evidence of evolution fossils vestigial structures embryonic development dna sequences
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Evidence of Evolution
• Fossils• Vestigial Structures• Embryonic Development• DNA sequences
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Fossils • Preserved remains or imprint of ancient organisms
• Form mostly when sand/silt settle from water over dead organism sedimentary rock
• Fossil record is incomplete:– Most living things leave no trace;– Fossils vulnerable to weather &
erosion;– Soft parts do not fossilize well.
• Provide much of what we know about life’s history.
• Fossils are dated by a chemical method called radioisotope dating.
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Fossil Formation
We can only date igneous rock using radioactive isotopes;Sedimentary rock is dated using layers of igneous rock above and
below it.
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Radioactive Isotopes Are Used to Date Fossils / Geological Layers of the Earth
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Geology - Law of Superposition(add to notes)
Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top (provided that there is no overturning).
Newest layer
Oldest layer
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Plate Tectonics
affects biogeography (how species
are distributed in geographical
areas)
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What drives plate tectonics?
Analogy: hard-boiled egg
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Fossil Record & Human Evolution
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“Lucy” (Australopithecus afarensis ) -- discovered 1974, Ethiopia; ~3.4 m.y.a.; 40% complete
Hip structure shows bipedal upright walk, brain capacity comparable to that of ape
Lucy replica Reconstruction
Some fossils are famous!
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An artist’s interpretation shows how a 4.4-million-year-old female Ardipithecus
may have looked
“Ardi” (Ardipithecus ramidus ) ~4.4 m.y.a. – Eastern Africa – fossils found 1990’s - 2004
Evolved a few million years after humanity’s evolutionary family diverged from a lineage that led to chimpanzees, but it is not clear exactly how this species is related to other early hominids.
Fossils of this ancient hominid display a mixture of traits suitable for two-legged walking and tree climbing
Some fossils are famous!
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“Living Fossils”
Species that are relatively unchanged from their distant ancestors:
Coelacantha living fossil fish
Horseshoe craba living fossil
arthropod
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Embryonic Development
Ex:
Vertebrate embryos share a tail and gill slits at early stages of development, revealing the presence of genes that are no longer expressed in the adult.
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Human Embryonic Development
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Vestigial StructuresInherited, No Longer Functional
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Atavistic Traits are thought to be caused by the expression of genes that had been silenced during evolution.
(Atavus = grandfather/ancestor expression of an ancestral trait)
X-ray image of an atavistic tail found in a
six-year old girl(from Palomar.edu)
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Homologous StructuresSimilar Structure from Common Ancestry
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Lizard Human Cow Bird Bat Whale
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Analogous StructuresSimilar Function, NOT Common Ancestry