evolutionary theory - quia · is evolution the survival of the fittest? natural selection can act...
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Evolutionary Theory
Biology Chapter 16 Section 3
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Open Activity
Write a sentence in which you relate an
organism’s life span to the
potential rate of evolution of its
species. Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Objectives Section 3
I will be able to identify:• How has Darwin’s theory been
has updated.• At what scales evolution can be
studied.Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Chapter 16 Section 3: Beyond Darwinian Theory
Key Vocabulary Terms
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
SpeciationThe formation of new species as a result of
evolution.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Microevolution
Refers to evolution as a change in the
genes of populations.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Macroevolution
Refers to the appearance of
new species over time.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Species
A group of organisms that
are closely related and that
can mate to produce fertile
offspring.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Diversity
The number and variety of species
present in an area and their
spatial distribution.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Frequency
The number of occurrences of a
periodic or recurrent
process per unit time.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Genetic Drift
The process of change in the genetic composition of a population due to chance
or random events rather than by natural selection, resulting in changes in allele
frequencies over time.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Gene Flow
The movement of genes into or
out of a population due to
interbreeding.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Chapter 16 Section 3: Beyond Darwinian Theory
Supplementary Words
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Modern synthesis of evolutionary theory
The weaving together or unification of Darwin’s theory with newer studies of fossils, anatomy, genetics, and more.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Migration
The movement of individuals into, out
of, or between populations.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
RandomWithout aim or plan; purposeless
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Mate Choice
The process of pairing parents of offspring or
choosing a mate for reproduction.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Mutation
A change in the nucleotide-base
sequence of a gene or DNA molecule.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Convergent Evolution
The process by which unrelated species become more similar as they
adapt to the same kind of environment.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Divergent Evolution
The process by which two or more
related but reproductively
isolated populations
become more and more dissimilar.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Coevolution
The evolution of two or more species that is due to mutual influence, often in a way that makes the relationship more mutually beneficial.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Adaptive Radiation
An evolutionary pattern in
which many species evolve from a single
ancestral species.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Lineage
Direct descent from an
ancestor, esp a line of
descendants from one ancestor
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Extinct
Describes a species that has died out completely
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Extinction
The death of every member of a species
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Gradualism
A model of evolution in
which gradual change over a long period of time leads to
biological diversity
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Punctuated Equilibrium
A model of evolution in which short periods of drastic change in species, including
mass extinctions and rapid speciation, are separated by long
periods of little or no change
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Chapter 16 Section 3:
Beyond Darwinian Theory
Notes
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Chapter 16 Section 3: Beyond Darwinian Theory
Darwin’s Theory Updated
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Darwin’s Theory Updated
Discoveries since Darwin’s time, especially in
genetics, have been added to his theory to explain the evolution of
species.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Darwin’s Theory Updated
Some parts of Darwin’s theory have been modified, and new
parts have been added. But mostly, Darwin’s
theory has been supported..
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Darwin’s Theory Updated
The first major advance beyond Darwin’s ideas
was the rediscovery, in
1900, of Mendel’s Laws of Heredity.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Darwin’s Theory Updated
By the 1940s, scientists began to weave Darwin’s theory together with newer studies of fossils, anatomy,
genetics, and more.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Darwin’s Theory Updated
This unification is called the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Darwin’s Theory Updated
In particular, biologists have
learned that evolution can
result from processes other
than natural selection.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Darwin’s Theory Updated
Survival and reproduction
can be limited by
chance or by the way that genes work.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Darwin’s Theory Updated
In the modern view, any or all of these forces may
combine with natural selection (as described by
Darwin).
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Darwin’s Theory Updated
This synthesis helps explain some of the patterns of
evolution that were unexplained
by natural selection alone.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Remaining Questions
Modern biologists have tentative answers to the following questions:–Can an individual evolve?–Is evolution the survival of the
fittest?–Is evolution predictable?
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
YOUR TURN
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Darwin correctly inferred that individuals do not
evolve. They may respond to outside forces,
but individuals do not pass on their responses
as heritable traits. Rather, populations evolve when
natural selection acts (indirectly) on genes.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Can an individual evolve?
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
YOUR TURN
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Is evolution the survival of the fittest?Natural selection can act
only on the inheritable variation that exists in a
population. Chance variations do not always
provide the best adaptation for a given time and place. So,
evolution does not always produce the “fittest”
forms, just those that “fit” well enough to leave
offspring.Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
YOUR TURN
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Is evolution predictable?Evolution sometimes results in larger or
more-complex forms of life, but this result cannot be predicted. Many forms of life are
simple yet successful. Mostly, scientists cannot predict the exact path that evolution
will take.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Chapter 16 Section 3:
Beyond Darwinian Theory
Studying Evolution at All Scales
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Studying Evolution at All Scales
Because it affects every aspect of
biology, scientists can study evolution
at many scales.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Studying Evolution at All Scales
Generally, these scales range from
microevolution to macroevolution, with
speciation in between.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Studying Evolution at All ScalesInformally,
microevolution refers to evolution as a
change in the genes of populations,
whereas macroevolution refers to the appearance of
new species over time.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Speciation
The link between microevolution and macroevolution is speciation.
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Speciation
Speciation, the formation of new species, can be seen as a process of genetic change or as a pattern of change in the form of organisms.
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Speciation
Recall that a species is a group of organisms that are closely related and that can mate to produce fertile
offspring.
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Speciation
So, speciation can begin with the separation of
populations of the same species.
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Speciation
For example, the two kinds of
squirrels shown seem to be
evolving from one species into two because of
separation.
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
YOUR TURN Active Reading
Section 3 - Beyond Darwinian Theory
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Processes of Microevolution
To study microevolution, we look at the processes by which inherited traits change over time in a population.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Five major processes can affect the kinds of genes that will exist in a population
from generation to generation—•Natural selection•Migration•Mate choice•Mutation•Genetic drift.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Processes of Microevolution
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Natural selection can cause an increase or decrease in
certain alleles in a population.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Natural Selection
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Migration
Migration is the movement of
individuals into, out of, or between populations.
Migration can change the numbers and
types of alleles in a population.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Mate ChoiceIf parents are paired up
randomly in a population, a random
assortment of traits will be passed on to the
next generation. However, if parents are limited or selective in
their choice of mates, a limited set of traits will
be passed on.Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Mutation
Mutation can change the
numbers and types of alleles from one generation to the next. However,
such changes are rare.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Genetic Drift
The random effects of everyday life can cause differences in the survival and
reproduction of individuals through. Because of these differences, some alleles may
become more or less common in a population, especially in a small population.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
YOUR TURN
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Patterns of Macroevolution
To study macroevolution, we
look at the patterns in which new species
evolve.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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We may study the direction, diversity, or
speed of change. Patterns of change
are seen when relationships
between living and fossil species are
modeled.Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Patterns of Macroevolution
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
YOUR TURN
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Some organisms appear to be similar but are not closely related at all. This is the result of convergent evolution, the process by which unrelated species become similar as they adapt to similar environments.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Comparing convergent and divergent evolution
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In contrast, divergent evolution is the process by
which two or more related species
become more and more dissimilar.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
Comparing convergent and divergent evolution
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
YOUR TURN
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Organisms are part of one other’s environment, so they can affect one
another’s evolution. Species that live in close contact often have clear adaptations to
one another’s existence.
Coevolution
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
YOUR TURN
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Over time, species may split into two or more
lines of descendants, or lineages. As this
splitting repeats, one species can give rise to many new species. The process tends to speed up when a new species enters an environment that contains few other
species.
Adaptive Radiation
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
YOUR TURN
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If all members of a lineage die off or simply
fail to reproduce, the lineage is said to be
extinct. The fossil record shows that many
lineages have arisen and radiated, but only a few of their descendants
survived and evolved into the species present
today.
Extinction
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
YOUR TURN
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GradualismIn Darwin’s day, the idea of slow, gradual change was new to geology as well as
biology. Darwin had argued that large scale changes,
such as the formation of new species, must require many small changes to build up
gradually over a long period of time. This model is called
gradualism.Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Adapted from Holt Biology 2008Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
YOUR TURN
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Some biologists argue that species do not always evolve
gradually. Species may remain stable for long
periods until environmental changes create new
pressures. Then, many new species may “suddenly”
appear. This model is called punctuated equilibrium.
Punctuated Equilibrium
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Summary
Discoveries since Darwin’s time, especially in
genetics, have been added to his theory to explain the evolution of
species.Adapted from Holt Biology 2008
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Summary
Because it affects every aspect of biology, scientists can study
evolution at many scales. Generally, these scales range
from microevolution to macroevolution, with speciation
in between.
Adapted from Holt Biology 2008