University of Massachusetts Amherst

From the SelectedWorks of Angelika Kratzer

May 5, 2016

Evidential Moods in Attitude and Speech Reports(Slides).Angelika Kratzer

Available at: https://works.bepress.com/angelika_kratzer/10/

Eviden(alMoodsinA/tude&

SpeechReports

AngelikaKratzer,UMassUConnColloquiumSeptember9,2016

Towardsacombinatorics

•  Whatarethebuildingblocksforconstruc(nga/tudeandspeechreports?

•  Wanted:acombinatoricsofbuildingblocksthatpredictsthetypologyofpossiblea/tudeandspeechreportsinnaturallanguages.

3

Thetextbookanalysis

RalphbelievesthatOrtcuSisaspy.•  Verbslikebelieveselectproposi(onalargumentsaspartoftheirmeaning.

•  Proposi(onalargumentsareprovidedbyCPs. 4

Thetextbookanalysis

[[believe]]=λpλxλw∀w’(Doxx(w,w’)→p(w’))•  A/tudeverbsandverbsofspeechareaspeciesofmodaloperators.

5

What’sahead

6

Thetextbookanalysis

Overlookedconstruc(onpieces

Moods,modals,andeviden(alsinthele_peripheryoftheembeddedclause.

7

Theplan

•  Someproblemsforthetextbookanalysis.•  That-clausesasnominalmodifiers.•  That-clausesasverbalmodifiers.•  TheGermanreporta(vesubjunc(veasaprobeintothesyntax&seman(csofsenten(alcomplementa(on.

8

TroubleFortheTextbooks

Theac(onisintheembeddedclause

9

Forcingspeechreportinterpreta(ons

•  Thepresenceofathat-clausecanforceaspeechreportinterpreta(onwithunerga(veverbs.

•  Itmustbepossibleforthat-clausestocontainasourceforspeechinterpreta(ons.

10

Speechreport

Ralphtobte,dassmanihnnicht Ralphragedthattheyhimnot

informierthabe.informedhave.SUBJ.

Ralphragedthattheyhadn’tinformedhim.

11

Speechreport

Ralphseufzte,dasserbetrogenworden Ralphsighedthathebetrayedbeen

sei.was.SUBJ.

‘Ralphsighedthathehadbeenbetrayed.’

12

Verbsofmannerofspeaking

•  Babble,bark,bawl,bellow,bleat,boom,bray,burble,cackle,call,carol,chant,chaSer,chirp,cluck,coo,croak,croon,crow,cry,drawl,drone,gabble,gibber,groan,growl,grumble,grunt,hiss,holler,howl…

•  CompletelistinLevin1993.

13

Nominalmodifiers

•  That-clausescanappearwithnounswheretheydon’tfillargumentposi(ons.

•  Theidea,themyth,thestorythatOrtcuSisaspybafflesme.

•  Stowell1981,Grimshaw1990,Moulton2009.

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Needed

Ananalysisofthat-clausesthatallowsthem•  tobeverbalmodifiers&containthesourceforspeechreports.

•  tobenominalmodifiers&containthesourceforthemodalseman(csoftheconstruc(on.

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Harmonicembeddedmodals

Thetextbookanalysisdoesnotpredictthetwoavailablereadingswithharmonicembeddedmodals.

16

Harmonicdeon(cmodals

He{mo(oned,proposed,insisted,suggested,recommended,advised,demanded,pe((oned,urged,begged,requested,required,wanted,pleaded}thatweshouldsetupanemergencyfund.

17

Harmonicreporta(vemodal

DieLegendesagt,dassereinSpion Thelegendsaysthatheaspygewesenseinsoll.beenbesaidis.‘Thelegendsaysthathewasaspyaccordingtohearsay.’ 18

Harmonicreporta(vemodal

OrtcuSsagt,erwill OrtcuSsayserreporta(vemodalimKinogewesensein.in+thecinemabeenbe.‘OrtcuSsaysthathewasatthemoviesaccordingtowhathehimselfreports.’ 19

BuildingA/tudeandSpeechReports

That-clausesasnominalmodifiers

20

Nextstep

Takethenominalmodifica(onconfigura(onofthat-clausesasastar(ngpointandseehowfarittakesus.

21

Alwaysnominalmodifiers?

“…whatwethinkofassenten(alcomplements(orsenten(alsubjectsortopics)arebesttakentoberela(veclausestructures…”•  Kayne2008.

22

Alwaysnominalmodifiers?

“Thoughfurtherstudyisneeded,languagesofferpuzzlingexamplessugges(ngthatcertaininstancesofsenten(alcomplementa(oninvolverela(viza(on.”Aboh2010.

23

Historicaldevelopment

OldHighGermanthazdevelopedfromarela(vepronounintoarela(viza(onpar(cle.

Senten(alcomplementsdevelopedfromrela(veclausesmodifyingadummynoun.

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Axel-Tober2009,2012

Nounmodifica(on

•  That-clausescandenoteproper(esofthingsthathaveproposi(onalcontent.

•  Moulton2009UMassdisserta(on.Moulton2015.Kratzer2006.

25

Nounmodifica(on

theNP[rumorCP[thatOrtcuSisaspy]CP]NP•  TherumorsuchthatOrtcuSisaspyinallworldscompa(blewithitscontent.

•  Modaliza(oncomesfromthethat-clause.

26

S(llnounmodifica(on

HebelievesNP[thingCP[thatOrtcuSisaspy]CP]NP•  HebelievessomethingsuchthatOrtcuSisaspyinallworldscompa(blewithit.

•  Modaliza(oncomesfromthethat-clause.

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Sourceofmodaliza(on?

Whichelementinthethat-clausehoststhemodalelementthatisresponsibleforthemodalseman(csofa/tudeandspeechreports?

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Suggestedanswer

•  Thehighestlayerofaclausecanhostavarietyofmodalelements:moods,harmonicmodals,eviden(als,covertmodalityininfini(ves…

•  Amoredifferen(atedle_periphery.Rizzi1997;Aboh2004,2006;Saito2010.

29

Syntac(cRegions

30

Davidsonianregion:belowAspect

Le_periphery:

Mood

Schemaforle_peripheralmodality

•  [[Mood]]=λpλx∀w’(w’∈f (x)→p(w’))

31

Freevariablerangingoverdomainprojec(onfunc(ons

Modalanchor

Projec(ngmodaldomains

•  Hacquard2006&later.Kratzer2006.

•  Modaldomainsareprojectedwithfixedrecipesfromthingsandeventuali(esintheworldofevalua(on.

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Content-relateddomainprojec(on

•  TherumorthatOrtcuSisaspy

•  Content(x)=thesetofworldsthatarecompa(blewiththecontentofx.Undefinedifxdoesn’thaveinten(onalcontent.

•  Defeasiblenormalcyassump(ons.

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Factualdomainprojec(on

•  ThefactthataYe(walkedby

•  fact(x)=thesetofworldsthathaveacounterpartofx.

•  Defeasiblenormalcycondi(ons.

34

Composi(on

[[NP[rumorCP[Mood[OrtcuSisaspy]]CP]NP]]=λxλwrumor(x)(w)⊕λx∀w’(w’∈f (x)→spy(OrtcuS)(w’))

35

Composi(on

[[NP[rumorCP[Mood[OrtcuSisaspy]]CP]NP]]=λxλw(rumor(x)(w)&∀w’(w’∈f (x)→spy(OrtcuS)(w’)))

36

Composi(on

[[believeNP[thingCP[Mood[OrtcuSisaspy]]CP]NP]]=λxλsbelieve(x)(s)⊕λxλw(thing(x)(w)&∀w’(w’∈f (x)→spy(OrtcuS)(w’)))

37

Composi(on

[[believeNP[thingCP[Mood[OrtcuSisaspy]]CP]NP]]=λsλw∃x(believe(x)(s)&thing(x)(w)&s≤w&∀w’(w’∈f (x)→spy(OrtcuS)(w’)))•  Restrict(Chung&Ladusaw2001).Thedirectobjectposi(onisrestricted&existen(allyquan(fied.

38

Consequence

•  Thethat-clausepar(cipatesinsatura(ngthedirectargumentposi(onofbelieve.

•  But:thethat-clausedoesnotprovideaproposi(onalargument.

•  That-clausesrelatetothenominalargumentsofa/tudeverbsandverbsofspeech.

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Nominalarguments

•  Believerumors,myths,claims•  Tellmestories,phonenumbers,interes(ngfacts•  Explainfacts•  Saysomethinginteres(ng

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Accomplished

•  Ananalysiswherethat-clausesarenounmodifiers.✓

•  Ananalysisthatlocatesthemodalseman(csofa/tudeascrip(onsinthecomplementclauseandthusaccountsforharmonicembeddedmodals.✓

41

S(lltodo

•  Ananalysisthatexplainshowthat-clausesallbythemselvescancreatespeechreports.

42

ForcingSpeechReportInterpreta(ons

That-clausesasverbalmodifiers

43

Embedded[say]

Proposal:Thele_peripheryofaclausecancontaina[say]headaboveMood.

44

Syntac(cRegions

45

Davidsonianregion:belowAspect

Le_periphery:

Mood

[say]

Buildingaspeechreport

RalphsighedthatOrtcuSwasaspy.[Ralphsighed[CP[say][MoodPthatOrtcuSwas…]]]•  [[[say]]]=λxλesay(x)(e)[[sigh]]=λesigh(e)

•  λxλe(say(x)(e)&sigh(e))

46

Buildingaspeechreport

[Ralphsighed[CP[say][MoodPthatOrtcuSwas…]]]λeλw∃x(say(x)(e)&sigh(e)&e≤w&thing(x)(w)&∀w’(w’∈Content(x)→spy(OrtcuS)(w’)))

47

Coercion

•  [say]coercesverbsintoverbsofspeaking.

•  Wepredictvariabilityinacceptability.

•  Forexample,thereisvaria(onamongHebrewspeakersastowhethertheycanhavethat-clauseswithmannerofspeechverbsatall..

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Indo-Aryanfinalcomplemen(zers

Allderivedfrom‘say’ Bayer1999

Bengali bole

Oriya boli

Assamese buli

Marathi mhanun

Dakkhini-Hindi bolke

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InterimSummary

Twotypesofthat-clauses

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Nominalmodifiers

Asnominalmodifiers(thatis,without[say])that-clauses•  Relatetothedirectobjectposi(onsoftheembeddingverb.

•  arepredictedtobehavelikeDP-directobjectsofthoseverbs.

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Verbalmodifiers

Asverbalmodifiers(thatis,with[say])that-clauses•  donotrelatetoanargumentposi(onoftheembeddingverb.

•  arepredictedtobehavelikeadjuncts.•  alwayscreatespeechreportsinlanguageslikeGermanorEnglish.

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Plan

IwillbeusingtheGermanreporta(vesubjunc(veasalensfortes(ngthepredic(onsoftheproposedanalysisofthat-clauses.

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Appe(zer

Thepuzzleofthetalkingcat

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Acathasabelief(1) DieKatzedachte,esseieineMaus Thecatthoughtitbe.KONJ1amouse

imLoch. in.thehole. Thecatthoughttherewasamouseinthe hole.

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Thecatistalking

(2)# DieKatzedachte,esseieineMaus Thecatthoughtitbe.KONJ1amouse

imLoch,dienochamLebensei. in.theholethats(llalivebe.KONJ1

Thecatthoughttherewasamouseintheholethatwass(llalive(shesaid).

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Thecatistalking

(3)# DieKatzemiaute. Thecatmeowed.

EsseieineMausimLoch. Itbe.KONJ1amousein.thehole.

Therewasamouseinthehole(she said).

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Nospeechimplied

(4) Ralphträumte,erhabeeinenSpion Ralphdreamedhehave.KONJ1aspy

getroffen. met. Ralphdreamedthathehadmetaspy.

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Ralphistalking

(5) Ralphträumte,erhabeeinenSpion Ralphdreamedhehave.KONJ1aspy

getroffen,derOrtcuSgeglichen metwhoOrtcuSresembled

habe. have.KONJ1

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Predic(on

Ouranalysispredictsthatanon-speechinterpreta(onfortheGermanreporta(vesubjunc(ve(Konjunk(vI)shouldonlybeavailablewhenthethat-clausesaturatesthedirectobjectposi(onoftheembeddingverb.

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Konjunk(vI

Makingspeechreports

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Reporta(vemoodsinGerman

•  (Mostly)inthewriSenlanguage:realizedasKonjunk(vI.

•  RealizedasKonjunk(vIIorindica(veinmoreinformalregisters.

•  Notdiscussedtoday:DistancingeffectwithKonjunk(vI;sequenceofmood.

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Therightgeneraliza(on?

Thereporta(vesubjunc(veclause“is(inthesamesentenceorintheprecedingcontext)theobjectofaverbofsaying(claiming,asking,commanding),oritisunderstoodasifitwere.”•  Fabricius-Hansen&Sæbø(2004),228.

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Mainclause

Shecalledmefirstthinginthemorning.(1) SieseiinColumbus. Shebe.KONJ1inColumbus. ‘ShewasinColumbus,shesaid.’

•  (1)presupposesaspeechevent.Itdescribesthecontentofwhatwassaid.

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Speechimplied

(4) Erwarverzweifelt.Morgensei Hewasdesperate.Tomorrowbe.KONJ1

seineGerichtsverhandlungund histrial and

erhaSenochkeinenAnwalt. hehad.PAST.INDs(llnolawyer.

65

Reasons

(7) Erwurdeverha_et,weiler Hewasarrestedbecausehe

gelachthabe. laughedhave.KONJ1

Hewasarrestedbecauseheallegedly laughed.

66

Rela(veclauses

(9) EsgibteinenArztinLondon, ItisadoctorinLondon

derausWalessei. whofromWalesbe.KONJ1

‘ThereisadoctorinLondonwhoissaidtobefromWales.’

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Aspeechreport

(11) Ralphtobte,dassmanihnnicht Ralphragedthattheyhimnot

informierthabe. informedhave.SUBJ.

‘Ralphragedthattheyhadn’tinformed

him.’

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Seman(cs

Lexicallydeterminedcontent-relateddomainprojec(on

69

Proposal

•  Thereporta(vesubjunc(veisamoodthatisinterpretedasamodalwithlexicallydeterminedcontent-relateddomainprojec(on.

•  Thespeechinterpreta(oniscontributedby[say].

•  Theindica(veisNOTrestrictedtocontent-relateddomainrestric(on.

70

Konjunk(v1

•  [[Konj1]]=λpλx∀w’(w’∈Content (x)→p(w’))

71

Content-relateddomainprojec(on

Modalanchor

Coërcion

Ralphseufzte,dassOrtcuSeinSpionsei.[Ralphsighed[CP[say][Konj1OrtcuSwas…]]]λeλw∃x(say(x)(e)&sigh(e)&e≤w&thing(x)(w)&∀w’(w’∈Content(x)→spy(OrtcuS)(w’)))

72

FlexibleFac(vity

Crea(ngspeechreports

73

Expressingcri(cism

(13) Siekri(sierte,dasserzuspät Shecri(cizedthathetoolate

gekommensei. comebe.KONJ1

Shecri(cizedthathehadarrivedlate.

74

Disclosures

(14) Sieverriet,dasssieverlobt Shedisclosedthatsheengaged

sei. be.KONJ1

Shedisclosedthatshewasengaged.

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Expressingregret

(15) Siebedauerte,dasssiezulautsei. SheregreSedthatshetooloudbe.KONJ1 ‘SheregreSedthatshewastooloud.’

•  Contrast:SheregreSedthat.

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Assessment

•  Whenverbslikecri-cize,disclose,regrethaveDPobjects,thoseobjectsrefertofacts.

•  Fac(vethat-clausessaturatethedirectobjectposi(on.

•  Non-fac(vethat-clauseshave[say]andrelatetotheunerga(vevariantoftheverb.

77

Le_wardMovement

Out!

78

Le_wardmovement?

•  Moulton2009,2013,2015.Koster1978,Alrenga2005,Takahashi2010.

•  Topicalizedclausalcomplementshaven’tmovedtotheposi(onswhereyouseethem.

•  Thecorrespondingargumentposi(onsareoccupiedbypronouns.

79

Le_wardmovementisout

(17)*Dassmanihnnichtinformierthabe,Thattheyhimnotinformedhave.SUBJ

tobteer.

ragedhe. ‘Heragedthattheyhadn’tinformedhim’.

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Speechreportlost

(18) a. Heexplainedthathehadfive childrentofeed.

b. Thathehadfivechildrentofeedwas neverexplained.

•  Thespeechreportinterpreta(ondoesn’tsurvivele_ward‘movement’.Onlythefac(veinterpreta(ondoes.

81

Expected

•  Therecan’tbele_-dislocatedclausalcomplementswithverbsthatdonottakedirectobjectsatall.

•  Therecan’tbele_-dislocatedcomplementswithinterpreta(onsthatcan’tbematchedbyaDP-directobject.

82

Extrac(on

Weakislands

83

Weakisland

(19) Warumhatergeseufzt,dassOrtcuS whyhashesighedthatOrtcuS

ihngetroffenhabe? himmethave.KONJ1

WhydidhesighthatOrtcuSmet him?

84

Weakisland

(20) Warumhaterkri(siert,dassOrtcuS whyhashesighedthatOrtcuS

ihngetroffenhabe? himmethave.KONJ1

Whydidhecri(cizethatOrtcuSmet him?

85

Weakisland

(21) Warumhaterbedauert,dassOrtcuS whyhasheregreSedthatOrtcuS

ihngetroffenhabe? himmethave.KONJ1

WhydidheregretthatOrtcuSmet him?

86

Extrac(on

Noislands

87

Downstairsreading

(34) WhydidRalphbelievethatOrtcuShidthe leSerunderarock?

•  Extrac(onisfromanargumentoftheverb.

88

Downstairsreading

(35) WhydidRalphbelievethatOrtcuShidthe leSerunderarock?

•  Alsohope,imagine,assume,suspect,claim,deny,fear,etc.

89

Le_wardMovement

In!

90

Le_wardmovement

(36) Dasssichdasändernwird,hatniemand ThatREFLitchangewillhasnobody gedacht. thought. Nobodythoughtthatthatwouldchange.

•  Thecontentinterpreta(onofthethat-clausesurvivesle_wardmovement.

91

Le_wardmovement

(37) Dasssichdasändernwird,hatniemand ThatREFLitchangewillhasnobody gedacht. thought. Nobodythoughtthatthatwouldchange.

•  Alsoimagine,assume,suspect,claim,deny,fear,etc.

92

93

Timetoconclude

Conclusion

•  CPsareadverbialornominalmodifiers.

•  Thepresenceorabsenceof[say]determineswhatkindofmodifierstheyare.

•  Embeddedmoodsarecrucialplayersintheconstruc(onofa/tude&speechreports.

94

Conjecture

•  Verbsneverhaveproposi(onalarguments.

95

Consequence

•  Averydifferentaccountofclausalselec(on.

•  Consequencesforcurrentaccountsoftheacquisi(onofa/tudeascrip(ons&speechreports?

96