executive function in korean-english bilingual children

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472 http://www.e-csd.org This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright ยฉ 2016 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Executive Function in Korean-English Bilingual Children with and without Vocabulary Delay Dongsun Yim, Yeonjoo Jo, Jiyun Han, Jimin Seong Department of Communication Disorders, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea Correspondence: Dongsun Yim, Ph.D Department of Communication Disorders, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodamun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea Tel: +82-2-3277-6720 Fax: +82-2-3277-2122 E-mail: [email protected] Received: January 12, 2016 Revised: February 7, 2016 Accepted: February 15, 2016 This work was supported by the Ewha Womans University Research Grant of 2015. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether bilingual children with and without vocabulary delay (BINL and BIVD) show different performance in working memory and shifting, which are subtypes of executive functions. Methods: Thirty-three children (19 normal language group, 14 vocabulary delay group) between 6- and 9-year- old performed Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) as a shifting task, Matrix as a non- verbal working memory task, and Korean and English non-word repetition (NWR) tasks as verbal working memory tasks. For data analyses, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation were conducted. Results: The BIVD group performed significantly poorer than the BINL group on DCCS and Matrix, whereas no significant differences on both NWR tasks between groups was observed. The correlation analyses revealed that in the BINL group, both Ko- rean and English composite score of receptive vocabulary were correlated with perfor- mance on Matrix and Korean NWR task, and the accuracy and reaction time of DCCS were correlated with each other. On the other hand, in the BIVD group, only Korean composite score of receptive vocabulary showed significant correlation with performance on Matrix and the English NWR task. Conclusion: the BIVD group showed poor performance on both shifting and working memory tasks compared to the BINL group. The results implicate that bilingual children with vocabulary delay have difficulties not only in the language domain but also in the non-linguistic domain. In addition, further investigation on scoring meth- ods of linguistic tasks to bilingual children with vocabulary delay is required to generalize the findings. Keywords: Bilingualism, Executive function, Working memory, Vocabulary delay, DCCS ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(executive function) ์ด๋ž€ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜ ๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์œ„ ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹ค(Welsh & Pennington, 1988; Zelazo & Frye, 1997). ํ•™์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‚˜, Miyake ๋“ฑ(2000) ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด ๋ฉด ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต(working memory), ์–ต์ œ(inhibition), ์ „ํ™˜ (switching) ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•˜์œ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์–ต์ œ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผ์ • ์‹œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด๋‹ค(Barkley, 1997). ์–ต์ œ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ •์ง€์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ณผ์ œ(stop signal task; Logan & Cowan, 1984) ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž๊ทน์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž๊ทน์ด ์•„ ๋‹ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์–ต์ œ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์€ ์ •์ƒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์•„๋™๋ณด๋‹ค ์–ต์ œ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(Henry, Messer, & Nash, 2012; Spaulding, 2010). ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ œ์ด์ž ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ์ œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ œํ•œ ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Baddeley & Hitch 1974; Baddeley, 1992). ์–ธ ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋œ ์•„๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์  ๊ฒฐํ•จ์€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ž‘์—… ๊ธฐ์–ต ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(Daneman & Car- penter, 1980; Gaulin & Campbell, 1994; Kohnert, Winsor, & Yim, 2006; Leonard et al., 2007; Montgomery, 2000), ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต์—์„œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.16293 Original Article Commun Sci Disord 2016;21(3):472-487 ISSN 2288-0917 (Online)

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Page 1: Executive Function in Korean-English Bilingual Children

472 http://www.e-csd.orgThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/

by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright ยฉ 2016 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology

Executive Function in Korean-English Bilingual Children with and without Vocabulary Delay Dongsun Yim, Yeonjoo Jo, Jiyun Han, Jimin Seong

Department of Communication Disorders, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence: Dongsun Yim, Ph.D Department of Communication Disorders, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodamun-gu, Seoul 03760, KoreaTel: +82-2-3277-6720Fax: +82-2-3277-2122E-mail: [email protected]

Received: January 12, 2016Revised: February 7, 2016Accepted: February 15, 2016

This work was supported by the Ewha Womans University Research Grant of 2015.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether bilingual children with and without vocabulary delay (BINL and BIVD) show different performance in working memory and shifting, which are subtypes of executive functions. Methods: Thirty-three children (19 normal language group, 14 vocabulary delay group) between 6- and 9-year-old performed Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) as a shifting task, Matrix as a non-verbal working memory task, and Korean and English non-word repetition (NWR) tasks as verbal working memory tasks. For data analyses, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation were conducted. Results: The BIVD group performed significantly poorer than the BINL group on DCCS and Matrix, whereas no significant differences on both NWR tasks between groups was observed. The correlation analyses revealed that in the BINL group, both Ko-rean and English composite score of receptive vocabulary were correlated with perfor-mance on Matrix and Korean NWR task, and the accuracy and reaction time of DCCS were correlated with each other. On the other hand, in the BIVD group, only Korean composite score of receptive vocabulary showed significant correlation with performance on Matrix and the English NWR task. Conclusion: the BIVD group showed poor performance on both shifting and working memory tasks compared to the BINL group. The results implicate that bilingual children with vocabulary delay have difficulties not only in the language domain but also in the non-linguistic domain. In addition, further investigation on scoring meth-ods of linguistic tasks to bilingual children with vocabulary delay is required to generalize the findings.

Keywords: Bilingualism, Executive function, Working memory, Vocabulary delay, DCCS

์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(executive function)์ด๋ž€ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜

๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์œ„ ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด

๋‹ค(Welsh & Pennington, 1988; Zelazo & Frye, 1997). ํ•™์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ

์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‚˜, Miyake ๋“ฑ(2000)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด

๋ฉด ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต(working memory), ์–ต์ œ(inhibition), ์ „ํ™˜

(switching)์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•˜์œ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค.

์–ต์ œ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผ์ • ์‹œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„

์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด๋‹ค(Barkley, 1997). ์–ต์ œ์กฐ์ ˆ์„

ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ •์ง€์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ณผ์ œ(stop signal task; Logan &

Cowan, 1984)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž๊ทน์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž๊ทน์ด ์•„

๋‹ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์–ต์ œ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ ์–ธ์–ด

๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์€ ์ •์ƒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์•„๋™๋ณด๋‹ค ์–ต์ œ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ

๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(Henry, Messer, & Nash, 2012; Spaulding, 2010).

์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”

์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ œ์ด์ž ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ์ œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ œํ•œ

์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Baddeley & Hitch 1974; Baddeley, 1992). ์–ธ

์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋œ ์•„๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์  ๊ฒฐํ•จ์€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ž‘์—…

๊ธฐ์–ต ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(Daneman & Car-

penter, 1980; Gaulin & Campbell, 1994; Kohnert, Winsor, & Yim,

2006; Leonard et al., 2007; Montgomery, 2000), ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”

์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต์—์„œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์ด

์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค

http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.16293

Original ArticleCommun Sci Disord 2016;21(3):472-487ISSN 2288-0917 (Online)

Page 2: Executive Function in Korean-English Bilingual Children

http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.16293 http://www.e-csd.org 473

ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด-์˜์–ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต โ€ข ์ž„๋™์„  ์™ธ

(Bishop, 2006; Leonard et al., 2007). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™๊ณผ

์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์€ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์Šค์ผ€์น˜ํŒจ๋“œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต์—์„œ ์ˆ˜

ํ–‰๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด(Archibald & Gather-

cole, 2006; Williams, Stott, Goodyer, & Sahakian, 2000), ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต

์—์„œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† 

ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ์Œ์šด์  ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Œ์šด๋ฃจํ”„(phonologi-

cal loop), ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์Šค์ผ€์น˜ํŒจ๋“œ(vi-

suospatial sketchpad), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•˜์œ„์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€

๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์œ„์ฒด๊ณ„์ธ ์ค‘์•™ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(central executive function)์˜

์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•˜์œ„ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Baddeley, 1992). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์—…

๊ธฐ์–ต ์ค‘ ์Œ์šด์  ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด

๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(non-word repetition; Gathercole & Baddeley,

1990), ์ด ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—

์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ์Œ์šด์  ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ

๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(Gutierrez-Clellen & Simonโ€Cereijido, 2010; Windsor, Koh-

nert, Lobits, & Pham, 2010). ํŠนํžˆ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™

์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์Œ์šด๊ทœ์น™ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ํšŒ์ƒ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต

์—์„œ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค(Briscoe, Bishop, & Norbury,

2001; Caplan & Waters, 1999; Eadie, Fey, Douglas, & Parsons, 2002;

Gathercole & Baddeley, 1990; Swanson & Sachse-Lee, 2001).

๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์Šค์ผ€์น˜ํŒจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค(Gath-

ercole & Pickering, 2000)๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ํฌ

๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋œ 3ร—3 ํ–‰๋ ฌ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ž๊ทน์„

๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ธ์ถœ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค(Yim, Kim, & Yang,

2015). ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์€ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์Šค์ผ€์น˜

ํŒจ๋“œ์—์„œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(Bishop, 2006;

Leonard et al., 2007), ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ

์•„๋™์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Doeh-

ring, 1960; Montgomery, 1993; Poppen, Stark, Eisenson, Forrest, &

Wertheim, 1969). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์Šค์ผ€์น˜ํŒจ๋“œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ์ž‘์—…

๊ธฐ์–ต์—์„œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž…์žฅ

์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด(Archibald & Gather-

cole, 2006; Williams et al., 2000), ๊ทธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ถ„๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค.

๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ ์ค‘ ์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(switching)์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์ด

์ƒ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ, ์ธ์ง€์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ

(cognitive flexibility)์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Scott, 1962). ํŠนํžˆ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์ „

ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์–ธ์–ด ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํ–‰๋™

์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘ํ–‰

์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค(Chee, 2006). ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์ด์ค‘

์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ๋งŽ์€

์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค(Festman, Rodriguez-Fornells, &

Mรผnte, 2010; Prior & Gollan, 2011). ์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ

๊ด€์ ์ „ํ™˜ ์นด๋“œ ์ •๋ ฌ ๊ณผ์ œ(Dimensional Change Card Sort, DCCS;

Zelazo, 2006)๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, DCCS๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์ „ํ™˜ ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ,

๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ

ํ•™๋ น์ „๊ธฐ ์•„๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, DCCS์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ธ์ง€์ 

์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.

์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์–ธ์–ด์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์ง€์‹์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜

๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์–ด์‚ฐ์ถœ ์‹œ ์ž๊ธฐํ†ต์ œ(self-control), ์ž

๊ธฐ์ง€์‹œ(self-direction), ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค(Wert-

sch, 1998; Vigotsky, 1962). ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์Œ์šด, ํ˜•ํƒœ, ์˜๋ฏธ์ 

์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ๊นŠ์€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์Šต์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ

์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—(Meltzer, 1993; Zimmerman, 1994) ์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ

๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(Crosby & Prescod, 2009; Finneran,

Francis, & Leonard, 2009; Gathercole & Baddeley, 1990; Montgom-

ery, 2003; Zelazo, 2006). ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ํ•™๋ น์ „๊ธฐ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ด

๋ ฅ, ํ™”์šฉ์–ธ์–ด, ๋งˆ์Œ์ด๋ก , ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€

ํ‘œ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Blair & Razza, 2007; Bull, Espy, & Wiebe, 2008;

McClelland et al., 2007; Wellman, 1990). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ

ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™

๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋‹ค.

์ตœ๊ทผ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š”

์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ(Bialystok, 1999; Bialystok & Martin, 2004; Carlson

& Meltzoff, 2008)๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ

์šฉ์ž์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐํžˆ๋ ค๋Š”

๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ณ„์† ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด

์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€

๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋œ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ

์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Hong & Yim, 2014; Lee, Kim, & Yim, 2013; Yang,

Yim, & Bae, 2015; Yang, Yim, Kim, & Han, 2013; Yim, 2011; Yim,

Kim, & Yang, 2016; Yim & Rudoy, 2013; Yim, Yang, & Kim, 2015;

Yim, Yoon, & Lee, 2016). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ์ž๊ทน์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ

์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ

์€ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ธ์ง€๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค

๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์–ธ์–ดํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ „ํ™˜

ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ

์–ด๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ ์ „ํ™˜(code-switching) ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ

๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ(Meuter & Allport, 1999),

์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Bialystok

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Dongsun Yim, et al. โ€ข Executive Function in Bilinguals with Vocabulary Delay

& Martin, 2004; Bialystok, Craik, & Luk, 2008; Carlson & Melt-

zoff, 2008; Kovรกcs & Mehler, 2009). ์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” DCCS

๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ 4-5์„ธ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ๋ฐ ๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด์ค‘

์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” 4์„ธ ์•„๋™์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” 5์„ธ

์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๊ณ (Bialystok, 1999),

5-6์„ธ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™๊ณผ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์„ ๋Œ€

์ƒ์œผ๋กœ DCCS๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰

๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(Carlson &

Meltzoff, 2008). ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” 7๊ฐœ์›” ์˜์•„์™€ ๋‹จ

์ผ์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋ˆˆ๋™์ž ์›€์ง์ž„

(eye-tracking)์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ๋‹จ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ทธ๋ฆผ

์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์žˆ

๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜ ์˜์•„๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „ํ™˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(Kovรกcs &

Mehler, 2009).

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ•˜์œ„์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ์–ต์ œ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์ „

ํ™˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™

๊ณผ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ”

์žˆ๋‹ค(Bialystok et al., 2008). ์ด๋Š” ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜

ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Edwards & Chris-

tophersen, 1988). ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ

์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ„ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์–ธ์–ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋‹ค์–‘

ํ•œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™ ๊ฐ„์˜

์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธํกํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค.

์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‘ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์  ์ด์ค‘์–ธ

์–ด ์•„๋™(simultaneous bilingual)๊ณผ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด(L1)๋ฅผ ์Šต๋“ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ œ2์–ธ

์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์ฐจ์  ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์•„๋™(sequential bilingual)์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋™์‹œ์  ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์•„๋™์€ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ฑ๋ง ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š”

์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋™์ผ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€

์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ(Petitto & Holowka,

2002), ์ˆœ์ฐจ์  ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์•„๋™์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ต

์œกํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ œ2์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ์ฆ

๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์™€ ์ œ2์–ธ์–ด(L2)์˜ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ

๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์˜์–ด์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์˜์–ด๊ต

์œก์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , 3์„ธ ์ดํ›„์— ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ

์ฐจ์  ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€

์‹ฌ์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(Lee & Lee, 2005) ๊ณ„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ

๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ

์  ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ค€์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€

ํ™” ์–ธ์–ด๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ

์€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ์–ธ์–ด๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋„๊ตฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ๋‹จ์ผ

์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์ง€์—ญ, ์–ดํœ˜์ถœํ˜„๋นˆ๋„, ๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋‚œ์ด๋„ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜

์—ฌ ๊ทœ์ค€์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ

์ž๋ž€ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ

์–ธ์–ด ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„ํ–‰์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋˜

๋ž˜์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์นซ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์ด ์–ธ์–ด์žฅ์• ๋กœ ๋ณด์ผ

์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค(Gutierrez-Clellen & Pena, 2001).

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์žฅ์•  ์œ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•  ๋•Œ์— ์–ธ

์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜

๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ„

์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™๋„

๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ์˜ ์•„๋™๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์˜์—ญ์—

์„œ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ(Kohnert, Wind-

sor, & Ebert, 2009) ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ์œ„ ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด

์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„

๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ

ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜์œ„์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ์ธ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ, ๋น„์–ธ

์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ์ธ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ์ œ์ธ DCCS๋ฅผ

์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰

์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

1. ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ•˜์œ„ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ์ธ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋ง

ํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ์ธ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ

๊ณผ์ œ์ธ DCCS์—์„œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™๊ณผ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ

์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?

2. ๊ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ(์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™, ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ

์•„๋™) ๋‚ด ์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ•˜์œ„์š”์†Œ ๊ฐ„์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด

์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?

์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒ 6-9์„ธ์˜ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์ผ

๋ฐ˜์•„๋™ 19๋ช…, ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ 14๋ช… ์ด 33๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€

๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด-์˜์–ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์•„๋™์˜ ์„ ์ •๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์ด

์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ(Kohnert, 2008; Hong & Yim, 2014)

(1) ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์™ธ์—์„œ ์ถœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๊ณ  3์„ธ

์ดํ›„์— ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์Šต๋“ํ•œ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์  ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์œผ๋กœ(McLaugh-

lin, 1995), (2) ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ํ˜•์ œ, ๋ถ€๋ชจ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ

ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, (3) ์˜์–ด ์œ ์น˜์› ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘

์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ํ‰๊ท  5์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ ๋˜๋ž˜์•„๋™๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œกํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ

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ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด-์˜์–ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต โ€ข ์ž„๋™์„  ์™ธ

์—์„œ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋™์ด๊ณ , (4) ์นด์šฐํ”„๋งŒ ์•„๋™์šฉ ์ง€๋Šฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ

(Korean Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, K-ABC; Moon

& Byun, 2003) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋™์ž‘์„ฑ ์ง€๋Šฅ ํ‘œ์ค€์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 85์  ์ด์ƒ, (5) ์•Œ๋ฒ„ํƒ€

์–ธ์–ด ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€(Alberta Language and Development Ques-

tionnaire, ALDeQ; Paradis, Emmerzael, & Duncan, 2010) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ -1

SD ์ด์ƒ, (6) ์ˆ˜์šฉ ยทํ‘œํ˜„ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ(Receptive &

Expressive Vocabulary Test, REVT; Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee,

2009)๊ณผ Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV (PPVT-IV; Dunn, &

Dunn, 2007) ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ์ ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ˆ˜์šฉ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋„๊ตฌ

์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ 0 SD ์ด์ƒ, (7) ์‹ ์ฒด, ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ์ •์„œ, ํ–‰๋™ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ

๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์•„๋™์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์˜ ์„ ์ •๊ธฐ์ค€

์€ (1) ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์™ธ์—์„œ ์ถœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๊ณ 

3์„ธ ์ดํ›„์— ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์Šต๋“ํ•œ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์  ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์œผ๋กœ์„œ(Mc-

Laughlin, 1995), (2) ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ํ˜•์ œ, ๋ถ€๋ชจ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ •

์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, (3) ์˜์–ด ์œ ์น˜์› ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์—

์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ํ‰๊ท  5์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ ๋˜๋ž˜์•„๋™๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œกํ”„

๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋™์ด๊ณ , (4) ์นด์šฐํ”„๋งŒ ์•„๋™์šฉ ์ง€๋Šฅ

๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(K-ABC; Moon & Byun, 2003) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋™์ž‘์„ฑ ์ง€๋Šฅ ํ‘œ์ค€์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€

85์  ์ด์ƒ, (5) ์•Œ๋ฒ„ํƒ€ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€(ALDeQ; Paradis et

al., 2010) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ -1.25 SD ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, (6) ์ˆ˜์šฉ ยทํ‘œํ˜„ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ

์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ(REVT; Kim et al., 2009)๊ณผ PPVT-IV (Dunn,& Dunn, 2007)

ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ์ ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ˆ˜์šฉ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋„๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ -1.25

SD ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, (7) ์‹ ์ฒด, ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ์ •์„œ, ํ–‰๋™ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š

์€ ์•„๋™์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ์•„๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š”

Table 1์— ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ƒํ™œ์›”๋ น์€ 83.68 (SD=17.75),

์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ƒํ™œ์›”๋ น์€ 85.40 (SD=

18.49) ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(p>.05).

๋˜ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์„ฑ ์ง€๋Šฅ์—์„œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™(M=114.26, SD=

9.92)๊ณผ, ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™(M=104.93, SD=18.41)

๊ฐ„์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค(p>.05).

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์™€ ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์šฉ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ

์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์šฉ ยทํ‘œํ˜„ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(REVT; Kim et al., 2009)

์ค‘ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ PPVT-IV (Dunn & Dunn, 2007)๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜

์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฒ•(composite scoring; Core, Hoff, Rumiche, & Se-

รฑor, 2013; Gross, Buac, & Kaushanskaya, 2014; Kohnert, 2010; Pear-

son, Fernandez, & Oller, 1993)์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์›์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด์™€ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋‘ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ชจ๋‘์—

์„œ ์˜ค๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์„ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ์›์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ

๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ์–ธ์–ด ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์–ดํœ˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…(concept)์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ

์šฐ ์ •๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™”์ , ์–ธ์–ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด

์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ๋งŒ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์ž์นซ ์–ธ์–ด์žฅ

์• ๋กœ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ์ง„๋‹จ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—(Kayser, 1995; Lang-

don, 1992), ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ธ์–ดํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฒ•

์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์–ดํœ˜๋Š” REVT, PPVT-IV์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘

์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(p< .05), ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ

์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์šฉ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค

(Table 1).

๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ

๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„๋™์˜ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(ALD-

eQ; Paradis et al., 2010). ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜

๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Luk์™€ Bialystok (2013)์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์„ค๋ฌธ

์ง€(Language Social Background)๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค

์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์˜์–ด๋…ธ์ถœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋„ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™๊ณผ, ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด

์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™ ๊ฐ„์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค(p>.05) (Ta-

ble 1).

์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ

์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ

์œ„ํ•ด ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ

๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ: ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค

์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์˜์—ญ์ธ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์Šค์ผ€์น˜ํŒจ๋“œ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์–ธ์–ด

๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค(Gathercole &

Pickering, 2000)๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฐ ๋ณด์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Table 1. Participantsโ€™ characteristics

BINL (N= 19) BIVD (N= 14)

Age (mo) 83.68 (17.75) 85.40 (18.49)Nonverbal IQa 114. 26 (9.92) 104.93 (18.41)Receptive vocabulary (composite score) REVT PPVT

123.26 (25.73)139.26 (21.64)

63.35 (15.21)76.14 (17.56)

Parentโ€™s reportb > -1 SD < -1.25 SDDuration of English exposurec 50.57 (17.70) 43.33 (23.29)

Values are presented as mean (SD).BINL= bilingual children with normal language; BIVD= bilingual with vocabulary delay; REVT= Receptive & Expressive Vocabulary Test (Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee, 2009); PPVT= Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV (Dunn & Dunn, 2007).aKorean Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (Moon & Byun, 2003), bAlberta Language and Development Questionnaire (Paradis, Emmerzael, & Duncan, 2010), cLanguage Social Background Questionnaire (Luk & Bialystok, 2013).

Page 5: Executive Function in Korean-English Bilingual Children

http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.16293476 http://www.e-csd.org

Dongsun Yim, et al. โ€ข Executive Function in Bilinguals with Vocabulary Delay

์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ™”๋ฉด์— 3ร—3์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ 9๊ฐœ์˜ ํฐ์ƒ‰ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜

๋ฉฐ, ์ด ํฐ์ƒ‰ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์— ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค๊ฐ€ 0.5์ดˆ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์ง€์–ด

๊นœ๋นก์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” ๋‚œ์ด๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊นœ๋นก์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜

๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊นœ๋นก์ž„์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„์—๋Š” โ€˜์ •์ง€โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธ€์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜

๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ํฐ์ƒ‰ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰

๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ํšŒ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์งš๋Š”๋‹ค.

๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ์ด 4๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ

์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” 2์นธ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” 3์นธ, ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„

๋Š” 4์นธ, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” 5์นธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ธฐ ์ „ ์—ฐ์Šต

๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ 5๋ฌธํ•ญ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ •๋ฐ˜์‘์€ 1์ , ์˜ค๋ฐ˜์‘์€ 0์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด 18

์ ์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ˜์‘๋ฅ (%)๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘

๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ: ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ(non-word repetition)

๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ-์˜์–ด

์˜์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ์ด 16๋ฌธํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ

๋ฉฐ, 1์Œ์ ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4์Œ์ ˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4๋ฌธํ•ญ์”ฉ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด๋Š”

์ž์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž์Œ๊ตฐ(consonant cluster)์€ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.

1์Œ์ ˆ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” CVC, 2์Œ์ ˆ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” CVCVC, 3์Œ์ ˆ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด๋Š”

CVCVCVC, 4์Œ์ ˆ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” CVCVCVCVC๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด

56๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž์Œ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ์ •๋˜

์—ˆ๋‹ค. (1) ์‹ค์ œ ์˜์–ด ์–ดํœ˜์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , (2) ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์Œ

์†Œ /s, z, l, r/๋Š” ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ(Shriberg & Kwiatkowski, 1994), (3) ๋ช…

๋ฃŒ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ•์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•œ ์Œ์ ˆ์€ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , (4)

๋‹ค์Œ์ ˆ ๋‹จ์–ด ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์Œ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์Œ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1์ ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ

์ „์ฒด ๋ฌธํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋น„์œจ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ •ํ™•๋„

(%)์™€ ๊ฐ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋ณ„ ์ •์กฐ์Œํ•œ ์ž์Œ์„ ์ „์ฒด ์ž์Œ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜

๋Š” ์ž์Œ์ •ํ™•๋„(%)๋กœ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ

๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฑ„์ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ž์Œ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ

๋‚˜ ์ž์Œ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ •ํ™•๋„ ์ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ

(Archibald, 2008; Archibald & Gathercole, 2006; Estes, Evans, &

Else-Quest, 2007)์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ

์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” Appendix

1์— ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ-ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด

ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์Œ์ ˆ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6์Œ์ ˆ

๋กœ ๊ฐ ์Œ์ ˆ ๋‹น 4๋ฌธํ•ญ์”ฉ ์ด 20๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๊ณผ 91๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜

์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์˜์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€

๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ์ž์Œ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘

๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ฝํ•œ ์™œ๊ณก๊ณผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋˜, ์ƒ

๋žต, ๋Œ€์น˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•œ ์Œ์ ˆ ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์•„๋™์ด

์ •๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•œ ํ›„ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์ •๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์ ํ•˜์˜€

๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์˜ ์Œ์„ฑ์„ ๋…น์Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…น์ŒํŒŒ์ผ๋กœ ํ—ค๋“œํฐ

์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„๋™์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ—ค๋“œํฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ํ—ค๋“œ

ํฐ์ด ์•„๋™์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํ•œ

ํ•˜์—ฌ 1ํšŒ ๋” ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ 2ํšŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์€ ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€

๋Šฅํ†ตํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ ์„์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • ์žฌํ•™์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๊ณผ์ œ์—

์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์˜์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” Appendix 2์— ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์ œ(Dimensional Change Card Sort)

DCCS๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. DCCS๋Š” ์œ„์Šค์ฝ˜

์‹  ์นด๋“œ ์ •๋ ฌ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; Heaton, 1993)๋ฅผ

์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ™”๋ฉด ์ œ์‹œ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ • ํ›„ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜์ด์ „(pre-switch)

๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ „ํ™˜์ด์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” 6๋ฌธํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ „

ํ™˜์ดํ›„(post-switch) ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ „ํ™˜์ดํ›„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋„ 6๋ฌธํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด

์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌํ™”๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” 12๋ฌธํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „ํ™˜์ด์ „ ๋‹จ

๊ณ„์˜ ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ์ „ํ™˜์ดํ›„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ

๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž๊ทน์€ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ํ† ๋ผ, ์ดˆ๋ก ํ† ๋ผ, ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐ,

์ดˆ๋ก ๋ฐฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , 2๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ธฐ

์ž๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๊ทน๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทœ์น™์„

๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ™˜ ์ด์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž

๊ทน๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ‰๊น”์˜ ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ณจ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜์ƒ‰๊น”๊ฒŒ์ž„โ€™

์ด๋‹ค. ์ „ํ™˜์ดํ›„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž๊ทน๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ทธ

๋ฆผ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜๋ชจ์–‘๊ฒŒ์ž„โ€™์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹ฌ

ํ™” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” โ€˜์ƒ‰๊น”๊ฒŒ์ž„โ€™๊ณผ โ€˜๋ชจ์–‘๊ฒŒ์ž„โ€™์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ชฉ

ํ‘œ์ž๊ทน์ด ๋„ค๋ชจ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด โ€˜์ƒ‰๊น”๊ฒŒ์ž„โ€™, ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž๊ทน๋งŒ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜

๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž๊ทน๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋Š” โ€˜๋ชจ์–‘๊ฒŒ์ž„โ€™์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ ์šฉ

ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ฐ˜์‘์€ 1์ , ์˜ค๋ฐ˜์‘์€ 0์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด 24์ ์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜

์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ˜์‘๋ฅ (%)๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋น„๊ต

ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” SPSS ver. 19 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜

์—ฌ ์ผ์›๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„(one-way ANOVA)์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜

ํ•˜์œ„์š”์†Œ(์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต) ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด

๋ณ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Pearson ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

Page 6: Executive Function in Korean-English Bilingual Children

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ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด-์˜์–ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต โ€ข ์ž„๋™์„  ์™ธ

Table 3. Descriptive statistics of nonverbal and verbal working memory

BINL (N= 19) BIVD (N= 14)

Matrix 83.62 (19.63) 65.87 (22.31)NWR_KOR_Item 83.42 (14.04) 78.57 (14.73)NWR_ENG_Item 57.89 (13.57) 56.78 (15.01)NWR_KOR_PCC 92.25 (9.43) 88.57 (6.09)NWR_ENG_PCC 88.82 (9.72) 78.10 (8.39)

Values are presented as mean (SD).BINL= bilingual with normal language; BIVD= bilingual with vocabulary delay; NWR_ KOR_Item= item score of Korean non-word repetition; NWR_ENG_Item= item score of English non-word repetition; PCC= percentage of correct consonants.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of matrix performance

BINL (N= 19) BIVD (N= 14)

DCCS_Acc (%) 85.26 (12.24) 76.00 (12.69)DCCS_RT (ms) 1,521 (647) 1,252 (447)

Values are presented as mean (SD).BINL = bilingual with normal language; BIVD = bilingual with vocabulary delay; DCCS= dimensional card change sorting; ACC= accuracy; RT= reaction time.

Figure 1. Comparing accuracy (A) and reaction time (B) between BINL (bilingual with normal language) and BIVD (bilingual with vocabulary delay) on Dimensional Change Card Sort. *p < .05.

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Figure 2. Matrix performances between BINL (bilingual with normal lan-guage) and BIVD (bilingual with vocabulary delay). *p < .05.

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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋น„๊ต

์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋น„๊ต

์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Š” Table 2์— ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ DCCS ๊ณผ์ œ ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ณผ์ œ

์ •ํ™•๋„์—์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(F(1, 32) =4.473,

p< .05). ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ

์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณผ์ œ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ

๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜

๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™๋ณด๋‹ค ๋Š๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(p>.05).

๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ DCCS ๊ณผ์ œ ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ Figure 1์— ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต์—์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋น„๊ต

์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„

๋Š” Table 3์— ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ

๊ณผ, ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ์ธ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์—์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต

๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(F(1,31) =5.870, p< .05). ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ

์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘

์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ์ธ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ

๊ฐ„ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์€ Figure 2์— ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ

๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ

๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‘

์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(NWR_KOR_

Item: F(1, 32) = .922, p>.05; NWR_ENG_Item: F(1,32) = .049, p>.05).

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ž์Œ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ

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Dongsun Yim, et al. โ€ข Executive Function in Bilinguals with Vocabulary Delay

๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์˜์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜

๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(NWR_ENG_PCC: F(1, 33) =11.473, p< .05). ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด,

์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™ ์ง‘๋‹จ

์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์ž์Œ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด

์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ์ž์Œ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๋‹จ

์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ Figure 3์— ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.

์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด ๋ณ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„

์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ

์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ(์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ, ์ „

ํ™˜๊ณผ์ œ), ์ˆ˜์šฉ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ, ์˜์–ด๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„

ํ•ด Pearson ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Table 4์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ•˜์œ„์š”์†Œ ๊ฐ„์˜

์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, REVT ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” PPVT ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ์ ์ˆ˜(r= .809,

p< .01), DCCS_ACC (r= .507, p< .05), ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค(r= .590, p< .01),

Table 4. Correlation coefficient among tasks in bilingual children with normal language

REVT PPVT DCCS_ACC DCCS_RT Matrix NWR_KOR

PPVT .809**DCCS_ACC .507* .381DCCS_RT .270 .116 .737**Matrix .590** .581** .265 .070NWR_KOR .600** .390 .137 .050 .455NWR_ENG .328 .261 .303 -.082 .240 .069

REVT= composite score of Receptive & Expressive Vocabulary Test (Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee, 2009); PPVT= composite scoring of Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (Dunn & Dunn, 2007); DCCS= Dimensional Change Card Sort; ACC= accuracy; RT= reaction time; NWR_KOR= Korean version of non-word repetition (item-based scoring); NWR_ENG= English version of non-word repetition (item-based scoring).*p < .05, **p < .01.

Table 5. Correlation coefficient among tasks in bilingual children with vocabulary delay

REVT PPVT DCCS_ACC DCCS_RT Matrix NWR_KOR

PPVT .069*DCCS_ACC .137 .365DCCS_RT -.041 -.415 .757**Matrix .887** -.030 .284 .252NWR_KOR .318 .179 .150 .371 .341NWR_ENG .763** -.020 .466 .172 .789** .134

REVT= composite score of Receptive & Expressive Vocabulary Test (Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee, 2009); PPVT= composite score of Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (Dunn & Dunn, 2007); DCCS= Dimensional Change Card Sort; ACC= accuracy; RT= reaction time; NWR_KOR= Korean version of non-word repetition (item-based scoring); NWR_ENG= English version of non-word repetition (item-based scoring).*p < .05, **p < .01.

Figure 3. (A) Non-word repetition (NWR) item scores and (B) percentage of correct consonants between BINL (bilingual with normal language) and BIVD (bilingual with vocabulary delay). *p < .05.

(A) (B)

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BINL (N=19)BIVD (N=14)

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ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด-์˜์–ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต โ€ข ์ž„๋™์„  ์™ธ

NWR_KOR (r= .600, p< .01)์™€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, PPVT ํ•ฉ

์‚ฐ์ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค(r= .581)์™€ ์œ ์˜์ˆ˜์ค€ .01์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ๋ณด

์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  DCCS_ACC๋Š” DCCS_RT (r= .737, p< .01)์™€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ

์ •์ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€

์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.

์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ

์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ•˜์œ„์˜

์—ญ(์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ, ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ์ œ) ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Pear-

son ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Table 5์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ•˜์œ„

์š”์†Œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, REVT ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” PPVT ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ

์ ์ˆ˜(r= .069, p< .05), ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค(r= .887, p< .01), NWR_ENG (r=

.763, p< .01)์™€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, DCCS_ACC๋Š” DCCS_

RT (r = .757, p< .01)์™€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š”

NWR_ENG (r = .789, p< .01)์™€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜

๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.

๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด-์˜์–ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ

์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต)์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€

๋‹ค. ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์š”์†Œ(์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต) ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ DCCS์™€ ๋งค

ํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค, ๋‘ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋œ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ

๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด

์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„์˜

์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ฐ˜์‘์†๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜

์•„๋™์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋นจ๋ž์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ์–ด

ํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™ ๊ฐ„์— ํ‰๊ท ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด

๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ณผ์ œ ์ •ํ™•๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’

์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜์‘์†๋„์™€ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ •ํ™•๋„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ •์ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค

๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์—

๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด

์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์ด ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ

์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์˜ DCCS ๊ณผ์ œ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€

์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ

์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์ฒด ์•„๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต

ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ

ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ค‘ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™

์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค

(Bishop, 1993; Johnston, Smith, & Box, 1997).

๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต ์ค‘ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ(๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค)๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰

ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„

๋™๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณผ์ œ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€

์ง€๋กœ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต์—์„œ๋„ ์–ธ์–ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์ด ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜

์•„๋™๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค

(Bishop, 2006; Leonard et al., 2007). ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์œ ๋ฌด์—

๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™ ๊ฐ„ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์ด

๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด

์ธ๋‹ค(Paneque & Barbetta, 2006). ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ

๋กœ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์œ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง„๋‹จ

์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์‹œ

์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์ €์˜ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด

ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค(Conti-Ramsden & Durkin, 2012).

์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต ์ค‘ ์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ์ธ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ

๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ด ๋‹ค

๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์Œ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„

์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด

์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์ถœ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™๊ณผ ์ด

์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(Hwang, 2015)์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ

๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์–ธ์–ด์žฅ์•  ์•„๋™์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์Œ์ ˆ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ •ํ™•๋„

๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ •ํ™•

๋„์—์„œ ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜

๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ด‘๋‘ฅ์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด

๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค(Stokes, Wong, Fletcher,

& Leonard, 2006). ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€

๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™ 19๋ช…, ์–ดํœ˜

๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™ 14๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์˜์–ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ

๊ฐ•์„ธํŒจํ„ด, ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์Œ์šด์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์กฐ์Œ์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ

๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์Œ์šด์  ์š”์ธ์ด

๋งŽ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์  ํŠน์ง•์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ํ•™๋ น๊ธฐ

์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์—๊ฒŒ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„

๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ๋ณธ ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Stokes et al., 2006).

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜์–ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜

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Dongsun Yim, et al. โ€ข Executive Function in Bilinguals with Vocabulary Delay

์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ž์Œ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š”

์˜์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ฑ„์ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ž์Œ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ

์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ(Coady & Evans, 2008; Hansson, Forsberg, Lรถfqvist, Mรคkiโ€Torkko, & Sahlรฉn, 2004; Ibertsson,Willstedt-Svensson, Radeborg,

& Sahlรฉn, 2008), ์˜์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ฑ„์  ์‹œ ์ž์Œ์ •ํ™•๋„

๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ

์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค(Parra, Hoff, & Core, 2011). ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™

์˜ ์–ธ์–ดํ‰๊ฐ€ ์‹œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ์–ธ์–ด ํŠน์ง•์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ฑ„์ ๋ฐฉ

์‹์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์•„๋™์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ

๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ(Kohnert & Derr, 2004)๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜

์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ REVT ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ์ ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด

์  ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ(๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค), ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๊ฐ„ ์ •

์ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ REVT ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ์ 

์ˆ˜์™€ ์˜์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ •์ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜

ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์—๊ฒŒ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ

๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด(L1)์™€ ์ œ2์–ธ์–ด(L2) ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ

ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์€ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ „

ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„

๋™์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ด

ํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์€ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™๊ณผ

๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ

๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค

(Johnston et al., 1997). ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ค‘ ์–ธ์–ด์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ

๋กœ ์ ๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€

๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์—๊ฒŒ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด

๋” ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค(Johnston &

Weismer, 1983; Leonard et al., 2007; Miller, Kail, Leonard, & Tom-

blin, 2001; Windsor & Kohnert, 2004; Windsor, Kohnert, Loxter-

camp, & Kan, 2008).

๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์–ธ์–ด, ์šฐ์„ธ์–ธ์–ด, ์–ธ์–ด

์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐํšŒ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์–ธ์–ด ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ์ฐจ์ด

๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์€

ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด(L1)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ

ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด(L1)์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ ์ธํ•˜

์—ฌ ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ผ์ •์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์˜์–ด(L2)๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ

ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜์–ด๊ถŒ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ

์‚ฌํšŒ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด-์˜์–ด ์ด์ค‘

์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์€ ์ œ2

์–ธ์–ด(L2)์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ์„œ

์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค

๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ

์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋‘ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”

ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋†“์ธ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น ์ •์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ

๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ›„์†์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ

๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™๊ณผ ๋ณธ ๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œ

ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

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ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด-์˜์–ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต โ€ข ์ž„๋™์„  ์™ธ

Appendix 1. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ง€

์•„๋™๋ช…(์„ฑ๋ณ„) ์ƒ๋…„์›”์ผ(์ƒํ™œ์—ฐ๋ น)

๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ผ

๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ์•„๋™๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋ก

์—ฐ์Šต(1) ๋”ฐ๋ฌด

์—ฐ์Šต(2) ๋ฟŒ์ปค๋””

1 ๋ˆ„๋ฒ 

2 ๋งˆ๋šœ ใ€€

3 ์กฐ๋‚˜ ใ€€

4 ํผํ‹ฑ ใ€€

5 ๋ฒ„์ค๋”” ใ€€

6 ๊นŒ๋‹ค๊ตณ ใ€€

7 ๋ชจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ใ€€

8 ๋‹ˆ์•„ํ†  ใ€€

9 ํ† ๋ณด๊ฐ€์ธ ใ€€

10 ๋จธ๊ตฌ๋‚ญ๋ฟ” ใ€€

11 ํ‘ธ๊ฐ€ํƒœ์ง€ ใ€€

12 ๋“œ๋ฐ˜๊ฑฐ๋…ธ ใ€€

13 ์กฐ๋งค๋ˆ„๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ ใ€€

14 ๋ ˆ๋นŒ์• ํ‹ฐ๋จธ ใ€€

15 ๋ˆ„๋นˆ์žฌ๊ตฌ๋ฐˆ ใ€€

16 ๋ฐ”์ฆ˜๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ ใ€€

17 ๋ฌด์ง€๋‹ค๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ๋…ธ ใ€€

18 ๋กœ๋ฐ‰๋ ๋ฅด์ €๋‹ˆ ใ€€

19 ๋ณด๋งˆ๋ฐ๋‚ญ๊นŒ๋‘ ใ€€

20 ๋ฏธ๊ธฐ๋‹์•„์บ๋ฐ” ใ€€

์ด ์ 

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Dongsun Yim, et al. โ€ข Executive Function in Bilinguals with Vocabulary Delay

Appendix 2. English non-word repetition scoring sheet

Examinee (sex) DOB (C.A)

Examiner Test Date

Item Non-word Response Score

Practice (1) deik

Practice (2) pei pub

1 naib

2 voup

3 taud

4 doif

5 tei vak

6 tsou vaeg

7 vae tsaip

8 noi tauf

9 tsi noi taub

10 nai tsou veib

11 doi tau vaeb

12 tei voi tsaig

13 vei ta tsai doip

14 dae vou noi tsig

15 nai tsoi tau vub

16 tae va tsi naig

Total

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ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด-์˜์–ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต โ€ข ์ž„๋™์„  ์™ธ

๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก

ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด-์˜์–ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต

์ž„๋™์„ ยท์กฐ์—ฐ์ฃผยทํ•œ์ง€์œคยท์„ฑ์ง€๋ฏผ

์ดํ™”์—ฌ์ž๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์–ธ์–ด๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ

๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€

๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์„œ์šธ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด-์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒ 6-9์„ธ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์•„๋™ 33๋ช…(์ผ๋ฐ˜ 19๋ช…, ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ 14๋ช…)์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ

์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ์ œ, ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค, ์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด, ์˜์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ์›๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ

๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ , Pearson ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด ๊ณผ์ œ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ

์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ์ œ์™€ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜์–ด ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ •ํ™•

๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์Œ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด ๊ณผ์ œ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ๋Š”

REVT ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต(ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด)๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ REVT ํ•ฉ์‚ฐ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋น„

์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต(์˜์–ด)๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ•˜์œ„

๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์ด ์–ธ์–ด์˜์—ญ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ์ธ์ง€์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด

์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ ์•„๋™์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ•  ๋•Œ์— ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ค.

ํ•ต์‹ฌ์–ด: ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต, ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์—ฐ

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2015๋…„๋„ ์ดํ™”์—ฌ์ž๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ต๋‚ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์ง€์›์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Œ.

์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ

๊น€์˜ํƒœ, ํ™๊ฒฝํ›ˆ, ๊น€๊ฒฝํฌ, ์žฅํ˜œ์„ฑ, ์ด์ฃผ์—ฐ(2009). ์ˆ˜์šฉ ยทํ‘œํ˜„ ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(REVT). ์„œ์šธ: ์„œ์šธ์žฅ์• ์ธ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณต์ง€๊ด€.

๋ฌธ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ, ๋ณ€์ฐฝ์ง„(2003). K-ABC ๊ต์œกยท์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ(Korean-Kaufman assessment battery for children). ์„œ์šธ: ํ•™์ง€์‚ฌ.

์–‘์œคํฌ, ์ž„๋™์„ , ๊น€์‹ ์˜, ํ•œ์ง€์œค(2013). ํ•™๋ น ์ „ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์ฒด ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ, ๋น ๋ฅธ ์šฐ์—ฐํ•™์Šต(Quick Incidental Learning)๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์šฉ

์–ดํœ˜์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„. ์–ธ์–ด์ฒญ๊ฐ์žฅ์• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, 18, 379-391.

์–‘์œคํฌ, ์ž„๋™์„ , ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋ž€(2015). ํ•™๋ น๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์–ธ์–ด์žฅ์•  ์•„๋™์˜ ์–ดํœ˜ํ•™์Šต ์˜ˆ์ธก์š”์ธ: ์˜๋ฏธ์ ํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„์„ญ ํšจ๊ณผ. ์–ธ์–ด์ฒญ๊ฐ์žฅ์• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, 20, 1-12.

์ด๊ท€์˜ฅ, ์ดํ˜œ๋ จ(2005). ์•„๋™์˜ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ƒ์œ„์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„. ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ํšŒ์ง€: ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ, 18, 105-119.

์ž„๋™์„ , ๊น€์‹ ์˜, ์–‘์œคํฌ(2015). ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ํƒ์ƒ‰์  ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„: ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์–ดํœ˜์ง€์ฒด ์•„๋™์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ์šฐ์—ฐ

ํ•™์Šต ์˜ˆ์ธก์š”์ธ. ์–ธ์–ด์ฒญ๊ฐ์žฅ์• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, 20, 304-218.

์ž„๋™์„ , ์–‘์œคํฌ, ๊น€์‹ ์˜(2015). ๋‹จ์ˆœ์–ธ์–ด์žฅ์•  ์•„๋™๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์•„๋™์˜ ์ž‘์—…๊ธฐ์–ต ์ œ์‹œ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋น„๊ต. ์–ธ์–ด์ฒญ๊ฐ์žฅ์• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, 20, 13-

23.

์ž„๋™์„ , ์œค์‚ฌ๋ผ, ์ด์ง€์—ฐ(2016). ๊ต์ฐจ์–ธ์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด-์˜์–ด ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์•„๋™์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์–ดํœ˜๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€. ์–ธ์–ด์ฒญ๊ฐ์žฅ์• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, 21, 131-138.

ํ™์„ ๋ฏธ, ์ž„๋™์„ (2014). ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ด์ค‘์–ธ์–ด์•„๋™์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ง€์ฒด ํ‰๊ฐ€. ์–ธ์–ด์ฒญ๊ฐ์žฅ์• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, 19, 31-44.

ํ™ฉ๋ฏผ์•„(2015). ์ผ๋ฐ˜์•„๋™์˜ ๋น„๋‹จ์–ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ. ์–ธ์–ด์ฒญ๊ฐ์žฅ์• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, 20, 374-385.