Evolution: Isn't Evolution Just a Theory?

Keystone Anchors

BIO.B.3.1.1 Explain how natural selection can impact allele frequencies of a population.BIO.B.3.1.2 Describe the factors that can contribute to the development of new species (e.g., isolating mechanisms, genetic drift, founder effect, migration).BIO.B.3.1.3 Explain how genetic mutations may result in genotypic and phenotypic variations within a population.BIO.B.3.2.1 Interpret evidence supporting the theory of evolution (i.e., fossil, anatomical, physiological, embryological, biochemical, and universal genetic code).

EVOLUTION KEY TERMS

Evolution Fossil Founder effect Gradualism Natural selection Punctuated equilibrium Speciation Embryology

Primate Vestigial Structure Catastrophism Mutation Uniformitarianism Adaptation Genetic drift

Process Box 1Process Box 1

What do you know about evolution? What do you want to

know? Do you believe in evolution? Why or why not? Write

response in 7 lines

 

_______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ Carolus Linnaeus, 1735 Georges Buffon, 1749 Erasmus Darwin, 1749 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1809

2nd to classify organisms based on

their _________traits

Proposed that species shared

________________ancestors

Proposed that more complex life forms

arose from _______ complex life forms

less

Proposed that changes in an

environment caused changes in

________________organisms

CATASTROPHISM GRADUALISM UNIFORMITARIANISM

Theory proposed by _______________________.

States that ______________________________ such as ___________ and _______________________________ have shaped ________________ and caused species to become ___________________ in the process.

CATASTROPHISM

Georges Cuvier

Natural disastersfloods

volcanic eruptionslandforms

extinct

GRADUALISMTheory proposed by ______________________.

States that the changes in landfoms resulted from ___________________ that had occurred over a long period of time.

Theory proposed by ______________________.

States that the changes in geologic processes that shape the Earth are uniform through time. __________________________________________________________________________________

UNIFORMITARIANISM

James Hutton

slow changes

Charles Lyell

The changes have happened in the past and are ONGOING!

1. List four events that could cause change according to CATASTROPHISM_____________________ __________________________________________ _____________________

2. What is the difference between CATASTROPHISM AND GRADULISM?

3. GRADUALISM AND UNIFORMITARIANISM are more closely related, describe this relationship and how they differ.

Review

HURRICANESVOLCANO ERUPTIONS

TSUNAMISEARTHQUAKES

*ANY NATURAL DISASTER THAT LEADS TO QUICK CHANGE*

GRADUALISM-slow changes to landforms. Ex) Grand CanyonCATASTROPHISM- instant changes to landforms. Ex) Natural Disasters

UNIFORMITARIANISM is GRADUALISM that states slow changes are CONSTANT over ALL TIME.

A cat, quick enough to snatch a bird successfully today, might not be speedy enough to catch the next generation of birds, because only the swiftest of yesterday’s birds remain to provide offspring.

Type I: write a 5 line response to the statement above about how it relates to evolution

TYPES OF FEET

CLAWEDWEBBED

PADDED HOOVED

TYPES OF BEAKS

FISH

NUTS FISH

INSECTS

COLORATION

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS

ADAPTATION ACTIVITY

BODY FAT AND THICK FUR

_______________________

_______________________

1. It survives 2. It passes on his traits_______________ _______________________

1. It survives 2. It passes on its traits_______________ _______________________

_____________________________

Natural Selection- process in which something in nature does the selecting of what will survive and what will not survive.

____________________ - ______________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Principles of NS

PREDATORS

WEATHER CONDITIONS

RESOURCE SHORTAGES

DISEASE

____________________________

_________________________________________

_______________________________________________

____________________________

Adaptations = traits

Traits = genes

Adaptations = genes

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

Process Box 2

Define Natural Selection.

List four different kinds of ‘Natural Selectors’ and give an example of each:1. 2.3.4.

BEAN LAB RESULTS

“You do not carry your genes around as a way of reproducing yourself; your genes carry you around as a way of reproducing themselves”

1. A CHANGE IN THE DNA CODE

2. ARE NATURAL EVENTS

3. CAN BE A SOURCE FOR NEW TRAITS

4. THESE NEW TRAITS CAN BE ADAPTATIONS BECAUSE THEY MIGHT HELP THE ORGANISM SURVIVE IN ITS ENVIRONMENT

BROWN COAT

TO WHITE COAT

The white deer is more easily seen by predators. It will most likely not survive and

reproduce.

BROWN COAT TO WHITE COAT

The brown rabbit is more easily seen by

predators. It will most likely not survive and

reproduce.

__________________

__________________

Size gene??

Height??

Albino gene??

What determines what a GOOD gene is or a BAD gene???

An albino gene is BAD in a forest environment. The animal will die.

An albino gene is GOOD in a snowy environment. The animal will flourish!!

Genetic variation in a population increases the Genetic variation in a population increases the

chance that some individuals will survivechance that some individuals will survive.. Genetic variation leads to phenotypic variation.Genetic variation leads to phenotypic variation. Phenotypic variation is necessary for natural selection.Phenotypic variation is necessary for natural selection. Genetic variation is stored in a populationGenetic variation is stored in a population’’s gene pool.s gene pool.

made up of all alleles in a populationmade up of all alleles in a population allele combinations form when organisms have offspringallele combinations form when organisms have offspring

Allele frequencies measure genetic variation.Allele frequencies measure genetic variation.

– measures how common allele is in population

– can be calculated for each allele in gene pool

Genetic variation comes from several sourcesGenetic variation comes from several sources.. Mutation is a random change in the DNA of a geneMutation is a random change in the DNA of a gene

Recombination forms new combinations of allelesRecombination forms new combinations of alleles

– can form new allele– can be passed on to offspring if in reproductive cells

– usually occurs during meiosis – parents’ alleles arranged in new ways in gametes

Gene flow is the movement of alleles between Gene flow is the movement of alleles between

populationspopulations. . Gene flow occurs when Gene flow occurs when

individuals join new individuals join new populations and populations and reproduce.reproduce.

Gene flow keeps Gene flow keeps neighboring populations neighboring populations similar.similar.

Low gene flow increases Low gene flow increases the chance that two the chance that two populations will evolve populations will evolve

into different speciesinto different species..bald eagle migration

Genetic drift is a change in allele Genetic drift is a change in allele frequencies due to chance. frequencies due to chance.

Genetic drift causes a loss of genetic diversity.Genetic drift causes a loss of genetic diversity. It is most common in small populations.It is most common in small populations. A population bottleneck can lead to genetic drift. A population bottleneck can lead to genetic drift.

It occurs when an eventIt occurs when an eventdrastically reducesdrastically reducespopulation size.population size.

The bottleneck effect isThe bottleneck effect isgenetic drift that occursgenetic drift that occurs

after a bottleneck eventafter a bottleneck event..

The founding of a small population can lead to genetic drift.The founding of a small population can lead to genetic drift.

– It occurs when a few individuals start a new population.

– The founder effect is genetic drift that occurs after start of new population.

Genetic drift has negative effects on a population.Genetic drift has negative effects on a population.

– less likely to have some individuals that can adapt – harmful alleles can become more common due to chance

Mechanisms of evolution Founder effect

Process Box 3Process Box 3Define Genetic Variation (1 pt)Define Genetic Variation (1 pt)

List two different factors that lend itself to genetic List two different factors that lend itself to genetic variation.(2pts)variation.(2pts)

1.1.

2.2.

List and describe two ways that genetic List and describe two ways that genetic frequencies change in a population over time. frequencies change in a population over time.

(2 pts)(2 pts)

MUTATION

RECOMBINATION

GENETIC DRIFT AND GENETIC FLOW

Species – A group of living things that can breed with others of the same

species and form ‘FERTILE’ offspring.

Speciation – evolution of 2 or more species from one ancestral species

Punctuated equilibrium – theory that speciation occurs suddenly and rapidly followed by long periods of little change

Fertile – being able to reproduce by

forming egg or sperm cells

New species are formed by:

1. Animals within the same species are separated by a barrier, (water, mountains, etc).

a. They live apart for thousands of years with different living conditions.

2. Natural selection takes place within the two separate regions.

3. Individuals with the desirable traits for their specific environment survive and reproduce.

4. Over time the two groups can become different species as they develop different adaptations.

___________________________________

______________________________

_______________

_____________________

_________

5 Fingers of Evolution

Process Box 4Process Box 4Name at least 3 things that have to happen in order for a new species for originate.

1.

2.

3.

Type IIType II

Explain speciation in a paragraph.

Include AND CIRCLE the terms: isolation, mutation, recombination, natural selection

Bonus points-‘If’ any additional evolutionary terms are included AND boxed.-’If’ you include any specific concepts such as genetic flow, genetic drift, bottleneck effect, or founder effect

1.

2.

3.

1. Seed Eaters

2. Plant Eaters

3. Insect Eaters

4. Cactus Eaters

1. English __________________ who wrote the __________________________

2. Developed the ___________________________

3. Stated that evolution is a _______________ in the ______________ ______________ of a group of organisms over time.

Naturalist

Origin of the Species

Theory of Evolution

changehereditary features

Controversy

Charles Darwin traveled on the

HMS Beagle from England to the

____________________________

It is on these islands that

Darwin made his observations and

compiled __________________________________________

Galapagos Islands

evidence of the evolutionary

process.

1. _______________________: the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs.

________________________: Variation that occurs among members of different species

________________________: Variation that occurs among individuals of the same species.

2. _______________________: The feature(s) that allow an organism to better survive in its environment.

Adaptations can lead to genetic change in a _______________________________________.

Variation

Interspecific Variation

Intraspecific Variation

Adaptation

Population over time

1. LIVING THINGS OVERPRODUCE

2. THERE IS VARIATION AMONG OFFSPRING

3. ADAPTATION: THERE IS A STRUGGLE TO SURVIVE, THOSE BETTER ADAPTED ARE MORE LIKELY TO SURVIVE

4. DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION: NATURAL SELECTION IS ALWAYS TAKING PLACE-LEAVING COMMON ADVANTAGEOUS TRAITS IN POPULATION

Evolution: Why Does Evolution Matter Now?

Process Box 5Process Box 5

List the four principals of Darwin’s Theory of List the four principals of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. (Give an example of each)Evolution. (Give an example of each)

1. 1.

2.2.

3.3.

4.4.

BEAR POPULATIONBrown Bear

White Bear

Nu

mb

er o

f B

ear

Process Box 6What three pieces of information can you infer from this graph?

_______________________________________________________

HUMANS

COME

FROM

MONKEYS

First living thing

OLD WORLD MONKEYS APES

Hamadryas baboon(Africa)

Patas monkey(Africa)

Congo Gorilla

NEW WORLD MONKEYS

Prehensile tails   (spider monkeys)  

Howler Monkey

•Have tails

•Nostrils Point Upwards

•Some have tails

•Nostrils Point Downwards

•No tails

PRIMATE EVOLUTION

PROSIMIANS

NEW WORLD MONKEYS

OLD WORLD MONKEYS

APES

HUMANS

40 MILLION 30 MILLION 10 MILLION

“Before Monkey”

10 MILLION YEARS AGO

APES

AUSTRALOPITHECUS

HOMO SAPIEN SAPIEN

HOMO Neanderthalensis

HOMO ERECTUS

HOMO HABILIS

Southern ape, Walked upright, very short. “Lucy”

Used tools, somewhat taller. Lived in Africa

Left Africa, fire, carnivore. Larger brain and body

Neanderthal

Cave Drawings, This is us!

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

______________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

Did humans evolve?Ardi

Common Ancestor - AnatomyFirst steps

Homo Habilis2.5 million years

Homo Erectus1.5 million years

Hominid Skulls

What do the differences in the skull suggest?

____________________________

____________________________

____________________________

____________________________

Virtual lab – Hominoid skulls

C

A

B

Supraorbital index : Using a metric ruler,

1. Multiply the value of BC by 100 ____

2. Divide the result by AC ____

Acurate measurements are taken to compare fossils.

•A line is drawn over the eye socket from front to back of skull

•A line is drawn under the eye socket from front to back of skull

•A line is drawn from the highest point on the top of skull to lower line.

What is the supraorbital index measuring? _____________________________Size of Brain / Intelligence

PRIMATE EVOLUTION

PROSIMIANS

NEW WORLD MONKEYS

OLD WORLD MONKEYS

APES

HUMANS

40 MILLION 30 MILLION 10 MILLION

“Before Monkey”

PRIMATE EVOLUTION

PROSIMIANS

NEW WORLD MONKEYS

OLD WORLD MONKEYS

APES

HUMANS

40 MILLION 30 MILLION 10 MILLION

“Before Monkey”

Common Ancestor of Human and Chimpanzee

PRIMATE EVOLUTION

PROSIMIANS

NEW WORLD MONKEYS

OLD WORLD MONKEYS

APES

HUMANS

40 MILLION 30 MILLION 10 MILLION

“Before Monkey”

Common Ancestor shared between Hominids

Someone tells you that they do not believe in evolution because “people don’t come from monkeys.” In 5 lines, explain why this person’s thinking about evolution is erroneous.

Process Box 7

Creationists argue that speciation has never been seen. Here’s part of a December 31, 2008, posting by Jonathan Wells on the Web site of the antithetically named Discovery Institute: “Darwinism depends on the splitting of one species into two, which then diverge and split and diverge and split, over and over again, to produce the branching-tree pattern required by Darwin’s theory. And this sort of speciation has never been observed.”

The claim makes me think of the trial where a man was charged with biting off another man’s ear in a bar fight. An eyewitness to the fracas took the stand. The defense attorney asked, “Did you actually see with your own eyes my client bite off the ear in question?” The witness said, “No.” The attorney pounced: “So how can you be so sure that the defendant actually bit off the ear?” To which the witness replied, “I saw him spit it out.” We have the fossils, the intermediate forms, the comparative anatomy, the genomic homologies—we’ve seen what evolution spits out.

__Body Comparisons__

___Fossils______________________________________________________

__Embryos_____________________

1. Remains of once-living things

2. Found in earth’s crust within sedimentary rock

Oldest Layer of Rock

Newest Layer of Rock

Simple Organisms

Complex Organisms

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

1. Body Structure

a. Bones: (Number of bones, Length of bones, etc)

b. Skulls: (Size of, Position of, Similarities of, etc)

2. Body Chemistry

a. DNA

b. Blood

Shows common traits in organisms which determine relationships/evolution

______________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_______________________________

______________

__________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Their appearance across different species offers strong evidence for _______________ ___________________

Features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms and have different functions.

Common descent

__________________________________________________________________________________________

These structures do not provide evidence for a

_______________________

Structures that perform a similar function BUT are not similar in origin.

Common ancestor

Remnants of _________________ or __________________ that had a function in an early ancestor.

ORGANS STRUCTURES

WINGS OF FLIGHTLESS BIRDS (Cassowary) (Ostrich)

BLIND EYES (Astyanax Mexicanus)

SEX ORGANS (Dandelions) VESTIGIAL BEHAVIORS-FAKE SEX

(Virgin Whiptail Lizards)

HIND LEG BONES IN SNAKES (Boa or Python)

PELVIC BONES (Baloon Whale)

Evolution from different

______________

of animals

Evolution within same _______________ of animals

Skulls of fossil HominidaeAustralopithecus robustus

Homo habilis & H. sapiens

Homo erectus Homo sapiens neanderthalis

CLASSESORDER

Structure of organisms

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

1. The study of embryos

2. Show common ancestry

3. Show common traits

Which one is human?

How does evolution work

VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE - body part that no longer has a function appendix and pink lump in eye of humans

Molecular and genetic evidence support fossil and anatomical evidence.

Two closely-related organisms will have similar DNA sequences.

Process Box 8:

Describe 4 types of evidence for evolution. Be sure to include how the evidence supports the theory of evolution.

1. COMPETITION: __struggle among living things to get their needs______________________________

2. EVOLUTION : _change in hereditary features in a group of organisms over time_________________

3. EXTINCT : _life-form that no longer exists_____________________________________________

4. FERTILE : ___can produce viable egg and sperm___________________________________

5. FOSSIL : __remains of once living things from the past_____________________________________

6. NATURAL SELECTION _something in a living thing’s surroundings will determine if it will survive__

7. NEW-WORLD MONKEY _tails that can grasp and nostrils that open upward__________________

8. OLD-WORLD MONKEY __cannot grasp with tails and have downward nostrils_________________

9. OPPOSABLE THUMB: _thumb that is positioned opposite of other fingers_________________

10. PRIMATE: _have eyes that face forward and thumbs that grasp_____________________________

11. SEDIMENTARY ROCK: _form from mud, sand and other fine particles___________________________

12. SPECIES: __group of living things that can produce fertile offspring__________________________

13. VARIATION: _a trait that makes an individual different from others of its species________________

14. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE: _body part that no longer has a function appendix and pink lump in eye of humans

http://discovermagazine.com/2013/march/14-interbreeding-neanderthals

Type IType I

1. What does evolution mean to you in everyday language?

2. What does evolution mean to you in the language of science?

 

Type I

Making Predictions/Making Connections: What does the concepts of ‘Geological Change’ have to do with the concept of ‘Evolution’?  

Type IType I

Understanding

Write down three organisms and Write down three organisms and describe how they are adapted to their describe how they are adapted to their environment.environment.

 

Type IType ITalk in your group about the evolution of the Talk in your group about the evolution of the human. Develop a theory of how the human human. Develop a theory of how the human came to be. came to be.

Type IType I

List and describe different forms of evidence List and describe different forms of evidence that provide proof that evolution that provide proof that evolution has/continues to take place.has/continues to take place.

Type IType I

Give an example of interspecific and intraspecific variations in organisms.

1.1.

2.2.

Type I

Go back to the process box where you ‘listed and described different forms of evidence that provide proof that evolution’.

Now list two other types of evidence that you didn’t consider initially. Circle the type of evidence you feel is the greatest form of proof.

Type IType I

How do you suppose elephants are from both Asia and Africa?

Type IType I

How do organisms acquire their adaptations?How do organisms acquire their adaptations?

What is the source of new traits/adaptations?What is the source of new traits/adaptations?