evolution of cs

7/29/2019 Evolution of CS

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Definition of a computer

COMPUTER is an electronic machine that follows a setof instructions in order that it may be able to acceptand gather data and transform these into information.


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History Of Computers


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Before the 1500s, in Europe, calculations were madewith an abacus

Invented around 500BC, available in manycultures (China, Mesopotamia, Japan, Greece,Rome, etc.)

In 1642, Blaise Pascal (French mathematician,physicist, philosopher) invented a mechanicalcalculator called the Pascaline

In 1671, Gottfried von Leibniz (Germanmathematician, philosopher) extended the Pascaline todo multiplications, divisions, square roots: the SteppedReckoner

None of these machines had memory, and theyrequired human intervention at each step


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In 1822 Charles Babbage (English

mathematician, philosopher), sometimes calledthe father of computing built the Difference

Engine

Machine designed to automate the computation

(tabulation) of polynomial functions (which are

known to be good approximations of many

useful functions)

Based on the method of finite difference

Implements some storage

In 1833 Babbage designed the Analytical

Engine, but he died before he could build it

It was built after his death, powered by

steam


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Generations of Computers


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Generation of Computers

First Generation (1945-56)

Second Generation(1956-63)

Third Generation(1965-71)

Fourth Generation(1971-90)

Fifth Generation(1990 till date)


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Generation 1 : ENIAC

The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was unveiled in1946: the first all-electronic, general-purpose digital computer


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The first generation of computer used the vacuum

tube & machine language was used for givinginstruction. The first generation computer used the

concept stored program'. The computer of this

generation were very large in size & their

programming was a difficult task. Some computer of this generation are given below:

ENIAC :-It has very small memory & it was used for

calculating trajectories of missiles.

EDVAC:-The Von Newmann concept of storedprogram, was also applied in EDVAC.


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Programs were loaded into memory manually using switches,

punched cards, or paper tapes.

ENIAC : coding by cable connections


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punch card


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Some key feature of first

generation: Used vaccume tubes.

Big computers.

Electrically consumption high.

Large Acs were necessary because the computer

generated heat.


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SECOND GENERATION,

1959 1964: The Transistor

The year 1959 marked the invention of transistors,which characterized the second generation ofcomputers.

TRANSISTOR was a three-legged component which

shrunk the size of the first generation computers.Occupied only 1/100th of the space occupied by avacuum tube

More reliable, had greater computational speed,required no warm-up time and consumed far lesselectricity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Transistor-photo.JPG


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Generation 2: IBM7094


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Some key feature of second

generation: Transistor replaced vaccume tubes.

Small in size.

Less amount of heat was generated.

Core memory was developed.

First operating system was developed.

Programming was in machine language as well asassembly language.


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Generation 3: Integrated Circuits


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The third generation of computer replaced transistor

with Integrated circuits popularly known as chips.The IC was inverted by Jack kilby at Texas

Instrument in 1958.The third generation computer

using integrated circuit Proved to be highly reliable,

relatively expensive & faster.


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Some key feature of third

generation:

Integrated circuits developed.

Power consumption was low.

Computer were smaller, faster & more reliable.

High level languages (HLL) appeared.


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Generation 4: Improvements to IC technology made it

possible to integrate more and more transistorsin a single chip

SSI (Small Scale Integration): 10-100

MSI (Medium Scale Integration): 100-

1,000

LSI (Large Scale Integration): 1,000-

10,000VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration):

>10,000Microprocessors


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The advent of the microprocessor chip marked the

beginning of the fourth generation computer. Very

Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits packing about

50,000 transistor in a chip. The Hard disks are also

available of the size up to 80 GB.For larger disks

RAID technology give to storage hundreds of GB.

The CD ROM also becoming popular day by day.

The CD ROM of today can store up to 650 MBSinformation.


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Some key features of forth

generation: Integrated circuits smaller & faster.

Portable computer developed.

Great development in data communication.

Different types of secondary memory with high

storage capacity & fast access developed.


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Fifth Generation: Fifth Generation computing devices based on

artificial intelligence, are still in development. The

goal of fifth generation computing is to develop

devices that response to natural language input &

are capable of learning & self organization.


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Generation 5?

The term Generation 5 is used sometimes to refer to all

more or less sci fi future developments

Voice recognition

Artificial intelligence

Quantum computing

Bio computing

Nano technology

LearningNatural languages


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Some key features of fifth

generation:

Parallel Processing was done.

Super conductors were used.

Many processors are grouped to function as onelarge group processor.

A super conductor is a conductor through whichelectricity can travel without any resistance resulting

in faster transfer of information between thecomponents of computer.

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