Netmetric Solutions

Netmetric Solutions( Meer Shahanawaz ) ( Abdullah

Exchange server

1. DEFINE MAIL SERVER

A computer running software to route email messages over the Internet . When an e-mail is sent, the SMTP protocol is used to retrive the message from the user's client and send it to its destination. Message the arereceived are stored on the e-mail server and can be accessed by the user's email program with a protocol such as POP3.

Mail Servers :

MS-Exchange MS-WindowsLotus Domino IBMLotus Notes IBMSendmail LINUX/UNIXQ-Mail LINUX/UNIXPostfix LINUX/UNIXSquirrel Mail LINUX/UNIX

EXCHANGE SERVER PROTOCOLS SMTP 25 ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol )NNTP 119 ( Network News Transfer Protocol )POP3 110 ( Post office Protcol version 3 )IMAP4 143 ( Internet Message Access Protocol Verion 4 )LDAP 389 ( Leight Weight Directory Access Protocol )X.400 MHS ( Message Handling System )X.500 ( Directory Services )HTTP 80 ( Hypher Text Transfer Protocol )

Definition of: messaging system

Software that provides an electronic mail delivery system. It is made up of the following functional components, which may be packaged together or independently.

Mail User AgentThe mail user agent (MUA or UA) is the client e-mail program, such as Outlook, Eudora or Mac Mail, that submits and receives the message.

Message Transfer AgentThe message transfer agent (MTA) forwards the message to another mail server or delivers it to its own message store (MS). Sendmail is the most widely used MTA on the Internet. In a large enterprise, there may be several MTA servers (mail servers) dedicated to Internet e-mail while others support internal e-mail.

Message StoreThe message store (MS) holds the mail until it is selectively retrieved and deleted by an access server. In the Internet world, a delivery agent writes the messages from the MTA to the message store, and typical access servers are either POP or IMAP servers.

The Internet's SMTPInternet e-mail, the most ubiquitous messaging system in the world, is based on the SMTP protocol. Prior to the Internet's enormous growth in the late 1990s, numerous proprietary messaging systems were widely used, including cc:Mail, Microsoft Mail, PROFS and DISOSS. See messaging middleware and SMTP.

1. INSTALLING EXCHANGE SERVER

Exercises:

1.1) Installing Exchange server in a Domain

Steps: Checking for pre-installation requisites1.NNTP service should be Installed.2.NTFS partition should be present.3.350 MB of free Space.4.Active Directory based windows 2000 domain. Installation1.Logon to a Windows 2000 member Server as a Schema Admin.2.Run Ex2000 CD.3.At the component selection screen select in addition to the default selections Instant messaging, Chat Services.4.Accept the Licensing Agreement.5.When prompted give your Organization name as Organization name .6.setup continues.7.If Prompted by setup wizard that Domain is insecure click OK to accept that warning.8.Click finish when setup completes.9.Notice that a Reboot is not necessary.

2. CREATING RECIPIENTS

Exercises:

2.1) To create a mailbox-enabled user

Start :1.On the Start menu, point to Programs, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Active Directory Users and Computers. 2.In the console tree, Expand Active Directory Users and Computers, right-click the Users, click New, and then click User. 3.In the New Object-User dialog box, in First name, Initials, Last name, and User logon name, type the user's information, and then click Next. 4.In Password, type a password for the new user. Confirm the new password by re-typing the password in Confirm Password. Select the password options that apply, and then click Next. 5.Accept the default settings to create an Exchange mailbox . The alias, server, and mailbox store selections can be selected. Click Next, verify the information for the new user, and then click Finish.

2.2) To create a mail-enabled user

Start :1.On the Start menu, point to Programs, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Active Directory Users and Computers. 2.In the console tree, Expand Active Directory Users and Computers, right-click the Users, click New, and then click User. 3.In the New Object-User dialog box, in First name, Initials, Last name, and User logon name, type the user's information, and then click Next. 4.In Password, type a password for the new user. Confirm the new password by re-typing the password in Confirm Password. Select the password options that apply, and then click Next. 5.Click to clear the Create an Exchange mailbox check box. The alias, server, and mailbox store selections will be dimmed. Click Next, verify the information for the new user, and then click Finish. 6.In the details pane, right-click this new user, and then click Exchange Tasks. In Exchange Task Wizard, click Next, select Establish e-mail addresses, and then click Next. 7.In Alias, verify the alias, and then click Modify. 8.In the New E-mail Address dialog box, select an e-mail address type, and then click OK. 9.In the e-mail type Properties dialog box, in E-mail address, type the e-mail address information for the type you selected in the previous step, click Apply, and then click OK. 10.In Exchange Task Wizard, in External E-mail Address, verify the e-mail address, and then click Next.

2.3) To create a mail-enabled contact

Start 1.On the Start menu, point to Programs, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Active Directory Users and Computers. 2.In the console tree, Expand Active Directory Users and Computers, right-click the Users, click New, and then click Contact. 3.In the New Object-Contact dialog box, in First name, Initials, Last name, and Display name, type the contact's information, and then click Next. 4.Verify that the Create an Exchange e-mail address check box is selected and that the alias, in Alias, is correct. Then click Modify. 5.In the New E-mail Address dialog box, select an e-mail address type, and then click OK. 6.In Properties of the selected e-mail address type, on the General tab, type the e-mail address information for the e-mail address type you selected in the New E-mail Address dialog box, click Apply, and then click OK. 7.Click Next, and then verify that the information for the new contact is correct.

2.4) To create a Mail-Enabled Group

Steps:1.On the Start menu, point to Programs, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Active Directory Users and Computers. 2.In the console tree, expand Active Directory Users and Computers Right click Users, click New, and then click Group. 3.In the New Object-Group dialog box, in Group name, type the group name, and then select Group scope and Group Type. Then click Next. 4.Verify that the Create an Exchange e-mail address check box is selected and that the alias, in Alias, is correct. 5.Click Next, and then verify that the information for the new group is correct.

2.5) To create a mail-enabled public folder

Start :1.On the Start menu, point to Programs, point to Microsoft Exchange, and then click System Manager. 2.If administrative groups are displayed, expand Administrative Groups, and then expand the group you want to work with. (OR)3.In the console tree, expand Folders, and then expand the folder tree containing the folder you want to work with. 4.Right-click the folder, point to All Tasks, and then click Mail Enable.

2.6) Hiding a Mailbox in Exchange 2000

Steps:1.Open the Active Directory Users and Computers Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in. 2.On View menu, click Advanced Features. 3.Locate, and then right-click the user whose mailbox you want to hide. 4.Click Properties. 5.Click the Exchange Advanced tab. 6.Click to select the Hide from Exchange Address Lists check box. 7.Click OK.

3.CREATING ADDRESS LISTS AND STORAGE GROUPS

Example:

3.1) Creating Address Lists Steps:1.Start, Point to Programs, Select Exchange, and then Select System Manager.2.Expand Organization(Exchange), and then expand Recipients.3.Right-click All Address Lists, Point to new, and then click Address List.4.In the Address List Name box, type any Name and click Filter Rules.5.Clear check boxes as you need or click Advanced tab and click Field, point to user and then select depending upon your requirement.6.Click Find now to display the lists of users whose properties match the LDAP query. If the list of Users does not match your LDAP query, verify that the query attributes are correct.7.Click OK, to close find Exchange Recipients dialog Box.8.Click Finish to Create Address lists

3.2)Viewing Address lists through Outlook

Steps:1.Check Whether Outlook 2000 has been Installed on your system or not. If its Installed, an icon with Outlook will be displayed on your desktop or you can check by going to Add/remove Programs.2.On the Desktop, Double Click Microsoft Outlook.3.On the Tools menu, Click Address book.4.In the show names from the drop down box, Click the address list you created.5.You can view addresses you specified in address list.6.If you are not able to view the address lists, Go to the address list through system Manager and check the permissions whether user is having Read permissions or not.

3.3)Creating a Storage Group and a Store Storage Group: Steps:1.Logon as Administrator and open System Manager.2.Expand the Organization(Exchange) , Expand Servers, and then Expand Your Server.3.Right-click your server, point to New, and then Click Storage Group.4.In the Name box, type the name for the Storage Group.5.Click OK to add the Storage Group.

Store: Steps:1.Logon as an Administrator and Open System Manager.2.Expand the Organization(Exchange), Expand Servers, Expand the Storage Group in which you want to create a Store.3.Right-Click the Storage Group, Point to New , and then Click Mail Box Store.4.In the Name text box, type the name you want and then click OK.5.Click yes when Prompted to mount the Database.6.Click Ok to clear the message indicating that the Store was successfully mounted.

4. MANAGING PUBLIC FOLDERS

Example:

4.1) Create a New Public Folder Tree

Steps:1.Start Exchange System Manager.2.Locate the Folders container.3.Right-click the Folders container, click New, and then click Public Folder Tree.4.Choose a name for the public folder tree and type it in the Name field; it is the only required field.

4.2) To add a public store to a public folder tree

Steps:1.Within the same Administrative Group that the you created the new folder tree, expand the Servers container.2.Expand the container of the server where you are going to add the new public store.3.Right-click the Storage Group where you want to create the new public store, click New, and then click Public Store. The Properties page for the new store appears.4.Type a name for the new public store.5.Next to the Associated Public Folder Tree section, click Browse, and then click the public folder tree to which you want to apply this public store. Click OK.6.Configure the remaining parameters for your new store, and then click OK to save the properties.7.After you click OK to save the properties, you receive a dialog box that asks you whether you want to mount the new store or not. If you click Yes, the store attempts to mount, and you will be notified if it was successful.

4.3) Assigning Permissions to a Folder

Steps:1.In the Start menu, point to Programs, point to Microsoft Exchange, and then click System Manager. 2.If administrative groups are displayed, expand Administrative Groups, and then expand the group you want to work with. 3.In the console tree, expand Folders. 4.Right-click a folder tree, and click Properties. 5.Click Security. 6.To modify an existing user, click the user name. 7.To assign a permission, next to the permission description, select the Allow or Deny check box. 8.To grant additional users access, click Add, select a user, and then click Add again. Use the check boxes to control user access to folder contents.

5. RECIPIENT AND SYSTEM POLICIES

RECIPIENT POLICIES:

Example:

5.1) To add an e-mail address to a recipient policy

Steps:1.Click Start, point to Programs, point to Microsoft Exchange, and then click System Manager.2.Expand the Recipients branch in the left pane, click Recipient Policies, right-click the Default Policy object or another object associated with a different recipient policy in the right pane, and then click Properties. NOTE: To expand a branch, double-click the branch or click the plus sign (+) to the left of the branch.3.Click the E-Mail Addresses tab.4.Click New, select the address type that you want, and then click OK.5.Type the appropriate information for the address type you selected, and then click OK. If you selected the SMTP address type, and you want the Exchange organization to be responsible for delivering all e-mail messages to this address, verify that the This Exchange Organization is responsible for all mail delivery to this address check box is selected before you click OK.6.To maintain information about the recipient policy that you are modifying, click the Details tab, and then under Administrative note, type some information about the e-mail address that you added.7.Click the E-Mail Addresses tab, and then click to select the check box next to the e-mail address that you added. If the e-mail address that you added is the same type of address as an existing e-mail address, and you want the new address to be the primary address, select the new address, and then click Set as Primary. Note that the primary address is the address that appears in the From field when a mailbox-enabled user sends a message.8.Click OK. When you do so, you may be asked if you want to update all the corresponding recipient e-mail addresses to match the changes that you made. If you click Yes, the changes made to the recipient policy are applied to the recipients associated with the policy. If you set the new e-mail address as the primary address, the other e-mail addresses of that type are demoted to secondary addresses.

SYSTEM POLICIES:

5.2) To create a mailbox store policy

Start:1.On the Start menu, point to Programs, point to Microsoft Exchange, and then click System Manager. 2.To display administrative groups, right-click the organization, and then click Properties. On the General tab, select Display administrative groups. You will have to exit and restart Exchange System Manager. 3.Double-click Administrative Groups, and then double-click the administrative group that you want to add a policy to. If you do not already have a System Policies folder, you must create one. To create a new system policies folder, right-click the administrative group, point to New, and then select Server Policy Container. 4.Under the administrative group, right click System Policies, point to New, and then select Mailbox store policy. 5.In New Policy, check the boxes of the tabs you want to use in the policy. 6.On the General tab of the Properties window, type a policy name. 7.On the Details tab, use Administrative note to add additional information. 8.On the General (Policy) tab, set the following options: 9.Use Default public store to set the default public store. 10.Use Offline address list to set an offline address list. 11.Click Clients support S/MIME signatures if your mail clients are using the Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) standard. 12.Click Display plain text messages in a fixed-size font to display variable-width message fonts in a fixed font. 13.On the Database (Policy) tab, set the following options: 14.Select a value in Maintenance interval or click Customize to build a custom schedule graphically. 15.On the Limits (Policy) tab, set the following options: 16.Click Issue warning at (KB) to issue a warning when the storage space used reaches the size you specify. 17.Click Prohibit send at (KB) to stop sending items when the storage space used reaches the size you specify. 18.Click Prohibit send and receive at (KB) to stop sending and receiving items when the storage space used reaches the size you specify. 19.Select a value in Warning message interval or click Customize to build a custom schedule graphically. 20.Use Keep deleted items for (days) to set the maximum number of days to keep deleted items in the store. 21.Use Keep deleted mailboxes for (days) to set the maximum number of days to keep deleted mailboxes in the store. 22.Click Do not permanently delete mailboxes and items until the store has been backed up to preserve mailboxes and items until the store is backed up. 23.On the Full-Text Indexing (Policy) tab, set the following options: 24.Select a value in Update Interval or click Customize to build a custom schedule graphically. 25.Select a value in Rebuild Interval or click Customize to build a custom schedule graphically.

5.3) To create a server policy

Steps:1.On the Start menu, point to Programs, point to Microsoft Exchange, and then click System Manager. 2.To display administrative groups, right-click the organization, and then click Properties. On the General tab, select Display administrative groups. You will have to exit and restart Exchange System Manager. 3.Double-click Administrative Groups, and then double-click the administrative group that you want to add a policy to. If you do not already have a System Policies folder, you must create one. To create a new system policies folder, right-click the administrative group, point to New, and then select Server Policy Container. 4.Under the administrative group, right-click System Policies, point to New, and then select Server policy. 5.In New Policy, check the boxes of the tabs you want to use in the policy. 6.In the Properties window, on the General tab, type a name for the policy. 7.On the Details tab, use Administrative note to add additional information about the policy. 8.On the General (Policy) tab, set the following options: 9.Click Enable subject logging and display to log all message subject fields. 10.Click Enable message tracking to log all mail activity performed by all Exchange components. Click Remove log files to remove all log files older than the value set in Remove files that are older than (days).

6. ROUTING AND ROUTING GROUPS

Example:

6.1) How to Add a Routing Groups Container to an Administrative Group Steps:1.On the Start menu, point to Programs, point to Microsoft Exchange, and then click System Manager.2.Right-click the First Administrative Group container, point to New, and then click Routing Groups Container.3.Press F5 to refresh the Exchange System Manager window.4.In the First Administrative Group container, expand the tree for the new container named Routing Groups to see the First Routing Group stub.

6.2) Assigning a Server to a Routing Group During Installation

Steps:1.Click Start, point to Programs, point to Microsoft Exchange, and then click System Manager.2.In the left pane of Exchange System Manager, expand the Administrative Groups container so that all administrative groups within the container are visible.3.Expand the container for the administrative group where the server was assigned during the installation phase.4.Expand the Routing Groups container to see all routing groups within the administrative group.5.Expand the container for the routing group (source RG) where the server was assigned during the installation phase.6.Expand the Members container for the routing group (source RG) that you expanded in step four. The stubs should be displayed for all the servers assigned to this routing group.7.Expand the container for the routing group (destination RG) where the server needs to be reassigned.NOTE: The routing group needs to be a member of the same administrative group that you expanded in step three.8.Expand the Members container for the routing group (destination RG) that you expanded in step seven. The stubs should be displayed for all the servers assigned to this routing group.9.Select a server stub from the Members container of the source RG that you expanded in step six and drag it to the Members container of destination RG that you expanded in step eight.

6.3) How to Configure a Routing Group Connector

Steps:1.On the Start menu, point to Programs, point to Microsoft Exchange, and then click System Manager.2.In the left pane of Exchange System Manager, expand the administrative group that you want, and then expand the Routing Groups container.3.Click the routing group for which the connector is to be created.4.In the right pane of Exchange System Manager, right-click Connectors, point to New, and then click Routing Group Connector. 5.Type a name for the connector in the Name box on the General tab.6.In the Connects this Routing Group with list, click the destination routing group to connect to.7.On the General tab, click the Add button to select the local bridgehead servers that can send mail over this connector.8.In the Add Bridgehead box, click the SMTP virtual server instance that will manage the outgoing messages. Click OK.NOTE: The choices for the local bridgehead depend on the number of member servers in the source routing group. You can add more than one local bridgehead server for load balancing purposes. 9.On the Remote Bridgeheads tab, click Add to select a remote bridgehead server in the destination routing group.10.In the Add Bridgehead box, click the SMTP virtual server (remote bridgehead) that will receive the incoming messages, and then click OK.NOTE: The choices for the remote bridgehead depend on the number of member servers in the destination routing group. 11.In the Properties box, click OK to accept the connector setup. The Routing Group connector created in the preceding steps is a one-way connector from the source routing group to the destination routing group.12.You receive the following message:Do you want to create the Routing Group connector in the remote routing group?If you click Yes, a Routing Group connector is created in the other direction. If you click No, you must manually create the connector in the other direction.

7. BACKUP AND RECOVERY

Example:

7.1) Back up an Exchange 2000 Server computer

Steps:1.Click Start, point to Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Backup.2.Click the Backup tab.3.Expand the Microsoft Exchange Server branch in the left pane, and then expand the server branch you want. To expand a branch, double-click the branch or click the plus sign (+) to the left of the branch.4.Select the objects that you want to back up. To select an object, click to select the check box to the left of the object. For example, to select a particular storage group, expand the Microsoft Information Store branch, and then select the storage group that you want to back up.5.Type the full path and file name of the backup file in the Backup media or file name box, and then click Start Backup. Note that you can click Browse to locate an existing backup file or specify a new backup file instead of typing the full path and file name manually. Specify the settings for this backup operation, and then click Start Backup. Note that you can view additional settings by clicking Schedule or Advanced.

7.2) Restore the backup

Steps:1.Click Start, point to Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Backup.2.Click the Restore tab.3.Expand the File branch in the left pane, and then expand the backup branch that you want to restore. To expand a branch, double-click the branch or click the plus sign (+) to the left of the branch.4.For each object that you want to restore, expand the associated storage group branch, and then select the objects that you want to restore. To select an object, click to select the check box to the left of the object.NOTE: If you are prompted to enter the path and file name of the backup file when you attempt to expand the storage group branch, type the full path and file name of the backup file in the Catalog backup file box, and then click OK. Note that you can click Browse to locate the backup file instead of typing the full path and file name manually.Select the option that you want in the Restore files to box, and then click Start Restore.5.Type the server name in the Restore To box, and then type the full path of the folder in the Temporary location for log and patch files box. Note that you can click Browse to locate the server instead of manually typing the server name.6.Click to select the Last Backup Set check box, click to select the Mount Database After Restore check box, click OK, and then click OK again.7.Type the full path and file name of the backup file that you want to restore in the Restore from backup file box, and then click OK. Note that you can click Browse to locate the backup file instead of typing the full path and file name manually.8.When the restore process finishes, click OK.

8. CONFIGURING INSTANT MESSAGING

Example:

8.1) Installing Instant Messaging Steps: Install Exchange 2000 from your Exchange 2000 CD. Make sure that you install the following components: Exchange Server

Exchange Messaging and Collaboration

Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Exchange System Manager snap-in

Instant Messaging Service.

8.2) Configuring Instant Messaging

Steps:1.Click Start, point to Programs, point to Microsoft Exchange, and then click Exchange System Manager.2.Click to expand the Administrative Groups container, and then click to expand the first administrative group.3.Click your server, and then click Protocols.4.Right-click Instant Messaging (RVP), and then click New.5.Click Instant Messaging Virtual Server.6.The Instant Messaging Installation Wizard, which helps you create the Instant Messaging Service virtual server, is displayed.In the Welcome dialog box, click Next.7.In the Display Name dialog box, type the display name of your virtual server.8.In the IIS Server dialog box, click the Web site that you want to use in the list.9.In the Domain Name dialog box, the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of your Instant Messaging virtual server is automatically displayed. This information is gathered from the host header data that is associated with the Web site that you selected.10. In the Host Server dialog box, click to select the Allow this server to host user accounts check box. This means that the server is responsible for hosting users; otherwise, the server becomes an Instant Messaging router that directs incoming Instant Messaging traffic to the appropriate destination.

8.3) Install the MSN messenger service client

Steps:1.Insert the Exchange Server CD.2.Click Start, and then click Run.3.Click Browse, locate drive_letter:\Instmsg\I386\Client\Usa\Mmsetup.exe (where drive_letter is the letter of your CD-ROM drive), and then click OK.4.Read the end user license, and then click Yes. The MSN Messenger Service client is installed.5.In the Welcome to MSN Messenger Service dialog box, click Next.6.In the Provide Microsoft Exchange Instant Messaging information dialog box, type the e-mail address of the Instant Messaging user that you want to configure in the following format 7.alias@ domain_name.com 8.where alias is the Exchange 2000 alias and domain_name is the name of the domain.9.In the Get a free passport dialog box, either import an MSN passport or use Exchange Instant Messaging only, as applicable.10.Click Finish.11.After you install the MSN Messenger Service client, the client can log on to the Instant Messaging server and communicate with other Instant Messaging clients.

8.4) Enable a user for Instant Messaging

Steps:1.Click Start, point to Programs, point to Microsoft Exchange, and then click Active Directory Users and Computers.2.In the console tree, double-click the domain, and then click Users.3.Right-click the name of a user, click Exchange Tasks, and then click Next in the Welcome dialog box.4.Click Enable Instant Messaging, and then click Next.5.Next to Instant Messaging Home Server, click Browse. In Select Instant Messaging Server, in the Server name column, click the Instant Messaging virtual server that you created in step 1, and then click OK.6.When the server is displayed in the dialog box, click Next.7.Click Finish.

.....................................................................................................................................................................

Define and Configure SMTP :

SMTP Stands for the Simple Mail Transer Protocol , A Protocol for Sending E-Mail messages between Servers. Most E-Mail systems that send mail over the Internet use SMTP to send messages from one server to another , the message con then be retrived with an e-mail client using either POP3 or IMAP . In addition, SMTP is generally used to send messages from a mail client to a mail server. This is why you need to specify both the POP or IMAP server and the SMTP server when you confiugre your e-mail application.

Define and Configure NNTP : NNTP Stands for the Network News Transfer Protocol , The protocol used to post , distribute, andretrive USENET messages.

Define and Configure IMAP4 :

IMAP4 Stands for the Internet Message Access Protcol , A standard interface between an e-mailclient program and the e-mail server. IMAP4 and POP3 are the two common access protocols used for Internet e-mail until users log on and download it.

Wheras POP3 downloads the entire message with attachments when mail is checked, IMAP4 canbe configured to download only the headers, which display to / from addresses and subject . The user can then select ively download messages and attachments.

Define and Configure POP3 : POP3 Stands for the Post Office Protocol Version 3 is the most recent version of a standard protocol for receving e-mail. POP3 is a client/server Protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you (or your client e-mail receiver ) check your mail-box on the server and download any mail, probably using POP3 . This standard protocol is built into most popular e-mail products , such as Eudora and Outlook Express . It's alos built into the Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers.

POP3 is designed to delete mail on the server as soon as the user has downloaded it. However, some implementaiton allows user or an administrator to specify that mail be saved for some period of time. POP can be thought of as a " store-and-forward" service. An alternate protocol is Internet Message Access protocol ( IMAP ) IMAP provides the user more capabilities for retining e-mail on the server and for organizing it in folders on the server. IMAP can be thought of as a remote file server.

POP and IMAP deal with the receving of e-mail and are not be confused wiht the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol , a p protocol for transfering e-mail acrooss the Internet. You send e-mail with SMTP and a mail handler receives it on your recipient's behalf. Then the mail is read using POP or IMAP.

The conventional port number for POP3 is 110

X.400 MHS ( Message Handling System ) :

An ISO and ITU standard for addressing and transporting e-mail messages. It conforms to layer7 of the OSI Model and supports serveal types of Transport mechanisms, including Ethernet, X.25, TCP/IP,and dial-up lines.