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EXOGENOUS PHYTASE FOR BETTER UTILIZATION OF PARBOILED RICE POLISH BASED DIET ON THE GROWTH

OF JAPANESE QUAIL

A THESIS

BY

DIPOK KUMAR SARKAR

Examination Roll No. 10 AHPS JJ 22M Semester: January-June 2011

Registration No. 31415 Session: 2004-05

MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.S.)

IN

POULTRY SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF POULTRY SCIENCE BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

MYMENSINGH 2202

MAY 2011

EXOGENOUS PHYTASE FOR BETTER UTILIZATION OF

PARBOILED RICE POLISH BASED DIET ON THE GROWTH

OF JAPANESE QUAIL

A THESIS

BY

DIPOK KUMAR SARKAR

Examination Roll No. 10 AHPS JJ 22M

Semester: January-June 2011


Submitted to the Department of Poultry Science

Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.S.)

IN

POULTRY SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF POULTRY SCIENCE BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

MYMENSINGH 2202

MAY 2011


OF JAPANESE QUAIL

A THESIS

BY

DIPOK KUMAR SARKAR

Examination Roll No. 10 AHPS JJ 22M Semester: January-June 2011


Approved as to style and content by:

MAY 2011

( Professor Dr. M.A.R. Howlider )

Supervisor

(Professor Dr. S. D. Chowdhury)

Co-supervisor

(Dr. Md. Shawkat Ali) Chairman

Defense Committee and

Head, Department of Poultry Science Bangladesh Agricultural University

Mymensingh 2202

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 6

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 5

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 5

APPENDICES

iv

Acknowledgement

All praises are due to God who enabled the author to complete the present study successfully. The author frankly and thankfully explicates his cordial gratefulness, profound regards and indebtedness to his research supervisor Professor Dr. M.A.R. Howlider, Department of Poultry science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for cordial guidance, responsible supervision, suggestion, constant encouragement and constructive criticisms throughout the research work and in writing of this thesis. The author takes an opportunity to express his profound gratitude and sincere appreciation to his co-supervisor Professor Dr. S. D. Chowdhury, Department of Poultry science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for his keen interest for this research work and who provided the author with creative suggestions, constructive criticism and constant inspiration from the beginning to the end of the work and finally in the preparation of the thesis The author desires to express his profound appreciation, gratefulness and heartfelt thanks to Dr. Md. Shawkat Ali, Head, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for his help and cooperation during the research work, and in preparing this manuscript. The author feels proud to express his sincere appreciation and boundless gratitude, best regards and respect to honorable class teachers Professor Dr. S. M. Bulbul (Rtd), Professor Dr. Safiuddin Ahmed (Rtd), Dr. Md. Shahidur Rahman Associate Professor ,Professor Dr. Ashraf Ali, Dr. Fowzia Sultana Associate Professor, Mr. Musabbir Ahmed Assistant Professor, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for their generosity and suggestions, keen interest, encouragement,

v

constant inspiration and constructive comments and valuable advice in carrying out this research work. The author expresses his thanks to Md. Shajahan Bhai, Md. Mohammad Ali Bhai, Md. Ruhul Amin Bhai, Nasir, Kabir, Rahman and all other officers and staffs, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for their continuous help and kind assistance, while undertaking this research work. The author gratefully admires to his classmates and friends specially Tareq, Nibash, Soton, Jewel, Tainur, Bahauddin, Rubel and Jakir for their kind co-operation and affectionate encouragement to carry out the research work. The author would like to acknowledge his heartiest gratitude to his beloved parents, all well wishers for their never ending prayer, affection, support, sacrifice, inspiration, encouragement and continuous blessings in the long process of building his academic career which can never be repaid. The Author

vi


OF JAPANESE QUAIL

MS in Poultry Science Examination Roll No. 10 AHPS JJ 22M

Semester: January-June 2011 Registration No. 31415

Session: 2004-05

ABSTRACT

For the abundant use of parboiled rice polish (PRP), dietary grains were replaced by 200g/kg and 400g/kg PRP with or without phytase supplementation. A total of 54 seven days old Japanese quails were feed ad libitum up to 35 days of age for better utilization of PRP. Increasing PRP with or without phytase supplementation did not influence live weight and feed intake. Supplementation of phytase increased feed conversion efficiency only in diet containing 200g/kg PRP (P<0.05). Feed cost per kg quail decreased with the addition of phytase at 200g/kg PRP diet but, increased on 400g/kg PRP diet. Dressing yield was improved (P<0.05) in 200g/kg PRP diet with phytase supplementation. There was an increased (P<0.05) thigh meat weight for application of phytase enzyme in 400g/kg PRP diet. Heart weight Increased (P<0.05) on 200g/kg PRP diet and decreased on 400g/kg PRP diet. It was concluded that substitution of costly grains by 200g/kg cheaper PRP with phytase might reduce the feed cost without affecting feed intake, live weight and meat yield of quails.

vii

CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv-v ABSTRACT vi CONTENTS vii-viii LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES x AAPPENDICES xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS xii-xiii

1 INTRODUCTION 1‐42 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5‐15

2.1 Concept of rice polish 5 2.2 Nutrient constituents of rice polish 5-9 2.3 Effects of processing rice polish 10 2.4 Parboiled rice polish in comparison with other

types of rice polish 10

2.5 The anti-nutritional factors in rice polish 10 2.6 Effect of PRP feeding 11 2.6.1 Effect of rice polish on live wt 11 2.6.2 Effect of rice polish on feed intake 12 2.7.3 Effect of rice polish on feed conversion 12 2.6.4 Effect of rice polish on livability 12 2.6.5 Effect of rice polish on economic feasibility 12 2.6.6 Effect of rice polish on meat yield 12 2.7 Phytase 12 2.8 Phytin phosphorus 13-14 2.9.1 Effect of phytase on live weight 14 2.9.2 Effect of phytase on feed intake 14 2.9.3 Effect of phytase on feed conversion 14 2.9.4 Eftect of phytase on livabitity 15

2.9.5 Effect of phytase on feed cost 15 2.9.6 Effect of phytase on meat yield characteristics 15 2.10 Research gap and the present study 15

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 16-22 3.1 Statement of the experiment 16 3.2 Experimental design 16 3.3 Layout of the experiment 16

viii

CONTENTS (contd.)

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE 3.4 Preparation of experimental house 17 3.5 Experimental rations 17 3.5.1 Chemical composition of feedstuffs 17 3.5.2 Enzyme collection 17 3.5.3 Preparation of experimental diets 17-18 3.6 Management of the quails 19 3.6.1 Feeding 19 3.6.2 Water management 19 3.6.3 Lighting 19 3.6.4 Brooding of baby chicks 19 3.6.5 Room temperature and relative humidity record 19 3.6.6 Litter management 19 3.6.7 Other management Practices 19 3.7 Data collection 20 3.8 Calculations 20 3.8.1 Live weight gain 20 3.8.2 Feed intake 20 3.8.3 Feed conversion ratio 20 3.8.4 Meat yield 21 3.9 Statistical analysis 21

4 RESULTS 22-28 4.1 Growth performance 22-27 4.2 Meat yield 28

5 DISCUSSION 29-30 5.1 Growth performance 29 5.2 Meat yield 30

6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 31 REFERENCES 32-38 APPENDICES 39-40

ix

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO.

TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 Average rice and rice polish production in Bangladesh 2 1.2 Comparative nutrient concentration of wheat and parboiled

rice polish (PRP) 3

2.1 Composition of rice polish (RP), raw rice bran (RRB), parboiled rice bran (PRB) and parboiled rice polish (PRP) as reported by different author(s)

8

2.2 Amino acid content of rice polish (RP) as reported by different author(s)

9

2.3 Phosphorus content of some feedstuffs used in poultry diets 14 3.1 Layout showing the distribution of quails to different

treatments 16

3.2 Amount (g/kg) of ingredients used in the ration for Japanese quail

18

4.1 Growth performance of Japanese quails supplied different levels of Parboiled Rice Polish (PRP) with or without phytase (P) in the diet between 7 and 35 days of age.

23

4.2 Meat yield characteristics of Japanese quails supplied different levels of Parboiled Rice Polish (PRP) with or without phytase (P) in the diet between 7 and 35 days of age.

24-25

x

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO.

TITLE PAGE NO.

2.1 Cross section of developing rice grain 6 2.2 Structure of the rice grain 7 2.3 Possible interactions with a phytate molecule 12 4.1 Relationship between feed conversion ratio and age on

different diets 26

4.2 Relationship between feed cost and age on different diets 27

xi

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX

TITLE PAGE NO.

1 NRC nutrient requirement of growing Japanese quail 39 2 Chemical composition of ingredients used in ration

formulation (DM basis) 39

3 Cost of ingredients (Tk/kg) which were used in the experimental diets

40

4 Temperature ( 0C ) and relative humidity (%) records during experimental period (28 days)

40

xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOLS

Abbreviation Full meaning A. M. = Ante Meridian BAU = Bangladesh Agricultural University BBS = Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Ca = Calcium CF = Crude fibre Cm2 = Square centimeter Contd. = Continued CP = Crude protein DM = Dry matter Dr. = Doctor EE = Ether extract et al. = Associates FC = Feed cost FCE = Feed conversion efficiency FCR = Feed conversion ratio FFA = Free fatty acid FI = Feed intake Fig. = Figure g = Gram i.e. = That is kg = kilogram LW = Live weight Lys = Lysine ME = Metabolizable energy No. = Number NS = Non-significant P = Phosphorous P.M. = Post Meridian Prof. = Professor PRP = Parboiled rice polish RP = Rice polish RB = Rice bran SED = Standard Error Difference Tk. = Taka

xiii

Symbol Full meaning * = Significant at 5% level of probability / = Per + = Plus % = Percent > = Greater than < = Less than 0C = Degree Celsius

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), a recently introduced economic avian species is ideally suited for meat and egg under intensive management for their fast growth rate, high rate of egg production, shorter generation interval, shorter incubation period and fitness for high density rearing (Wahab, 1990). The popularity of quail husbandry has been increasing all over the world.

At present, commercial quail farming is getting popularity as a profitable business and might also play a vital role in national economy of Bangladesh. Emphasis has been given on high protein and low calorie diet which can be conveniently supplied from quail meat. Now, Some people are showing interest to rear quail as a commercial venture.

The growing demand of protein could be met quickly by rearing quail commercially within short period (Thomas and Ahuja, 1989). Commercial poultry farmers are facing problems in formulating diet for high feed cost, variable quality of conventional feed ingredients and improper control of government over feed market. Moreover, quails require high protein diet for their faster growth.

Poultry industry is growing very rapidly and feed cost is increasing in poultry production, the feed alone accounts about 65-70% of the total cost of production (Banerjee, 1992). Poultry feed contains 50-60% grains (Banerjee, 1992). The higher price and non-availability and poor quality of feed ingredients are the major constraints of poultry farming in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, grain production is not sufficient to meet the competitive demand of human, livestock and poultry. Therefore, every year huge amounts of grains are imported. It may be alleviated through exploration of potential cheaper locally available feedstuffs and by introducing improved methods to increase utilization of quality feeds. Poultry competes directly with human and other livestock for grain such as wheat and maize etc. It is well established that maize is a good feed ingredient for poultry. Maize and wheat are also less available as compared to their demand. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the possibilities of using cheaper locally available feed stuff to reduce feed cost. Therefore, nutritionists are trying to utilize the efficiency of unconventional cheaper feed ingredients by using different additives including enzymes to reduce feed cost and production cost. Rice polish (RP), a byproduct of paddy processing constitutes about 10% of paddy and is abundantly available throughout the year in large quantities in major rice growing areas of the world (Houston and Kohler, 1970). RP is much cheaper than grains. Average rice and RP production in Bangladesh is given in following Table 1.1.

2

Table 1.1 Average rice and rice polish production in Bangladesh Year Rice (MT) Rice Polish (MT)

2004-05 16832790 1683279

2005-06 17687370 1768737

2006-07 18882450 1888245

2007-08 18861960 1886196

2008-09 199M630 1990463

2009-10 16832790 1683279

Source: BBS, 2010 There are 3 major types of rice polish (RP) namely raw rice polish (RRP), deoiled rice polish (DRP) and parboiled rice polish (PRP). The RRP, produced in huller mills is not good feed for poultry. It contains husk, saponin, pyridin, hemaglutinin, tannin, free fatty acids and phytin (Islam, 1994). Now a days, a special type of rice polish is produced in automatic rice mills known as parboiled rice polish (PRP). The number of automatic rice mills is increasing and the availability of PRP is also increasing. Eshawaraiah et al. (1986) reported that PRP contains l3% crude protein and 3250 kcal ME per kg which is almost comparable to wheat in chemical composition. The comparative nutrient concentration of wheat and parboiled rice polish (PRP) are presented in Table 1.2.

3

Table 1.2 Comparative nutrient concentration of wheat and parboiled rice polish (PRP)

Nutrients Wheat Parboiled Rice Polish

Drymatter (g/kg) 889.1 887.8

Metabolizable energy

( MJ/kg)

3.25 3.212

Crude protein (g/kg) 128 140

Ether exhact (g/kg) 20 130

Crude fibre (g/kg) 51.6 76

Calcium (g/kg) 0.5 6

Phosphorus(g/kg) 4 2

Lysine (g/kg) 4 7.1

Methionine (g/kg) 7 42.7

Cystine (g/kg) 2.2 3.7

Tryptophen (g/kg) 1 0.9

Riboflavin (mg/kg) 2.00 0.50

Source: Zablan et al. (1963), Scott et al. (1976), Shivaji et al. (1983) and Eshwaraiah et al. (1986).

Addition of exogenous phytase and carbohydrase has been reported to improve feed utilization in broiler on PRP diet (Moshad, 2001). Phytase that is used in poultry diet also helps in reducing environmental pollution (Kies et al., 2001). Quails can grow faster than chicken, if they are supplied adequate nutrients. They produce more meat than chicken at the same age.

Use of PRP at higher level reduced feed intake, growth rate and feed conversion efficiency, but did not affect profitability (Islam et al., 1996; Azam and Howlider, 1998). PRP is more stable to the oxidative hydrolysis and less susceptible to the development of free fatty acids to be rapidly oxidized during storage than that of RRP (Shaheen et al.,1975). Besides, some merits of PRP, it has some demerits such as its phytate phosphorus reduces the phosphorus and calcium availability responsible for depressed performance of poultry on increasing levels of dietary PRP. PRP also contain some non-

4

starch polysaccharides such as cellulose, xylose arabinose and galactonic acid that are not easily digested by poultry. The anti-nutritional effect of these sub-states is manifested by poor growth accompanied by depressed nutrient utilization. These adverse effects can be overcome by dietary supplementation of exogenous phytase enzyme (Moshad et al., 2003) to increase utilization of PRP in formulating cheaper PRP based diets, substituting costly grains (wheat and maize).

Numerous studies and information are available on the effects of dietary PRP (Islam et al. 1996) on broiler, layer and ducks but there is lack of information on the feeding of PRP on growth, meat yield of Japanese quail. Therefore, the current study assessed the effect of using different levels of phytase in quail’s diet with different levels of dietary parboiled rice polish on growth and meat yield.

5

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Successful poultry production largely depends on cost effective diet formulation and its efficient utilization. Parboiled rice polish (PRP), a special type of rice polish is now available in huge quantity in Bangladesh that may be a cheap substitute of grains for feeding poultry. Quite a good number of reports on rice polish (RP) nutrition has been published by different authors who worked on different aspects of PRP feeding value in poultry (chicken and duck). However, information on the effects of PRP feeding on the performance of quail is insufficient. The present review summarized information and assessed the effects of feeding PRP on growth, feed intake, feed conversion, livability, meat yield and economic feasibility of poultry production. 2.1 Concept of rice polish (RP)

According to McDonald et al. (1987), RP is a byproduct of paddy milling process that comprises pericarp, aleurone, germ, and some endosperm. It is a finely powdered material of polishing the rice kernels after hulls and brans are removed (Morrison, 1957). It is rich in thiamin and niacin, but poor in riboflavin. Grist (1965) defined Australian rice bran (RB) as a mixture of bran and polishing starchy endosperm and some broken endosperm with few hulls which is sometimes called rice pollard. Shaheen et al. (1975) defined rice bran as byproducts of rice milling comprised of 7 to 10% of paddy, which contains 10-15% protein, 10-15% oil and 8-15% fiber, as well as high quantity of carbohydrate, ash and vitamins making it nutritionally valuable for poultry. 2.2 Nutrient constituents of rice polish (RP)

Nutrient contents of various type of RP as reported by different authors are presented in Table 2.1. RP is included in poultry diet mainly as a source of energy but it contains some protein. The data in Table 2.2 reveal that the protein content of rice polish ranges from 9.8 to 18.9% and ME (kcal/kg) ranges from 2077 to 3862.

6

Figure 2.1 Cross section of developing rice grain (Adapted from McDonald et al., 1987)

Awn

Lemma

Palea

Sterile lemmae

Rochilla

Epiblast

Redicle

Scutellum

Plumule

Starchoi endosperm

Subaleurone layer Aleurone layer Nucellus Seedcoat

Pericarp

Hull

7

(Adapted from McDonald et al., 1987)

Endosperm

Lemma

Embryo

Vascular bundle

Aleurone layer Nucellus

Nuceller projection

Nucellus

Palea

Radicel

Aleurone layer

Pericarp vascular bundle

Pigment strand

Nucellus

Palea

Lemma

Figure 2.2 Structure of the rice grain

8

Table 2.1 Composition of rice polish (RP), raw rice bran (RRB), parboiled rice bran (PRB) and parboiled rice polish (PRP) as reported by different author(s)

References Type Composition

CP

(g/kg) ME

(KCal/kg) CF

(g/kg) Ca

(g/kg) P

(g/kg) Total Ash

(g/kg)

EE (g/kg)

DM (g/kg)

Zablan et al. (1963)

RP 140 3747 91 - - 116 26 -

Scot et al. (1976)

RP 120 2860 30 0.4 1.6 - 130 -

Primo et al. (1970)

RP 150 - 77 0.2 - 79 146.6 8600

NAS. (1971)

RP 118-130

- 23-33 5-7 1-2 52-73 101-124

860

Chamni et al. (1980)

RP - 3331 - - - - - -

Zambade et al.(1982)

RRB 113 2472 142 - - 117 1430 8870

PRP 137 2644 17.6 - - 115 202 938.1

International Minerals and Chemical Corporation (1983)

RP 110 3300 30 0.5 3 9.5 110 900

Shivaji et al. (1983)

PRB 133 2789 164 - - 167 218 950

RRB 143 2950 103 - - 90 173 93.8 Mahatab (1985)

RP 135.5 - 120 - - 142 178 -

Bolton and Blair(1986)

RP 144 3700 - - - 57 137 -

Eshwaraiah et al. (1986)

PRP 142 3862 76 9 29 118 273 -

Source: Islam (1994)

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2.3 Effects of processing rice polish (RP)

To improve the quality or to increase the usefulness of RP and rice, a number of techniques has been developed such as hot water treatment (parboiling), de-oiling, stabilization by auto-calving or other means. Parboiling, a way of paddy processing has pronounced effect on the composition of RP. Parboiling as it is done commercially, decreases anti nutritional factors of RP and inactivated the lipase activity (Viraktamath and Desikachar 1971; Nitis, 1973; Kratzer et al., 1974; Shaheen et al., 1975; Mahtab, 1985; Sayre et al., 1987) 2.4 Parboiled rice polish (PRP) in comparison with other types of rice polish (RP)

There are different types of RP such as parboiled rice polish (PRP), raw rice polish (PRP), fermented rice polish (FRP), heat extracted rice polish (HERP), de-oiled rice polish (DRP) etc. Many scientists reported that a wide variation exists in the values for the nutrient composition of RRP, PRP and DRP (Nagpal et al., 1968; Virk et al., 1980; Shivaji et al., 1983). Among the proximate composition of three types of rice polish, PRP is characterized by a higher content of fat than RRP (raw rice polish) and DRP (Table 2.1). Parboiling process increases the fat content of rice polish (Shaheen et al., 1975) with higher true metabolize energy of PRP and ranked the top ( 3862 kCal/kg) among the types of rice polish (Eshwariah et al.,1986). 2.5 The anti nutritional factors in rice polish (RP)

It is reported that anti-nutritional factors are mostly associated with bran fraction, which are protein in nature and thus heat labile except phytin (Juliano, 1985). Rice bran has a higher phytin P content (2.4 to 4.6%) than other cereal brans (Thompson and Weber, 1981; Warren et al., 1990). It is also considered to be toxic. It binds various essential elements and reduces their availability (Reddy et a1., 1982). RP also contains trypsin inhibitor (Maki et a1., 1980). The trypsin inhibitor was inactivated with 6 minutes of steaming of bran at 1000⁰C temperature. Acid detergent fiber and lignocellulose content of bran fractions hindered digestibility of diet and lowered the ME value for poultry (Maust et al., 1972).

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2.6 Effect of PRP feeding

RP is included in poultry diet mainly as a source of energy, but it contains considerable amounts of protein, vitamin, and mineral. The commercial parboiling decreased anti-nutritional factors of RP and inactivates lipase (Kratzer et al. 1974, Shaheen et al. 1975). Thus Parboiling reduces the FFA in PRP. Parboiling helps to reduce the cellulose content and increase the cell contents. The content of B vitamins in PRP is naturally lower (Houston et al., 1969; Kik and Williams, 1945) than bran from raw rice. 2.6.1 Effect of rice polish (RP) on live weight

Tangendjaya (1984) stated parboiling reduced phytic acid by about 80%. The body weight gain of broilers fed 31% PRP was higher than in those fed untreated RP. Use of RPP, DRP and PRP up to 32% increased live weight (Eshwariah et al., 1986), but any increase above that diminished growth. Similarly, Islam (1994) in 2 experiments noted that 31.5 and 22.05 % dietary PRP enhanced growth, but any increase beyond that depressed growth. Sanz (1975) stated that live weight increased up to 48% dietary RP. Tsvetroy and Dunera (1991) reported higher rates of RP used inhibited growth and decreased feed utilization. Islam (1994) reported that live weight gain and feed utilization decreased on diet containing increasing level of PRP. He noted that feed intake increased with increasing PRP level from 5-31.50% but decreased with 40.95% dietary PRP level. He also found improved feed utilization as the PRP level was increased up to 20.05% but further increase in dietary PRP depressed feed conversion efficiency. Scholtyseek et al. (1986) and Chaturvedi & Mukherjee (1967) reported decreased growth when level of rice polish in the diet was above 40%. Sayre et al (1987) concluded that the rate of decline in growth and feed intake were attributed to the increased dietary fiber associated with increasing level of RP. Azam & Howlider (1998) reported that increasing dietary PRP level decreased growth rate, feed intake. They also found decreased production caused with increasing PRP level. Mahbub (1989) stated that inclusion of 15, 30 and 45% PRP in grower ration showed significant difference for growth rate, feed consumption but mortality did not show significantly different (p>0.05) among the treatments and PRP can be used up to 30% in grower ration without any adverse effect.

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2.6.2 Effect of rice polish (RP) on feed intake

Feed intake decreases by 0.76 g/day when the rate of inclusion of RP exceeded 20% of the diet (Sayre et al., 1987). Mahbub et al. (1989) used RP as partial replacement of wheat and showed that at 15% level of RP feed intake was highest and lowest at 45%. Rahman et al. (2009) found that increasing PRP level without enzyme decreased feed intake. Hossain (2007) found no significant difference in feed intake for variation of different levels of PRP in diets. 2.6.3 Effect of rice polish (RP) on feed conversion

Islam (1994) reported improved feed utilization as the PRP level was increased up to 22.05%, but further increase in dietary PRP depressed feed conversion. Hossain (2007) observed no difference in feed conversion for various levels of PRP in diet. Mahbub et al. (1989) used RP as partial replacement of wheat and showed that at 15% level of RP feed efficiency was highest and lowest at 45%. 2.6.4 Effect of rice polish (RP) on livability

Moshad et al. (2003) stated that livability did not differ on various levels of PRP in diet. Defatted rice bran at 25g/kg resulted in leg problems, and increased mortality. 2.6.5 Effect of rice polish (RP) on economic feasibility

Eshwariah et al. (1986) recommended 32% replacement of maize by RRP or DRP or PRP to reduce cost. Feed cost was higher at 100% PRP based diet. (Malik et al., 1973, Campbell et al., 1984). Islam (1994) reported that feed cost was lower with increasing PRP levels from 5.00 to 31.50% and highest at 40.95% dietary PPP. Mikulshi et al. (1998) showed that addition of PRP decreased feed cost. Rahman et al. (2009) stated that increasing PRP level decreased feed cost. 2.6.6 Effect of rice polish (RP) on meat yield

Sanz (1987) got decreased carcass weight when RP replaced more than 20% grain with 10% molasses in broilers diet. Carrion and Lopez (1939) reported that abdominal fat content of broilers decreased with increasing level of RP in the diet.

2.7 Phytase

Phytase (myo-inositol hexaphosphate phosphohydrolase) is an enzyme that hydrolyses phytate to inositol and inorganic phosphate. Until the early 1990s, very little research had

13

been done in this area because of difficulties in obtaining large quantities of the enzyme and the high cost involved in its production. Phytases are present in most cereals, but their activity varies widely amongst cereals (Bartnik and Szafranska, 1987).

Phytase is also known to be produced by fungi (Socchsromyces cerevisiae, Peniophora lycii & selected Aspergillas strains), bacteria (Pseudomonas and Bacillas subtilys), yeast and by rumen and some soil micro-organisms.

2.8 Phytin phosphorus

Phytate is a molecule rich in phosphorus (P). However, the P in phytate is of low availability to monogastric animals because they lack the proper enzyme system to hydrolyse phytate. Phytate has been recognized as a nutrient because it contains phosphorus. In contrast, it is also considered to be toxic. It binds various essential elements and reduces their availability (Reddy et al., 1982). Phytin phosphorus is located in globoides in the aleurone protein bodies as potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) salts. Its phosphate group can readily form complex with cat-ion such as calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), protein and starch (Figure 2.3)

Fig 2.3 Possible interactions with a phytate molecule (modified from Thompson, 1986) Phytase can liberate (a proportion of) these compounds, thereby increase the energy and protein value of the diet (Kies et al., 2001). Rice polish has higher phytin phosphorus content than other cereal bran (Warren et al., 1990). A heat stable factor pepsin inhibitor, identified as phytin phosphorus which is present in both bran and germ (Kanaya et al., 1976). In rice, more than 80% of phytate is present in outer bran (O' Dell et al., 1972). In rice bran, only l5% phosphorus is available in non-phytate form. A Ca: P ratio of unity is nutritionally desirable for Ca absorption, but the ratio in PRP is as low as 0.04 (Eggum et al., 1982).

14

Table 2.3 Phosphorus content of some feedstuffs used in poultry diets

Source: NRC, l994

2.9.1 Effect of phytase on live weight

Piao et al. (1998) supplemented Kemzyme and Phytase, yeast for broiler and they found better body weight gain. It appears that the simultaneous use of Kenzyme, phytase and yeast had an additional effect on growth and nutrient excretion. Moshad et al. (2001) conducted an experiment on the use of phytase enzyme for better utilization of PRP based diet in broiler and observed an increase in muscle development and heavier body weight.

Rahman et al. (2004) stated that addition of phytase enzyme promoted live weight at all PRP levels. Richter et al. (1994) found that growth was not improved by enzyme supplementation in triticle based diet.

2.9.2 Effect of phytase on feed intake

Richtar et al. (1991) conducted an experiment on broiler and reported that average feed intake across all P contents was 2447, 2531, and 2490g for phytase 0, 50 and 100 unit/kg respectively. Naher (2002) carried out an experiment on utilization of RP based diet with supplementation of phytase in ducks. She showed that addition of mixed enzyme increased feed intake.

2.9.3 Effect of phytase on feed conversion

It is reported that addition of phytase on PRP based diet promoted feed conversion (Moshad et al., 2003; Naher et al., 2002; Rahman et al., 2009)

Feedstuff Total P % Available P % of Total P

Non phytate % of Total P

Phytate P % of Total P

Corn 0.26 19 29 7l Wheat 0.32 53 35 65 Corn by product 0.57 33 29 7l Rice bran 1.60 l0 15 85 Wheat bran 0.95 45 17 83 Full fat soybean 0.42 19 40 60 Soybean meal 0.53 l6 40 60

15

2.9.4 Effect of phytase on livability

Pillai et al. (1995) found that survivability was similar in control and enzyme treated groups. Alam (2001) found similar livability among the different dietary groups.

2.9.5 Effect of phytase on feed cost

Moshad et al. (2003) found that feed cost reduced almost linearly by using increased levels of mixed enzymes in PRP based diets. Rahman et al. (2009) found that addition of phytase enzyme decreased feed cost per kg bird as well as increased profit at the rate of 81.0 and 24.39% at 50 and 100% PRP based diet respectively. Augelovicova and Michalik (1997) stated that enzyme (multizyme) supplementation of commercial broiler diet decreased feed cost by 8.81 to 9.73% for production of 1 kg meat. Naher (2002) reported that feed cost per kg duck was reduced for addition of enzyme and therefore increased profitability of duck rearing.

2.9.6 Effect of phytase on meat yield characteristics

Moshad et al. (2003) found that total meat yield and breast meat significantly improved due to dietary supplementation of phytase enzyme on PRP based diet. He also noted that there was no significant different among giblet yield attributable to enzyme supplementation.

Naher (2002) noted that dressing yield was significantly increased by enzyme supplementation in PRP based diet in meat type duck. Total meat and breast meat also significantly increased. Rahman et al. (2009) observed that addition of phytase enzyme promoted meat yield characteristics at all PRP levels.

2.10 Research gap and the present study

It is evident from the review of literature that the PRP contains considerable amounts of a number of nutrients that favors its inclusion in poultry diet. But phytate phosphorus and non-starch polysaccharide are the limiting factors for use in poultry feed.

The anti-nutritive effects of PRP could be overcome by dietary supplementation of phytase to a certain level. Advancement of microbiology and genetic engineering may introduce desired qualities for feed enzymes. Some research indicated the possibility of using the enzyme phytase in poultry ration for increased performance. The current research was designed to evaluate the effect of maximum use of PRP as a substitute of grains with different level of phytase to make quail diet cheaper.

16

CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Statement of the experiment

The research work was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University Poultry Farm, Mymensingh, with seven days old Japanese quail (Cotornix cotornix Japonica) for a period of 28 days to assess the feasibility of using phytase enzyme in high level of PRP based diet on growth and meat yield characteristics of Japanese quail.

3.2 Experimental design A total of 54 Japanese quails at 7 days were used in this experiment.

3.3 Layout of the experiment The birds were fed ad libitum on dietary level; 0, 200 and 400g/kg parboiled rice polish (table 3.1). Phytase nzyme was used to those diets at 2 levels; zero level and recommendation level (1 g/kg feed). Each treatment combination had 3 replications. Three quails were randomly distributed to each replicate. They were provided with 16 hours lights per day. Table 3.1 Layout showing the distribution of quails to different treatments

PRP=Parboiled Rice Polish; R1=Replication 1; R2=Replication 2; R3=Replication 3.

Enzyme

(g/kg)

Replications Dietary PRP (g/kg) Total

0 200 400

0

R1 3 3 3 9

R2 3 3 3 9

R3 3 3 3 9

1 R1 3 3 3 9

R2 3 3 3 9

R3 3 3 3 9

Total 18 18 18 54

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3.4 Preparation of experimental house

The experimental room was properly cleaned and washed by using tap water. Ceiling, walls and floor were thoroughly cleaned and disinfected by spraying diluted Iodophor disinfectant solution (3 ml/liter water). After proper drying, the house was divided into 54 pens of equal size using bamboo materials and wire net. The height of wire net was 90 cm. A group of 3 birds were randomly allocated to each pen (replication) of 6 (six) treatments. The floor space provided per bird was 150 cm².

3.5 Experimental rations 3.5.1 Chemical composition of feedstuffs

The nutrient composition of each feed ingredient is shown in Appendix 2.

3.5.2 Enzyme collection

Phytase enzyme (Rena-Phytase-400) was added to PRP based diets. This enzyme was manufactured and supplied by feed enzymes BASF, DSM and reformulated and marketed by Renata Animal Health, Bangladesh.

3.5.3 Experimental diets

The diets for growing quail were prepared replacing grain by rice polish at different level (0, 200 and 400g/kg) with or without enzyme. Nutrient levels of the diets were adjusted in accordance with the NRC (1994) feeding standard.The diets (Table 3.2) were formulated using locally available feed ingredients: PRP, maize, full fat soybean, wheat bran, protein concentrates (Jassopot), vitamin mineral premix (RENA WS) and common salt. Maize, full fat soybean and wheat bran were ground by a grinding machine.

All feed ingredients were weighed according to requirement and hand mixed separately and thoroughly for three experimental diets with enzyme and another three experimental diets without enzyme. Vitamin-mineral premix and common salt were mixed properly with six experimental diets. Feed was prepared two times during the experimental period. Six experimental diets were stored separately in eighteen gunny Bags according to treatments and replications. The amount of ingredients used and the experimental ration are shown in the Table 3.2

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Table 3.2 Amount (g/kg) of ingredients used in the ration of Japanese quail

Feed ingredients Parboiled Rice polish (PRP) g/kg

0 200 400

Parboiled rice polish 0.0 200.0 400.0

Maize 388.5 260.5 122.5

Wheat bran 200.0 150.0 125.0

Soybean meal 190.0 60.0 150.0

Mustard oil cake 47.0 75.0 75.0

MBM 60% 60.0 40.0 60.0

Oil 55.0 0.0 30.0

Protein concentrate 52.0 32.0 30.0

Vitamin-mineral premix 2.5 2.5 2.5

Salt 5.0 5.0 5.0

Calculated Chemical Composition

ME (kcal/kg) 2905.2 2886.3 2886.2

Crude protein (CP %) 23.1 23.0 23.0

Calcium (%) 0.8 0.7 0.7

Total phosphorous (%) 0.6 0.6 0.5

Available phosphorous (%) 0.3 0.2 0.2

Lysine (%) 1.1 1.2 1.2

Methionine (%) 0.4 0.4 0.4

*Diets were formulated as per recommendation of NRC (1994)

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3.6 Management of the quails

The feeder and drinker were fixed with the cages in such a way that the experimental quails took their feed properly and drank conveniently. The measurement of the pens that were used to rear 3 experimental quails, were 25cm x 20cm each.

3.6.1 Feeding

Each quail was provided with a 3cm feeding space. All mash feed was supplied to the quails ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Feeder space provided was according to the standard recommendation of Panda et al. (1987).

3.6.2 Water management

Fresh, clean, cool and safe drinking water was provided at all times and waterers were cleaned daily.

3.6.3 Lighting

Quails were exposed to a continuous lighting of 16 hours in each 24 hours throughout the experimental period.

3.6.4 Brooding of baby chicks

Additional heat was provided to Japanese quail to maintain the required body temperature of the birds, when it was necessary up to 28 days of age.

3.6.5 Room temperature and relative humidity

Daily room temperature (⁰C) and humidity were recorded every six hours with a thermometer and a wet and dry bulb thermometer respectively. Averages of room temperature and percent relative humidity for the experimental period were recorded and presented in Appendix 4.

3.6.6 Litter management

Saw dust was used as litter at a depth of 3cm. At the end of each week, litter was stirred to prevent accumulation of harmful gases and to reduce parasite infestation.

3.6.7 Other management Practices

The droppings of quails were cleaned thoroughly from the cages in every alternative day. Feed intake, live weight and livability of different replicated groups were noted separately replication wise. Quails were provided with identical care and management. Strict hygienic measures were followed throughout the experimental period.

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3.7 Data collection

The following records were kept during 4 weeks of rearing period:

i) Live weight: initial and the end of each week

ii) Feed consumption: at the end of each week

iii) Mortality: If any was recorded daily.

iv) Temperature and humidity: six times daily during experimental period.

v) Dressing yield: at the end of the experiment one broiler was slaughtered from each replication to estimate dressing yield.

3.8 Calculations 3.8.1 Live weight gain

The average body weight gain of each replication was calculated by deducting initial body weight from the final body weight of the birds,

Body weight gain: Final weight - Initial weight

3.8.2 Feed intake

Feed intake was calculated as the total feed consumption in a replication divided by number of birds in each replication.

3.8.3 Feed conversion ratio

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated as the total feed consumption divided by weight gain in each replication.

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3.8.4 Meat yield

For recording of meat yield parameter one quail from each pen (replication) was selected randomly. After slaughtering, the birds were allowed to bleed completely. After complete bleeding, the slaughtered birds were immersed in hot water (51°C) for two minutes in order to loose the feathers of the carcass. Breast meat, thigh meat and drumstick meat were separated from carcass following the procedure of Jones (19S2). Heart and liver were removed from the remaining viscera by cutting them loose and then the gall bladder was removed from the liver. Cutting it loose in front of the proventiculus and then cutting with both incoming and outgoing tracts removed the gizzard. Then, it was split open with knife, emptied and washed and the lining was removed by hand.

3.9 Statistical analysis

All recorded and calculated parameters were for a 3 (dietary PRP level) X 2 (phytase level) factorial experiments in a CRD with multiple observations (3 replications) per cell. Analysis of variance was performed to partition variances into dietary PRP (DPRP), phytase level, DPRP X phytase and error to compare different parameters among different treatment combinations with the help of computer package GENSTAT. The significant differences were separated and compared by calculating LSD (Least Significant Difference)

22

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS

The results on live weight, feed intake, feed conversion, feed cost and meat yield characteristics of growing Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed on iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets containing different parboiled rice polish (PRP) levels with or without phytase fortification are stated under following sections:

4.1 Growth Performances The live weight, feed intake and feed conversion on 3 different diets (0, 200 and 400g/kg PRP) fortified with or without phytase (1g/kg) are presented in Table 4.1. The live weight, feed intake, and feed cost per kg quail were not influenced by phytase, parboiled rice polish and their interaction (P<0.05).

Supplementation of phytase did not influence (P>0.05) feed conversion when supplied in a diet without PRP. On the other hand, phytase fortification decreased feed conversion efficiency (P<0.05) in a diet containing 200g/kg PRP. But, in a diet containing 400g/kg PRP, it was reversed, where addition of phytase increased feed conversion by 23.79%.

Fortification of phytase to a control diet did not change the feed cost per kg quail to any reasonable level. However, the feed cost per kg quail on control diet with phytase was increased (P<0.05) by 10.85%.Whereas addition of phytase to diet with 200g/kg PRP decreased the feed cost by 18.82%. But it was depleted in a phytase fortified diet with 400g/kg PRP by 27.21%. The data on feed conversion and feed cost per kg quail are shown graphically in figure 4.1 and 4.2 to show the nature of differences in relation to age.

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4.2 Meat yield

The carcass yield characteristics of growing quails on various levels of PRP with or without phytase fortification are presented in Table 4.2. Dressing yield in the control diet was higher than that with phytase (P<0.05). In another diet with 200g/kg PRP, phytase supplementation improved (P<0.05) dressing yield by 5.96% and that was reversed in 400g/kg PRP diet. In 400g/kg PRP diet with phytase supplementation, dressing yield tended to be declined. Fortification of phytase in 400g/kg PRP diet increased (P<0.05) thigh meat weight by 1.32%. Heart weight increased on 200g/kg PRP and decreased on 400g/kg PRP in comparison with control diet (P<0.05). There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) in breast meat weight, drumstick meat weight, wing meat weight, gizzard weight, head weight, liver weight, neck weight, shank weight, among the different diets.

29

CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION 5.1 Growth performance Similar (P 0.05) live weight (Table 4.1) up to 40% dietary PRP recorded coincide with Islam et al. (1994), Azam and Howlider, (1998), Tangedjaya (1984). But the present findings did not agree with the result of Sanz (1975). Sanz mentioned that live weight increased up to 48% dietary PRP. No difference in live weight gain among the various level of phytase coincide with the report of Richter et al. (1994), but contradicts Piao et al. (1998), Moshad et al. (2003) and Rahman et al. (2009). They concluded that improved feed utilization may be obtained for exogenous phytase which could be responsible for increased live weight in broilers.

Unaltered (P>0.05) feed intake despite variation of dietary PRP level (Table 4.1) as found in this study agree with the report of Hossain (2007), but does not agree with the report of Islam (1994), Mahbub (1989), Chatarvedi (1967) and Rahman et al. (2009). Hossain (2007) found no significant difference in feed intake for variation of PRP in diets. The results recorded also contradict the findings of Sayre et al. (1987) and Mahbub et al. (1989). The result of no significant difference in feed intake for phytase supplementation in PRP based diet not agree with the findings of Richter (1994), Naher (2002), Moshad et al. (2003) and Rahman et al. (2009).

Increased (P<0.05) feed conversion of quails at 200g/kg rice polish with phytase supplementation (Table 4.1) agree with Azam and Howlider (1998), Islam (1994) and Mahbub et al. (1989), but contradicts Hossain (2007). The obtained results also agree with Moshad et al. (2003), Naher, (2002) and Rahman et al. 009). They reported that addition of phytase on PRP based diet promoted feed conversion. Decreased feed cost/ kg quail for phytase supplementation in 200g/kg PRP based diet coincide with the findings of Mikulshi et al. (1998), Eshwariah et al. (1986), Campbell et al., (19S4) Malik et al., (1972), Islam et al. (1994), Naher (2003), Rahman et al. 2009), Moshad et al. (2003) and Augelovicova and Michalik (1997). Decreased feed cost on increasing level of dietary PRP was mainly for lower cost of PRP in comparison with that of grains.

30

5.2 Meat yield

The improved dressing yield (P<0.05) in 200g/kg PRP diet with phytase supplementation agree with the findings of Naher (2002) and Moshad et al.(2003). But, contradicts Rahman et al. (2009), Carrion and Lopez (1939). The obtained results also coincide with Sanz (1987). Sanz (1987) got decreased carcass weight when RP replaced more than 20% grain. There was an increased (P<0.05) thigh meat weight for application of phytase enzyme in 400g/kg diet. Heart weight increased (P<0.05) in 200g/kg PRP diet with phytase supplementation.

No significant difference (P>0.05) for various levels of phytase on breast meat, drumstick meat, wing meat, liver, gizzard head neck, and shank were noted. This result contradicts Moshad et al.(2003) and Naher 2002). They stated that addition of phytase enzyme on PRP based diet increased muscle development, dressing yield and meat yield.

31

CHAPTER 6

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

A total of 54 seven days old Japanese quails were reared in littered floor up to 35 days of age at Bangladesh Agricultural University poultry Farm, Mymensingh. The experimental quails were allocated randomly to 6 diets with three replications having 3 quails per replication. For the abundant use of parboiled rice polish (PRP), the grains were substituted by 0, 200 and 400g/kg PRP with or without supplementation of phytase enzyme. The effects of phytase supplementation with increasing level of PRP were measured. Diet and fresh drinking water were supplied ad libitum to quails. Body weight, feed intake, feed conversion, feed cost and meat yield characteristics of quails on different replication of the diets were recorded and compared. At 36 days of age, 18 quails were dissected to compare meat yield characteristics among different diet. Under the condition of the present study, the result gives an impression that increasing levels of PRP and phytase did not influence feed intake and live weight.

Feed conversion efficiency improved on 200g/kg PRP diet with phytase but reverse on 400g/kg PRP diet. Feed cost per kg quail is reduced on 200g/kg PRP with phytase supplementation. But, it was depleted in a phytase fortified diet with 400g/kg PRP.

The dressing yield improved for phytase supplementation to 200g/kg PRP diet but reversed in 400g/kg PRP diet. Thigh meat weight increased for phytase supplementation to 400g/kg PRP based diet. Heart weight increased on 200g/kg PRP and decreased on 400g/kg PRP in comparison with control diet. Considering the above findings it may be concluded that:

• Regardless of phytase supplementation increasing PRP levels up to 200g/kg appeared beneficial.

• Replacing dietary grains may decrease feed cost per kg of quail at 200g/kg PRP without affecting growth and meat yield.

• Growth inhibiting factors of PRP may be inactivated by supplementation of phytase.

• Addition of phytase (1g/kg) improved growth performance and increased performance for phytase was higher on PRP based diet at a level of 200g/kg.

32

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39

APPENDICES

Appendix l: NRC nutrient requirement of growing Japanese quail Nutrient Requirement

Protein (%) 23.00

Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) 2900

Calcium (%) 0.40

Available phosphorus (%) 0.35

Lysine (%) 1.00

Methionine (%) 0.45

Methionine + cystine (%) 0.75

Appendix 2. Chemical composition of ingredients used in ration formulation

(DM basis)

Ingredients Dry

Matter

Metabolizable

Energy

Crude

Protein

Crude

Fibre

Ca P L M

(%) (kcal/kg) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) bPRP 88.78 3212 14.00 7.00 0.60 2.90 0.71 0.27

'Maize 89.50 3309 9.20 2.90 0.25 0.40 0.18 0.1

5

'Soybean

Meal

89.90 2694 41.70 6.30 0.36 0.90 2.57 0.76

'Zassopot 91.00 2900 60.00 7.20 3.20 3.00 0.70

'Mustard oil

cake

90.70 1882 39.10 4.70 2.46 1.42 1.14 1.23

Meat and

bone meal

95.5 1044 14.5 2.50 7.00 12.1

1

0.66 0.24

eSingh and panda, 1992; bZablan et al. (1963), Scott et al. (1976), Shivaji et al. (1983) and Eshwaraiah et al. (1986).

40

Appendix 3. Cost of ingredients (Tk/kg) which were used in the experimental diets

Name of the ingredients Market price(Tk/kg)

PRP 18

Maize 22

Rice bran 15

Soybean meal 40

Protein concentrate 50

Vit-min-premix 160

Salt 12

Phytase 2700

Appendix 4. Temperature ( 0C ) and relative humidity (%) records during

experimental period (28 days)

Experimental period

(days)

Average Temperature

( 0C )

Average Releative

humidity

(%)

8-14 30.2 75

15-21 30.1 76

22-28 30.4 74

29-35 30.6 72

9

Table: 2.2 Amino acid content of rice polish (RP) as reported by different author

Source: Islam (1994)

Reference Type Amino acid (g amino acid/16 g N)

Argi‐nine

Aspartic acid

Threo‐nine

Valine

Methio‐nine

Trypto‐

phan

Iso‐leusine

Leu‐cine

Tyro‐

sine

Phenylalanine

Histi‐

dine

Ly‐sine

Gly‐cine

Ronda et al . (1965)

RP 6.87 8.98 3.60 5.40 2.52 ‐ 4.25 7.86 5.74 6.38 1.50 4.22 ‐

Scot et al. (1976)

RP 8.13 ‐ 3.56 5.25 1.69 0.56 3.50 6.88 3.94 4.44 3.25 4.44 4.62

USDHEW/FAO(1968,11972)

RP 9.00 10.70 4.4 6.2 3.00 ‐ 4.20 8.40 4.30 5.00 2.90 5.10 ‐

Juliano (1985) RP 6.30 10.20 4.20 5.90 2.90 1.30 4.00 8.00 4.10 4.80 2.80 4.90 5.40

Eshwaraiah et al. (1986)

RP ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 1.88 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 3.15 ‐

Panda & Mahapatra (1989)

RP ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 2.38 1.56 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 2.50 ‐

26

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

14 21 28 35

Days

Feed

con

vers

ion

ratio

T1 T2 T3

T4 T5 T6

Fig. 4.1 Relationship between feed conversion ratio and age on different

diets Where, T1, Control diet without phytase enzyme; T2, Control diet with phytase enzyme; T3, 200 g/kg PRP diet without phytase enzyme; T4, 200 g/kg PRP diet with phytase enzyme; T5, 400 g/kg PRP diet without phytase enzyme; T6, 400 g/kg PRP diet with phytase enzyme.

Age ( days)

Feed

con

vers

ion

ratio

27

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

14 21 28 35

Days

Feed

cos

t (g/

bird

)T1 T2 T3

T4 T5 T6

Fig. 4.2 Relationship between feed cost and age on different diets Where, T1, Control diet without phytase enzyme; T2, Control diet with phytase enzyme; T3, 200 g/kg PRP diet without phytase enzyme; T4, 200 g/kg PRP diet with phytase enzyme; T5, 400 g/kg PRP diet without phytase enzyme; T6, 400 g/kg PRP diet with phytase enzyme.

Age ( days)

23

Table 4.1 Growth performance of Japanese quails fed diets containing different levels of Parboiled Rice Polish (PRP) with or without phytase (7-35 days).

+NS, P>0.05; *, P<0.05; All SED’s are against 6 error degrees of freedom

Variable Phytase (g/kg)

PRP (g/kg) Mean SED and significance+

0 200 400 Phytase PRP Phytase × PRP

Initial body weight (g/quail) 0 43.49 42.83 45.03 43.72 1.258NS 1.027NS 1.778NS 1 45.61 43.91 44.44 44.66

mean 44.45 43.37 44.74 44.19Final body weight (g/quail) 0 119.60 110.30 130.20 120.00 5.410NS 4.420NS 7.650NS 1 131.50 124.40 122.90 126.30 Mean 125.50 117.30 126.60 123.10Live weight gain (g/bird) 0 56.10 54.90 68.90 60.00 4.740 NS 3.870 NS 6.710NS 1 61.60 64.60 61.20 62.50 Mean 58.90 59.80 65.00 61.20Feed intake (g/quail) 0 318.40 319.90 317.30 318.50 20.300NS 16.570NS 28.710NS 1 386.10 393.70 382.30 354.00 Mean 352.20 306.80 349.80 336.30Feed conversion ratio ( Feed intake/weight gain)

0 4.19 4.79 3.77 4.25 20.300NS 0.326 NS 0.565* 1 4.59 3.65 4.91 4.38

Mean 4.39 4.22 4.34 4.32Feed cost (Tk /quail) 0 9.67 9.72 9.64 9.67 0.616NS 0.503NS 0.872NS 1 11.72 8.92 11.61 10.75 Mean 10.70 9.32 10.62 10.21Feed cost (Tk /kg quail) 0 81.10 88.20 74.60 81.30 6.290NS 5.140NS 8.900* 1 89.90 71.60 94.90 85.50 Mean 85.50 79.90 84.70 83.40

24

Table 4.2 Carcass characteristics of Japanese quails fed diets containing different levels of Parboiled Rice Polish (PRP) with or without phytase (7-35 days).



PRP (g/kg) Mean SED and Significance+


Dressed yield (%) 0 59.99 57.21 60.94 59.38 1.826 NS 1.491NS 2.582*

1 55.78 63.17 60.40 59.79 Mean 57.89 60.19 60.67 59.58Breast meat (%) 0 23.92 23.35 23.89 23.72 1.092NS 0.891 NS 1.544 NS 1 21.71 20.86 23.11 21.89 Mean 22.82 22.11 23.50 22.81Thigh meat (%) 0 8.19 7.84 5.06 7.03 0.695* 0.567NS 0.982NS

1 7.57 7.54 6.38 7.16 Mean 7.88 7.69 5.72 7.10Drumstick-meat (%) 0 5.45 5.34 5.68 5.49 0.264 NS 0.215 NS 0.373 NS 1 4.93 5.29 5.35 5.19 Mean 5.19 5.31 5.51 5.34Wing meat (%) 0 4.91 3.92 3.58 4.14 0.472 NS 0.386 NS 0.668 NS

1 5.25 5.00 3.96 4.73 Mean 5.08 4.46 3.77 4.44

Gizzard (%) 0 3.34 3.70 2.89 3.31 0.286 NS 0.234 NS 0.405 NS 1 3.79 2.99 3.27 3.35 Mean 3.56 3.35 3.08 3.33

25

Table 4.2 (contd.) Carcass characteristics of Japanese quails fed diets containing different levels of Parboiled Rice Polish (PRP) with or without phytase (7-35 days).



PRP (g/kg) Mean SED and Significance+


Head (%) 0 5.17 4.43 4.36 4.65 0.288 NS 0.235 NS 0.407 NS

1 4.53 4.36 4.09 4.33 Mean 4.85 4.40 4.23 4.49Heart (%) 0 0.93 1.28 0.81 1.01 0.121 NS 0.099* 0.171 NS

1 0.82 0.67 0.77 0.75 Mean 0.88 0.97 0.79 0.88Liver (%) 0 2.87 3.47 2.27 2.87 0.278 NS 0.227 NS 0.393 NS

1 3.23 3.05 3.32 3.20 Mean 3.05 3.26 2.79 3.04Neck (%) 0 2.77 2.90 2.87 2.82 0.182 NS 0.148 NS 0.182 NS

1 2.81 2.22 2.70 2.57 Mean 2.79 2.56 2.74 2.70Shank (%) 0 0.59 0.67 0.57 0.60 0.067 NS 0.055 NS 0.095NS

1 0.81 0.55 0.61 0.66 Mean 0.68 0.61 0.59 0.63

exogenous phytase for better utilization of … · 2016. 4. 27. · exogenous phytase for better...

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