Microlight flights Microlight flights lessonslessons

Exercise 14 Advanced turning

EXERCISE 14 EXERCISE 14 ADVANCED TURNSADVANCED TURNS

AimAim

To carry out a coordinated level turn at To carry out a coordinated level turn at steep angles of bank. And to recognise and steep angles of bank. And to recognise and recover from a spiral dive.recover from a spiral dive.

Also to entry and recovery from ,and the Also to entry and recovery from ,and the uses of a slideuses of a slide slipslip

Twice lift is required in a level Twice lift is required in a level turn in a 60 degree bank angleturn in a 60 degree bank angle

The wing must produce twice the lift required for straight and level flight

2 G Force

60 degree

Twice lift is required in a level Twice lift is required in a level turn in a 60 degree bank angleturn in a 60 degree bank angle

Compared to level flightCompared to level flight

Compared to level flight, this achieved by increasing Compared to level flight, this achieved by increasing the angle of attack- moving the bar forwardsthe angle of attack- moving the bar forwards

This will result in a significant increase in drag so This will result in a significant increase in drag so power will have to be increased to prevent the power will have to be increased to prevent the airspeed reducingairspeed reducing

The load factor doubles (2G) this in turn causes the The load factor doubles (2G) this in turn causes the stalling speed to increase significantly- (40)percent stalling speed to increase significantly- (40)percent at 60 degrees, so prior to turn entry select the at 60 degrees, so prior to turn entry select the appropriate target speedappropriate target speed

Significant wake turbulence is produced in a steep Significant wake turbulence is produced in a steep turn- above 45 degrees angle of bank in a level turn turn- above 45 degrees angle of bank in a level turn a level turn limit to the change of heading is to be a level turn limit to the change of heading is to be NO MORE THE 270 DEGREESNO MORE THE 270 DEGREES

Steep climbing and descending Steep climbing and descending turnsturns

In a climbing turn, climb rate In a climbing turn, climb rate decrease significantly at high bank decrease significantly at high bank angles hence this manoeuvre has angles hence this manoeuvre has little practical use.little practical use.

In a descending turn descent rate is In a descending turn descent rate is increased at high bank angles. This increased at high bank angles. This must be allowed for when must be allowed for when manoeuvring at low level as in a manoeuvring at low level as in a engine failureengine failure

Entry to level turnEntry to level turn1.1. Select suitable reference pointSelect suitable reference point2.2. Attain target airspeedAttain target airspeed3.3. Lookout, final lookout all around Lookout, final lookout all around

immediately prior to turnimmediately prior to turn4.4. Roll inRoll in5.5. Apply forwards pressure on the bar Apply forwards pressure on the bar

to maintain or raise nose attitude to maintain or raise nose attitude slightly and maintain height, use the slightly and maintain height, use the horizon as primary guide And horizon as primary guide And simultaneously.simultaneously.

6.6. Apply power to prevent airspeed Apply power to prevent airspeed lossloss

Maintaining the turnMaintaining the turn

1. Maintain the bank angle with small roll inputs.

2. Maintain height by adjusting forwards bar pressure, reference horizon and VSI altimeter

3. Maintain airspeed with power, use airflow noise and ASI

To exit the turnTo exit the turn1.1. Anticipate aiming pointAnticipate aiming point

2.2. Rollout, and as bank angle Rollout, and as bank angle reduces-reduces-

3.3. Progressively reduce power Progressively reduce power to maintain level flightto maintain level flight

4.4. Centralise roll inputs when Centralise roll inputs when wings are level wit the wings are level wit the horizonhorizon

The spiral diveThe spiral dive Causes:Causes: poorly executed steep turn poorly executed steep turn Identified:Identified: by bank speed and G loading by bank speed and G loading

increasingincreasing Recover :Recover : Reduce power to idle Reduce power to idle Roll wingsRoll wings level and adopt shallow level and adopt shallow

climbing attitudeclimbing attitude When airspeed reducesWhen airspeed reduces to normal to normal

cruise airspeed apply power and climb to cruise airspeed apply power and climb to safe altitude.safe altitude.

The side slipping turnThe side slipping turn A side sliipping turn is an advanced A side sliipping turn is an advanced

manoeuver which is effective for a manoeuver which is effective for a temporay rapid heigh loss.temporay rapid heigh loss.

Uses Collision avodanceUses Collision avodance Height loss when turning finals from Height loss when turning finals from

a tight base in a glide approacha tight base in a glide approach Positioning/ height loss in a forced Positioning/ height loss in a forced

landinglanding

Entry to side slipping turnEntry to side slipping turn Entry RollEntry Roll positively to approximately 45 positively to approximately 45

degrees bank angledegrees bank angle

SimultaneouslySimultaneously move bar back move bar back

The aircraftThe aircraft will then slip towards the lower will then slip towards the lower wing and lose height rapidly. The manoeuvre can wing and lose height rapidly. The manoeuvre can only be maintained for a relatively short period of only be maintained for a relatively short period of time without significant build up of airspeed. The time without significant build up of airspeed. The heading change will normally be limited to heading change will normally be limited to approximately 90 degreesapproximately 90 degrees

This an advancedThis an advanced manoeuvre not within the manoeuvre not within the capabilities of all student pilotscapabilities of all student pilots

AirmanshipAirmanship H.A.S.E.L.L- COMPETE BEFORE COMENCING H.A.S.E.L.L- COMPETE BEFORE COMENCING

THE EXERCISE AND REPEAT EVERY 2 TO 3 THE EXERCISE AND REPEAT EVERY 2 TO 3 MIN’SMIN’S

LOOKOUT- MAKE A THOROUGH LOOKOUT.LOOKOUT- MAKE A THOROUGH LOOKOUT.

ORIENTAION- PICK REFERANCE POINT TO ORIENTAION- PICK REFERANCE POINT TO ROLL OUT ON BEFORE EACH MANOEUVRE ROLL OUT ON BEFORE EACH MANOEUVRE PICK 270 DEGREES ABOVE 45 DEGREES PICK 270 DEGREES ABOVE 45 DEGREES ANGLE OF BANK.ANGLE OF BANK.

DRIFT- AIRSPACE DON’T DRIFT INTO OR DRIFT- AIRSPACE DON’T DRIFT INTO OR CONGESTED AREASCONGESTED AREAS