evidenced based approach to acl injuries
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Evidenced Based Approach to ACL Injuries. Balmain Sports Medicine November 2011. Who am I?. References to Read. Handout. Epidemiology. Females have a 2-6x higher incidence ACL rupture compared to males in the same sport Overall Incidence over 4 year period Females 3.8% Males 3.5% - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Evidenced Based Approach to ACL Injuries
Balmain Sports Medicine
November 2011
Who am I?
References to Read
• Handout
Epidemiology
• Females have a 2-6x higher incidence ACL rupture compared to males in the same sport
• Overall – Incidence over 4 year period– Females 3.8%– Males 3.5%
– 67% men and 90% women rupture without contact
Prevention
• Neuromuscular Interventions
– Hewett TE Am J Sports Med 2006– Gilchrist Am J Sports Med 2008
Pathophysiology
• Isolated ACL in less than 10%
• Meniscal injury in 60-75%
• Bone Bruise on MRI in 80%
• Collateral injury 5-24%
• Articular cartilage damage 46%
Diagnosis
• History
• Examination– Lachman 85% sensitive, 94% specific– Pivot 24% sensitive, 98% Specific
• MRI– Sens 86% specific 95%
Indications Surgery
• Sensation of Instability in normal ADLs
• Resume sports with cutting and pivoting
• Particular jobs
Indications for Surgery
• Kanon/Frobell N Eng J Med 2010
• Delayed group– 37% went on to have ACL reconstruction
– 20% chance requiring delayed meniscal surgery
• Previously – at 2 years– Rate meniscal tear non operative 37%– Post Surgery 3%
Graft Choice
• Autograft – Patients own tissue
• Allograft – someone else's tissue
• Synthetic - Artificial
Autograft
• The autograft source has a minimal effect on the outcome of patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
• Bone Healing – BTB 4-6weeks
• Soft Tissue Healing 9-12 weeks
The Quadriceps Tendon: The Forgotten graft?
Systematic Review of Primary ACL Reconstruction utilising
Autograft Quadriceps Tendon Anterior knee pain 10 vs 35%(BTB)
3% failure rate
S Hutchinson, J Mulford
Quads Tendon
• Pros– Strong graft– Good for revision graft – May be useful for double bundle– May have less morbidity then Patella and hamstrings
• Cons– Quads weakness– Anterior knee pain– Not commonly used
Allograft
Allograft significantly lower normal stability rates than autograft
Allograft abnormal stability rate 3 times greater than autograft.The graft failure rate was 4.7 +/- 0.5 per 100 for autograft reconstructions 8.2 +/- 2.1 per 100 allograft reconstructions
Artificial Graft
• Have been used for over 30years
• Avoids the donor site morbidity, quicker recovery, cheat biology.
• Problem has been their durability – they have not matched autograft in this regard.
Media
• Miracle op to melt down surgeons' phones
4 Comparison Papers
• No difference in the 10 outcome measures at final follow up (15 – 49 months).
• LARS patients reached full recovery sooner.
Correspondence Dr Nicolas Duval
• Best results are in early ACL repair augmented by LARS
• Expect 80 to 90% good results at 10 years.
• Chronic ACL tear - 50% failure at 10 years
• Revision ACL surgery - 40% failure at 10 years.
Electron Microscopy
Pittsburgh Group
The future – Scaffolds and Growth Factors with Repair.
• tissue engineering techniques
– Grafts that regenerate a mechanically robust and natural ACL
– cell-specific growth factors that influencing the maturation and healing response of ligament tissue will also be available.
Patient Specific Approach
• Choose graft that matches the patients needs.• Discuss the pros and cons of each graft.
Rehabilitation
• CPM – no substantial advantage
• Weight bearing – standard practice
• Post op bracing – not necessary
• Neuromuscular stimulation – high-intensity early post-op period. Not required to achieve successful outcome.
• Accelerated rehab - minimal evidence for safe return to sport.
Closed vs Open
• Closed chain safe – Concern open chain results in increased laxity
• Open chain excercises from 6 weeks may be safe and improve patient outcome (Mikkelsen)
• Glass – systematic review
LIPUS
Ultimate load
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
26 wks Control 26 wks Ultrasound
N p=0.046
Evidence of Expected Outcome
• Predictors of poorer outcome
– Smoker– female– higher body mass index– older age.
Complications Reconstruction
• Graft Failure – 3.6%
• Infection 1%
• Additional Arthroscopic Surgery – 15%
• DVT – low• Nerve injury low
Risk Arthritis
• Oiestad -Systematic Review
• Isolated injury – prevalence 0-13% at 10 years
• ACL + Meniscus – 21-48% at 10 years
Expected Outcome
• ROM normal• Laxity 1-2 mm• Isokinetic strength Av > 90%• Marx Activity reduced by 4• IKDC Score < 40% normal• Contralateral ACL tear3%• Graft Failure 3%
Thankyou