evolution and longevity: implications for wisdom · longevity, individual and collective wisdom...
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Evolution and Longevity: Implications for
Wisdom
Rachel Caspari
Central Michigan University
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Erin Heydenreich/Centre for Whale Research)
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LLongevity and Wisdom
1) Individual wisdom
2) Collective Wisdom
Longevity important for
both
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LLongevity and Wisdom
1) Individual wisdom
2) Collective Wisdom
Longevity important for
both
– experience
– persistence
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Can we learn anything about
wisdom from prehistory?
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The Upper Paleolithic
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Why so special?
Abstract thinking
Planning depth
Trade networks
Symbolic behavior
Cognitive modernity
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Mauro Cutrona
Viktor Deak
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Raptor flight feathers were
extracted
130 kyr Krapina eagle talons
with detachment cutmarks are
the oldest ornaments from
anywhere
Davorka RadovčićFabio Fogliazza/Human Evolution Museum (MEH)-Junta de Castilla y León (Spain)
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Middle Paleolithic (Neandertal)
cultureBurials
Feathers
Raptor claws
Pigments
Perforated teeth and
shells
Etchings
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UP-like artifacts in the African
Middle Stone Age
Katanda
Blombos Cave
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UP-like artifacts in the African
Middle Stone Age
Katanda
Blombos Cave
ephemeral
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Why?
Didn’t these traditions expand and develop?
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Longevity may play a role in the
“Human Revolution”
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Krapina Sample
• Approximately 200 isolated teeth
• Many are associated as “dental
individuals” based on age, interproximal
facets, and continuous wear
• Mandibles and maxillae
• Between 75 - 83 individuals
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510
1520
2530
3540
4550
Krapina dx
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Krapina Age At Death Distribution
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510
1520
2530
3540
4550
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Age in years
Krapina Survivorship (percent surviving to age interval)
Estimated number of missing infants and children based on
Libben
Assumed 69% survivorship to age 5
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5 10 15 20 2530
3540
4550
Krapina lx
Libben
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Age in years
Survivorship (percent surviving to age
interval)
Krapina lx
Libben
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5 10 15 20 2530
3540
4550
Krapina lx
Libben
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Age in years
Survivorship (percent surviving to age
interval)
Krapina lx
Libben
Krapina has much
higher adult mortality!
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5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
20
40
60
80
Age in years
Krapina and Atapuerca (SH) Survivorship
(percent surviving to age interval)
Krapina lx
Atapuerca
BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO and NICOLÁS
1997JHEvolution 33(2/3): 333–355
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5 10 15 20 25 30 3540
4550
Krapina lx
Australopithecus
Libben
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Age in years
Survivorship (percent surviving to age
interval)
Krapina lx
Australopithecus
Libben
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OY RATIOS
• Pooled samples
• Put specimens into
Old/Young adult
categories
• And asked a different
question: How many
individuals lived to be
old?
• Caspari, R. and S-H Lee (2004)
Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA
101:10895-10900.
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Low Resolution OK
Broad Categories =
Large Samples
Accommodates Different
Maturation Rates
OY Ratios: A Categorical Approach
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OY Categories
• Adulthood: M3
eruption
• Older Adulthood:
Double the age of M3
eruption
The age one could become a grandparent
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Samples
Old Young Total
Australopithecines 37 316 353
Early Homo 42 166 208
Neandertals 37 96 113
Upper Paleolithic 50 24 74
Total 166 602 768
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Ratios of Old/Young Adults
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Australopiths Early Homo Neandertal UP
oy r
ati
os
.12 .25
.39
2.1
OLD/YOUNG (OY) RATIOS
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The Upper Paleolithic
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Could an increase in adult survivorship be
related to the “human revolution” and
wisdom?
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Symbols represent transmission of
information (individual wisdom)
– By older adults
– Older adults valued as important constituent of
society
– Contribute to collective wisdom
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Demographic implications:
• population growth and
expansion may affect
collective wisdom
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Demographic implications: population
growth and expansion may affect collective
wisdom
– Increased fertility from living longer causes growth
– The “grandmother effect” causes growth
– Larger populations - increased innovation (and
contacts)
– And increased longevity contributes to persistence of
populations/cultures
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Demographic Implications
Adam van Arsdale of
Wellesley College….
Among other things, he
estimated the total fertility
rates necessary to
sustain groups at different
OY ratios.
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Estimated Total Fertility Rate: # of births necessary to replace
each birth cohort, and compensate for child mortality….
Assumed CM=50%
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Adult
Mort.
Child
Mort.
Fertility Lifespan
OY CM TFR
(curve)
Max age
2 0.5 5.3 61
1 0.5 6.32 45
0.4 0.5 6.37 37
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Adult
Mort.
Child
Mort.
Fertility Lifespan
OY CM TFR
(curve)
Max age
2 0.5 5.3 61
1 0.5 6.32 45
0.4 0.5 6.37 37
Suggests that UP would be much more resilient
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Stochastic Models
Caps and ceilings:
Initial size: 100
Penalty imposed at 200
Population unsustainable at 25
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Persistence: How long do populations persist
on average?
For Neandertals (OY=0.4): 99 generations
For EUP (OY=2.0): 179 generations
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Ephemeral industries
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Longevity, Individual and
Collective Wisdom
Increases in longevity
not only resulted in a
larger number of wise
individuals, but also
provided resilience,
leading to cultural
longevity and traditions
that are the foundation
of collective wisdom
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Acknowledgements
• Sang-Hee Lee
• Adam Van Arsdale
• Jakov Radovčić
• David Frayer
• Milford Wolpoff
• Jeffrey Meganck
• Dana Begun
• Thomas Kroll
• Roberto Macchiarelli
• Steven A. Goldstein
• Jean-Jacques Hublin
• Davorka Radovčić and the Croatian Natural History Museum
• Dept. of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
• The Paleoanthropology and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories of the University of Michigan