evolution part 1. 1. who is the naturalist credited for the evolution theory? charles darwin
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Evolution Part 1
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1. Who is the naturalist credited for the evolution theory?
Charles Darwin
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2. What is the definition for evolution?
• Species change over time
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3. What are the two animals that Darwin studied on the Galapagos
Islands and what characteristics did he study?
• Tortoises-different shell shapes to reach food
• -Finches-distinct beak shapes for different food
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4. What is the idea that each living species has descended from older
species called?
• Descent with modification
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5. Darwin's theory of evolution was based on _____ ______which
states that useful variations for their environment survive & reproduce successfully resulting in evolution
of a species. • Natural Selection
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6 Phenotypes, physical traits, that are favorable and passed onto
offspring is associated with what memorable phrase?
• Survival of the Fittest!
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7. How can lethal alleles be passed on through generations?
• It can be hidden by the dominant alleles/traits in carriers
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8. What does natural selection act upon?
• The phenotype
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9. What determines which variation is considered useful and passed
on? • The environment/nature
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10. What are characteristics called that make individuals different
within the same species?• Variations
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11. Does larger or smaller variations in a species increase the
chance of a species survival? Why?
• Increase
• They will be able to survive a larger variety of environmental situations
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12. Are mutations good, bad, and/or neither?
• All of the above
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13. What is a variation called that helps an organism survive in its
environment? • Adaptations
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14. How are adaptations chosen and who/what chooses them?
• The adaptations that help the organism survive in the environment
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15. What can happen to a species without the right adaptations?
• It can become extinct or endangered
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16. What is it called when an organism blends into the
surrounding? Give an example.
• Camouflage- chameleon/walking stick/leaf frog
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17. What is it called a species resembles a harmful species in
physical appearance or behavior? Give an example.
• Mimicry-hornet and bee
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18. What are the four main causes of evolution?
• -Natural Selection
• -Migration
• -Genetic Drift
• -Mutation
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19. What is the most common cause of offspring variation from sexual reproduction and gamete
formation?
• Gene shuffling
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20. What is a random change in DNA that can cause evolution? List the 2 main types and define them.
• Mutation
• -Frameshift/Point Mutations
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21.What is migration also known as?
• Gene flow
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22.Genetic drift is a _____change in allele frequency
• random
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23.Genetic drift affects ___ and ______ type of populations most.
• Small
• isolated
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24.What is a change in allele frequency due to the migration of
small subgroups starting new populations?
• Founder effect
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25.Does the founder effect cause identical populations to the ones
they migrated from? • No-it depends on the founding alleles
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26.Nonrandom mating means that mates are chosen by how __ they
are, which leads to a ______ • Fit
• Better
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27.What cause acts on the phenotype?
• Natural Selection
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28.What is it called when there is no change in a population over
many generations? Does it occur often?
• Genetic equilibrium-it is very rare
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29.What is the principle that allele frequency will remain the same
unless 1 or more factors change.
• Hardy-Weinberg
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30.To achieve genetic equilibrium:
• No-mutations occur
• No-gene flow/migration in or out
• No-natural selection
• Yes-individuals mate randomly
• Yes-large gene pool
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31.What is all of the alleles in a population called?
• Gene pool
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32What does stabilizing selection favor? Draw a diagram.
• Favors the average individuals
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33.What does stabilizing selection reduce?
• Reduces variations
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34.What does directional selection favor? Draw a diagram.
• One extreme
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35.Directional selection can lead to what?
• Rapid evolution of a new species
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36.What does disruptive selection favor? Draw a diagram.
• BOTH extremes of the species
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37.Disruptive selection can lead to what
• 2 new species?
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38.What are the 5 main types of proof used for evolution?
• -Fossil Records (accumulation of fossil information)
• -Homologous structures
• -Vestigial structures
• -Embryonic structures
• -DNA similarities
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39.What shows the accumulation of information that shows the pattern
of change amongst past living things?
• Fossil record
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40.What are remains of earlier life called?
• Fossils
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41.What type of rock are most fossils in?
• Sedimentary
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42.What are the 5 main types of fossils?
• -Casts
• -Molds
• -Amber
• -Imprints
• -Petrified
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43.What are the 3 main things that fossil records can prove? Briefly
describe each
• Biological diversity-kinds of organisms
• -Episodic speciation-when a new species appears
• -Mass extinction-when there is a sudden disappearance of an organism
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44.What are the 2 main types of fossil dating? Briefly describe
each.• -Radioactive dating-measuring the
amount of radioactive element (Carbon 14 usually) left in the fossil
• -Relative Dating-Comparing fossils against other fossils from the same layer of Earth
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45.How do you figure the half life?
• By measuring time it takes for ½ the radioactive element to decay
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46What type of evidence shows similar patterns of an organisms' parts (though may have different functions) indicating
that they have recent common ancestors. Give an example
• Homologous structures-ex. Bird’s wing to human arm to penguin forelimb, to alligator arm to whale fin
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47.What type of evidence is that an organism has a part that has no
current function, but was functional to their ancestors? Give an
example. • Vestigial structures-appendix, pelvic
bones in whales, wings for ostriches
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48.What type of evidence shows similarities of the earliest stages of
life? Give an example.
• Embryology-mammals, birds, and reptiles all have tails and gill slits as embryos
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49.What type of evidence shows a close relationship in the cells
codes? Give an example.
• DNA-chimpanzees are 98% chromosomally similar to humans
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50.What type of evolution starts as 2 unrelated species that become
similar usually because of environment? Give an example
• Convergent evolution-sharks(fish), penguins(birds), & dolphins(mammals) are similar because they all adapt to the same habitat
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51.What type of evolution starts as 2 species that evolve in response to each other? Give an example.
• Coevolution- poisonous plants and insects that become poison resistant
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52.What type of evolution starts with 1 species that becomes different and creates 2 species, usually due to
differing habitats? Give an example • Divergent
Evolution- penguins, ostriches, and hummingbird all adapted & became different species
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53.What type of evolution starts with 1 species and evolve into
many species? Give an example
• Adaptive radiation (Descent with Modification)-Finches evolved into many different species