Excavation, Trenching, Excavation, Trenching, and Soil Mechanicsand Soil Mechanics

OSHA RegulationsOSHA Regulations

• 1926.650: Scope and Application• 1926.651: Specific Excavation

Requirements• 1926.652: Requirements for Protective

Systems• 1926 Subpart P Appendix A: Soil

Classification• Other Appendix and Tabulated Data

DANGER!DANGER!

Number of Serious Violations -FY 00 2

1468

994

948

785

783

755

660

609

595

522

501(b)(1) - M

100(a) - E

451(g)(1) - L

21(b)(2) - C

451(e)(1) - L

652(a)(1)- P

451(b)(1) - L

503(a)1)- M

20(b)(2) - C

1053(b)(1) - X

N u m b e r o f S e r io u s V io la t io n s - F Y 0 0 1 6

S u b p a r t P - E x c a v a t io n s( 1 9 2 6 .6 5 0 - 6 5 2 )

83

263

345

351

755652(a)(1)

651(c)(2)

651(k)(1)

651(j)(2)

651(k)(2)

Sta

ndar

d - 1

926.

Fatal Facts!Fatal Facts!

• An employee was installing a small diameter pipe in a trench 3’ wide, 12-15’ deep and 90 feet long. The trench was not sloped or shored nor was there a box or shield to protect the employee. Further, there was evidence of a previous cave-in. The employee apparently reentered the trench, and a second cave-in occurred, burying him. He was found face down in the bottom of the trench.

• Four employees of a mechanical contractor were laying a lateral sewer line at a building site. The foreman, a plumber by trade, and a laborer were laying an eight-inch, 20-foot long plastic sewer pipe in the bottom of a trench 36 inches wide, nine feet deep, and approximately 50 feet long. The trench was neither sloped nor shored, and there was water entering it along a shale seam near the bottom. The west side of the trench caved in near the bottom, burying one employee to his chest and completely covering the other. Rescue operations took two and five hours - too late to save the men.

Fatal Facts!Fatal Facts!

Scope and Application Scope and Application 1926.6501926.650

• “This subpart applies to all open excavations made in the earth’s surface. Excavations are defined to include trenches.”

What Is Soil?What Is Soil?

• A soil is a mixture of rock, water, air and a variety of other substances.

• Soil is made up of rock in the form of small particles and spaces called voids. Normally some part of these voids is filled with water.

Solid Rock weighs about 167 lbs. Per cubic foot. Since a cubic foot of soil is about ½ rock it will weigh about 83 lbs. Add in water and the weight begins to rise to around 114 lbs. (if saturated).

Do the math and a simple cubic yard of soil can weigh over 3000 lbs! That is a ton and a ½!

Weighing in on Soil…Weighing in on Soil…

Mechanics of a Cave-InMechanics of a Cave-In

Diagram of a Cave-InDiagram of a Cave-In

Diagram of a Cave-InDiagram of a Cave-In

Protecting Employees in Protecting Employees in ExcavationsExcavations

• 1926.652 (a)(1)• “Each employee in an excavation shall be

protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system designed in accordance with paragraph (b) or (c) of this section except when:• (i) Excavations are made in entirely stable rock; or• (ii) Excavations are less than 5’ in depth and

examination of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of a potential cave-in.”

Protective SystemsProtective Systems

• “a method of protecting employees from cave-ins, from material that could fall or roll from an excavation face or into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent structures. Protective systems include support systems, sloping and benching systems, shield systems, and other systems that provide the necessary protection”

So…We Have OptionsSo…We Have Options

• Slope, or Bench according to allowable configurations…

• Use a Registered Professional Engineer to design a sloping or benching system.

• Use support systems in accordance with requirements set forth in the standard.

• Purchase an engineered system, (example..a trench box or shield.)

• Have a PE design a shielding or shoring system specific to your task.

29 CFR 1926.652(b)(4)(i)29 CFR 1926.652(b)(4)(i)

• Design by a registered professional engineer…

• Any system not found within the guidelines set forth in the standard, or within the tabulated data tables in the standard requires use of a Professional Engineer.

• No where in the standard or tabulated data does it allow for excavations deeper than 20 feet.

Competent PersonCompetent Person

• “one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has the authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them”

• (Knowledge & Authority)

Inspections Inspections 1926.651(k)(1)1926.651(k)(1)

• Daily Inspection of excavations shall be conducted by a ‘competent person’ prior to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift.

• Inspections shall also be conducted after every rainstorm or other hazard increasing occurrence.

Access and EgressAccess and Egress1926.651 (c)(2)1926.651 (c)(2)

• “A stairway, ladder, ramp or other safe means of egress shall be located in a trench excavations that are 4’ or more in depth so as to require no more than 25’ of lateral travel for employees.”

Soil TestsSoil Tests

• 1926 Subpart P Appendix A, Soil Classification (c)(3).

• In order to classify a soil A, B, or C at least one visual and one manual test must be performed by a competent person.

Visual TestVisual Test

• “Visual analysis is conducted to determine the qualitative information regarding the excavation site in general, the soil adjacent to the excavation, the soil forming the sides of the open excavation, and the soil taken as samples from the excavated materials.”

Manual TestsManual Tests

• “Manual analysis of soil samples is conducted to determine quantitative as well as qualitative properties of soil to provide more information in order to classify soil properly.”

• Examples: Thumb penetration, Pocket penetrometers, Drying tests, Sedimentation…

Thumb Penetration TestThumb Penetration Test

• 1926 Subpart P Appendix A(2)(iii)• …type A soils with an unconfined

compressive strength of 1.5 tsf can be readily indented by the thumb; however, they can only be penetrated by the thumb only with great effort…Type C soils with an unconfined compressive strength of .5 tsf can be easily penetrated several inches by the thumb, and can be molded by light finger pressure.

Solid RockSolid Rock

• “Natural solid mineral matter that can be excavated with vertical sides and remain intact while exposed”

Type A SoilType A Soil

• Cohesive soil with an unconfined, compressive strength of 1.5 Tsf.

• Examples of this type of soil are: • Clays, silty clay, sandy clays, and

clay loam.

A Soil is NOT type ‘A’ If:A Soil is NOT type ‘A’ If:

• The soil is fissured.• The soil is subject to vibration.• The soil has been previously disturbed.• The material is subject to other factors

that would require it to be classified as a less stable material.

• Water is present.

Sources of VibrationSources of Vibration

• Traffic• Railroad Operations• Heavy Equipment Operations• Jack Hammer Operations• Tamping Machine Operations• Thumping Car Stereos that make you

want to pull your hair out and to…never mind…

Type ‘B’ SoilType ‘B’ Soil

• Cohesive soil with an unconfined compressive strength greater than .5 Tsf

• Granular cohesionless soils including; silt, silt loam, sandy loam, and some sandy clay loam

• Previously disturbed soils except those which would otherwise be classified as Type ‘C’ soil

Type ‘C’ SoilType ‘C’ Soil

• Cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 0.5 Tsf or less

• Granular soils including gravel, sand, and loamy sand

• Submerged soil, or soil from which water is freely seeping

Sloping Requirements Sloping Requirements by Soil Typeby Soil Type

Soil or Rock Type

Maximum Allowable Slope for

Excavations less than 20’

Stable Rock Vertical (90 Deg.)

Type A ¾ to 1 (53 Deg.)

Type B 1 to 1 (45 Deg.)

Type C 1 ½ to 1 (34 Deg.)

Sloping in Type ‘A’ SoilSloping in Type ‘A’ Soil

Sloping in Type ‘B’ SoilSloping in Type ‘B’ Soil

Sloping in Type ‘C’ SoilSloping in Type ‘C’ Soil

Trench Boxes or Shield Trench Boxes or Shield SystemsSystems

• “A structure that is able to withstand the forces imposed on it by a cave-in and thereby protect employees.”

Trench Boxes or ShieldTrench Boxes or Shield

Is This Allowable?Is This Allowable?

YES! If the Trench boxes are designed to be stacked and are used in accordance with their

tabulated data.

Trench Boxes and Sloping or Trench Boxes and Sloping or BenchingBenching

• Trench boxes are generally used in open areas, but they may also be used in combination with sloping and benching. The box should extend at least 18 inches above the surrounding area if there is sloping toward the excavation.

ShoringShoring (Shoring System) (Shoring System)

• “A structure such as metal hydraulic, mechanical or timber shoring system that supports the sides of an excavation and which is designed to prevent cave-ins.”

Hydraulic ShoringHydraulic Shoring

Stacked Hydraulic ShoresStacked Hydraulic Shores

Whaler SystemWhaler System

Surface EncumbrancesSurface Encumbrances

• Adjacent Structures

• Roads and/ or Sidewalks

• Curb and Gutter• Light poles• Utilities• Mailboxes

• 1926.651 (a)• “All surface

encumbrances that are located so as to create a hazard to employees shall be removed or supported as necessary to safeguard employees”

UtilitiesUtilities

• 1926.651(b)• The estimated location of utility

installations, such as sewer, telephone, fuel, electric, …that reasonably may be expected to be encountered during excavation work, shall be determined prior to opening an excavation…

LocatesLocates

•

Red = Power Blue = Water Orange = Communications Yellow = Gas

Can an Excavation be a Can an Excavation be a Confined Space…?Confined Space…?

• Oxygen deficient atmospheres: less than 19.5% oxygen.

• Potential for other gases to be present include but not be limited to:• Natural Gas from potential leaks or cut

lines.• Methane from decayed matter.

SummarySummary

• Call before you dig.• Use at least one visual and one manual soil test to

determine soil type.• A ladder is required for access and egress at 4’. • The ladder must be within 25’ lateral travel at all times.• At 5’ depth some type of ‘protective system is

required’.• Treat all soil as Type ‘C’ and slope at 1 ½ : 1 and you

are covered.• If not: Use some type of shoring or shielding to

protect your employees.• Excavations over 20’ require the use of a P.E.