evolution the theory that species can change over time (more than one lifetime)
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What variations do you see in the puppies?
Color patterns in their fur
The length of their noses
How tall they are
The size of their ears
Maybe there are even variation in their behavior!
Advantageous Trait A characteristic that
helps an organism survive or reproduce.
It depends on the environment.
When only a few organisms have a trait that is helpful, it is called an advantageous trait.
The Environment is always changingIf the environment became extremely cold, which
of the puppies would be most likely to survive?
• If the environment became extremely hot, which of the puppies would be most likely to survive?
• If there was a food shortage, who would survive?
BrainstormWhat traits would be advantageous if you
live under water?
What traits would be advantageous if you live in the air like a bird?
AdaptationA useful characteristic that an entire population has.
When an entire population has a trait that is helpful, it is called an adaptation.
What population has advantageous traits for living under water?
What adaptations does that population have?
Species change over time because the environment is always changing.
When the environment changes & there is variation in a population, some organisms are able to survive better than others.
For example, during the ice age, animals with thick fur had the advantage. Only animals with thick fur survived and reproduced. The only giant dinosaur-sized creatures that survived in the ice age were wooly mammoths.
How does variation benefit populations?
Which snails would survive if the sand in the ocean turned red?
Which snails would survive if the sand in the ocean were yellow?
If the environment changes, a large population with lots of variation has a better chance of having some individuals survive and reproduce!
Why is variation in the snails beneficial?
What traits do these giraffes have?What is the variation in this picture?Which giraffes are most likely to survive?Which giraffes are most likely to reproduce?What is the advantageous trait?How long will the necks of the next generation of
giraffes be?
1. Define Adaptation.
2. Which of the following is an real adaptation?a) Zebras adapted black and white stripes to blend in better
with their environment.
b) After jumping into a cold swimming pool, your body adapts to the cold. The water starts to feel warmer.
THINGS YOU KNOW: In order to call a trait an adaptation, most or all of the
population must have that trait.Changes in evolution take longer than one lifetime to happen.
ANSWER: (Option A) After millions of years, all the zebra-like creatures without stripes died off and all the zebra-like creatures with stripes lived to reproduce.
Three years ago, a group of squirrels’ environment changed.
A highway was built in the middle of the habitat and now the
squirrel population is divided! The forest to the left of the
highway stays the same after the highway is built. The forest on
the right side of the highway becomes a theme park. In the
theme park, the dark gray squirrels are especially visible to
the hawks that prey on them.
1. What has changed in the environment?
A Graph of the Fur Color of Squirrels in a Forest
There is variation in the fur color of a population of squirrels ranging from light gray
to dark gray. After a theme park is built, light gray squirrels are able to
camouflage on the concrete. Dark gray squirrels stick out like a sore thumb and
can be eaten by predators.
2. What is the variation in the squirrels?
3. Who is most likely to survive and reproduce?
Pop
ulat
ion
Squ
irrel
s
Coat Color
10
20
30
40
50
Light gray Dark gray
Natural Selection “Case Study F”
A Graph of the Fish Size
On the east coast there are salmon in the ocean. These salmon are all
different sizes. When the British came to America in the 1800s more and
more people started hunting for salmon. These fishermen were paid by the
weight of fish rather than by the number of fish that they caught. The
fishermen thought of a plan to catch more large fish. These fishermen
started using nets with large holes so that they would catch only large fish.
Pop
ulat
ion
of F
ish
Fish Length
1
3
5
7
9
Natural SelectionWhich fish will survive, the large fish or the
small fish?Which fish will reproduce?How will the population of the fish change
overtime?
The Industrial Revolution in Europe
In 1760-1850, there was major change in Europe. People invented factories to make clothes and many other things, such as steel. The factories that people built, spewed out tons of soot and pollution. This black soot fell on the trees in Europe and turned the bark black.
Describe the Environment
Make observations about the tree barkWhat is the moth’s predator?
Birds put pressureon the moths
The Industrial Revolution in Europe
1) Describe the variation in the population
2) Describe the Environmental Pressure (what changed?)
3) Determine the advantageous trait
4) Let several lifetimes pass; Organisms will reproduce
5) Determine what traits the next generation will have
6) Identify the change/adaptation
There are more dark colored moths than light colored moths because…
Dark colored moths can camouflage with the bark
Dark colored moths are more likely to survive because bird won’t eat them
Dark colored moths have the advantageous trait.
Dark colored moths reproduce and pass on their traits.
Almost all their offspring are Dark colored too.
adaptation
Identify the Change
If almost the entire population has the helpful trait, call it an ………………….
If only a few members of the population have the helpful trait, call it an……….
advantageous trait
Moths that were white were eaten by birds. Only black moths survived.
Moths needed to camouflage in order to survive, so they turned black.
Why are the moths able to change during the industrial revolution?
Natural Selection
Process that explains how species change over time.
Natural Selection is shorthand for saying: “Organisms who are best suited to the environment (who have advantageous traits) are more likely to survive and reproduce and pass on those traits to the next generation. Over time, the entire population changes. We say, the population adapts.”
Steps in Natural Selection
1) Describe the variation in the population
2) Describe the Environmental Pressure (change)
3) Determine the advantageous trait
4) Let several lifetimes pass; organisms will reproduce
5) Determine what traits the next generation will have
6) Identify the change/adaptation
Note: Natural Selection is sometimes called “survival of the fittest.”
•Fitness: The ability of an organism to survive to reproduce.