evolving from was to is: societal impacts in nws service assessments kevin barjenbruch, nws, salt...
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Evolving from WAS to IS:
Societal Impacts in NWS Service Assessments
Evolving from WAS to IS:
Societal Impacts in NWS Service Assessments
Kevin Barjenbruch, NWS, Salt Lake City, UTDaniel Nietfeld, NWS, Omaha, NE
Julie Demuth, NCAR Societal Impacts Program
Kevin Barjenbruch, NWS, Salt Lake City, UTDaniel Nietfeld, NWS, Omaha, NE
Julie Demuth, NCAR Societal Impacts Program
2008 Summer WAS*IS WorkshopAugust 9, 2008
2008 Summer WAS*IS WorkshopAugust 9, 2008
February 5-6, 2008, tornado outbreak
• 82 tornadoes, 5 rated a 4 on Enhanced Fujita Tornado Scale
• 57 fatalities; most since May 31, 1985, and 13th of all time
• 350+ injuries
• Over $400M in property damage
Dubbed Super Tuesday Tornado Outbreak
Overarching Goal/Activation:
• Conducted to evaluate NWS performance during significant (high-impact) events– Major economic impacts– Multiple fatalities or numerous serious injuries– Unusually high public or media interest
• Usually convened just once or twice a year
NWS Service Assessments
Team Composition:• Experts from both inside and outside the
National Weather ServiceProcess:
• Study the event itself and as well as actions before, during, and immediately after
• Work with designated officials at National Weather Service Headquarters to author report– Recommend changes in NWS procedures, products,
and services to improve future performance
• Briefing provided to NWS Corporate Board• Service Assessment posted for public
consumption
NWS Service Assessments
• Inward Focus on NWS Procedures, actions, and equipment through– Internal review of
operations in: National Centers, Weather Forecast Offices, Center Weather Service Units, and River Forecast Centers)
– External assessment with various customers of the information – Trending toward IS!
• Emphasis on quantitative assessment– Fatalities and injuries– Damage– Verification, etc.
NWS Service AssessmentsService assessments moving from WAS…
• 2008 assessments have included a Societal Impacts Analysis Component– Super Tuesday Tornado
Outbreak– Mother’s Day Weekend
Tornadoes in Oklahoma and Missouri, May 10, 2008
– Midwest Floods of June 2008
• Increased emphasis on qualitative assessment– Actions taken– Changes in information
delivery, etc.
NWS Service AssessmentsTo IS…
• Utilize lessons learned, best practices, and analysis of customers/partners of weather information to– Improve delivery of hazard information (format
and content) to our customers and partners – Improve clarity of hazard information– Focus research and training– Allocate resources
NWS Service AssessmentsDesired outcomes
Provide better and more understandable weather information so that people will
take action to protect life and property!
Motivation• This was a well-warned event
…with such good information...
• Why did so many people die?
• Why don’t people do what they’re “supposed” to do … to make the “right” decision?
We get frustrated when we put “good” weather information out there and people don’t make the
“right” decisions!
We get frustrated when we put “good” weather information out there and people don’t make the
“right” decisions!
Societal impacts scope• The task – To try to understand why so many
people died and the details of those fatalities– E.g., age, gender, whether warning was heard, warning
source, whether they heeded the warning, structure where they died, whether they sought shelter, whether safer shelter was available
Can learn so much by having people walk you through all this … by letting
them tell you their stories!
Can learn so much by having people walk you through all this … by letting
them tell you their stories!
• An opportunity – To gather empirical info about people’s actual warning response behaviors– what info people had, how they interpreted it (knowledge)– how people perceived the situation (perceptions)– what decisions people made (decision-making)
Methodology• Semi-structured interviews with the public
• Targeted, convenience, and snowball sampling
• 41 interviews in the 6 WFOs visited (assessment team broke into 3 sub-teams)– Kevin and I did 17 public interviews over 4 days in
the field, another day on the phone
Some of the questions• When did you first realize there was a threat of a
tornado in this area? – How did you learn about the threat? (Sources, environmental
cues) – What were you thinking after you received that information?
(Trust? Confusion? Uncertainty? Barriers to action?) – What did you do next? (Confirmation?)– Were there any unique circumstances about your day that
affected your experience during the tornado event? What?
• Have you ever been in a similar type of extreme-weather situation in the past? (Experience, false alarms)– Did anything from that experience influence what you did
during this most recent event?– Have you ever been warned about an extreme weather event
in the past that did not occur?
• Think back over the entire tornado event, from the time you learned there was a tornado threat through when the tornado actually occurred.– Is there any other information you would have liked to have
had?
A Few Key Results• Knowledge
– People get information from multiple sources• Most commonly via television• Also commonly from other people
– People get information multiple times– Misconceptions about sirens
• Perceptions– Integration of seasonality, weather salience,
situational awareness about the event– Personalization of the threat
• Seeking confirmation of the threat (e.g., Atkins woman, couple)
• Personal risk perception and optimism bias (e.g., Hardin Co. family, Arkansas family)
A Few Key Results• Decision-making and sheltering
– Decision-making is not a singular event; it happens numerous times throughout the warning process
– Vast majority of people who received warning information sought shelter in best location available to them
– Most people heeded the warning and sought shelter in the best available location, but…
– Most people did not have an underground shelter or safe room available to them• Fatalities
– Collected as much good data as we could– Nearly 2/3 of victims were in mobile homes
WAS*IS Folded into Super Tuesday
The value of WAS*IS
• Community to fall back on for support/knowledge
• Recognition that the NWS is not “all that”– Through interaction at workshop– Through partnership projects– Through the assessment
• Some exposure to quantitative and qualitative research
• Visibility=Opportunity
• Coping with sleep deprivation
WAS*IS Folded into Super Tuesday
The OMG now what!
• Surveys
• The art of interviewing– Opportunity to observe and learn from Julie
• Excel…data analysis
I was a ship without a sail…
• Hurricane Charley Service Assessment – 2004– EM Interviews– Media Interviews– Hours and hours of transcribing– Had a good “teacher” (Sociologist Betty Morrow)– NO knowledge of good wine
• Super Tuesday Service Assessment – 2008– Learned from a great “mentor” (Julie and I suppose
Kevin)– Was inflicted by passion for doing this work– Truly connected my tornado warnings with the impacts of
them– Became a layexpert in Italian Reds
Adrift on the open sea of societal impacts…
My Job… • Where should I focus my energy in the next 20
years?
• How can I influence the forecasters in my office?
• The internal workings of the WFO should be driven by the external impacts of our actions
• How should my seminars be structured?
• When I collaborate with UNL and Creighton University, which research projects should I emphasize and pursue?
Little Sioux Boy Scout Camp• June 11, 2008 EF3 Tornado
• 4 children killed
• 12 minute lead time
• Sirens sounded
• Sought shelter
• We now have a forecaster who wants to do a study on this event, from a societal impacts perspective
• I can at least now call Julie and say “HELP!”
My Other Job… • Teach “Severe Storms” at UNL
– Shared my Service Assessment experience with students
– Wow – student interest!
• UNL Alumni Advisory Board
• Short Course?
• Curriculum?
June 3, 1980• 28 years later
• Community rebuilding
• Economic Impact
• Psychological Impact
• Sheltering
• New perspective
The essentials• Partnerships among social scientist, research
meteorologists, operational meteorologist, policy makers, practitioners, etc. – Kevin links operational meteorologists, users– Julie links users, social science research– Dan links research meteorologists, operational
meteorologists– The three of us are so much more effective together
• Interest and willingness to work together, to listen, learn, exchange ideas! To co-produce knowledge.
• Passion!
• 3 Huskers + ISTJ + ENFP + INFJ = LATE NIGHTS!
• But I function well (had some of my best thoughts even) at 6:30 a.m. … after going to bed at 5:00 a.m.!
• Even still, it’s important to know who else on the team needs Starbucks daily (or twice daily, or …)
• Speaking of Starbucks, there are a lot of cops in Little Rock … and they’ll pull you over for *almost* running a red light.
• Speaking of Kevin’s driving, have a happy place that you can go to in an instant…Opportunities like this can change
your life in ways you never dreamed possible…
Opportunities like this can change your life in ways you never
dreamed possible…