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1st International Scientific Conference

EXERCISE AND QUALITY OF LIFE

Novi Sad, Serbia : March 26 - 28, 2009

Proceedings Book

Editor-in-Chief

Milena Mikalaèki

Faculty of Sport and Physical Education

University of Novi Sad

Novi Sad, 2009

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Publisher: Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad 21000 Novi Sad, Lovãenska 16. Serbia

For the Publisher: Milena Mikalaèki, Dean

Editor-in-Chief: Milena Mikalaèki

Executive Editor: Patrik Drid

Editorial Board: Vi�nja Ðorðiã (The effects of physical exercise on growth and development in children), Miroslav Milankov (Sport�s medicine in every day exercise), Nikola

Grujiã (The efficiency of physical exercise on people with chronicall diseases), Dejan Madiã (Top-level sports), Borislav Obradoviã (Current trends in sport�s

researches), Zoran Milo�eviã (The effects of physical exercise on quality of life in elderly persons).

Rewievers: Sergey Tabakov (Russia), Kotzamanidis Christos (Greece), Igor Jukiã (Croatia).

Layout and Cover: Petar Protiã

Printed by: Old Commerce, Novi Sad

Edition: 500 copies

Printed in: Novi Sad, Serbia

The statements and views expressed in the contribution are those of their authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Editorial Board and the Publisher.

This Proceedings include all the Conference communications received before the editing deadline. Those received later are not published in the Book.

ISBN 978-86-80231-63-1

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Organiser: Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad 21000 Novi Sad, Lovãenska 16, Republic of Serbia

Under the patronage of: Republic of Serbia Ministry of Science and Technological Development

The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina Provincial Secretariat for Science and Technological Development Provincial Secretariat for Sport and Youth

In cooperation with: Faculty of Sport and Physical Exercise, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

ORGANISING COMMITTEE:

Chairman:

Prof. Neboj�a Maksimoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Secretary:

Sandra Vujkov, MSc, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Petar Protiã, BA, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Members:

Prof. Ilona Mihajloviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Dragoslav Jakoniã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Branko Krsmanoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Radovan Èokorilo, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Du�an Miãiã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Jelena Obradoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Milenko Vukoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Rajko Kuljiã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Milorad Ðukiã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Slavko Molnar, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Milan Cvetkoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Sen.Lg.Instructor Mira Miliã, MSc, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

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Technical Support:

Bratislav Mandiã, BA, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE:

Chairman:

Prof. Gustav Bala, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Secretary General:

Prof. Branka Protiã Gava, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

International members:

Prof. Kotzamanidis Christos, PhD, Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Prof. Branislav Antala, PhD, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia

Prof. Kosta George, PhD, Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University in Komotini, Greece

Prof. Ekaterina Papadimitriu, PhD, Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University in Komotini, Greece

Prof. Svetla Yancheva, PhD, MD, National Sport�s Academy �Vasil Levski�, Faculty of Kinesitherapy, Tourism and Sports

Animation. Sofia, Bulgaria

Prof. Sergey Tabakov, PhD, Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport and Tourism. Moscow, Russia

Prof. Wieslaw Blach, PhD, Academy of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Poland

Prof. Chengiz Akalan, PhD, School of Physical Education and Sports, Ankara University, Turkey

Prof. Izet Raðo, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Prof. Husnija Kajmoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Prof. Igor Jukiã, PhD, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Prof. Milan Èoh, PhD, Faculty Of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Prof. Dan Aurel Banciu, PhD, University �Aurel Vlaicu�, Arad, Romania

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Serbian members:

Prof. Miroslav Milankov, PhD, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Nikola Grujiã, PhD, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Milovan Bratiã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Ni�, Serbia

Prof. Dobrica �ivkoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Ni�, Serbia

Prof. Du�an Ugarkoviã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Serbia

Prof. Tatjana Tubiã, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. Slavko Obadov, PhD, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

HONORARY COMMITTEE

Prof. Kotzamanidis Christos, PhD, Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Prof. Branislav Antala, PhD Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia

Prof. Sergey Tabakov, PhD Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport and Tourism, Moscow, Russia

Prof. Igor Jukiã, PhD Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Prof. Kosta George, PhD Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University in Komotini, Greece

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FOREWORD

Dear participants of the 1st International Scientific Conference �Exercise and Quality of Life�:

We welcome you and wish you a nice stay in Novi Sad, the host town of the first international scientific gathering dedicated to exercise and quality of life.

Scientists of 16 countries will share their experience and knowledge related to effects of physical exercising on the growth and development of children, quality of life of elderly people, as well as the health status of chronically ill people. There will also be opportunities to exchange knowledge of the current trends in sport research, top sport and the role of sports medicine in everyday exercising.

The key topic of the Conference reflects the current focus of physical exercising in which physical activity is recognized and promoted due to its contribution to overall development in the first place, as well as its benefits for health, and wellbeing of people in dynamic complex conditions of contemporary living.

Different forms of physical activity and physical exercising � from an active play to top sport, from recreative activity to therapy exercising � can significantly improve the quality of life, which is probably their ultimate goal and purpose.

It is an obligation of experts from the fields of sport, education, medicine, politics and other relevant disciplines to make it possible to anyone, regardless of age, gender, national and religious background, abilities and health status, to have equal access to qualitative physical exercising.

Doubtlessly, this requires an interdisciplinary approach and a strong support for scientific research of issues related to physical exercising. The Conference �Exercise and Quality of Life� is in

function of better positioning of Serbia in the international scientific community, as well as knowledge exchange among scientists from the region and wider surroundings, with the purpose of improving knowledge of physical exercising and quality of life.

Special thanks are due to our honored visiting lecturers who have kindly accepted an invitation of the Organizers, whose presence and lectures have significantly contributed to good quality and scientific goals of the Conference. We also thank all participants of the Conference for their high scientific contribution. After being peer reviewed, their papers have been selected and published in the Conference Proceedings Book.

We are especially grateful to the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, Secretariat for Science and Technological Development of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, as well as to the Secretariat for Sport and Youth of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.

Novi Sad, the town on the Danube, a large European river, the town in which people speak and sing in many different languages, the town with a heart as big as the plane of Vojvodina, is awaiting open-handed all participants of the Conference. Enjoy the Conference and farewell till we meet again next year!

Milena Mikalaèki, Ph.D Dean of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education

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Contents

Editor�s Introduction 7 PART 1. Plenary Sessions 11 INDEX ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL-TACTICAL PREPAREDNESS OF OLYMPIC GAMES 2008 JUDO CHAMPIONS (MEN). Sergey Tabakov 13 INTELECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AND YOUTHS AND FORMING OF HEALTHY LIFE STYLE THROUGHT MOVEMENT ACTIVITIES. Branislav Antala, and Jozef Hrèka 23 ISOKINETIC PROFILE OF ELITE ATHLETES OF VOJVODINA. Miodrag Drap�in, Patrik Drid, Damir Lukaè, and Miroslav Milankov 31 CAN AGILITY TRAINING AFFECT ATHLETIC POWER PERFORMANCE? Igor Jukiã, Goran Spori�, Luka Milanoviã, and Daniel Bok 39 �ANAEROBIC ENDURANCE� AND ITS MEASUREMENT IN SPORT TRAINING. Romuald Stupnicki 43

NEUROMUSCULAR, KINETIC AND KINEMATIC DIFFERENCES IN JUMPING ABILITY BETWEEN MALE ADULTS AND PREPUBESCENT BOYS. Kotzamanidis Christos 45 THE ACE I ALLELE IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER ENDURANCE EFFICIENCY OF ATHLETES. István Berkes, Miklós Dékány, István Györe, and József Pucsok 46 PART 2. The Effects of Physical Exercise on Growth and Development in Children 47 MODELS OF TALENT IDENTIFICATION IN SWIMMING. Goran Dimitriã, and Borislav Obradoviã 49 THE ÅFFECTS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL STATUS ON MOTOR EFFICIENCY IN PUPILS OF SUBJECT

AND CLASS LESSONS. Branko Krsmanoviã, Maja Batez, Tijana Krsmanoviã and Radenka Kovaèeviã 55 THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOME MOTOR ABILITIES IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS. Slavko Molnar, Stevo Popoviã, and Miroslav Smajiã 61 DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR SPEED AND FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES BETWEEN YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS AND NON-ATHLETES. Nata�a Brankoviã, Dejan Milenkoviã, Aleksandra Projoviã, and Milan

Jakovljeviã 67 THE EFFECTS OF THE PRELIMINARY PERIOD TRAINING PROCESS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES OF YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS. Dejan Milenkoviã, Aleksandra Projoviã, Nata�a

Brankoviã, Jelica Stojanoviã, and Petar Pavloviã 71 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DROP AFTER LONG SUMMER HOLIDAYS IN 6- TO 8-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN. Tadeja Volmut, Petra Dolenc, and Bo�tjan �imuniè 75 SCHOOLCHILDREN AND THEIR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Du�ica Rakiã, Aleksandar Kla�nja, Mirjana Rakiã,

and Branislava Rakiã 83 DISCRIMINATIVE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED AND REJECTED YOUTH ATHLETES (UNDER AGE OF 16) FOR PARTICIPATION AT SUMMER SPORT SCHOOL IN TREBINJE IN 2008. Slobodan Simoviã, and Sne�ana

Bijeliã 89 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF PRACTICING PERFORMANCE SPORTS, AT A JUNIOR LEVEL, IN THE PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATHLETE. Simona Ionescu, Paul Miron, and Sorinel Voicu 95 THE EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT ON CHANGES IN MOTOR ABILITIES OF YOUNG KARATE ATHLETES. Relja Kovaè, Milovan Bratiã, and Sandra Vujkov 101 ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN YOUNG WATER POLO PLAYERS ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS. Plav�iã J., Zlatkoviã M., Djordjeviã-�aranoviã S.,

Zlatkoviã J., Matoviã A., Poljak M., and Maziã S. 107 TREND OF CHANGES OF GENERAL MOTOR ABILITY STRUCTURE IN PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN. Gustav Bala, Boris Popoviã, and Damjan Jak�iã 113 FOOT DEFORMITY WITH PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN RELATED TO ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS. Ilona Mihajloviã, Milan �olaja, and Milo� Petroviã 119 CORRELATION BETWEEN QUALITY OF ATTENTION AND SUCCESSFUL PERFORMANCE OF CERTAIN MOTOR TASKS IN CHILDREN. �pela Goluboviã, Tatjana Tubiã, and Gustav Bala 123 THE EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH IN YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS. Stevo Popoviã, Radivoj Radosav, and Slavko Molnar 129 EFFECTS OF TRAINING PROCESS ON FLEXIBILITY OF YOUNG FOOTBALLERS. Miroslav Smajiã, Slavko

Molnar, and Stevo Popoviã 135 DO PARENTS PROPERLY RATE THEIR CHILDREN�S CLUMSINESS? Visnja Djordjic 139 LEVEL OF FAMILY EDUCATION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF THE PRESCHOOL CHILD. Radovan Èokorilo, and Damjan Jak�iã 145 THE INFLUENCE OF �THE ADDITIONAL EXERCISE� ON TRANSFORMATION OF MOTORIC ABILITIES

OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS. Zivorad Markovic, and Dragoljub Visnjic 151

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IMPACT OF MOTOR ABILITIES ON THE RESULTS OF ATHLETIC DISCIPLINES IN ADOLESCENT BOYS. Jelena Obradovic, Milan Pantovic, and Darinka Korovljev 159 INFLUENCE OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ON ADOLESCET BOYS� ATHLETICS

RESULTS. Milan Pantovic, Jelena Obradovic, and Darinka Korovljev 165 THE EFFECTS OF MOTOR AGILITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR ABILITIES OF THE STUDENTS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. Aleksandra Projoviã, Dejan Milenkoviã, Nata�a Brankoviã, and

Jelica Stojanoviã 171 MORFOLOLOGICAL AND POSTURAL STATUS OF GIRLS IN INICIAL SELECION FOR RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS IN VOJVODINA. Du�ka Tumin, Dejan Madiã, and Boris Popoviã 177 PART 3. The Effects of Physical Exercise on Quality of Life in Elderly Persons 183 THE EFFECT OF AGEING ON CONTRACTION TIME OF POSTURAL AND NON-POSTURAL SKELETAL MUSCLES IN MASTER ATHLETES. Bo�tjan �imuniè, Rado Pi�ot, and Jörn Rittweger 185 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF ADUT WOMEN IN GREECE. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENTS. Makavelou S., Michalopoulou M., Moraitaki K., and Papadimitriou K. 191 PART 4. The Efficiency of Physical Exercise on People with Chronical Diseases 195 PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN GIRL STUDENTS AGED 10 - 11 YEARS AND THEIR RELATION WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL AND NUTRITIONAL ATTITUDE. Shafie Nia Parvaneh, and Yousefvand Zeynab 197 THE INFLUENCE OF TOTAL PHYSICAL INACTIVITY ON PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS. RISK FACTOR FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. Mihaela Jurdana, Nadja Plazar, and Rado Pi�ot 201 ANALYSIS OF LOAD INTENSITY DURING THE WALK ON THE PATH OF HEALTH IN INDIVIDUALS WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCT. Sa�a Panteliã, Ratomir Ðura�koviã, Milena Mikalaèki, and Neboj�a Èokorilo 207 THE JUMP EFFICIENCY OF YOUNG FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF LEGS. �eljko Krneta, Milenko Vukoviã, and Sunèica Poèek 213 PART 5. Current Trends in Sports Researches 215 EVALUATION OF MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE IN ALPINE SKIERS. Adrian Nagel, Claudiu Avram, Martin Domokos, and Paul Miron 219 COMMUNICATION & COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE. Adriana Vizental 223 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE HARMONIOUS CANON OF DYNAMOMETRIC FORCE RELATIVE TO ATHLETES' AGE. Jan Babiak and Dragan Doder 231 SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DYNAMOMETRIC FORCE. Dragan Doder, and Jan Babiak 237 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PROLONGED HEAD-DOWN BED REST IN HEALTHY MALE SUBJECTS. Petra Dolenc, Tja�a Dimec, Matej Tu�ak, and Rado Pi�ot 245 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF OFFICIATING BASKETBALL. Istvan Gabriela 251 SPORTS METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND SERBIAN MEDIA LANGUAGE. Mira Miliã, and Tatjana Glu�ac 255 INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION IN SPORTS SITUATIONS. Tatjana Tubiã, and �pela Goluboviã 259 DIFFERENCES IN THE WAY COACHES AND MANAGERS LEAD. Jelena Ivanoviã, and Ana Veskoviã 265 FACTORS OF INACTIVE LIFESTYLE AND RISKY BEHAVIOR AMONG CHILDREN IN VOJVODINA. Neboj�a Maksimoviã, Zoran Milo�eviã, and Borislav Obradoviã 271 RHYTHMIC GYMNAST�S BASIC MOTOR ABILITIES ESTIMATION WITH REGARD TO THE DIFFERENT

AGE CATHEGORIES OF COMPETITION. Ru�ena M. Popoviã 279 LEARNING AND THE CORRECT ASSIMILATION OF FIRST-AID SKILLS BY STUDENTS OF SPORTS FACULTIES. A TRANS-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH. (SPORTIF-MEDICAL-LINGUISTIC). Caius Miuþa,

Bianca Miuþa, Dan-Aurel Banciu, and Mihaela Gavrilã 285 VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE AND POWER DROP AFTER 35 DAYS OF BED REST Gregor Cankar, Bo�tjan �imuniè , Jörn Rittweger, and Rado Pi�ot 289 RELATIONS BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND FLEXIBILITY IN PERSONS WITH ABOVE-AVERAGE MOTOR ABILITIES Milan Cvetkoviã, Damjan Jak�iã, and Dejan Orliã 295 PART 6. Top-level Sports 301 INFLUENCE OF EXERCISE ON BLOOD LIPIDS IN SERBIAN FEMALE JUDOKAS. Tatjana Triviã, Patrik

Drid and Slavko Obadov 303 MORFOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BASKETBALL PLAYERS FROM PLAYING POSITION ASPECT. Igor Vuèkoviã and Midhat Mekiã 309

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THE EFFECTS OF 8 WK INTENSIVE JUDO TRAINING ON THE HUMORAL IMMUNE SYSTEM IN JUDO FIGHTERS. Bakhtyar Tartibian, Asghar Abbasi, and Hirash Nouri 317 CONATIVE DIMENSIONS OF YUONG BASKETBALL PLAYERS AND THEIR ACTUAL SUCCESS. Milivoje Karalejiã, and Sa�a Jakovljeviã 325 THE EFFECTS OF PREPARATION PERIOD TRAINING PROGRAM ON FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES OF FIRST-CLASS JUDOKAS. Mirsad Nurkiã, Milovan Bratiã, Dragan Radovanoviã, and Ivana Bojiã 333 BIODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE UKI GOSHI TECHNIQUE IN JUDO. Nikolina Dimitrova 339 TECHNIQUE OF SHOTS IN A HANDBALL GAME IN SELECTED HANDBALL PLAYERS. Milorad Ðukiã,

and Miroslav �ivkoviã 343 DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL FITNESS IN KUMITE AND KATA PERFORMANCE BETWEEN FEMALE KARATE ATHLETES. Sandra Vujkov, Slavko Obadov, Tatjana Triviã, and Neboj�a Vujkov 347 PART 7. Sports Medicine in Every Day Exercise 353 SPORTS ERGONOMY. A FEW ARGUMENTS. Ioan Galea 355 A COMPARISON OF HEART RATES BETWEEN SIMULATED AND REAL ALTITUDE. Stojan Burnik, and Bla� Jereb 361 THE EFFECTS OF WEIGHT EXERCISING ON ADIPOSE TISSUE OF FEMALE STUDENTS. Neboj�a

Èokorilo, Milena Mikalaèki, and Sa�a Panteliã 369 THE EFFECTS OF PROGRESSIVE LOAD EXERCISING ON MUSCLE STRENGHTH OF FEMALE STUDENTS. Neboj�a Èokorilo, and Milena Mikalaèki 377 PREDICTION OF MAXIMUM O2PULSE IN ATHLETIC GIRLS: COMPARISON OF FOUR PROTOCOLS. Bakhtyar Tartibian, and Asghar Abbasi 381 THE EFFECT OF ACCLIMATIZATION TIME ON HEART RATE. Bla� Jereb, and Stojan Burnik 391 TOTAL BODY FAT � IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF LIFE HEALTH STATUS. HOW TO EVALUATE? Dejan Madiã, Boris Popoviã, and Nenad Kalièanin 399 THE EFFECTS OF TRAINING PROCESS ON QUALITY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPINAL POSTURE IN YOUNG SCHOOLBOYS. Ksenija M. Bo�koviã, Branka Protiã-Gava, Tijana Krsmanoviã, Romana Romanov,

Vlada Krstiã, and Sne�ana T. Toma�eviã-Todoroviã 405 ASSESSEMENT OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS RELATED TO THE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL EXERTION. Otto Barak, Jelena Popadiã-Gaãe�a, Dea Karaba-Jakovljeviã, Miodrag Drap�in, and Aleksandar Kla�nja 409 PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES. Goran Vasiã, and Dragoslav Jakoniã 415 CHARACTERISTICS IN SWIMMER'S NUTRITION. Daniela �ukova-Stojmanovska 421 STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF TRANSFORMATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOTOR ABILITIES OF STUDENTS IN ADDITIONAL CLASSES. Muhedin Hod�iã, Edin Mirviã, and Ejup Mehmeti 427 EFFECTS OF SPECIAL PROGRAM OF PREPARATIONS FOR STARTING GOING TO SCHOOL ON PHSYCHOSOMATIC STATUS OF CHILDREN WITH HYPERKINETIC SYNDROME. Zagorka Markov 441 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PELVIS POSTURE AND LOWER EXTREMITIES IN YOUNG. SCHOOLCHILDREN. Branka Protiã-Gava, Ksenija Bo�koviã, Tijana Krsmanoviã, and Romana Romanov 447

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PART 1.

Plenary Sessions

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RELATIONS BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRIC

CHARACTERISTICS AND FLEXIBILITY IN PERSONS

WITH ABOVE-AVERAGE MOTOR ABILITIES

Milan Cvetkoviã, Damjan Jak�iã, and Dejan Orliã

Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia

Abstract

The sample of 149 male aged 20.15 in decimal years (±0.83), students at the Faculty of Sport and

Physical Education, underwent a battery of tests consisting of 17 anthropometric measures taken from the measures index of the International Biological Program and 3 tests designed to assess flexibility as follows: Arm invert with stick, Forward bend on a bench (the pike position) and the straddle split. The results of the canonical correlation was determined indicate that the examinees with higher values in the domains of longitudinality and skeleton transversality, with higher values with respect to the Thigh girth and the Calf girth, as well as with the higher values regarding subcutaneous fat tissue at the back also achieved better results in the tests used to assess the flexibility of the legs abductor.

Key words: students; legs abduction; canonical correlation.

Introduciton

Morphological characteristics represent the most obvious area within the biopsychological and sociological status of human population. Morphology is defined by the set of characteristics such as body constitution, body system, build or structure as an organized and relatively constant entity of features which are mutually related. This set is normally made of endogenic factors (internal) and of exogenic ones (external, environment) to some lesser extent.

According to Kureliã et al. (1975) morphological characteristics can be defined as a certain

system of basic morphological latent dimensions, irrespective of whether those dimensions were developed under the influence of endogenic or exogenic factors.

On the basis of the aforementioned research, and of the research carried out by Momiroviã, Medved, Horvat, & Pavi�iã-Medved (1969); Stojanoviã, Momiroviã, Vukosavljeviã, & Solariã (1975);

Ho�ek, Stojanoviã, Momiroviã, Gredelj, & Vukosavljeviã (1980) and Ho�ek & Jerièeviã (1982), a latent structure model of morphological dimensions was formed containing four dimensions approximately interpreted as: a factor of longitudinal skeleton dimensionality, responsible for the bone growth in length (body height, sitting height, leg length, foot length, etc.); a factor of transversal skeleton dimensionality responsible for the bone growth in width (shoulder width, hips width, knee diameter, elbow diameter , etc.); a factor of circular body dimensionality - body volume and Body weight, responsible for the total amount of fat in the organism (triceps, biceps, abdominal and subscapular skinfold measurement, etc.).

Studying the influence of anthropometric characteristics on the flexibility in girls aged between 16 and 18 C. Krsmanoviã, R. Krsmanoviã, B. Krsmanoviã, & Jakoniã (1995) came up with the results

according to which Forward bend on a bench and the Arm invert with stick tests as the measure of flexibility in statistics terms were not significantly connected with the anthropometric variables, while the variable the straddle split to front prone in statistical terms is significantly connected with the anthropometric variables, especially with the variables related to the longitudinal skeleton dimensionality.

The aim of this study was to find out the relations between anthropometric characteristics and flexibility in persons with above average motor status. Also, we was try to explain what the circumstances

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can degrade the results with using the applied measure instruments and to give some instructions about measurement with those battery of tests in the future.

Method

The experimental sample consisted of the 149 male students at the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education from Novi Sad. The average age of the students was 20.15 decimal years (±0.83).

The sample of anthropometric measures consisted of 15 measures, which are part of the battery including 39 measures of the International Biological Program (IBP) (Lohman, Roche, & Martorell, 1988) and two measures which are not in the IBP. Measurements which are performed on symmetrical body parts, according to the instructions provided by the IBP, were carried out on the left side.

According to the factor-based morphological model, the following measures were used: For assessing the longitudinal skeleton dimensionality:

1. Body height, 2. Arm length, 3. Leg length.

For assessing the transversal skeleton dimensionality: 1. Diameter of the ankle joint, 2. Diameter of the knee joint, 3. Pelvic diameter.

For assessing the volume and body mass: 1. Body weight, 2. Chest girth, 3. Biceps girth (relaxed), 4. Biceps girth (contracted), 5. Thigh girth, 6. Calf girth.

For assessing the subcutaneous adipose tissue: 1. Subscapular skinfold, 2. Triceps skinfold, 3. Abdominal skinfold, 4. Thigh skinfold1, 5. Calf skinfold 2.

For flexibility assessment a battery of three motor flexibility tests was used, which proved to be quite reliable on the examinees of similar age and similar lifestyle in previous researches. The applied battery is part of the complex battery by Metiko�, Prot, Hofman, Pintar, & Oreb (1989), the standardization of which served as the basis for measuring carried out by the qualified measurers.

The battery consisted of the following measuring instruments for assessing flexibility: 1. Arm invert with stick, 2. Forward bend on a bench, 3. Straddle split.

In order to determine the relations between two sets of variables canonical correlation analysis was used, which was implemented in the QCCR program (Kne�eviã & Momiroviã, 1996).

1 Not included in the IBP. 2 Not included in the IBP

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Results

Tables 1 and 2 show the basic descriptive statistics of variables.

Table 1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES

VARIABLE M SD MIN MAX SKE KUR

Body height (mm) 1816.26 62.99 1670 1975 .05 -.62

Arm length (mm) 798.32 36.17 717 899 .03 -.30

Leg length (mm) 1022.36 44.14 894 1134 -.06 -.01

Diameter of the ankle joint (mm) 70.99 3.89 62 85 .69 1.13

Diameter of the knee joint (mm) 100.22 4.32 91 113 .16 -.20

Pelvic width (mm) 286.68 16.60 255 345 .50 .53

Body weight (kg) 77.900 9.331 54.6 123.8 .89 3.22

Chest girth (cm) 96.71 5.44 80 118 .39 1.76

Biceps girth (relaxed)(cm) 28.13 2.61 22 36 .67 .89

Biceps girth (contracted) (cm) 31.89 2.78 24 40 .46 .60

Thigh girth (cm) 56.23 4.35 45 74 .40 1.31

Calf girth (cm) 36.74 2.40 32 44 .26 .09

Subscapular skinfold (mm) 118.56 33.33 68 254 1.37 2.77

Triceps skinfold (mm) 91.02 32.10 28 190 .60 .09

Abdominal skinfold (mm) 131.31 51.24 52 300 .69 -.06

Thigh skinfold (mm) 157.95 47.49 50 300 .19 -.28

Calf skinfold (mm) 96.82 39.94 40 240 1.08 1.05

Legend: M � mean, SD � standard deviation, MIN � minimal result, MAX � maximal result, SKE � skewness, KUR - kurtosis

Table 2. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF FLEXIBILITY VARIABLES

VARIABLE M SD MIN MAX SKE KUR

Arm invert with stick (cm) 70.72 15.56 25 104 -.30 -.02

Forward bend on a bench (cm) 52.54 7.90 30 70 -.31 -.13

Straddle split (cm) 188.44 10.83 153 220 -.11 .45

Based on the results given in the tables 1 and 2 it is possible to ascertain that the sample is homogenous. Only the value of skewness in the case of the variable Subscapular skinfold is slightly higher, which leads us to the conclusion that distribution moves slightly to the left. This comes as no surprise as it is widely known that in general, subcutaneous adipose tissue is not a normally distributed anthropometric characteristic, especially not in the case of young men (e.g. Momiroviã, Ho�ek, Prot, &

Bosnar, 2003).

In the flexibility realm and on the basis of the skewness and kurtosis results, it is possible to say that the results appear to be almost ideal, which can means that the battery used for the assessment of this latent dimension was appropriate.

Table 3 contains the results of canonical correlation analysis calculated by QCCR algorithm.

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Table 3. THE RESULTS OF THE CANONICAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS

Flexibility variable CV1f CV2f

Arm invert with stick -.20 .03

Forward bend on a bench .17 .93

Straddle split -.82 .34

Anthropometric variable CV1a CV2a

Body height -.70 -.31

Arm length -.63 -.46

Leg length -.84 -.05

Diameter of the ankle joint -.43 -.41

Diameter of the knee joint -.61 -.22

Pelvic width -.29 -.52

Body weight -.69 -.32

Chest girth -.55 -.46

Biceps girth (relaxed) -.21 -.30

Biceps girth (contracted) -.25 -.32

Thigh girth -.43 -.11

Calf girth -.49 -.13

Subscapular skinfold -.42 .20

Triceps skinfold -.30 .31

Abdominal skinfold -.37 .29

Thigh skinfold -.23 .25

Calf skinfold -.28 .10

ñ .70 .46

ñ² .50 .21

p .00 .03

Legend: ñ � variance, ñ² - coefficient of determination, p � significance of ñ

The canonic correlation analysis determined two statistically significant canonic correlations.

Thus, the first distinguished canonic correlation (given in the Table 3), based on which it is possible to observe that in case of the realm of the variables assessing flexibility it was presented by the variable used for assessing the lower extremities � Straddle split, while among the variables belonging to the right set those were the ones covering longitudinality, transversality and Calf girth, Thigh girth, body volume and Body weight.

The other distinguished canonic correlation in case of the left set was defined by means of the variable - Forward bend on a bench, while in case of the right set the following variables were determined: mostly with - Pelvic width, Arm length, Chest girth and Diameter of ankle joint, and the little bit less with: Body weight, Biceps girth (contracted), Tricceps skinfold and Biceps girth (relaxed). The variable of the left set is in negative correlation with the anthropometric, except in the case of the variable - Triceps skinfold, which is in positive correlation with the variable of the left set.

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Discussion

Therefore, the structures of the first canonical factor of the system of anthropometric variables and the first canonical factor of the system of flexibility variables shows that those examinees who had higher values of longitudinal and transversal dimensionality, Body weight and body volume achieved better results in the Straddle split test. The reverse relation is also true, i.e. the examinees with lower values of longitudinal, transversal dimensionality, Body weight and body volume achieved poorer results in the straddle split test.

Leg length and Body height were the ones most closely related to this type of test. The measures of longitudinal skeleton dimensionality were expected to have influence on the result in the Straddle split test. The examinees with long lower extremities achieve better results on average, i.e. the movement range of lower extremities is wider in their case, which makes this test quite imprecise, unless pubic bone height were measured from the ground while standing legs set apart instead of the movement range in order to get the flexibility value in lower extremities (Krsmanoviã et al., 1995). Another option is to

partialize the influence of height and leg length.

The third option which was nowhere to be found in the books or related papers to the matter up until now would be taking the relative results value. The relative value in the case of the Straddle split tests would be presented as the relationship between the obtained value during the test performance and the measured Body height or, which is maybe better, Sitting height which has smaller variability than Body height. This way, methodological shortcomings occurring during the manifestations of abductors flexibility would be successfully eliminated.

Another statistically significant canonical correlation shows that those examinees who had lower values in case of longitudinal, transversal dimensionality of the upper extremities and Body weight, while they had higher values in case of Triceps skinfold achieved better results in Forward bend on a bench test. In other words, the examinees who were shorter with smaller Body weight and proportions of the upper extremities, but physically less fit (which is evident based on the values of Triceps skinfold as an indicator of physical fitness) achieved better results in the forward bend test, which estimates the body flexibility. This confirms the mechanism for synergic regulation and tonus regulation manifested by means of seated forward bends, significantly predetermined kinesiological activator and genetics. The very structure of a directed kinesiological activity can diminish genetically predetermined flaws but only to a certain degree. Physical exercise, done with great caution, under professional guidance, gradually and in a timely manner can significantly improve muscles elasticity. Similarly, people who are subject to that kind of treatment after terminating the kinesiological programs, are not able to maintain the trained elasticity for a long time, as intramuscular abilities, muscles characteristics, bring the muscle back to the initial position. Unfortunately, as we can see, even in population which is in some kind of training, it is not true. For this reason, genetic disposition, mostly related to the osseous and ligament systems, knee cap depth, is the thing which is permanent and unchanging and is the true carrier of flexibility and therefore, in some researches (Bala, Niãin, & Popoviã, 1997) the question rightfully arises � is flexibility actually a motor ability or morphological characteristic?

300

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PART 6.

Top-level sports