Exercise and Immune Exercise and Immune FunctionFunction

Jeff Bruno D.C.Jeff Bruno D.C.

Gateway Natural MedicineGateway Natural Medicine

Oct 12, 2009Oct 12, 2009

““Since most people are no longer Since most people are no longer physically active, artificial activity, physically active, artificial activity, otherwise know as exercise is otherwise know as exercise is necessary.”necessary.” Dr. Maffetone Dr. Maffetone

Aerobic ExerciseAerobic Exercise

““Regular exercise decreases the Regular exercise decreases the incidence of a wide range of ROS-incidence of a wide range of ROS-associated diseases…heart disease, associated diseases…heart disease, type II diabetes, rheumatic arthritis, type II diabetes, rheumatic arthritis, Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases and certain cancers.”and certain cancers.”

Free Radical Biological Medicine.Free Radical Biological Medicine. 2008 Jan 15;44(2): 153-9 2008 Jan 15;44(2): 153-9

Systemic adaptation to oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise.Systemic adaptation to oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise.

InterleukinsInterleukins

Signaling moleculesSignaling molecules

IL-1 to IL-35IL-1 to IL-35

IL-2IL-2 immunotherapy immunotherapy

IL-6IL-6 induces acute phase induces acute phase reaction, antibody reaction, antibody

secretion…inflammationsecretion…inflammation

Weightlifting in AdolescentsWeightlifting in AdolescentsGave rats IL-6 some could use wheel Gave rats IL-6 some could use wheel IL-6 during periods of rapid growth IL-6 during periods of rapid growth could retard growthcould retard growthNegative effects of IL-6 negated, Negative effects of IL-6 negated, found to be beneficial in protecting found to be beneficial in protecting muscle growth.muscle growth.

J Appl Physiol.J Appl Physiol. 2009 Feb;106(2):443-53. Skeletal muscle growth in young 2009 Feb;106(2):443-53. Skeletal muscle growth in young rats is inhibited by chronic exposure to IL-6 but preserved by concurrent rats is inhibited by chronic exposure to IL-6 but preserved by concurrent voluntary endurance exercise. Bodell et. al.voluntary endurance exercise. Bodell et. al.

Anaerobic BacteriaAnaerobic BacteriaCampylobacter Campylobacter BrucellaBrucellaBordetellaBordetellaPropionibacterium Propionibacterium (acne)(acne)

StreptococcusStreptococcusCorynebacterium Corynebacterium (diptheria)(diptheria)

Mycobacterium Mycobacterium (includes TB)(includes TB)

Escherichia ColiEscherichia ColiSalmonellaSalmonella

Shigella Shigella (traveler’s diarrhea) (traveler’s diarrhea)

Yersinia Yersinia (plague)(plague)

Legionella Legionella pneumophilapneumophila

Haemophilus Haemophilus influenzainfluenza

VirusesViruses

Anaerobic BacteriaAnaerobic Bacteria

Optimal growth with reduced oxygenOptimal growth with reduced oxygen (5-7%) and increased CO2 (10%)(5-7%) and increased CO2 (10%)

Carbohydrates are fermentedCarbohydrates are fermented without the production of gas; Major without the production of gas; Major endproducts are lactic acid, ethanol, endproducts are lactic acid, ethanol, acetateacetate

Anaerobic BacteriaAnaerobic Bacteria

Treatment:Treatment:– erythromycinerythromycin

– suctionsuction

– oxygen oxygen - HBOT- HBOT

Types of MuscleTypes of Muscle

Slow/fast or Aerobic/AnaerobicSlow/fast or Aerobic/Anaerobic

Aerobic movement and metabolismAerobic movement and metabolism

Aerobic fat for energyAerobic fat for energyAerobic more blood supply, so Aerobic more blood supply, so increasing the work done by these increasing the work done by these muscles increases circulation-muscles increases circulation-mitochondria 60% mitochondria 60% (source)(source)

EnergyEnergyCarbohydrate and fat to survive Carbohydrate and fat to survive

Glucose brain and nervous systemGlucose brain and nervous system

Thinking clearlyThinking clearly

Another positive side effect is that our Another positive side effect is that our hormone regulation and production will be hormone regulation and production will be better balanced.better balanced.

Types of TrainingTypes of Training

There are two ways to train: There are two ways to train:

– AerobicAerobic

– Anaerobic Anaerobic

AnaerobicAnaerobicShort term Short term

Sugar Sugar

Stress/damage to muscle/heart by production of Stress/damage to muscle/heart by production of ROSROS

Inhibits enzymes promoting healingInhibits enzymes promoting healing

Promotes high levels of IL-6Promotes high levels of IL-6

OK to train sometimes OK to train sometimes ONLYONLY if your aerobic if your aerobic system is functioning properlysystem is functioning properly

AerobicAerobicLonger durationLonger duration

Promotes fat burning metabolismPromotes fat burning metabolism

Less damage from free radicalsLess damage from free radicals

Promotes CD4, CD8, T-cell responsePromotes CD4, CD8, T-cell response

Circulation/OxygenCirculation/Oxygen

Aerobic ExerciseAerobic Exercise

Long duration with low intensity Long duration with low intensity exercise will increase, over time, the exercise will increase, over time, the amount of O2 present in the body, amount of O2 present in the body, change the overall environment to change the overall environment to basic, from an acidic medium, basic, from an acidic medium, making it more difficult for anaerobic making it more difficult for anaerobic organisms to survive.organisms to survive.

Get MovingGet Moving““Skeletal muscle, liver, and brain all have Skeletal muscle, liver, and brain all have very different metabolic rates and very different metabolic rates and functions during exericse, but the adaptive functions during exericse, but the adaptive response is very similar: increased response is very similar: increased antioxidant/damage repair enzyme antioxidant/damage repair enzyme activity, lower oxidative damage, and activity, lower oxidative damage, and increased resistance to oxidative stress.”increased resistance to oxidative stress.”

Free Radical Biological Medicine.Free Radical Biological Medicine. 2008 Jan 15;44(2): 153-9 2008 Jan 15;44(2): 153-9Systemic adaptation to oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise.Systemic adaptation to oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise.

Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology. 2004 Jun;29(3):245-632004 Jun;29(3):245-63Anaerobic exercise and oxidative stress: a review.Anaerobic exercise and oxidative stress: a review.

Get MovingGet Moving

“…“…the the vulnerabilityvulnerability of the body of the body to oxidative stress and diseases to oxidative stress and diseases is significantly enhanced in a is significantly enhanced in a sedentary compared to a sedentary compared to a physically active lifestyle.”physically active lifestyle.”

Free Radical Biological Medicine.Free Radical Biological Medicine. 2008 Jan 15;44(2): 153-9 2008 Jan 15;44(2): 153-9Systemic adaptation to oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise.Systemic adaptation to oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise.

Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology. 2004 Jun;29(3):245-632004 Jun;29(3):245-63Anaerobic exercise and oxidative stress: a review.Anaerobic exercise and oxidative stress: a review.

Breast CancerBreast Cancer2008 national Physical Activity Guidelines 2008 national Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Advisory Committee report prepared for the secretary of healthreport prepared for the secretary of health and human services and human services, which includes a chapter about exercise , which includes a chapter about exercise and cancer, the authors concluded that and cancer, the authors concluded that when it comes to breast cancer, “one hour when it comes to breast cancer, “one hour per day of moderate or vigorous activity per day of moderate or vigorous activity produces greater reduction in risk” than produces greater reduction in risk” than the two and a half hours of moderate the two and a half hours of moderate exercise per week that are currently exercise per week that are currently recommended by the surgeon general recommended by the surgeon general

Rats have itRats have it4 weeks of 10 degree treadmill4 weeks of 10 degree treadmillControl groupControl groupBoth single strenuous bout of exhaustive Both single strenuous bout of exhaustive exerciseexerciseGroup that did moderate exercise Group that did moderate exercise prevented decrease of CD4 and increased prevented decrease of CD4 and increased CD25, CD8, and T-cell responseCD25, CD8, and T-cell response

Fu et. al. “Regular moderate exercise training prevents decrease of CD4 T-Fu et. al. “Regular moderate exercise training prevents decrease of CD4 T-lymphocytes induced by a single bout of strenuous exericise in mice” lymphocytes induced by a single bout of strenuous exericise in mice” Can J Appl Can J Appl Physiol. Physiol. 2003 Jun;28(3):370-81. 2003 Jun;28(3):370-81.

Swimming RatsSwimming Rats2x2 study with vit E and training2x2 study with vit E and trainingSwimming 6hr/day, 6days/wk for Swimming 6hr/day, 6days/wk for 8wks8wksStudy shows vit E and exercise affect Study shows vit E and exercise affect oxidative stress, GPX and SOD oxidative stress, GPX and SOD activities in rat skeletal muscleactivities in rat skeletal muscle

Chang et. al. “Interaction of vitamin E and exericse training on oxidative Chang et. al. “Interaction of vitamin E and exericse training on oxidative stress and antioxidant exzyme activities in rat skeletal muscles. stress and antioxidant exzyme activities in rat skeletal muscles. J nutr J nutr Biochem.Biochem. 2007 Jan;18(1):39-45. 2007 Jan;18(1):39-45.

Intensity: METSIntensity: METSThe men whose METs reached at least 5 The men whose METs reached at least 5 almost every day were the least likely to almost every day were the least likely to die of cancer, especially of the lung or the die of cancer, especially of the lung or the gastrointestinal tract. Similarly, in one of gastrointestinal tract. Similarly, in one of the studies included in the colon cancer the studies included in the colon cancer review, women who walked briskly for five review, women who walked briskly for five to six hours a week were much less likely to six hours a week were much less likely to develop colon cancer than those who to develop colon cancer than those who strolled for 30 minutes per week. strolled for 30 minutes per week.

Br J Sports MedBr J Sports Med. 28 July 2009. . 28 July 2009. Intensity of leisure-time physical activity and Intensity of leisure-time physical activity and Cancer mortality in men. Cancer mortality in men. Jari A et. al.Jari A et. al.

Positive Side to Positive Side to Anaerobic TrainingAnaerobic Training

Oxidative stress occurs with aerobic Oxidative stress occurs with aerobic exercise, little study with anaerobicexercise, little study with anaerobic

Appears that can increase Appears that can increase adaptations to attenuate the adaptations to attenuate the oxidative stress in highly trained oxidative stress in highly trained athletesathletes

Bloomer, Goldfarb. “Anaerobic exercise and oxidative stress: a review” Bloomer, Goldfarb. “Anaerobic exercise and oxidative stress: a review” Can Can J Appl Physiol.J Appl Physiol. 2004 Jun;29(3):245-63. 2004 Jun;29(3):245-63.

InsanityInsanity246 km running race246 km running raceMuscle and liver damage indicators Muscle and liver damage indicators at highest level ever reported even at highest level ever reported even though no symptoms-lasting for 10 though no symptoms-lasting for 10 days to 2 weeksdays to 2 weeksAsymptomatic exertional Asymptomatic exertional rhabdomyolysisrhabdomyolysis

Skenderi et al. “Exertional rhabdomyolysis during a 246-km continuous Skenderi et al. “Exertional rhabdomyolysis during a 246-km continuous running race” running race” Med Sci Sports Exerc.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006 Jun;38(6):1054-7. 2006 Jun;38(6):1054-7.

Anaerobic Exercise and Anaerobic Exercise and Immune SuppressionImmune Suppression

Single session of exhaustive exercise Single session of exhaustive exercise caused an immune suppression of caused an immune suppression of CD4 and CD8 T cells in young but CD4 and CD8 T cells in young but notnot old mice old mice

Journal of Applied Physiology.Journal of Applied Physiology. 2005 Feb;98(2): 663-71 2005 Feb;98(2): 663-71

Suppression of viral specific primary T-cell responses following intense physical exercise Suppression of viral specific primary T-cell responses following intense physical exercise in young but not old mice.in young but not old mice.

There must be oxygen present to There must be oxygen present to metabolize fatty acids. metabolize fatty acids.

No oxygen = carbohydrate for energyNo oxygen = carbohydrate for energy

= depressed immune function= depressed immune function

Old MethodOld Method

220 – your age x (%) = heartrate220 – your age x (%) = heartrate

– OutdatedOutdated

– Too high for most peopleToo high for most people

More CurrentMore Current

180 – your age – 5/10 = 180 – your age – 5/10 =

top heartratetop heartrate

-10 injury past 2 years-10 injury past 2 years

-5 no injury and non-competitive-5 no injury and non-competitive

Get OutsideGet Outside

Vit D3Vit D3

– Remarkable reduction in all cancersRemarkable reduction in all cancers

– Early cancer intervention improve mortalityEarly cancer intervention improve mortality

– Diagnosis of cancer in summer time=real Diagnosis of cancer in summer time=real benefitbenefit

Ghen, Mitchell DO, PhD, Presentation at 18Ghen, Mitchell DO, PhD, Presentation at 18thth Annual IAACN Symposium 17 Sept 2009. Annual IAACN Symposium 17 Sept 2009.

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