Everyday ScienceScientific Method Car Repair

Observation Engine won’t turn over.

Hypothesis (prediction) Predict battery is dead.

Test Replace battery.

Observe result Engine now turns over.

Revise hypothesis? Not needed.

New test? Not needed.

Scientific Theory Cars won’t work without a fully charged battery.

Parts of Experimental Design

• Independent variable– experimenter changes (“I” change)

• Dependent Variable– is measured or observed– changes due to the independent variable

#3

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

X - Axis

Y - Axis

Compound Light Microscope

• Specimen must be thin for light to pass through the object

• Magnification is how much the image is enlarged

• Resolution is the amount of detail (clarity)

#5

#6

• Graduated Cylinder

#7

BASE

# 8 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS• Four Classes:

– Carbohydrates – monosaccharide – CHO 1-2-1

– Lipids – Glycerol & Fatty acid – Proteins – Amino Acids – Nucleic Acids – Nucleotide

# 9

• Homeostasis means “same state” and it is the process of keeping the internal body environment in a normal state.

#10Think: Hippos!

#11 continued

#12. Cellular Respiration Equation =

6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Look familiar?

What was the equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

light

What do we make that plants need, and what do plants make that we need?

Glucose

Glucose

#13

• Cell Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer

#14ENERGY

ATP

#15

Hooke’s Cork Cells

If it helps you remember!CELL WALLS

#16/17Virus

Cell

- Cannot reproduce on their own-needs host cell

- Not considered alive

- Simple (Lack Organelles)

-DNA and Protein coat

-Complex (Organelles)

- Can replicate on own

-Basic unit of living things

#18

Same Differences

•Nucleus

•Membrane Bound Organelles

#19 Prokaryotes (bacteria)

• Pro (before) Karyon (kernel)• No nuclear membrane• Lack membrane bound organelles but have ribosomes• Simple and often small

#19 Eukaryotes

• Eu (true) Karyon (kernel)• Membrane bound

organelles• More complex and often

bigger• Membrane bound

nucleus• Plants and animals

More Mitochondria= need more energy?

It supplies YOU withIt supplies YOU with ENERGY!ENERGY!Your muscles need a lot of ATP which is produced by the Mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)

Big Muscles = Many Mitochondria

#20

#21

• Ribosome = Protein Production

• Proteins = receptors

#22

• Marker Proteins identify cell to other cells

• Channel Proteins move molecules in and out

• Receptor Proteins are binding points for other molecules

#23

• Carbohydrates are receptors on cell membrane

#24MITOSIS

MEIOSIS

•PMAT (1 Division)

•Somatic Cells (body)

•Result = 2 Daughter Cells (same)

• 2 Divisions

•Gametes (sperm/egg sex cells

•Result = 4 daughter cell

•Half Chromosomes Number

#25/26

• Somatic = body cells

• 10x = 10x

• Body cell and sex cells

• 14 x = 7x ( half due to meiosis)

#27

#28 DNA- Chain of Nucleotide• Nucleotides consists

of:– A Phosphate Group– A Sugar– A Nitrogenous Base

– DNA is a double helix

#29 Nitrogen Bases#29 Nitrogen Bases

• AdenineAdenine must pair with ThymineThymine

• GuanineGuanine must pair with CytosineCytosine• Responsible for the genetic codeResponsible for the genetic code

G CT A

Two Types of Nucleic Acids(in case you forgot)

DNA RNA

Double stranded Single stranded

Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar

Thymine Uracil

Rosalind Franklin

#30 A picture is worth a thousand nucleotides

Rosiland Franklin took the first ‘picture’ of DNA using complex X-Ray Crystallography

Her X-ray was instrumental to

figuring out the structure of DNA

#31 TranslationmRNA Protein

1. Codons found on mRNA

2. Anticodons found on tRNA

RIBOSOME

mRNA

#32

• DNA: TAC AAG CCG GGC AAA TTT CAG ATC

• RNA:

• NO “T” IN RNA….ONLY “U”

RE: CUT at specific sequences#33

• Recombinant DNA: DNA that has genes from two different organisms

#33

Human Genome Project • Completed in 2003, the Human Genome Project

(HGP) was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.

• Goal – identified all the approximately 25,000-30,000 genes

in human DNA– Basically they mapped the human genome (all of our

genes

#34

#35Heterozygous

(different)

Homozygous

(same)

#36

Heterozygous

Heterozygous

#37 Darwin Theory of Evolution

• 1. Natural Selection– Survival of the fittest

• 2. Descent with Modification

#38

• Evidence Populations evolve:– Fossil Record– Homologous structures– Embryo similarities– DNA evidence– Geographic distribution

#39

• Homologous:

• Vestigial:

#40• Fossil dating: how old is a fossil

• Absolute Dating: “Isotopes”

• Relative Dating: “Layers in rock”

#41 Biotic vs Abiotic

Biotic Abiotic

#42

Heterotroph

Autotrophuse the energy in sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into Glucose

consumer because they consume other organisms in order to live

#43 Miller Urey Experiment

• Recreation of Early life on Planet Earth

#44

#45 Food Chain levels

#46 Symbiotic Relationships

• 1. Mutualism: (+,+)

• 2. Commensalism: (+,0)

• 3. Parasitism: (+/-)

#47 Human Growth

• Exponential Growth “J Curve”