evolution biodiversity
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Evolution: The change in species over time
Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection
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Theory of Natural Selection
• Overproduction of offspring: species produce far more offspring than are needed.
• Competition: space and food are limited so competition occurs for resources. Only fraction can survive
• Variation among offspring: individuals in a species vary and these are inheritable
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Theory of Natural Selection
• Struggle for survival: result of competiton
• Adaptations due to variations, some individuals are better adapted to survive and reproduce.
• Natural Selection: environmental factors will select the optimal traits. The “best fit” will survive and reproduce.
• Speciation: Over many generations, favorable adaptations accumulate and many changes lead to new species.
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What is the source of Variation?
Mutations: Changes in the DNA
Sexual Reproduction: Recombination of chromosomes
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Why is variation important to evolution?
Variations within a species increases the chance of survival when conditions change.
cichlid fish
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Fossil Evidence shows Evolutions progresses without set direction. What does it indicate when branches end?
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How should the finches at the top compare to each other? Why?
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Observed Natural Selection
• Insect resistance to insecticides
• Bacterial resistance to antibiotics
Explain how this occurs?
Variation (mutation)
Environmental factor (pesticide)
Reproductive success
Survival of Fittest
Population changes
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How do we determine which organisms are more closely related?
•Compare anatomy
•Compare development
•Compare biochemistry
•Compare cells
Similarity implies relationship!
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Homologous structures are a clues to determine evolutionary relationships.
What could be the reason for similarity in structure?
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Molecular data is the best way to compare organisms to relatedness. Compare genes, proteins,
Which animal is most and least related to the human?