executive functioning for students

Executive Functioning

Alan Babcock, M.Ed.

School Psychologist

Disability Services Coordinator

Penn State Harrisburg

[email protected]


“I don’t think of myself as a poor deprived ghetto girl who made good. I think of myself as someone who, from an early age, knew I was responsible for myself and I had to make good.”

Oprah Winfrey


“My will shall shape my future. Whether I fail or succeed shall be no man’s doing but my own. I am the force; I can clear any obstacle before me or I can be lost in the maze. My choice; my responsibility; win or lose, only I hold the key to my destiny.”

Elaine Maxwell


It matters not how straight the gate,

How charged with punishments the scroll,

I am the master of my fate:

I am the captain of my soul.

William Ernest Henley


“You can be anything you want to be, if you want it badly enough and if you are willing to work for it.”

Charles Babcock


• We are in control of our lives.

• We can do anything we want to do.

• If we do not do something, we did not want to do it.

• If we do not do something we want to do, we are LAZY.


This point of view is only part of the truth.

Our behavior is the end product of numerous factors interacting with each other.

One of those factors is Executive Functioning.


THE STORIES

OF TWO MEN

PHINEAS GAGE

• Construction foreman

• Efficient and capable

• Smart, shrewd businessman

• Treated women with respect

• Well liked by his superiors and the men he supervised

ELLIOT

• Good husband and father

• Competent businessman

• Enviable personal, professional, and social status

• Successful

THE CHANGE

Phineas’ Accident

Phineas’ Accident

THE CHANGE

Immediately following the accident– A few convulsions– Walked to a wagon to take him to the doctor– Spoke with his men on the way– Said to the doctor, “Well I guess this is work

enough for you”– Appeared completely normal with the

exception that he had a hole in his head

AFTER THE ACCIDENT

• Fitful, irreverent, indulging in the grossest profanity

• Little deference for his fellow man

• Generated many plans No follow through

• Good at finding something which did not suit him

• Egocentric

Gage was no longer Gage

THE CHANGE

Elliot’s tumor

and operation

AFTER THE OPERATION

• Needed prompting to get up• Distracted and did not return to the task at hand

• Focused on unimportant details• Poor business decisions• Two divorces• Disregarded good advice from friends

• Turned down for Supplemental Social Security Income

• The doctors thought he was malingering

• His intelligence was intact

• Virtually all of the testing that was done with him was within normal limits


What did Phineas and Elliot have in common?


An Executive Functioning Disorder


Executive Functioning is a hypothetical construct


Executive Functioning is on a continuum

No Problem – Slight – Mild – Moderate – Severe Problem

Definition

• Overview– The Executive Functions are the parts of the

brain that work together to direct cognitive activity, including the ability to engage in purposeful, organized, strategic, self-regulated, goal directed behavior

– Conductor of the orchestra – Goal Plan Implement Monitor

Definition

• Behavior Regulation:

–Involves the ability to shift cognitive set and modulate emotions and behavior via appropriate inhibitory control

BEHAVIOR REGULATION

• The ability to inhibit, resist, or not act on an impulse and the ability to stop one’s own behavior at the appropriate time (Inhibit)

• The ability to move freely from one situation, activity, or aspect of a problem to another as the circumstances demand -- key aspects of shifting include the ability to make transitions, problem solve flexibly, switch or alternate attention, and change focus from one mindset or topic to another (Shift)

• The ability to modulate emotional responses (Emotional Control)

Definition

• Metacognition (Thinking):–Involves the ability to initiate, plan

and organize, and sustain future-oriented problem-solving in working memory -- this skill is necessary to self-manage tasks and to monitor one’s performance

METACOGNITION

• To begin a task or activity, as well as independently generate ideas, responses, or problem-solving strategies (Initiate)

• To hold information in mind for the purpose of completing a task -- working memory is essential to carry out multi-step activities, complete mental arithmetic, or follow complex instructions (Working Memory)

• To anticipate future events, set goals, and develop appropriate steps ahead of time to carry out a task or activity (Plan)

METACOGNITION

• To bring order to information and to appreciate main ideas or key concepts when learning or communicating information (Organize)

• To organize work, play, and storage spaces (Organization of Materials)

• To evaluate one’s performance during or shortly after finishing a task to ensure appropriate attainment of a goal (Monitor)

ASSESSMENT

Assessment

Importance of assessment

To intervene effectively:

• You have to identify the problem accurately

• You need to know what aspects of Executive Functioning have to be ameliorated

Assessment

Assessment techniques

• Standardized tests

• Behavior questionnaires

• Work samples

• Observations

Assessment

Problems with standardized tests

• During testing, the evaluator is providing the executive functioning needed to complete the tasks

• Executive skills are in demand during complex open-ended tasks requiring problem solving or unique solutions

• Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence

Assessment

TESTS

• Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

• Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System

• Stroop test

• Rey Complex Figure Test and Recognition Trial

• The Awareness of Social Inference Test, (TASIT)

Assessment

– BEHAVIOR RATING SCALES• Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function

--Adult version

--School-age

--Preschool version

• Frontal Systems Behavior Scale™ (FrSBe™)

IMPLICATIONS

OF

DYSFUNCTION

Implications of Dysfunction

• Cognitive– Hypothesis Testing– Abstract Reasoning– Memory Disorders– Attention Deficits– Impaired initiation of cognitive activity


• Behavior– Need prompting to start an activity– Failure to follow through– Continue activities without stopping– Impaired attention– Impulsive– Poor planning


• Language– Reduction of language production– Difficulty initiating speech– Struggle to maintain a complex, spontaneous

conversation– Indifferent to communication– Trouble ending a conversation


• Social Behavior–Social misperceptions–Simplistic thinking–Behavior based on concrete, simple

motivations–Cannot handle the complexity of social

interaction–Underdeveloped “Theory of Mind”

INTERVENTION

Intervention

• Individual

• Support System– Therapist

– Friends

– Parents

– Family members

Intervention

The Process:

AwarenessAcceptanceInstructionPracticeAccountability

Awareness

• Individual

–Executive functioning

–Strengths and challenges

–How the intervention process works

–Benefits of intervention

Awareness

• Support system

–Executive functioning

–Specific problems with which the individual is dealing

Acceptance

• Individual

–“I'm not perfect.”

–“I have strengths and weaknesses.”

–“I need outside help.”

–“I am not to blame for my challenges; I am responsible for managing them.”

–“I have work to do.”

Acceptance

• Support system

–“I cannot expect the person to change without some outside help.”

–“The person is not to blame for his or her struggles.”

–“I may have to make changes.”

–“I have work to do.”

Action

• Individual–Making a commitment to make changes–Providing support personnel with honest

feedback about his or her difficulties –Taking direction from support personnel–Making an honest attempt to use

strategies–Explaining what works and what does

not work

Action

• Support system–Make a connection with the person–Be willing to monitor the individual–Teach specific management strategies–Help the individual to implement

management strategies–Evaluate effectiveness of management

strategies

GENERAL

• Name the problematic behavior

• Become aware of the problematic behavior– When does the behavior occur?– Where does the behavior occur?– With whom does the behavior occur?

GENERAL

• Set a goal

• Develop specific strategies to manage the behavior

• Generate external supports to help you manage the behavior

• Monitor progress

• Fade external supports

SPECIFIC INTERVENTIONS

INHIBITION

• Practice monitoring behavior• Ask others to point out your impulsivity• Before engaging in a new, exciting behavior,

“STOP” and consider the consequences• When engaging in a new, exciting behavior, ask

yourself if you could tell someone who cares about you what you are going to do

• After stopping and thinking, make a conscious decision about engaging in the behavior

SHIFTING

• Become aware of getting stuck• When you notice that you are stuck, engage in

relaxation techniques• Practice coming up with multiple solutions to

specific problems• Generate a specific problem-solving strategy

that considers your needs and the needs of other people involved

EMOTIONAL CONTROL

• Learn specific relaxation techniques and practice those techniques

• Identify when you are beginning to feel intensely

• Apply your relaxation techniques

• Identify problems that precipitate strong feelings

• Deal with that problem

SELF-MONITORING

• Identify a specific task that needs to be completed

• Determine how you will know the task has been accomplished

• Develop strategies that will be employed to complete the task

• Establish points during the process when your progress will be reviewed

INITIATE

• Set a specific time to start

• Have a visual reminder

• Tell someone when you plan to start

• Generate a step-by-step strategy for completing the task

• “Just get started”

WORKING MEMORY

• Externalize your working memory (sticky notes, write out steps for multi-step tasks)

• Write down a “to do” list and review it with another person

• Transfer the “to do” list to a calendar

• Review your calendar at specific times during the day

PLAN/ORGANIZE

• Identify tasks and goals

• Create templates for tasks that repeat

• Review your plan with someone you trust

• Establish time lines for completing the steps

• List then gather necessary materials

• Identify potential obstacles and techniques for managing them

ORGANIZATION of MATERIALS

• Identify specific locations for important materials

• If necessary, label those locations

• Designate a time each day to organize

• Complete the same task in the same location

• Be willing to start over on a regular basis

Resources

Books

• Attention, Memory and Executive Function, editors, G. Reid Lyon & Norman A. Krasnegor

• The Executive Brain, by Elkhonon Goldberg• Executive Skills in Children and Adolescents,

by Peg Dawson & Richard Guare• Descartes Error, by Antonio Damasio• ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control, by Russell Barkley

Resources

Web Sites• http://www.nldline.com/bonnie_singer_and_tony_bashir.htm• http://www.goertzel.org/dynapsyc/1999/morin.html• http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/

125/3/624?ijkey=8ccb9bde475d0cdc92b613e04e848b278429da7f&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

• http://www.waiting.com/frontallobe.html#anchor266669• http://braincampus.learnpsychology.com/npsych/frontal.html• http://www.ect.org/effects/lobe.html• http://www.schoolbehavior.com/conditions_edfoverview3.htm

http://www.nldline.com/bonnie_singer_and_tony_bashir.htm

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