by William Sadler (1782–1839)www.wikipedia.org

Called by Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria to restore the “Status Quo” in Europe

Representatives: They had to try to restore the balance of power

How did they do that? Other Decisions

Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain create the Quadruple alliance Pledged to act together to maintain balance of power to

suppress revolutionary uprisings German confederation created (39 states) with Austria as its

official head. Switzerland becomes independent Nationalism increases throughout Europe

– WHY????

The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, (1819). www.wikipedia.org

Bourgeoisie grow in influence Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Latin American Wars of Independence Congress of Vienna & the Concert of

Europe Spread of Modern European Nationalism Spread of Revolutionary & Enlightenment

Ideas

What do you think we are going to see next?