Evolution of ‘Disaster Management

to Disaster Risk Management’

Robin AgarwalResearch Associate & Program Coordinator

Seismic Zones in Gujarat

Managing disasters: Disaster Management Cycle

PreventionMeasurestakentoavoidtheoccurrence ofa disasterMitigationMeasureaimedatreducingtheimpactoreffectofdisasterPreparednessStateofreadinesswhichenablesstakeholderstomobilize,organizeandproviderelieftodealwithanimpendingoractualdisasterortheeffectofadisasterResponseMeasurestakenduringorimmediateafteradeclarationofdisastertodiminish,oralleviateanysuffering,pain,injuryordistressorhardshipcausedonaccountofthedisasterRecoveryTheactionstakenbythecommunityandallthegovernmentandthenon-governmentagenciestoresettheconditionafterdisasterandminimisethevulnerabilityofthesamekindofdisasterin future DMAct 2003

What is ‘Prevention & Mitigation’?

¨ Preventionexpressestheconceptandintentiontocompletelyavoid

potentialadverseimpactsofhazardous events.

¨ Mitigation: Incase,disasterriskscannotbeeliminated,preventionaimsatreducingvulnerabilityandexposureinsuchcontextswhere,asaresult,theriskofdisasterisremoved.

¨ Examples

¤ DamsOr Embankments

¤ Land- UseRegulations

¤ SeismicEngineering Designs

¤ Immunization

Prevention

Mitigation

What is ‘Preparedness’?

¨ Aimistobuildthecapacitiesneededtoefficientlymanagealltypesofemergencies andachieveorderlytransitionsfromresponsetosustained recovery

¨ Examples

¤ PreparationofDM Plans

¤ PlanTestingor Exercising

¤ Establishmentofinter-agency agreements

¤ Developmentofsystemsforpublicwarninganddistributionof information

¤ Emergency Communication

¤ EmergencyResponsePersonnel Training

¤ SecuringAdequate Resources

¤ Public education

What is ‘Response’?

¨ Focusedonimmediateandshort-term needs

¨ Examples¤ PublicWarning& Evacuation¤ Search& Rescue¤ First Aid¤ Arrangementsfor Shelter¤ Fatality Management¤ Sanitation¤ Law& Order¤ ResumptionofCritical Infrastructure¤ Media Management¤ VIP Visits¤ DonationManagement

What is ‘Reconstruction & Rehabilitation’?

¨ Restoringor Improving Economic,Physical,Social,CulturalAndEnvironmentalassets,systemsandactivities,ofadisasteraffectedcommunityorsociety,aligningwiththeprinciplesof SustainableDevelopment and“BuildBackBetter”,toavoidorreducefuturedisaster risk.

¨ Examples

q PrimaryRequirements(Water,Food, Shelters)q Waste disposalq Debris clearanceq Decontaminationq Environment clearanceq Damage assessmentq Reconstruction(Houses,RoadsandBridges,Industrial,CommercialandResidentialbuildings,drainagesystem etc.)

q RestoreResources(Electricity,water, gas)q Restore Communicationq Restoreallemergency servicesq RestarttheEducationcentres(Schools,colleges)

q Employment opportunityq Political stabilityq Cultural recoveryq TreatmentforPostTraumaticStress Disorderq Relocate community

From Disaster Management to Disaster Risk ManagementWe need to manage risks, not just disasters.

¨ Don’tyouthinkdisastermanagementismoreofareactivemeasure?Youare right!

¨ Takingcognisanceofthisandpoweredbytheresearchesthataregoingonaroundtheworld,

weareslowlyshiftingtowardsdisasterrisk management.

¨ DisasterRiskManagement(DRM)isprimarilythemanagementofdisasterrisksina

waysuchthatthoserisksneverbecomea disaster!

¨ Youmayhaveheardofaterm,DisasterRiskReduction.Whatisdisasterrisk reduction?

¨ DisasterRiskReduction(DRR)isallthatwedotoensurethatwehavemanagedthe

risksthatweknowaboutandbepreparedtodealwiththeonesthatwedonotknow

about.

From disaster management to disaster risk management

¨ DisasterRiskReductionisaimedatpreventingnewandreducingexistingdisasterrisk

andmanagingresidualrisk,allofwhichcontributetostrengtheningresilienceand

thereforetotheachievementofSustainable Development.

¨ Tosumit up,

DisasterRiskManagement(DRM) =

DisasterRiskReduction(DRR)+DisasterManagement (DM)

From disaster management to disaster risk management

Disaster Risk Reduction

Managing Disasters

Disaster Risk Management

Prevention of New

Risk

Reduction of Existing

Risk

Disaster Risk

Reduction

Resilience to disaster: Way forward¨ Resilienceistheabilityofasystem,communityorsocietyexposedtohazards to

¤ resist,¤ absorb,¤ accommodateto and¤ recover fromtheeffectsofthehazardinatimelyandefficientmanner,includingthroughthepreservationandrestorationofitsessentialbasicstructuresand functions

¨ Howdowebecomeresilient?Itisacomplexnetofmany elements.¤ Itismulti-disciplinary, trans-disciplinary.

n Technicalscience,socialscience,medicalscience,environmentalistsetc.,everyoneisinvolved,directlyorindirectly.

¨ Justtogetanideaofhowthiswill work:¤ Hazard->Earlywarning->Informationdissemination->Impact->Rescue&Relief->Reconstruction&Rehabilitation->Buildingbackbetter(AllthisisaccordingtoDMCycleandSFDRR)

Food for thought

¨ ThelevelofpreparednessofJapanisusuallyunderstoodtobeverygood.Thiscanbe

attributedtothefactthatitwitnessesearthquakeandtyphoonalmosteveryother

day.Toattainthatlevelofpreparedness,doesIndianeedtosufferthesame

frequencyofrecurring hazards?

¨ Again, it is inherent to a human to think that disaster will not happen to me and

thereby he or she lacks in preparedness. So, should one suffer a disaster to be

prepared?

DRM Cycle

The Paradigm Shift

Managing Disaster Managing Disaster Risks

UN/GAadoptedmeasuresregardingseveredisasters

•Assistance in casesof NaturalDisaster•Creation of theUnited NationsDisaster ReliefOffice (UNDRO)

1970 –1990

InternationalDecadeforNaturalDisasterReduction(IDNDR)

1990 -1999

¨ It started with the United Nations observing the 1990s as the International

Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR).

• Aim was to decrease the loss of life, property destruction and social and

economic disruption caused by Natural Disasters.

The Paradigm Shift

1960 -1970

¨ 1stWorldConferenceonNaturalDisaster,(May1994,Yokohama, Japan)

¨ AdoptedtheYokohamaStrategyforaSaferWorld:GuidelinesforNatural DisasterPrevention,PreparednessandMitigationanditsPlanof Action.

¨ Itwasthemainoutcomeofthemid-termreviewoftheInternationalDecadeofNaturalDisasterReduction(IDNDR)andestablished 10principles foritsstrategy,aplanofactionanda follow-up.

¨ InDec.1999UnitedNationsInternationalStrategyforDisasterReduction(UNISDR)

wascreated- successortothesecretariatofthe IDNDR

•1stWorldConferenceonNaturalDisaster•YokohamaStrategyforaSaferWorld

1994UnitedNationsInternationalStrategyforDisaster Reduction(UNISDR)

1999UNISDRcarriedoutareviewoftheYokohamaStrategyandPlanofAction foraSaferWorld

2003 -2004

The Paradigm Shift

¨ 2ndWorldConferenceonDisasterReduction(January2005, Kobe)¨ The HyogoFrameworkforAction(HFA)(2005– 2015): BuildingtheResilience ofNationsandCommunitiesto Disasters

¨ Prioritiesfor Action1. Makingdisasterriskreductionapriority;2. Improvingriskinformationandearlywarning;3. Buildingacultureofsafetyandresilience;4. Reducingtherisksinkeysectors;5. Strengtheningpreparednessforresponse

•2ndWorldConferenceonDisaster Reduction•HyogoFrameworkfor Action

2005 -2015 GlobalPlatformfor

DisasterRiskReduction2006-2007

The Paradigm Shift

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: Latest Framework of DRM

¨ 3rdWorldConferenceonDisasterRiskReduction(March2015, Sendai)¨ Adoptedthe SendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction(SFDRR) (2015– 2030)