Examining the challenges in mainstreaming

climate change into development plans:

Lessons learned from Lebanon

Mrs. Lea Kai AboujaoudeNov 5, 2018

How did climate change arrive near the

top of the international agenda?

Rio 1992

UNFCCC 1994

Kyoto 1997

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The IPCC

• Established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1988.

• Open to all governments belonging to UNEP and WMO. Currently 192 countries are members.

The IPCC

• IPCC does not carry out research or monitor climate

• Maintains rigorous procedures for assessing the progress in understanding climate change. Assessments are based mainly on already published, peer reviewed literature.

• Integrates scientific and governmental review

• Characterizes the scientific consensus relating to key policy statements

• Sustains a framework for repeated assessments

IPCC - Special Report on 1.5 Degrees

The numbers

49% emission reduction levels by 2030

100% carbon neutrality by 2050

85% of the world’s electricity through wind and solar power by 2050,

12 years remaining to limit climate change catastrophe

Today Tomorrow

What can we do about it?

Climate change mainstreaming

The informed inclusion of relevant

environmental concerns into the decisions

of institutions that drive national, local and

sectoral development policy, rules, plans,

investment and action.

From Dalal-Clayton and Bass (2009)

Examples of climate mainstreaming

Main elements for efficient

mainstreaming

Generate

accurate

relevant

information

Transform

outputs into

sector

specific

information

Identify entry

points in

planning

Include in

strategies

Country profile

Population : 4.5 Million

Surface area: 10,452 km2

Coastline: 225 km

Main economical sectors :

Service 45%

Trade 23%

Industry 12%

Agriculture 5%

Party to UNFCCC: 1994

Party to Kyoto: 2006

Party to Paris: Soon

3.From Assessment

Outputs …

Assessment Outputs

National

communications

and BURs

Lebanon’s greenhouse gas emission inventory

+26 million tonnes CO2eq.

Total emissions in 2012

-3 million tonnes CO2Removals from Forests

Main sources of air pollution

Economic and social burden

National crisis

Emission reduction in 2030

-20%

to

-40%

Transport

10-20%

Energy

66-70%

Waste

12-20%

Pollution

Cost

Quality of life

Increase in temperatures

Sourc

e |

Adapte

d f

rom

ESCW

A,

2015

RCP4.5 (2046-2065) RCP8.5 (2046-2065)

RCP8.5 (2081-2100)RCP4.5 (2081-2100)

Decrease in precipitations

Sourc

e |

Adapte

d f

rom

ESCW

A,

2015

RCP4.5 (2046-2065) RCP8.5 (2046-2065)

RCP4.5 (2081-2100) RCP8.5 (2081-2100)

Assessment Outputs

National

communications

and BURs

- Most emitting sectors

- Most vulnerable sectors

- Barriers and challenges

- Technical, capacity building

and financial needs

- Institutional changes

- Coordination mechanisms

Assessment Outputs

National

communications

and BURs

- Most emitting sectors

- Most vulnerable sectors

- Barriers and challenges

- Technical, capacity building

and financial needs

- Institutional changes

- Coordination mechanisms

Assessment Outputs

National

communications

and BURs

Technology needs

assessment

- Priority mitigation and

adaptation sectors

- Priority technology

Prioritized sectors

Power

Agriculture

Transport

Water

Vulnerability

Emissions

Assessment Outputs

National

communications

and BURs

Technology needs

assessment

Economic cost

of climate change

- Climate change bill on the

Lebanese economy

- Most vulnerable sectors from

another perspective

300

10 13

470

213 7

22

110

47,200 177,900

62

29

5938 43

22

57

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500Costs in 2020(million USD)

Assessment Outputs

National

communications

and BURs

Technology needs

assessment

Economic cost

of climate change

Desrisking of

Climate change

- Deploy the

market of RE in a

cost effective

way for the

government

Main results

How does the deployment of the selected public instrument package

… catalyse private sector investment ?

… generate economy-wide savings?

… increase the affordability of RE for end-users?

… benefit the environment?

2030 investment target:

300 MW utility-scale solar

PV

estimated at USD 46m

…

… of USD 279m

… of USD 97m over 20 years

… by lowering the LCOE from USD 10 cents to 8.2 cents per

kWh

… by reducing carbon emissions by -5.2 million tonnes over 20

years

2.… to appropriate

climate policies

Climatizing national partners

MoA’s 2015-2019 plan: responding to climate change impacts;

MoA’s National Afforestation and Reforestation Program; “Adapt the forest and agriculture systems in Lebanon to climate change”;

MoEW’s National Water Sector Strategy: improving climate change knowledge, and its implications on water and its vulnerability;

MoE’s biodiversity strategy: “By 2030, vulnerable ecosystems to climate change are identified and adaptation plans are developed and implemented”;

Consulted on other policies, LDN, air quality etc.

I·N·D·C

Intended Nationally Determined

Contribution

Countries publicly outline what climate

actions they intend to take under a new

international agreement by 2030.

Lebanon’s INDC

Cut CO2 emissions

15%

30%

Unconditional target

Conditional to finance, technical support

and capacity building

2030

3.… while building a

solid network

INDC development

Cost

estimation

Adaptation need

INDC

Current and future

national policiesClimate change policies that are needed

Sectoral

assessment of

policies and plans

Reduction

potential

GHG inventory

Impact and

vulnerability

assessment

Indentifying

technologies

Indentifying

Barriers

Sustainable

Stakeholder

Engagement

Most Valuable By-Product

Collective Dynamic Iterative

Using agendas and work of other ministries to

integrate the TNA, NAMA, policies, LEDS, INDC

Conducting targeted meetings with our sustainable

stakeholders

Conducting meetings under patronage of other

ministries

• Involvement at an early stage and at every step of the

process

• Involvement of all sectors, set official focal points

• Define roles: from passive interaction to self mobilization -data providing, data and results validation, expert judgment

• Create personal contacts

• Explore expectations, build trust, create network

• Draft their ideas/suggestions into policies

• Obtain official endorsement