Exhaust Gas Cleaning – The Obvious Solution?

SUSTAINABLE SHIPPING CONFERENCE30th September 2009San Francisco, California

Donald Gregory, Director EGCSA

NOx e mis s ions re gula tionsMARPOL Annex VI ( 2010)

Nitroge n Ox ide Emis s ions ( re gulation 13)– Tier 1 applies to all engines installed from 1st January 2000– Tier 1 retroft will apply to engines installed from 1st January 1990 12 months from renewal survey

• Retroft applies only in cases where a retroft kit is available and installation meets certain economic criteria

– Tier 2 applies to all engines installed from 1st January 2011– Tier 3 applies to all engines installed from 1st January 2016 when operating in an ECA with Tier 3

NOx emissions in force• Pre 2016 vessels may operate in an ECA with Tier 3 NOx emissions in force (at Tier 1 or 2 subject to criteria

above)

SOx e mis s ions re gula tions MARPOL Annex VI ( 2010)

Sulphur Ox ide & Pa rtic ula te Matte r Emis s ions ( re gulation 14)

– Emissions limits based upon emission of equivalent sulphur content of fuel– From July 2010 global cap on sulphur content of fuel ceases– From July 2012 an emissions limit based upon emission of a 3.5% sulphur content fuel applies

globally– In 2018 a study will be conducted to ascertain the feasibility of reducing the global emission to an

equivalent of a 0.5% sulphur fuel

Ex ha us t Ga s Cle a ning Sys te ms (EGCS)

Ope rating Princ iple

Applic a tion SOx PM NOx

CO2

C.B.

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

Several installations, uses ammonia & catalyst but not effective at low loads

Non Thermal Plasma (NTP)

Still in development, uses fuel instead of ammonia for reduction

Sea Water Scrubbing Widely used and effective

Fresh Water Scrubbing Uses Caustic Soda for neutralisation and sequesters some CO2

Hybrid Scrubbing Either sea water or caustic scrubbing hence more easily manages discharge pH

Process Plant Scrubbing On barge system using conventional chemical processing of scrubbed gas

Low Sulphur Fuel Multiple fuels to suit areaNotes1.SOx >99% reduction possible – emission below 0.1%S fuel equivalent2.PM quite effective with scope for further significant reductions3.NOx scrubbing likely to be a niche application as engine designers meet Tier II and Tier III with in-engine controls4.Some limited sequestration of CO2 possible

Ex ha us t Ga s Cle a ning Sys te ms

mv Baru – Clean Marinemv Pride of Kent – Krystallon

mt Suula – Wartsila mv Tor Facaria – Aalborg Industries

Ex ha us t Ga s Cle a ning Sys te ms

mv Baru – Clean Marine

mt Suula – Wartsila

AMECS Systems - ACTi

mv Shanaz- MES

PM & Ca rbon Bla c k

PM (na no to mic ron s ize ra nge )

• Primary – direct combustion products

– Ash from fuel & lube oil– Unburnt & semi-burnt fuel

• Secondary – in-direct post combustion in-atmosphere reactions

– Ammonium sulphates (eliminated by scrubbing)– Particles form during air dilution and cooling

Ca rbon Bla c k (na no s ize ra nge )– Low rate of fall-out– Hypothesised contributor to global warming– Potential human health impact– Evidence of rate by fuel type unconfrmed (eg diesel or residual fuel)

Size ra nge of c onta mina nt pa rtic le s

• Diesel engine size ranges include– Nano particles <50 nm– Ultrafne particles < 100 nm (highest number)– Fine particles <2.5 µm– PM 10 <10 µm

1 10 100 1000 10 100 1000 10nm µm

Dust in buildings

Carbon Black

Talcum Powder

Oil Mist

Cement Dust

Diesel Exhaust

PM Cre a tion & Me a s ure me nt

Ref erence – Technology Today, Spring 2006Dr Imad A. Khalek, SwRIThe Particulars of Diesel Particle Emissions

Atmospheric dilution and cooling of diesel exhaust may trigger the nucleation of new particles such as semi-volatile hydrocarbons and sulphuric acid

The choice of filter media used for particle collection can have a large influence on measured particle emissions downstream of a diesel particle filter

PM Ma s s , Count & Inha la tion/De pos ition

Reference: Aerosols Handbook: Measurement, Dosimetry and Health EffectsEdited by Lev S Ruzer & Naomi H. Harley

Inhalation & deposition Maximum Particle Count

Maximum Mass

Sc rubbe r La b Te s t

• Test at MAN Holeby, Denmark• Test engine MAN rated at 1MW• Gas Phase Scrubbing Effciency

– SO2 reduction 90% - 98% (mass)

– PM reduction 50% - 85% (mass)– CO2 reduction 15% (mass)

• PM measurement by mass (table below)

FUEL PM BEFORE ( g /kWhr)

PM AFTER( g /kWhr)

DMA (6ppmS)

0.303 0.037

RMG 180 (0.5%S)

0.753 0.222

RMG 180 (1.7%S)

1.031 0.343

Bla c k Ca rbon

• Incomplete combustion of fossil fuel & biomass• Short lived in the atmosphere• Increases warming effect

– Absorbing heat in the atmosphere– Reducing albedo of snow and ice

• Potent climate forcing agent– IPCC estimate 0.3 W/m2– Recent estimates 1 – 1.2 W/m2– Possibly 55% of CO2 forcing

– Possible as potent as CO2 on ice caps

• Elimination of BC production– Effective in days or weeks– Estimated to slow climate change by 10 to 20 years– University of Illinois estimate 14% of BC from transport diesel

PM Me a s ure me nt on Ma rine Die s e l Engine s

• Erik Fridell et al ....Primary particles in ship emissions– Coarse mode was large when compared to distributions in small diesel engines– Number & size distribution & type of particle important for climate change– Sulphur emissions dominate PM emissions– PM emissions not consistent between engines

• A. Kasper et al....Particulate Emissions from a Low-speed Marine Diesel Engine

– High amount of small particles (20-40nm)– Did not exhibit accumulation mode– Most particles consisted of volatile particles– Further studies needed to understand the results

• PM measurement inconsistent• Methods of measurement

– What is the right method?– Which are the harmful particles?

Ex ha us t Ga s Cle a ning Ste p 2

• Stage 1 EGCS facilitate further cleaning• Electrostatic precipitators• Membranes/traps• Non thermal plasma• Oxidation catalysts• Other technologies already being used ashore

The c ha lle nge s & re w a rds

CHALLENGES• Defne the target PM• Develop stage 2 cleaning technologies• Ensure system operational simplifcation• Avoid high maintenance technologies• Ensure measurement protocols provide performance confdence

REWARDS• Meet signifcant portion of CO2 emissions targets by elimination of

BC• Simplify and increase options for future fuel selection• Further enhance energy effciency

Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems can enable the highly effcient marine diesel engine to meet current and future air quality

requirements whilst not constraining future fuel options

THANK-YOU