exhibit entry information · community”(naacp letter to seattle city council from seattle...
TRANSCRIPT
Exhibit Entry Information
Title:
Name(s):
Division:(Junior/Senior)
Individual/Group:
Number of Student Composed Words on Exhibit:
(Optional) Link to Any Audio or Video on Exhibit (no more than 3 minutes total):
N/A
Haley van Meurs, Liana Moldovanu, Isabelle Gerrard
Senior
The Fight Against Segregated Seattle: How the Seattle Open Housing Campaign Broke
the Barriers of Inequality
497
Group
Picture of Entire Exhibit
Thesis/Historical Argument
ThesisAfter racial discrimination and rejection of fair housing bills in the late 1950s, the Seattle 1959-1968 Open Housing Campaign broke down the city’s racial housing barriers through fervent protests. The campaign also gave rise to laws in 1968 with the Seattle Open Housing Ordinance and became part of a national movement towards fair housing legislation, paving the path for equal housing for minorities.
Picture of Left Panel of Exhibit
Picture of Left Panel of Exhibit
An Ugly PastThe 1960s were a time of growing activism, with the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) ramping up its fight for open housing nationally. “CORE prepared to extend its fair housing campaign to universities in other cities. CORE national director, James Farmer, who came here to address a mass meeting, described the Chicago sit-ins as ‘the start of a great struggle to root out housing segregation”’(Courtesy Detroit Tribune, February 10, 1962).
Seattle was among the major cities spearheading the national open housing campaign to upend housing discrimination. Many of Seattle’s citizens were impacted by housing discrimination, including Jean Adams, a member of CORE. She recalls, “ I got to thinking about what I would have been thinking if I had not been white. About what is actually going on here. Is there something strange going on here are they going to deny me this house? And it really came through to me in a very personal way, what an awful experience that would be'' (Jean Maid Adams, Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project).
Picture & Text on Left Panel of Exhibit 2 of 3
These outwardly discriminatory practices were often found in covenants of various neighborhoods, stating, “No person or persons of Asiatic, African or Negro blood, lineage or extraction, shall be permitted to occupy a portion of said property, or any building thereon” (Deeds, Vol. 1450, page 348, April 1, 1929 King County Recorder's Office. Courtesy the Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project). Racially dividing neighborhoods and communities, however, was not the only impact of these covenants. The primary purpose of restricting neighborhoods was to segregate schools, churches, and places of work, creating social and economic barriers in the community.
Rise of the MovementTo combat discrimination, the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), requested the city pass a fair housing ordinance, and the city held a public hearing to debate the proposal. “No city or nation can afford to isolate a portion of its citizens into inferior status. The housing pattern in Seattle is no better than in the hard-core southern states. The NAACP requests a hearing as to the needs of a housing ordinance at which time they will present evidence of the difficulties of Negroes in securing better housing, and the damage it is doing to the community”(NAACP Letter to Seattle City Council from Seattle Municipal Archives, 1961). Seattle failed to adopt the ordinance, but Mayor Clinton appointed the Citizens Advisory Committee on Minority Housing.
Picture & Text on Left Panel of Exhibit 3 of 3
The committee reviewed the issue and recommended to the mayor that an open housing ordinance should be signed with an emergency clause.“Your committee has concluded that a city ordinance prohibiting discrimination in the sale or rental of housing accommodations on the basis of race, creed, color or national origin is an essential tool for the work of a city commission on human relations . . . Although a number of excellent privately-supported agencies in Seattle are carrying on a general education and public relations program, seeking the voluntary elimination of discrimination in housing and other fields, they lack an official standing” (Citizens Advisory Committee on Minority Housing Report, 1962).
Mayor Clinton refused to sign an ordinance, outraging the African American community and prompting the chairman of CORE, Reginald Alleyne, to send an angry letter to the mayor. “A Human Rights Commission with no enforcement power will be in a position to do little more than study a problem that has too long been the subject of too much study and too little action. Your recommendation is essentially a request for more study and continued inaction”(CORE to Mayor Clinton, December 28, 1962).
Picture of Center Panel of Exhibit
Picture & Text on Center Panel 1 of 3
No More Talk; We Want Action NOW! In response to the city’s stalling, CORE decided to take action.“About 35 young persons began a ‘sit-in’, in Mayor Clinton’s office this afternoon to protest the mayor’s not calling for an open housing ordinance. The sit-in began immediately after a demonstration in the Fifth Avenue plaza of the City Hall. The Demonstration attended by a friendly, relaxed crowd of more than 400 persons, preceded this afternoon’s City Council meeting. The Central District Youth Club sponsored the ‘sit-in’. Mayor Clinton appeared before the young persons, both white and Negro in the outer reception room of his office” (Courtesy of Seattle Daily Times, July 1, 1963).
Picture & Text on Center Panel 2 of 3
Later that day, the city council held a meeting on open housing, and although the city took no further action, the people were unwilling to stop fighting and held another protest.“The Central Area Committee on Civil Rights is organizing a Freedom March and rally on August 28th, 1963, concurrent with the national march in Washington, D.C. The ‘march’ will proceed down Madison Street to the Federal Court House. . . . “We call upon all right-thinking citizens of our city to join us in this witness to freedom, equality, and justice under the law” (Urban League Letter, Seattle Municipal Archives, 1963).
Due to the protests and ongoing advocacy, the Seattle City Council agreed to put a fair housing ordinance on the ballot. To convince people to vote, CORE organized a rally.“Three days prior to the vote, on Saturday, March 1964, the Central Area Committee on Civil Rights led a ‘March to the Housing Rally.’ The Central Area Committee on Civil Rights by this time included all the civil rights organizations and many of the area churches... Approximately 1,500 people, both black and white, walked from these four starting points, merged, and marched together to a rally at Westlake mall”(Seattle in Black and White, 117).
Picture & Text on Center Panel 3 of 3
Unfortunately, the vote lost by a 2:1 margin, and soon CORE began protesting at real estate offices to emphasize the need for change. “We are concerned that there has been no real communication between civil rights organizations and the real estate community in Seattle. It is because such a situation exists in Seattle that CORE has found it necessary to engage in direct action which has included picketing and sitting in a Picture Floor Plan offices and developments to protest the discriminatory practices of that company in an attempt to end these practices in the sale or rental of houses” (CORE to Mayor Braman, April 18, 1964 Seattle Office of the Mayor Records, Seattle Municipal Archives).
Picture of Right Panel of Exhibit
Picture & Text on Right Panel 1 of 3
The Direct ImpactAn instant change brought by the campaign was the Fair Housing Listing Service, described as “A committee of volunteers to find homes for sale to ALL QUALIFIED BUYERS in all areas of Seattle outside the central district and in the nearby suburban communities. The Fair Housing Listing Service is newly formed to coordinate the activities of the participants who published the first list of over 50 homes for sale in September” (Fair Housing Listing flyer Courtesy Seattle Municipal Archives, 1963).
The Seattle Open Housing Campaign heavily influenced the signing of a statewide open housing bill, passed with the help of Senator Sam Smith, and Smith’s election to the city council. “It took me ten years in the Legislature, five terms, to get open housing passed, but I was urging its passage from the beginning .... And it wasn’t until 1967 that I caught them in the mood to pass it. But it had been building up, and it finally paid off. I did that with the whole legislature’s support. We passed it with everybody on board, both Republican and Democrat” (Smith 91).
Picture & Text on Right Panel 2 of 3
In 1968, Seattle passed the Open Housing Ordinance, outlawing discrimination based on color, religion, and nationality and breaking down political, social, and economic barriers. “We got it. Open housing passed the Seattle city council on April 19th, 1968. We passed it with an emergency clause so it went into effect immediately and couldn’t be blocked or delayed by a referendum” (Smith 88).
Thanks to protests for equal housing in cities across the nation, including Seattle, a similar bill was passed nationally. “Now, with this bill, the voice of justice speaks again. It proclaims that fair housing for all--all human beings who live in this country--is now a part of the American way of life” (Lyndon B Johnson, 1968).
Picture & Text on Right Panel 3 of 3
In the next decades, open housing rights broadened in Seattle. “The open housing legislation passed in 1968 was amended in 1975 to include prohibitions against discrimination based on sex, marital status, sexual orientation, and political ideology; and in 1979 to include age and parental status. In 1986, creed and disability were added as prohibitions on discrimination, and in 1999 gender identity was added”( The Seattle Open Housing Campaign 1959 to 1968-Detailed Narrative).
The Fight Against Segregated Seattle: How the Seattle Open Housing Campaign Broke the Barriers of Inequality
Liana Moldovanu, Haley van Meurs, Isabelle Garrard Senior Division Group Exhibit
Student Composed Words: 497 Process Paper: 487
All of our life, we have been told by almost everyone around us how amazingly
progressive, equitable, and open-minded Seattle was as a city. When we learned about slavery and discrimination in history class, Seattle was never mentioned. So when our group was brainstorming projects for National History Day, we were intrigued by whether or not Seattle had ever had a discriminatory past. Immediately after asking our history teachers of Seattle’s discriminatory past, they pointed us directly to The Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project.
After scanning the website, we soon found several old maps of Seattle’s segregated neighborhoods, and we were all extremely surprised to learn that some of these past neighborhoods were now our own. After finding these maps, we decided to begin research on our new-found topic at our local library. Here, we found many books, including Seattle in Black and White, which helped us better understand the context of the open housing campaign. However, after our regional competition, we began to search for more focused quotes that would clearly outline the evidence and further support our theme of breaking the barriers. We began by looking into what would become one of our most valuable resources: The Seattle Municipal Archives. The Seattle Municipal archives provided us with primary letters and documents sent by CORE, NAACP, and many other civil rights organizations as well as city reports and flyers supporting the open housing campaign. After shifting through all of the letters and other primary sources in the archive, we were left with a new, more focused and detailed story brimming with quotes from the archive’s resources.
As research further progressed, we realized not only how much of a struggle there had been to create equality in our own world, but just how long it took for there to be change. We learned of the many unfair and racist housing laws that plagued not only Seattle but the entire nation, and how even after many protests much of the city was still opposed to any change. But still, the Campaign pushed for their beliefs of equality and fairness, eventually influencing the signing of not only a local law for the city but also for a national fair housing act.
Our topic, the Seattle Open Housing Campaign, clearly exemplifies the annual theme of breaking the barriers of history. The open housing campaign both broke the literal barriers of the housing segregation and laws segregated neighborhoods, but also broke social and political barriers in Seattle, as the now more diverse neighborhoods allowed for diverse school and communities, building a stronger relationship between Seattle’s minorities and the Caucasians, also inspiring many politicians to fight for more progressive laws and bring equality to Seattle. The campaign and the protests not only taught our group of the struggle for the equality we have in Seattle today but to continue to fight for equity and other important causes we believe in.
Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
"Activist Oral Histories." The Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project , University of
Washington, 2018, depts.washington.edu/civilr/interviews.htm. Accessed 19 Feb.
2020.
This site was incredibly helpful as it contains many primary source interviews
with members of the Washington State civil rights movement. These interviews
provide an insights into some of the people leading the action and their
perspectives of the segregation and discrimination in Seattle during this time
period. This source is credible because it was released by the University of
Washington as a project about Seattle Civil and Labor rights.
Congress of Racial Equality. Letter to Mayor Clinton. 28 Dec. 1962. Minority Housing
1962, Seattle Office of the Mayor Records, Box 14, 5210-01.
Found in the Seattle Municipal Archives, this letter from the Congress of Racial
Equality to the mayor is a highly important primary source for our project. The
letter explains the frustration felt by most of the African American community in
Seattle and what led up to the organization of the first protest. This is one of the
most important events in the build-up of the Seattle Open Housing Campaign, and
it preceded all of the coming protests.
CORE-sponsored demonstration at realtor office of Picture Floor Plans, Inc. 4 May 1964.
Seattle Office of the Mayor Records, Seattle Municipal Archives, Item 63893.
This source is a primary picture found in the Seattle Municipal Archives. This
picture was used in our heart of the story in order to better illustrate the protest at
Picture Floor Plans in order to emphasize the need for open housing.
CORE to Mayor Braman, April 18, 1964. Folder "Human Rights, January - March 1964,"
Box 28. Seattle Office of the Mayor Records, 5210-01.Seattle Municipal Archives.
This letter, written in 1964, is a primary source explaining the concern of the
Congress of Racial Equality that there is little communication between the Seattle
Real Estate board. As the letter writes on, it also explains why CORE began
picketing and protesting at Picture Floor Plan offices, which is another of the
major events that eventually led to the signing of the fair housing ordinance in
1968.
Crowley, Walt. Rites of Passage: A Memoir of the Sixties in Seattle . Seattle, U of Washington
P, 1995.
This primary source gave us an account of not only what was going on in 1960's
Seattle, but also of the changes that many people felt as the protests against unfair
housing grew. This book gave us both perspective on the change the Seattle Open
Housing Campaign caused compared to the housing laws before, helping us
develop our impact and our thesis.
Demonstration at realtor office of Picture Floor Plans, Inc, held by CORE . 4 May 1964.
Seattle Office of the Mayor Records, Seattle Municipal Archives., Item 63894.
This picture was the second primary picture taken during the protests we used to
illustrate the protest at Picture Floor Plans held by CORE. The photo helped to
show the amount of people and effort put in by the Campaign in order to protest
against Picture Floor Plans unfair and racist housing policies.
The Detroit Tribune. (Detroit, Mich.), 10 Feb. 1962. Chronicling America: Historic
American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
This primary newspaper, from Chronicling America, provided us a background of
CORE's goals for the country and for cities across the nation such as Seattle as
well as had an interview with the National Leader of CORE. We used this source
for a quote in our background section in order to explain the national context of
the open housing campaign.
Fair Housing Listing Flyer, Folder Minority Housing 1963, Box 14. Seattle Office of the
Mayor Records, 5210-01. Seattle Municipal Archives.
This primary source was a flyer from in the late 1960s, which advertised the Fair
Housing Listing Service. As the rise of FHLS was one of the major impacts of the
Open Housing Campaign, this source helped us understand both how the service
worked and why it caused a change in the community.
Heyza, Richard S. The Human Rights Commission, seated around a City Hall conference
table, discussed means of promoting the proposed open housing law. Oct. 1963, The
Seattle Times.
This photo was a primary photo found in the Seattle Municipal Archives. This
photo was utilized in our background section in order to show the human rights
commission conferencing and planning the future protest that would lead to the
success of the Seattle Open Housing Campaign.
Mayor Braman with Philip Hayasaka and John Allen of the Human Rights Commission. 4
Dec. 1968. Engineering Department Negatives, Seattle Municipal Archives, Item
184146.
This primary photo found in the Seattle Municipal Archives shows the Mayor of
Seattle discussing the 1968 Open Housing Ordinance with several members of the
Human Rights Commision. We use this photo in our impact, as the main impact of
the Open Housing Campaign was the signing of the Seattle Open Housing
Ordinance.
McKim, Bruce. Demonstration in support of an open-housing ordinance, Fifth Avenue
Plaza at City Hall. 1 July 1963, Seattle Times.
This primary photo was found in the Seattle Municipal Archives, and it shows the
march in Seattle that coincided with the march on Washington. This picture was
used in our heart of the story section, as we used it to show one of the major
important protests that took place during the campaign.
Mr. and Mrs. Winfield S. King to Mayor Braman, April 6, 1968. Folder "Open Housing
1968," Box 76. Seattle Office of the Mayor Records, 5210-01. Seattle Municipal
Archives.
This primary source was a letter sent to the Mayor of Seattle after the assasination
of Martin Luther King Jr., and shows the people of Seattle urging the mayor to
sign an Open Housing Ordinance as soon as possible, so the people of Seattle
could finally have the justice and rights that they had fought for for years.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. "NAACP to Seattle City
Council." 30 Nov. 1961. Comptroller Files, 1802-01, Seattle Municipal Archives,
Comptroller File 244098. Letter.
This primary source is a letter from the NAACP to the Seattle City Council,
entailing the NAACP's request of an open housing ordinance and their reason for
appealing to the city council for one. We used this source primarily for our
build-up section, as the hearing was what led to the creation of the Citizens
Advisory Committee on Minority Housing.
1,000 demonstrators marched from First AME Church to the Federal Courthouse. 28 Aug.
1963. Seattle Post-Intelligencer Collection, Museum of History & Industry, Seattle,
86.5.5929.
Displaying one of the major marches organized by the Open Housing Campaign
and CORE, this primary photo was an incredible display of the protests and work
put in by the Open Housing Campaign. This photo was used in our heart of the
story, as it shows the protests that made up the majority of the action in the
campaign.
Photograph of President Lyndon Johnson signing the Fair Housing Act. 1968, Library of
Congress.
This primary photo showing the signing of the national open housing bill in 1968
was used in the impact section of our exhibit board, as the national law was one of
the impacts of Open Housing Campaigns in Seattle and across the nation. This
photo was really important to have in our board, as it helps to display the
legislative impact and the barriers broken by the new laws politically.
Proposed Open Housing Ordinance pamphlet, 1963. Folder "Human Rights Commission
1963," Box 14. Seattle Office of the Mayor Records, 5210-01. Seattle Municipal
Archives.
This primary source is one of the pamphlets that the Open Housing Campaign
distributed in order to explain to the public what an open housing ordinance would
entail and its impact on the communities. We used this source for the heart of the
story and our impact section, as it gave us an increased understanding of the
agenda of the Open Housing Campaign.
Report of the Citizens' Advisory Committee on Minority Housing," December 1962. Folder
"Minority Housing," Box 14. Seattle Office of the Mayor Records, 5210-01. Seattle
Municipal Archives.
This primary source is the original report given to the mayor by the new Citizens
Advisory Committee on Minority Housing. We used this source in the build-up
section of our project, as even though the committee recommended that the mayor
sign an open housing ordinance, the mayor refused to take action. This was one of
the major events that lead to the protests and, eventually, the end of housing
discrimination.
"Restrictive Covenant for the Windermere Neighborhood." 1 Apr. 1929. Deeds, Vol. 1450,
King County Recorder's Office, Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project.
Manuscript.
This primary source is one of the restrictive covenants that many neighborhoods
in Seattle had which caused segregation and created both social, economic, and
physical barriers in the community. We used this source in the background section
of our board in order to give an example of the racism found in many
neighborhoods still in Seattle today.
Schmid, Calvin F., and Wayne W. Mcvey Jr. Growth and Distribution of Minority Races in
Seattle, Washington . 1964.
This primary source was an image created in 1964 to show the distribution of
African Americans in Seattle. We used this in the background section of our
board, as it shows just how far we have come from the highly segregated Seattle
that only allowed African Americans to live in the Central District.
Sit-in at the Mayor's Office. 3 July 1963. Seattle Post-Intelligencer Collection, Museum of
History & Industry., Seattle, 86.5.5924.
This primary source is a picture showing the protests at the Mayor's office in 1963
after he refused to take action and sign an open housing ordinance. This was one
of the first protests held, and it truly serves to show how dedicated many were to
the issue of open housing.
Sit-in at Seattle City Council Meeting. 26 July 1963. Seattle Post-Intelligencer Collection,
Museum of History & Industry, Seattle, 86.5.5927.
This photo was used in our heart of the story, as it shows one of the first protests
held by the Open Housing Campaign. As this was a major event for our topic, we
wanted to use a primary picture to show the protests themselves so the viewer can
better understand the protests.
"Sit-Ins in the Mayor's Office Begins Here." Seattle Daily Times [Seattle, WA], Vol. 86 No.
182 ed., 1 July 1963, p. 1. Seattle Times Historical Archive ,
nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives/?p_product=HA-SE&p_theme=histpaper&
p_nbid=&p_action=doc&p_docid=12C15CE791DA647E&s_lastnonissuequeryname
=2&d_viewref=search&p_queryname=2&p_docnum=1&p_docref=v2:127D718D1E
33F961@HA-SE-12CBF1AED2C683FA@2438212-12C15CE791DA647E@0-12C15
CE791DA647E@. Accessed 13 Apr. 2020.
This primary source newspaper was published on the day of a major sit-in
protesting Fair Housing in Seattle. This was incredibly helpful because it gave a
first-hand account of the protest and the reactions of the city office. This provided
the evidence we needed to support our thesis. This article was published in the
Seattle Daily Times, the biggest and most credible newspaper in Seattle at the
time.
Smith, Samuel J., and Dianne Bridgman. Samuel J. Smith: An Oral History. Olympia,
Washington State Oral History Program, Office of the Secretary of State, 2000.
This primary source is an interview with a past member of both the Washington
State House of Representatives and the Seattle City Council about the struggle of
passing an open housing bill in Seattle and Washington State. As Sam Smith was
one of the first African Americans to be elected to the Seattle City Council, he had
already supported the open housing campaign since the early 1960s and was one
of the main proponents of the Seattle Ordinance in 1968.
Urban League, Folder 22 Box 6, Seattle Office of the Mayor Records, 5210-01. Seattle
Municipal Archives .
This primary source is a letter sent in 1963 by the Urban League to other
supporters of the open housing campaign as well as the mayor's office. The source
is highly valuable to our project as it explains the motives of one of the
organizations behind the open housing campaign. It also provides individual
protests and what took place during them. As the site is part of the Seattle
Municipal Archives, it is highly credible and helped shape our perspective on the
impact of the protest.
Secondary Sources
"A Reflection of Racism in Seattle." Seattle Magazine. Seattle Magazine,
www.seattlemag.com/article/reflection-racism-seattle. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020.
This secondary article provided an outline of all of Seattle's past segregation in
Seattle as well as outlines the current problems Seattle has with racism today. We
used this source for our background as well as our impact section, as it provided
great context for both sections on our board. This source is also very credible as it
uses a scholarly tone and is from the Seattle Magazine, which is a well known
local magazine.
"Anti-war protests, race riots — 1968 in Seattle looked a lot like it did in the rest of the
country." The Seattle Times . The Seattle Times ,
www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/anti-war-protests-race-riots-1968-in-sea
ttle-looked-a-lot-like-it-did-in-the-rest-of-the-country/. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020.
This secondary source showed the similarities between the race riots that took
place in Seattle and the riots in the rest of the nation. It also provided a timeline of
the open housing campaign and listed several Washington State riots and the
impacts they had. This site is credible because the information provided matches
information from other sites.
Beekman, Daniel. "Discrimination alleged at 13 Seattle rental properties." Seattle Times ,
www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/13-rental-properties-in-seattle-accused-of-discri
mination/. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020.
This secondary source shows the ongoing racial and sexual discrimination that
still takes place in Seattle real estate. This was important for our project because it
shows the long term impacts and how everlasting the problem of discrimination is.
This source is credible as it is posted from a reputable news site based in Seattle.
Bynum, Russ. "Martin Luther King Jr. Remembered." Augusta Chronicle, 05 Apr 2000.
sirs issues researcher ,
https://explore.proquest.com/sirsissuesresearcher/document/2265540729?accountid
=2422.
This secondary source was helpful because it had usable evidence that helped
support our thesis and provided information on how Martin Luther King jr.
influenced the Civil Housing Campaign in Seattle. This source is reliable because
it is a school provided database.
Chandler, D.L. "Little Known Black History Fact: Seattle Open Housing Campaign."
Black America ,
blackamericaweb.com/2018/04/19/little-known-black-history-fact-seattle-open-housi
ng-campaign/. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020.
This is a credible secondary source that corresponds with information from other
sites. The facts used in this site helped us to understand the process leading up to
the passing of the Seattle Open Housing Campaign. We used it in the rising action
on our board.
"Civil Rights in the 1940s: When Seattle began to grow up." Seattle Public Library ,
shelftalkblog.wordpress.com/2013/05/27/civil-rights-in-the-1940s-when-seattle-bega
n-to-grow-up-2/. Accessed 22 Feb. 2020.
This secondary source article was about when Seattle started to change its policies
about housing segregation as well as the protests that led up to the changes. This
source was exceptionally helpful because it provided additional evidence to the
lead up and heart of the story sections of our project. This article was provided by
the Seattle Public Library system.
Cohen, John. "Rectifying Seattle's racist past requires a denser future, says report." Cross
cut , 12 Dec. 2018,
crosscut.com/2018/12/rectifying-seattles-racist-past-requires-denser-future-says-rep
ort. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020.
This is a secondary source article, published from a famous journal making it very
credible. Additionally, the information used agrees with that from other sites. We
used this site to describe the racist background of Seattle's past and the long term
impacts of it. This site was useful for the current state of Seattle, its housing
discrimination, and overall racism.
Coleman, Kenneth, and Charles Johnson. "National Committee Against Discrimination in
Housing, Inc. (1945-1974)." Amistad Research Center , University of Illinois,
amistadresearchcenter.tulane.edu/archon/?p=creators/creator&id=246. Accessed 20
Feb. 2020.
This secondary source provided in-depth information about the National
Committee Against Discrimination in Housing (NCDH) and how it related to the
Seattle Civil Housing Campaign. This reliable educational site was helpful in
providing key evidence that added to our heart of the story.
Dev, Jen, and Liz Brazile. "In Seattle, School Segregation Is Actually Getting Worse."
Crosscut, 28 Mar. 2019,
crosscut.com/2019/03/seattle-school-segregation-actually-getting-worse. Accessed
Feb. 2020.
This web page was a secondary source that included a brief video that discussed
Seattle's past segregation of schools. Furthermore, the video talks about how
Seattle schools have changed and how they haven't changed on the topic of
segregation. Both of the authors who created the article and video specialize in
issues relating to race and education not to mention the several other prestigious
news companies that they have written for.
"Fifty Years of Fair Housing." Green Field Institute,
www.greenfieldinstitute.org/2018/04/11/50-years-of-fair-housing/. Accessed 22 Feb. 2020.
This secondary source was an excellent source to provide evidence on the long
term impacts the Fair Housing Campaign had. This source was very useful to our
topic because it provides applicable evidence and background information that
supports our thesis. The source came from the Greenfield Institute which is a real
estate education and counseling.
"For Black History Month this year, learn more about the Martin Luther King
Jr.--straight from experts' mouths to your ears." The Hill,
thehill.com/changing-america/respect/equality/479045-your-martin-luther-king-jr-d
ay-podcast-playlist. Accessed 21 Feb. 2020.
This secondary site listed the highest rated civil rights podcasts produced by
experts in the area. This information helped with comparing the Seattle housing
rights to the civil rights happening in the whole country.
Frantilla, Anne. "History of the Seattle Open Housing Campaign: 1959-1968." Black Past,
www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/history-seattle-open-housing-campaig
n/. Accessed 8 May 2019.
Along with several great pictures, this secondary source provided a broad
background of the open housing campaign in Seattle. This site was amazing for
research and information that helped add evidence to support the claims in our
thesis. This website was credible because the author is a City of Seattle Archivist
for the Municipal Archives.
Gross, Ashley. "While Dr. King Dreamed, Seattleites Marched for Housing." knkx,
www.knkx.org/post/while-dr-king-dreamed-seattleites-marched-housing. Accessed
18 Feb. 2020.
This secondary source is important to understand the impact Dr King Jr. had on
inspiring riots in Seattle. It also describes the influence on Seattle's housing
market by the passing of the Open Housing Campaign. This credible site comes
from a relevant, online newspaper, that information is checked by other sites.
"Ijeoma Oluo talks about Seattle racism at this year's Common Book event." The Daily of
the University of Washington , 24 Oct. 2019,
www.dailyuw.com/wellness/article_86daf47e-f608-11e9-a433-ffa27f4172d6.html.
Accessed 18 Feb. 2020.
This is a credible secondary source because the information they have matches
with that from another source. We used the author's opinions from her writing to
describe the background racism present in Seattle before the housing riots.
King, Hanna. "Seattle Students and Parents Boycott Schools for Integration, 1966." Global
Nonviolent Action Database, Swarthmore College, 21 Nov. 2010,
nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/seattle-students-and-parents-boycott-schools-in
tegration-1966. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020.
This secondary source was useful in depth describing the school riots in Seattle
and their impacts towards national riots. We utilized this information to help
support our team. This site is credible because it is a Swarthmore College
database.
Lyndon B. Johnson, Remarks Upon Signing the Civil Rights Act. Online by Gerhard Peters
and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project
https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/237920. Accessed 20 Feb. 2020.
This information is credible because it is from a government website and is a
secondary source that focuses on Lyndon B. Johnson, who was president of the
United States during this time period. His opinions were very useful in showing
the nature of racial segregation in housing on a national level and the impacts they
had federally. This helped us in describing the long term impacts of the riots.
"March on Washington." The History Channel,
www.history.com/topics/black-history/march-on-washington. Accessed 21 Feb.
2020.
This secondary source provided information about the National call for equality,
which inspired many of Seattle's citizens to take a stand and fight for inequality.
Further, the source shows how the movement helped influence many local
movements across the nation, and how Martin Luther King brought light to
inequality. This source was useful for the background of our topic and gave
plentiful context.
Murphy, Patricia. "Rental discrimination is alive and well in oh-so liberal Seattle." KUOW ,
www.kuow.org/stories/rental-discrimination-alive-and-well-oh-so-liberal-seattle.
Accessed 18 Feb. 2020.
This very credible secondary source from described how much of the
discrimination today in Seattle in overlooked due to its liberal politicians and
laws. We used this source in our impact section in order to emphasize the still
rampant discrimination and problems Seattle faced in its past that it still must deal
with today.
Newman, Jason. "Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change." American
History, ABC-CLIO, 2020, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/253678.
Accessed 18 Feb. 2020.
This credible secondary source used a scholarly tone to provide well thought out
information on Martin Luther King Jr., the leader of the National Civil rights
movements. This source was necessary to our projects as it provided context for
the rising movement against racial inequality, and helps to explain why the cause
was so prominent in Seattle.
Ott, Chris. "Seattle School Boycott (1966)." BlackPast, 3 Jan. 2007,
www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/seattle-school-boycott-1966/. Accessed
18 Feb. 2020.
This secondary source provides an account for all of the Seattle school race
protests. This source was useful in showing the further effects of segregated
housing and the riots that came with it. We used this in writing the short term
impacts of the open housing campaign. This source is credible because it is from a
well known, reliable civil rights website.
Phelan, Ryan. "Wing Luke museum examines legacy of Seattle housing discrimination."
The Seattle Globalist ,
www.seattleglobalist.com/2019/03/12/wing-luke-museum-examines-legacy-of-seattle-
housing-discrimination/82252. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020.
This secondary source was very credible, as it comes from one of Seattle's local
museums. The article itself traces back the background of discrimination in
Seattle, especially focusing on housing discrimination, and then outlining how the
discriminatory policies have changed since then. We used this source mainly for
our background and build-up, as it showed much of Seattle's past racial
discrimination.
Poletti, Levio. "Seattle's Fair Chance Housing Act, Two Years On." Seattle Property
Management, Dave Poletti and Associates, 4 Dec. 2018,
www.seattleproperty.management/blog/seattles-fair-chance-housing-act-two-years-o
n. Accessed 20 Feb. 2020.
This secondary source helped to show the impact of the Open Housing Campaign,
as it focuses on the new fair chance housing act of Seattle. The article reflects on
the change that the housing act is causing, and how it is impacting our community,
socially, politically, and economically. It also helps to highlight how far Seattle
has come when it comes to fair housing for all.
"Pride and Protest." The Seattle Times 1896-1996 ,
special.seattletimes.com/o/special/centennial/october/pride.html. Accessed 18 Feb.
2020.
The Seattle Times is an authentic, valid newspaper making this source credible.
This secondary site shows the significant struggle for racial equality in Seattle. It
additionally provides quotes from some of the leaders of the movement, which we
used in the heart of the story.
"Racial Restrictive Covenants History." The Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project ,
depts.washington.edu/civilr/covenants_report.htm. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020.
This secondary source highlighted the discriminatory parts of the many covenants
that dictated that people of different races could live in Seattle neighborhoods. We
used this source mainly in our background section of the board, as it helped to
outline why the protest and the Seattle Open Housing Campaign began.
Reed, Thomas Vernon. The Art of Protest: Culture and Activism from the Civil Rights
Movement to the Streets of Seattle . Nachdr. ed., Minneapolis, Univ. of Minnesota
Press, 2009.
This secondary source helped to clearly outline the influence of the national civil
rights movement of the people of Seattle, and how the national movement gave
rise to many of the leaders of the open housing campaign in Seattle. This source is
credible as it both uses professional language and is published by a university.
"Sam Smith (1922-1995), Seattle City Councilmember." Seattle Municipal Archives ,
www.seattle.gov/cityarchives/exhibits-and-education/digital-document-libraries/city-
councilman-sam-smith. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020.
This article was provided by the Seattle Municipal Archives. This web page was
on Sam Smith, a past Seattle council member, who helped in the fight for civil
rights in Seattle, and was one of the leading members of the Seattle Open Housing
Campaign. The source was highly useful for both the background and the heart of
the story, giving both extra information and providing more context.
"Seattle's Ugly Past: Segregation in Our Neighborhoods." Seattle Magazine, Mar. 2018,
www.seattlemag.com/article/seattles-ugly-past-segregation-our-neighborhoods.
Accessed 18 Feb. 2020.
This source gave both a detailed account of the past neighborhoods and explained
the different covenants that prevented diverse neighborhoods in Seattle. This
source provided a lot of information to the background section of our board and
helped us understand why equal housing rights were so important to many of the
people in Seattle.
"Seattle voted to close open housing on March 10, 1964." History Link ,
www.historylink.org/File/3154.
This source was extremely useful as it provided both context and information of
the voting down of a proposed open housing bill in Seattle. It outlined this event,
which is a main part of the heart of the story, and the influence it had on the Open
Housing Campaign. This source was also extremely reliable as the information
provided was similar to other sources.
"Segregated Seattle." Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project ,
depts.washington.edu/civilr/. Accessed 8 May 2019.
This was an excellent secondary source that specifically focuses on the
segregation in Seattle which included primary source maps of segregated
neighborhoods. This gave us a better understanding of the historical context on
segregated neighborhoods in Seattle as well as providing several primary pictures
which gave an accurate visual of the neighborhoods. This article was part of the
University of Washington's Seattle Civil Housing and Labor Project which
provided several other articles that we used.
Shaw, Linda. "The Resegregation of Seattle's Schools." The Seattle Times , 01 Jun 2008. sirs
issues researcher ,
https://explore.proquest.com/sirsissuesresearcher/document/2262973897?accountid
=2422.
This source helped provide a lot of insight on the still visible impacts of
inequality, and on future change. The secondary source used a scholarly tone and
is credible as it is part of a database. This source helped us in our impact section,
as it also showed current laws that are being pushed for to further eliminate
housing inequality.
Singler, Joan. Seattle in Black and White: The Congress of Racial Equality and the Fight for
Equal Opportunity. Seattle, U of Washington P, 2011.
This book was an exceptional secondary source with countless embedded primary
sources. This was our most used and helpful source because it gave us a primary
account of the Campaign, which led up to the climax of the protests, and the
impacts as well. Additionally, we used several quotes from the source to add to
our supporting evidence that helped prove our claims. The author had written
other pieces on the topic of Seattle civil rights including parts of the Seattle Rights
and Labor Project provided by the University of Washington.
Stanford University. "King, Martin Luther, Jr." Stanford- King, Martin Luther, Jr.
Research and Education Institute,
kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/king-martin-luther-jr. Accessed 19 Feb.
2020.
This article is a secondary source that is a biography about Martin Luther King.
This was a very useful source because it provided background information about
the equal rights movement across the country as well as how legislative in Seattle
inspired national laws on equal rights. This web page was part of the Prestigious
University, Stanford's, Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute.
Stevens, Jeff. "July 1st, 1963, Seattle's First Civil Rights Sit-in." The Seattle Star ,
www.seattlestar.net/2013/07/july-1-1963-seattles-first-civil-rights-sit-in/. Accessed 8
May 2019.
This web page was a secondary source with embedded primary sources. This
source was helpful because it provided detailed descriptions of Seattle's first civil
right sit-in which and it was relevant to our heart of the story. In addition, the
source included primary quotes that provided first-hand accounts of the event.
This article was provided by the Seattle Star, a reliable journal of Seattle's culture
and politics.
Taylor, Quintard, and Norman B. Rice. The Forging of a Black Community: Seattle's
Central District, from 1870 through the Civil Rights Era . Seattle, U of Washington P,
1994.
This book was about the African American community in Seattle before and after
the civil rights movement. This was exceptionally helpful because it helped us
explore how Seattle's civil rights movement affected the community as well as
giving us historical context about our topic. Additionally, the book provided
plentiful amounts of primary source quotes that added supportive evidence to our
argument.
"The Seattle Open Housing Campaign, 1959-1968 - Detailed Narrative." Seattle Municipal
Archives ,
www.seattle.gov/cityarchives/exhibits-and-education/digital-document-libraries/the-
seattle-open-housing-campaign/open-housing-narrative. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020.
This source gave a secondary account of the many steps to getting the agenda of
the Seattle Open Housing enacted, including the numerous protests and sit-ins
held. Iit also provides primary sources such as letters and transcripts.The source
was extremely important for both our build-up and heart of the story, as much of
the information came from there. The source is also highly credible, as it is from
the Seattle Archives, making it a primary source as well.
Walker, Randi Jones. Religion and the Public Conscience: Ecumenical Civil Rights Work in
Seattle 1940-1960 . Winchester, Circle Books, 2012.
This secondary source gave a powerful outline of the multiple civil rights projects
in Seattle, including the Open Housing Campaign. The source uses scholarly
language and is credible as it is a published source. The book provided context for
the build up as well as information for the heart of the story.
West, Charlotte. "Seattle's fair housing law is the most progressive in the country. But now,
landlords are challenging it." NBC,
www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/seattle-s-fair-housing-law-most-progressive-countr
y-now-landlords-n1004321. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020.
This web page is a secondary source that talks about recent legislative actions that
were taken in the Seattle area as well as across the country. This source provided
excellent evidence to add to our long term impact which by extension helps
support our thesis. This article was written by an NBC freelance writer who writes
about education, criminal justice, as well as housing. In addition, the same writer
writes for other prestigious news and media companies.
Williams, Juan. Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 . New York,
Penguin, 2002.
This secondary source provided us with plentiful information about the
background of civil rights in Seattle as well as how the protests in Seattle
contributed to national equal rights movements. The source contains several
primary sources that gave a first-hand account of the event as well as helping to
give a quality visual of what the civil rights movement was like for the people.6