evolution of mobile communication networks
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Evolution of Mobile Communication
Networks
byDr. A. Sumaiya Begum
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The Evolution
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The Evolution
1 G - Analog cellular Telephony
2 G - Digital cellular Telephony
3 G - High speed digital cellular Telephony (
video Telephony)
4 G - IP based “anytime anywhere” voice,
data and multimedia Telephony
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Cellular Network
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Base stations transmit to and receive from
mobiles at the assigned spectrum
Area served by a base station is called a Cell
Each mobile terminal is served by the closest
base station
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Cellular Principles
Frequency reuse - same frequency in many
cell sites
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Cellular Principles
Cellular Expansion -easy to add new cells
Handover - moving between cells
Roaming between networks
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Multiple Access Techniques
TDMA
FDMA
CDMA
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Time Division Multiple Access
Time divided into slots:one mobile terminal
per slot
Guard Time:signal transmitted by mobile
terminals at different locations arrive the
base station at different instants
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Frequency Division Multiple Access
One frequency slot per mobile user
Guard band to prevent adjacent channel
interference
Separate frequency bands for downlink and
uplink
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Code Division Multiple Access
Use of orthogonal codes- different transmissions
Spreading: Pseudo random code
Bandwidth occupied is much larger
Same frequency band is used by all users
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How it started?
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In 1880,first telephone(photophone)
First car mounted RadioTelephone-1921
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How it started?
1946 - First commercial mobile radio
telephone service by Bell and AT&T in
Saint Louis, USA. (Half Duplex)
1973 - First handheld
Motorola
1978 - First Cellular Net
Bahrein
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1G
Generation 1 - “ANALOG”
Voice signals
All the systems were incompatible
No International roaming
Lesser Capacity - Unable to accommodate
masses of subscribers
Data rate upto 2.4Kbps
AMPS(Advanced Mobile Phone System) first
launched in US
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Drawbacks
Poor Voice quality
Poor battery life
Large Phone size
Frequent call drops
Poor hand off
No Security
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2G
It is a digital cellular technology
TDMA (GSM)
CDMA (IS 95 or CDMAONE)
Started with a data rate of 9.6Kbps
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2G-GSM
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile
Communication
Used for mobile and data services
It is a circuit switched system
GSM owns a market share of 70 percent
of world’s digital cellular subscribers
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Why GSM?
High quality speech
International roaming
Improved spectrum efficiency
Compatibility with Integrated Services
Digital Network and other telephony
company services
Support for new services
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GSM System Architecture
Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station
Base Station Controller
Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Centre (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
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Mobile Station (MS)
The Mobile Station consists of
Mobile Equipment (ME)-The Handset
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
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System Architecture -Mobile Station
Mobile Equipment
Portable, hand held device
Uniquely identified by IMEI (Internatinal Mobile
Equipment Identity)
Voice and Data transmission
Monitors the power and signal quality
of surrounding cells for optimum handover
Power level : 0.8W-20W
160 character long SMS
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System Architechture-Mobile Station
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Smart card contains the International Mobile
Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
Allows user to send and receive calls and
receive other subscribed services
Can be moved from phone
to phone
Protected by a password
or PIN
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System Architecture
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Communicate across the standard Abris
interface
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System Architecture
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Houses Transceivers and antennas
needed to serve each cell
Encodes,encrypts,multiplexes, modulates
and feeds RF signals to the antenna
Several BTS are controlled
by one BSC
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System Architecture
Base Station Controllers (BSC)
High capacity switch
Physical links between MSC and BTS
Controls the functions between MSC and
BTS
Provides functions such as
Hand over, Cell configuration
data and control RF power
levels in BTS
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Network Switching Subsystem
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC):
Manages Communication between GSM and other networks
Call setup and basic switching
Call routing
Billing information
Mobility Management
Registration
Location Updating
Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff
MSC does gateway function when its
customer roams from one network to
another by using HLR/VLR.
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Network Switching Subsystem
Home Location Register (HLR)
permanent database about mobile subscribers
database contains IMSI,MSISDN, prepaid/postpaid,roaming
restrictions,
supplementary services
Visitor Location Register
Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters
its area
Controls those mobiles roaming in
its area
Database contains IMSI,MSISDN,
MSRN,Location area, authentication key
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Network Switching Subsystem
Authentication Centre(AUC)
Protects against intruders in air interface
Maintains authentication keys and algorithms
Equipment Identity Register (EI)
Database that is used track handsets using the
IMEI(International Mobile Equipment Identity)
Made up of three classes: White
List,Black List and Gray List
Only one EIR per PLMN
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GSM Services
Voice calls
Short Message Services
FAX
Supplementary services
Call Forwarding
Call barring
Call waiting
Call hold
Multiparty Communication- closed user group
Advice of charge
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2.5G (GSM-GPRS)
General Packet Radio Service
It is a packet switching Technology
Used over GSM to enable faster and
higher data rates
Provides data rate of 56-114 KBPS in 2G
“2G + GPRS = 2.5 G”
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GPRS Characteristics
Resources allocated only when data is to
be sent/received
available resources shared by active users
Uplink and downlink channels reserved
separately
Simultaneous data packet transmissions
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GPRS Architecture
GSM +GSN (GPRS SUPPORT NODES)
GPRS SUPPORT NODES:
Servicing GPRS Support Node(SGSN)
Routing the packet switched data to
and from MSC
Gateway GPRS Support Node(GGSN)
Provides a gateway betweenGPRS &
PSTN
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SIM
ME
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
HLR HLR
HLR HLR
MSC SGSN GGSN
PSTN,ISDN,PSPDNCSPDN
BSS NSS
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Applications of GSM-GPRS
Chat
Information services(weather reports,News
reports,share prices,
sports scores)
MMS
Web browsing
Corporate email
vehicle positioning
File transfer(downloading sizeable data)
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EDGE(Enhanced Data GSM Environment)
Faster version of GSM
Data rates upto 384 Kbps
Also called 2.75 G
8-PSK instead of GMSK
Evolutionary path to 3G
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Applications of EDGE
Streaming applications
Very high speed downloads
Quicker MMS
Video phone
Video Conference
Remote presentations
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3G
Designed for multimedia communication
Provides high data transfer rates:2Mbps
Objective:IPTV,Video calling,live
streaming,mobile internet access
Based on WCDMA,UMTS,TD-SCDMA
radio interface,WLAN.etc.,
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3G Services
For the consumer:
video seamless roaming, TV broadcast
video calls
enhanced gaming,chat
location services
For business:
High speed teleworking
Video conferencing
Real time financial information
sales force automation
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UMTS Architecture
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UMTS Architecture
UE - User Equipment
UTRAN - UMTS Radio Access Network
Node B - same as BTS in GSM.
RNC - Radio Network Controller
Controls the operations of multiple nodeB’s
Manages resources such as allocating capacity for data
calls
provides call set-up,switching,traffic routing
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HSDPA Network
High Speed Packet Downlink Packet Access is an advancement to
3G
Usually classified as 3.5G
Provides a speed of 7.2Mbps
Practically provides 3Mbps
Mobile TV streaming & High end transmission
HSUPA-High speed packet uplink packet
access(HSPA=HSDPA+HSUPA)
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HSPA+
High Speed Packet Access is an evolution of HSPA
Provides faster speed to
browse internet
Downloading
Uploading
Sending/receiving mails
Instant Messaging
Speed upto 168Mbps
Practically provides 21Mbps
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Introduction to LTE
Long Term Evolution (LTE)- The next
generation wireless cellular technology
“beyond 3G“.
Intiative taken by 3rd Generation
Partnership Project in 2004.
Introduced in release 8 of 3GPP
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WHY LTE?
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Advantages of LTE
High Throughput
Low Latency
Increased data transfer speed
Cost effective
Improvement over 3G network
Simple Architecture
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LTE TARGETS
Packet domain services only(eg. VOIP).
Higher Throughput : 100Mbps DL
50MbpsUL@20MHz.
Reduced delay/latency : user-plane latency
less than 5ms.
Improved spectrum efficiency : up to 200
active users in a cell @5MHz bandwidth.
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Mobility : optimized for low-mobility (up
to 15Km/h), supported with high
performance for medium mobility (up to
120 Km/h), supported for high mobility
(up to 500 Km/h).
Multimedia broadcast & multicast
services.
Spectrum flexibility.
Multi-antennas configuration.
Coverage up to 30 Km.
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LTE TechnologiesUses Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink.
Uses Single Carrier Frequency DivisionMultiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink
Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) forenhanced throughput
Reduced power consumption
Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (lessbattery power used by handsets)
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OFDM
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MIMO
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LTE Network Architecture
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E-UTRAN (The access network)
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E-UTRAN (The access network)
Evolved UMTS Radio Access Network
eNB
X2
S1
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The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) (The core network)
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The Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
Home Subscriber Server
Packet Data Nw (PDN) Gateway (P-GW)
Serving Gateway (S-GW)
Mobility Management Entity(MME)
Policy Control and Charging Rules
Function (PCRF)
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Functional split between the E-UTRAN and the EPC
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LTE(4G) →→→LTE A(5G)
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LTE A Key Features
Increased peak data rate, DL 3 Gbps, UL
1.5 Gbps
Higher spectral efficiency
Increased number of simultaneously active
subscribers
Improved performance at cell edges
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The Evolution
1G 2G 3G 4G2.5G
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