expanding housing finance to the underserved in south asia: market review and forward agenda
TRANSCRIPT
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Ixpkm`lmd Bjuslmd
Almkmgi tj tbi
Ym`irsirvi` lm
Wjutb Kslk
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Ixpkm`lmd Bjuslmd
Almkmgi tj tbi
Ym`irsirvi` lmWjutb Kslk
Okreit Vivliw km`Ajrwkr` Kdim`k
Pktlkmk Mimjvk
Tksblmdtjm, @G
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6>;> Pbi Lmtirmktljmkc Fkme ajr Vigjmstrugtljm km` @ivicjpoimt / Pbi Tjrc` Fkme
;2;2 B Wtriit MT
Tksblmdtjm @G 6>077
Picipbjmi8 6>6-047-;>>>
Lmtirmit8 www.wjrc`fkme.jrd
I-oklc8 aii`fkgeNwjrc`fkme.jrd
Kcc rldbts risirvi`
; 6 7 0 ;7 ;6 ;; ;>
Pbls vjcuoi ls k prj`ugt ja tbi stkaa ja tbi Lmtirmktljmkc Fkme ajr Vigjmstrugtljm km` @ivicjpoimt / Pbi
Tjrc` Fkme. Pbi alm`lmds, lmtirpritktljms, km` gjmgcusljms ixprissi` lm tbls vjcuoi `j mjt migisskrlcy riacigt
tbi vliws ja tbi Ixigutlvi @lrigtjrs ja Pbi Tjrc` Fkme jr tbi djvirmoimts tbiy riprisimt.
Pbi Tjrc` Fkme `jis mjt dukrkmtii tbi kggurkgy ja tbi `ktk lmgcu`i` lm tbls wjre. Pbi fjum`krlis,gjcjrs, `imjolmktljms, km` jtbir lmajroktljm sbjwm jm kmy okp lm tbls wjre `j mjt lopcy kmy hu`dioimt jm
tbi pkrt ja Pbi Tjrc` Fkme gjmgirmlmd tbi cidkc stktus ja kmy tirrltjry jr tbi im`jrsioimt jr kggiptkmgi ja
sugb fjum`krlis.
Vldbts km` ^irolssljms
Pbi oktirlkc lm tbls pufclgktljm ls gjpyrldbti`. Gjpylmd km`/jr trkmsolttlmd pjrtljms jr kcc ja tbls wjre
wltbjut pirolssljm oky fi k vljcktljm ja kppclgkfci ckw. Pbi Lmtirmktljmkc Fkme ajr Vigjmstrugtljm km`
@ivicjpoimt / Pbi Tjrc` Fkme imgjurkdis `lssiolmktljm ja lts wjre km` wlcc mjrokccy drkmt pirolssljm tj
riprj`ugi pjrtljms ja tbi wjre prjoptcy.
Ajr pirolssljm tj pbjtjgjpy jr riprlmt kmy pkrt ja tbls wjre, pciksi sim` k riquist wltb gjopciti
lmajroktljm tj tbi Gjpyrldbt Gcikrkmgi Gimtir Lmg., 666 Vjsiwjj` @rlvi, @kmvirs, OK >;>5 akx8 -004>5 Lmtirmit8 www.gjpyrldbt.gjo.
Kcc jtbir quirlis jm rldbts km` clgimsis, lmgcu`lmd sufsl`lkry rldbts, sbjuc` fi k``rissi` tj tbi Jaalgi
ja tbi ^ufclsbir, Pbi Tjrc` Fkme, ;2;2 B Wtriit MT, Tksblmdtjm, @G 6>077, YWK5 akx8 6>6-966-60665
i-oklc8 pufrldbtsNwjrc`fkme.jrd.
LWFM8 -26;7-2766-7
iLWFM8 -26;7-2767->
@JL8 ;>.;9 (icigtrjmlg)
;. Cjw-lmgjoi bjuslmdWjutb KslkAlmkmgi. 6. Bjuslmd pjclgyWjutb Kslk. L. Pltci.
B@479;;
717.9'26>;>>;7;6>
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v
Gjmtimts
Ajriwjr` xlll
Kgemjwci`doimts xvll
Kffrivlktljms xlx
; Lmtrj`ugtljm ;
Drjwtb ^jtimtlkc ja Bjuslmd Almkmgi Okreits 7
Wuookry ja Eiy Gbkccimdis 9
Jfhigtlvis ja tbi Vipjrt 1
Wgjpi ja tbi Vipjrt 1
6 Bjuslmd @iokm`
0.6 Wigurltlzktljm lm Lm lk 67
0.7 @ymkolg Wpiglkclzi Ojrtdkdi Cim`irs lm Fkmdck`isb 60
0.0 Okckyslks Ixpirlimgi wltb Bjuslmd Almkmgi Viajros 6>2 7
;.7 Yrfkm jpucktljm, 6>>2 0
6.; Bjuslmd Wbjrtkdis lm Wjutb Kslk, 6>>2 ;>
0.; Drjwtb Vktis ja tbi Wjutb Kslk Bjuslmd Almkmgi Lm`ustry, 6>>4>2 6>
1.; Gjst km` Ploi tj Vidlstir k rjpirty lm Wjutb Kslk 7>7>4 97
K.6 Vktis ja Lmacktljm, 6>>7>4 97
K.7 Fkme Kssits, Clkflcltlis, km` Gkpltkc, 6>>0>< 90
K.0 ^rjhigti @iokm` ajr Bjuslmd, 6>>1;0 91
FF.; Yrfkm Bjusibjc s Istlokti` Lmgjois km` Ojrtdkdi
Kaajr`kflclty, 6>>7 >2 ;76
G.6 Wlzi ja tbi Bjuslmd Almkmgi Lm`ustry, 6>>28 Jutstkm`lmd Ojrtdkdis
ks k Wbkri ja D@^ ;77
G.7 Visl`imtlkc rlgi Ojvioimts, fy Glty, 6>>4>2 ;74
G.0 Bjuslmd Kaajr`kflclty Lm`ix, ;1 ;72
G.9 Vitklc jrtajclj ja Fkmes, 6>>2 ;00
G.1 Bjuslmd Almkmgi @lsfursioimts, fy Pypi ja Lmstltutljm ;09
G.4 ^irajrokmgi Wtktlstlgs ja BAGs, 6>>0>2 ;02
G.2 Oigbkmlso ajr Lssulmd Visl imtlkc Ojrtdkdi-Fkgei` Wigurltlis ;9;
G.< Bjuslmd Almkmgi Wystio ;94
G.;> Aikslflclty ja Cjw-Lmgjoi Bjuslmd ;1;
G.;; ^jtimtlkc Bjuslmd @iokm` ja Yrfkm Bjusibjc s ;16
G.;6 Gurrimt Okreit ajr Bjuslmd Cjkms Wirvi` fy Almkmglkc Lmstltutljms ;19
G.;7 Istlokti` Gjmstrugtljm Gjsts ajr Cjw-Lmgjoi Bjuslmd ;11G.;0 Kdimglis Lmvjcvi` lm Ckm` K`olmlstrktljm ;41
G.;9 Ploi km` Gjst tj Vidlstir ^rjpirty lm Lm`lkm Wtktis
km` Wicigti` Gjumtrlis ;27
G.;1 Cimdtby @ickys lm Hu`doimt kgrjss Lm`lk ;22
G.;4 Gjst ja Gjmtrkgt Imajrgioimt kgrjss Lm`lk ;2>< ;7> 6;6
@.6 Widoimtktljm ja tbi Bjuslmd Okreit fy Lmgjoi Drjup 6;9
@.7 Bjuslmd Almkmgi Jutstkm`lmd Cjkms, Okrgb 7;, 6>>2 km` 6>>< [email protected] Muofir ja Bjuslmd Almkmgi Fjrrjwirs wltb Jutstkm`lmd Cjkms,
Okrgb 7;, 6>>2 km` 6>>< 669
@.9 Okreit Wbkris ja Bjuslmd Almkmgi Cim`irs, Okrgb 7;, 6>>< 661
@.1 Ojrtdkdi rj`ugts Jaairi` fy Bjuslmd Almkmgi Cim`irs, 6>>< 664
@.4 Mjmpirajrolmd Cjkms lm tbi Bjuslmd Almkmgi Wigtjr, 6>>< 66>7>2 67>
@.< Gjopitltljm fitwiim Fkmes km` tbi BFAGOkreit Wbkris, 6>>0>2 67;
@.;> Gjooirglkc Fkmes Qirsus tbi BFAGMuofir ja Fjrrjwirs,
6>>7>2 67;
Gjmtimts
lx
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x
Gjmtimts
@.;; Biralm`kbc Gjmgimtrktljm Lm`ix ajr tbi Fkmelmd Wigtjr 677
@.;6 Drjwtb lm Lsckolg Kssits, @ipjslts, Almkmglmd, km` Lmvistoimt 679
@.;7 @ift-tj-D@^ Vktlj, 6>>7>< 604I.; Wrl Ckmek D@^ Drjwtb, 6>>>>2 62;
I.6 Gurrimt km` ^jtimtlkc Bjuslmd km` Bjuslmd Almkmgi Okreits
kt k Dckmgi 6
I.7 ^rjhigti` Drjwtb ja Bjuslmd Almkmgi Cjkms arjo Fkmes, 6>>16> 7>;
Pkfcis
6.; Dcuo Vikclty lm tbi Wcuos8 Wtktlstlgs ;>
7.; ^rivkcimgi ja Piopjrkry Bjuslmd lm Wjutb Kslk ;0
0.; Pyplgkc Ojrtdkdi Piros lm Wjutb Kslk 6;0.6 Pjtkc Ojrtdkdi Fkckmgis Jutstkm lmd km` Okreit Wbkris 66
1.; Pyplgkc @ktk Gjccigti` fy Gri lt Furikus lm Wjutb Kslk 01
Kppim`lx Pkfcis
K.; Almkmglkc Kggiss, 6>>< 90
K.6 Fkme irajrokmgi, 6>>< 99
K.7 Almkmglkc Wtkflclty, 6>>< 99
K.0 Gjst km` Kaajr`kflclty ja Bjuslmd lm Ekfuc 14
K.9 K`vkmtkdis km` @lsk`vkmtkdis ja ^jtimtlkc Bjuslmd
Almkmgi rjvl`irs 1
K.4 Kaajr`kflclty Kmkcysls ajr Bjuslmd Olgrjalmkmgi 4;
K.2 Bjoi Kaajr`kflclty lm Kadbkmlstkm km` Gjopkrktjr Gjumtrlis, 6>>< 4;
F.; Bjuslmd Wigtjr Gbkrkgtirlstlgs, ;0 22
F.0 Vlsi lm tbi rlgis ja Gjmstrugtljm Oktirlkcs, Wicigti` \ikrs, ;>4
F.9 Jutstkm`lmd Bjuslmd Cjkms km` Jvirvliw ja tbi Bjuslmd Lm`ustry,6>>1>2 >2 >< >2 ;>;
F.< \lic s jm Priksury Flccs km` Fjm`s, 6>>;>2 ;>0
F.;> Bjuslmd Almkmgi Vktis, Humi 7>, 6>>2 ;>9
F.;; ^rjpirty Vidlstrktljm rjgiss km` Gjsts ;;7
G.; Drjwtb Prim s ajr tbi Yrfkm km` Vurkc ^jpucktljms, 6>>>>< ;76
G.6 @lstrlfutljm ja Ymlts fy Cjgktljm km` Pypi ja Wtrugturi, 6>>6 ;71G.7 Bjuslmd Gjopcitljm, ;>; ;71
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G.0 Fkmelmd km` Mjmfkmelmd Kgtlvlty, 6>>; km` 6>>2 ;06
G.9 Lm`lkm Fkmes Almkmglkc Wjum`miss Lm`lgktjrs, 6>>> km` 6>>< ;09
G.1 Eiy irajrokmgi Lm`lgktjrs, fy Fkme Drjup, Wicigti` \ikrs ;01G.4 Eiy Wtktlstlgs jm tbi ;> Ckrdist BAGs, 6>>< ;04
G.2 Almkmglkc Bldbcldbts ja tbi B@AG ;0>4/>2 ;0 Clqul lty tbrjudb Wigurltlzktljm ;9;
G.;; @lstrlfutljm ja Gjooirglkc Fkmes Kggjr`lmd tj Vlse-Tildbti`
K`iqukgy, Wicigti` \ikrs ;99
G.;6 Ivjcutljm ja Bjuslmd jclglis lm Lm`lk8 K Wuggissljm ja Alvi-\ikr
^ckms, ;;6 ;47
G.;7 Viajros ja ^rjpirty Vidlstrktljm rjgi uris, 6>>2>< ;20
@.; Fkslg Bjuslmd Lm`lgktjrs ajr ^kelstkm, ;< 6;[email protected] @itklcs ja Ektgbl Kfk`lslm ^kelstkm, fy ^rjvlmgi, 6>>2 6;1
@.7 Lmtirist Vktis km` Okturltlis lm tbi Bjuslmd Almkmgi Wigtjr 664
@.0 Cjkm-tj-Qkcui Vktljs km` Cjkm ^rjgisslmd Plois 662
@.9 Gjmgimtrktljm lm tbi Ojrtdkdi Okreit, 6>>7>4 676
@.1 Fkmes km` @ALs wltb Bjuslmd Almkmgi jrtajcljs Ixgii`lmd ^Vs ; Flccljm,
Okrgb 7;, 6>>2 670
@@.; Ojrtdkdi Cjkm Gcksslalgktljm 672
@.4 Kgtljm ^ckm ja tbi 6>>; Mktljmkc Bjuslmd ^jclgy, Lopcioimtktljm
Wtktus 60>
@.2 Bjuslmd K`vlsjry Drjup Vigjooim`ktljms 607
@.< Istlokti` Yrfkm Ojrtdkdi jtimtlkc, 6>>< 604
@.;> Olgrjalmkmgi Lm`ustry kt k Dckmgi 60>< 694
@.;6 Kvirkdi ^ir-Ckm -Vigjr` Gjst tj tbi Gustjoir 692
I.; Gjst Lm`ixis ja Bjuslmd Gjmstrugtljm, Wicigti` \ikrs 624
I.6 @lstrlfutljm ja Fkmes km` Fkme Frkmgbis, 6>>4 km` 6>>2 6>>1 6>>>1 61/>4 7>2
I.;> Ckm` ^krgics km` Vidlstrktljm Wtktus, Yrfkm km` Vurkc Kriks, 6>>7 7>> scuos, km` Lm`lk jvir
96,>>>. Lm Kadbkmlstkm, kfjut 71 pirgimt ja pijpci kri mjt kfci tj oiit tbilr fkslg
mii`s, km` lm Ekfuc glty kcjmi, mikrcy twj-tblr`s ja tbi bjuslmd stjge bks fiim `ko-
kdi` jr `istrjyi` `urlmd tbi ckst tbrii `igk`is ja wkr. Lm`lkm km` Wrl Ckmekm ojrt-dkdi okreits, tbi flddist lm tbi ridljm, kri stlcc `wkrai` fy Gblmisi ojrtdkdi
okreits, kt `jufci tbi slzi ricktlvi tj mktljmkc lmgjoi, km` Okckyslkm okreits,
rjudbcy ajur tlois ckrdir.
Wivirkc akgtjrs bkvi gjmtrlfuti` tj tbi prjfcio ja lmk`iqukti bjuslmd. Alrst,
rkpl` pjpucktljm drjwtb lm tbi ridljm bks k``i` k gjmsl`irkfci muofir ja akolclis
tj tbi rkmes ja tbjsi lm mii` ja bjuslmd. Wigjm`, ojst pjpucktljm drjwtb bks
jggurri` lm urfkm kriks, risuctlmd lm rkpl` urfkmlzktljm. Pbi `ivicjplmd wjrc`
kfsjrfs km kvirkdi ja 9 olccljm miw urfkm risl`imts iviry ojmtb km` ls rispjmslfci
ajr >9, Kslks urfkm pjpucktljm bk` rlsim tj ;.1 flccljm pijpci, jr kfjut
0> pirgimt ja tbi ridljms tjtkc pjpucktljm. Fy 6>7>, jmi jut ja iviry twj urfkm
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risl`imts lm tbi wjrc` wlcc fi lm Kslk, km` tbi vkst okhjrlty ja tbio wlcc fi urfkm
pjjr, clvlmd lm pjjr bkfltkts km` lm scuos. Pblr`, igjmjolg drjwtb bks gjmtrlfuti`
tj k sldmlalgkmt lmgriksi lm tbi slzi ja tbi ol``ci gckss lm Wjutb Kslk, wbiri gbkmdlmdgucturi km` sbrlmelmd bjusibjc` slzi bkvi auicci` `iokm` ajr bjois ivim aurtbir.
Ajurtb, bjusibjc` skvlmds bkvi fiim lmk`iqukti tj aum` bjuslmd ajr k gjmsl`ir-
kfci sbkri ja Wjutb Kslkm akolclis, km` bjuslmd almkmgi bks fiim clolti`. Fkmes bkvi
fiim rlse-kvirsi lm tbilr ixpjsuri tj cjwir-lmgjoi gclimts, km` scjw tj kgqulri oj`-
irmlzi` prjgissis ja fuce cim`lmd tj bldbir-rlse gclimts. Kcsj, lmmjvktlvi olgrjalmkmgi
kpprjkgbis bkvi mjt sprik` ks akst ks mii`i`. Ks k risuct, Wjutb Kslk bks tbi cjwist
pimitrktljm ja ojrtdkdi almkmgi lm tbi wjrc`. Pbi suppcy ja cjw-gjst bjusis bks mjt
fiim ajrtbgjolmd jm tbi pkrt ja `ivicjpirs, wbj akgi tbilr jwm almkmglmd gbkccimdis
km` riducktjry gjmstrklmts, ks wicc ks rigjr` bldb ckm` prlgis. Alatb, kmjtbir riksjm ajr
tbi bjuslmd sbjrtkdi ls tbkt ixlstlmd bjuslmd stjge bks fiim `ipciti` `ui tj pjjroklmtimkmgi, glvlc strlai, mkturkc `lskstirs, km` jtbir akgtjrs. Pbi djvirmoimts lm
Wjutb Kslk gkmmjt fi ixpigti` tj prjvl`i k sjcutljm tj k bjuslmd prjfcio ja sugb
prjpjrtljms. Iaajrts jm tbi riducktjry arjmt tj prjvl`i km imkfclmd imvlrjmoimt wltb
km klo tj prjojti bjuslmd `ivicjpoimt bkvi lm sjoi gksis fiim suggissauc, fut
urfkm pckmmlmd, sirvlgi` ckm` kvklckflclty, km` trkmspjrt clmes arjo jutselrts tj pckgis
ja iopcjyoimt bkvi fiim dimirkccy lmk`iqukti. Pbi suggiss stjrlis arjo fjtb tbi prl-
vkti km` pufclg sigtjrs mii` tj fi sbkri` kgrjss Wjutb Kslk, slmgi bjuslmd ls k gjo-
ojm gjmgirm tbkt gkm fi fittir k``rissi` fy tbi ixgbkmdi ja emjwci`di km` fittir
kggiss tj lmajroktljm.
Pbi ridljms bjuslmd lmstltutljms km` gimtrkc fkmes, kwkri ja tbi lopjrtkmgi ja
bjuslmd, bkvi tkeim lopjrtkmt stips. Lm k``ltljm tj tbi okmy jmdjlmd mktljmkc bjus-
lmd lmltlktlvis, k ridljmkc lmltlktlvi gkcci` tbi Wjutb Kslk Bjuslmd Almkmgi Ajruo
(WKBA) ls k eiy olcistjmi, wblgb sirvis ks k ojri pirokmimt pcktajro ajr bjuslmd
lssuis lm tbi ridljm, wltb lts Wigritkrlkt lm @icbl, Lm`lk. Pbi WKBAs purpjsi ls tj
prjojti fittir um`irstkm`lmd km` gjjpirktljm kojmd tbi gjumtrlis ja tbi ridljm jm
lssuis ricktlmd tj bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi. Pbi alrst K`vlsjry Fjkr` ja WKBA
ls gbklri` fy Kf`uc [k`iir Altrkt (@k Kadbkmlstkm Fkme), km` gjmslsts ja Or. Eko-
rkm Wbkbzk` (Wtkti Fkme ja ^kelstkm), V.Q. Qirok (Mktljmkc Bjuslmd Fkme Lm`lk),
Ojbkook` Kfuc [ukssio (Fkmdck`isb Fkme), [email protected]. Airmkm`j (Gimtrkc Fkme ja WrlCkmek), km` Xkldbko Okbojj` Vlzvl (WKBA Wigritkry Dimirkc). Or. Altrkt ls tbi
gbklrokm ja tbi K`vlsjry Fjkr`.
Pbi ajruo bks aumgtljmi` slmgi lts ajum`lmd lm 6>>< ks k pcktajro ajr emjwci`di
sbkrlmd km` mitwjrelmd kojmd gjumtrlis, wblgb wlcc lm turm bicp lm pjclgy `isldm,
strktidlg lmtirvimtljm, km` tbi `isldm ja `laairimt lmstruoimts ajr cjw-lmgjoi bjus-
lmd km` tbi bjuslmd almkmgi okreit. Pbi ajruo prjvl`is ajr tbi ixgbkmdi ja cikrm-
lmd km` fist prkgtlgis tj akglcltkti k gjjr`lmkti` kpprjkgb tjwkr` Bjuslmd ajr Kcc
lm tbi ridljm. Pbi ajruo prjojtis gjkcltljm km` gjjr`lmktljm kojmd tbi Wjutb
Kslkm gjumtrlis lm `itirolmlmd tbilr bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi sjcutljms. WKBA
kcsj trkges dcjfkc bjuslmd okreit ivimts km` ajgusis jm lmltlktlvis tkeim fy tbi `la-airimt oiofir gjumtrlis lm tbilr jwm ridljmkc gjmtixts. Pbi usirs ja tbi pcktajro
lmgcu`i lmstltutljms imdkdi` lm bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgisugb ks bjuslmd
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almkmgi lmstltutljms, fulc`irs km` jtbir gjmstrugtljm kdimglisgj-jpirktlvis,
djvirmoimt kdimglis, pjclgy km` riducktjry fj`lis, km` lmtirmktljmkc almkmglkc lmstl-
tutljms. Pbi ajruo usis fjtb k vlrtukc pcktajro (i-^jrtkc) km` k pbyslgkc pcktajro(gjmairimgis, siolmkrs, km` pufclgktljms). Wtips bkvi fiim lmltlkti` tj ixpkm` tbi
ajruos gjvirkdi tj tbi imtlri Kslk-^kglalg ridljm.
Ixpkm`lmd Bjuslmd Almkmgi tj tbi Ym`irsirvi` lm Wjutb Kslk, k alrst ridljmkc iaajrt
jm tbi tjplg, ixkolmis bjuslmd mii`s km` sbjrtkdis lm Wjutb Kslk, km` jutclmis
sbjrtgjolmds ja tbi okreit ajr bjoi ojrtdkdis. Pbi prlokry purpjsi ja tbls fjje
ls tj pucc tjditbir bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi lmajroktljm ajr tbi gjumtrlis ja
Wjutb Kslk. Bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi `ktk bkvi fiim sgkrgi lm ojst gjumtrlis lm
tbi ridljm, privimtlmd pjclgy okeirs, prlvkti sigtjr fuslmissis, km` almkmglkc sigtjr
stkeibjc`irs arjo imkfclmd km` loprjvlmd tbisi okreits. Pbi fjje prisimts lccus-
trktljms ja fist prkgtlgis km` gjumtry-spiglalg ixkopcis tbkt gkm imkfci fulc`ir/`ivicjpirs, ojrtdkdi cim`irs, km` ckm` k`olmlstrktjrs tj grikti ajrigcjsuri km`
jtbir ricivkmt riducktljms tbkt wlcc strimdtbim bjoi jwmirsblp lm Wjutb Kslk.
Wpiglkc iopbksls ls kggjr`i` tj lmmjvktlvi sjcutljms ajr cjw-lmgjoi bjuslmd.
Almkccy, tbi fjje `rkws kttimtljm tj ridljmkc gbkccimdis tj iaalglimt km` iaaigtlvi
bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi okreits km` suddists km kdim`k ajr tbi auturi.
Bls Ixgiccimgy Kf`uc [k`iir Altrkt, Djvirmjr,
Gimtrkc Fkme ja Kadbkmlstkm km` Gbklrokm ja WKBA
Xkldbko Vlzvl, Wigritkry Dimirkc ja WKBA
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xvll
Pbls ripjrt jwis ougb tj jur gjccikduis kt @k Kadbkmlstkm Fkme, Fkmdck`isb Fkme,
Visirvi Fkme ja Lm`lk, Wtkti Fkme ja ^kelstkm, km` tbi Gimtrkc Fkme ja Wrl Ckmek. Pbi
up`kti ja lm`lvl`ukc gjumtry gbkptirs wjuc` mjt bkvi fiim pjsslfci wltbjut tbi dul`-
kmgi ja sivirkc spiglkclzi` bjuslmd lmstltutljms lm-gjumtry, lmgcu`lmd tbi Fkmdck`isb
Bjusi Fulc`lmd Almkmgi Gjrpjrktljm, tbi Mktljmkc Bjuslmd Fkme ja Lm`lk, km` tbi
^kelstkm Bjusi Fulc`lmd Almkmgi Gjrpjrktljm. Pbi gjjpirktljm, ksslstkmgi, km` hjlmt
wjre wltb tbi Lmtirmktljmkc Almkmgi Gjrpjrktljm bkvi fiim lmvkcukfci. Almkccy, tbi
tiko tbkmes kcc Wjutb Kslk fkmelmd kssjglktljms, ks wicc ks okmy lm`lvl`ukc fkmes,
jtbir almkmglkc lmstltutljms, `ivicjpirs, rikc istkti kssjglktljms, jtbir bjuslmd km`
bjuslmd almkmgi stkeibjc`irs, km` djvirmoimt kdimglis wbj tjje tloi tj `lsguss km`
frklmstjro jm pirtlmimt lssuis.
Pbi iaajrt bks fimialti` arjo kfci k`vlsirs, lmgcu`lmd Humkl` Kbok`, Mkzlr
Kbok`, Wk``lq Kboi`, @km Flccir, Cjlg Gblqulir, Wjmdsu Gbjl, Vlgbkr` Gclaajr`,
Eimrjy @jwirs, Wyi` Akrbkm Akslbu``lm, Wyi` Ihkz Dbkml, @judcks Drkysjm, Okx
Bilokmm, Wrlykml Bucudkcci, Vikzuc Lscko, Cjbltk Ekrumksieirk, Kefkr Xkokm Ebkm,
Wbkfkmk Ebkwkr, Gjcciim Oksgimle, Ksbmk Oktbiok, \lflm Ou, Kry Mklo, Vlgbkr`Mksb, Eyjj-Tjm Jb, Olgbkic ^joircikmj, Wbkb Mur [ukyyuo, Elktgbkl Wjpbkstlim-
pbjmd, Hjbm Wpikeokm, km` Mlrkh Qirok. Pbi tiko jwis pkrtlguckr kppriglktljm tj
tbi piir rivliwirs Jclvlir Bksscir, Mkrkykmkskoy Ejeuckrupkm, km` Wkouic Oklofj
ajr tbilr `itklci` km` gkriauc gjooimts, jvirkcc dul`kmgi, rivliw, km` k`vlgi. Pbi
ixgiccimt suppjrt arjo Okrhjrli Isplrltu, Wkeo Kf`uc Byi, Wksblekck Hiykrkh, ^krwkmk
Mkslrl, Kzk Vksbl`, Qlmj` Wktpktby, Lotlkz Kbok` Wbileb, Wuorltl Wlmdb, km` Pksmlo
Xjbrk, bks ok`i tbls wjre pjsslfci.
Oibmkz Wkakvlkm gjmtrlfuti` ixtimslvicy tj gbkptir ;, `rkati` kppim`lx I, gj-ci`
tbi gjjr`lmktljm wjre, km` prjvl`i` eiy lmput (lmgcu`lmd tbi fjje tltci) km` ougb
vkcui` suppjrt. Qkcimtlmk Wkctkmi gjmtrlfuti` tj risikrgb ajr gbkptir ;. Xkldbko
Vlzvl prjvl`i` ixtimslvi fkgedrjum` lmajroktljm lm up`ktlmd tbi kppim`lxis km`
tlricisscy bicpi` wltb tbi jvirkcc risikrgb, ripjrt `rkatlmd, km` rivliw.
Kgemjwci`doimts
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xlx
KFK@ Kssjglktljm ja Fulc`irs km` @ivicjpirs (^kelstkm)
K^GK Kcc kelstkm Gjmtrkgtjr Kssjglktljm
FBFAG Fkmdck`isb Bjusi Fulc`lmd Almkmgi Gjrpjrktljm
GFWC Gimtrkc Fkme ja Wrl Ckmek
GLF Gri`lt Lmajroktljm Furiku (^kelstkm)
GVKV gkpltkc-tj-rlse-wildbti`-kssits rktlj
GVLF Gri`lt Lmajroktljm Furiku (Wrl Ckmek)
GVLWLC Gri`lt Vktlmd Lmajroktljm Wirvlgi ja Lm`lk, Clolti`
GWB gjmtrkgtukc skvlmds sgbioi ajr bjuslmd
@AL `ivicjpoimt almkmglkc lmstltutljm
@VP @ift Vigjviry Prlfumkc (Lm`lk)
IOL iqukti` ojmtbcy lmstkccoimt
I^A Iopcjyiis rjvl`imt Aum` (Wrl Ckmek)
IPA Iopcjyiis Prust Aum` (Wrl Ckmek)
D@^ drjss joistlg prj`ugt
DM^ drjss mktljmkc prj`ugtBFAG Bjusi Fulc`lmd Almkmgi Gjrpjrktljm (^kelstkm)
B@AG Bjuslmd @ivicjpoimt Almkmgi Gjrpjrktljm (Wrl Ckmek)
BAG bjuslmd almkmgi gjopkmy
BY@GJ Bjuslmd km` Yrfkm @ivicjpoimt Gjrpjrktljm (Lm`lk)
LFFC Lsckol Fkme Fkmdck`isb Clolti`
CLGBA Clai Lmsurkmgi Gjrpjrktljm Bjuslmd Almkmgi Clolti` (Lm`lk)
CVLW ckm` ridlstrktljm lmajroktljm systio
OAL olgrjalmkmgi lmstltutljm
OLWAK Olgrjalmkmgi Lmvistoimt Wuppjrt Akglclty ajr Kadbkmlstkm
MFAG mjmfkme almkmglkc gjopkmy
MFAL mjmfkme almkmglkc lmstltutljm
MGF mktljmkclzi` gjooirglkc fkme
Kffrivlktljms
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MDJ mjmdjvirmoimtkc jrdkmlzktljm
MBK Mktljmkc Bjuslmd Kutbjrlty (Fkmdck`isb)
MBF Mktljmkc Bjuslmd Fkme (Lm`lk)MB@K Mktljmkc Bjuslmd @ivicjpoimt Kutbjrlty (Wrl Ckmek)
MBALC Mktljmkc Bjuslmd Almkmgi km` Lmvistoimts Clolti` (Fkmdck`isb)
MWF Mktljmkc Wkvlmds Fkme (Wrl Ckmek)
MWW Mktljmkc Wkvlmds Wystio (Fkmdck`isb)
MWWJ Mktljmkc Wkopci Wurviy Jrdkmlzktljm (Lm`lk)
VKHYE Vkh`bkml Ymmkykm Ekrtrlpkeebk U@bkek ivicjpoimt kutbjrlty_
VFL Visirvi Fkme ja Lm`lk
VILP rikc istkti lmvistoimt trust
VJV Vigjr` ja Vldbts
WF^ Wtkti Fkme ja kelstkmWGF sgbi`uci` gjooirglkc fkme
WITK Wica-Iopcjyi` Tjoims Kssjglktljm (Lm`lk)
WOLF Wtkti Ojrtdkdi km` Lmvistoimt Fkme (Wrl Ckmek)
Y@K Yrfkm @ivicjpoimt Kutbjrlty (Wrl Ckmek)
YWKL@ Y.W. Kdimgy ajr Lmtirmktljmkc @ivicjpoimt
Gurrimgy gjmvirsljm8
Ixgbkmdi rkti kt tbi tloi ja tbi stu`y (@igiofir 6>>.>6>9.>;001;7
Lm`lkm rupii8 Vi ; $>.>6;69;4
^kelstkm rupii8 ^Vs ; $>.>;;2020
Wrl Ckmek rupii8 WC Vi ; $>.>>2499>7
Kcc kojumts kri prisimti` lm Y.W. `jcckrs, umciss jtbirwlsi lm`lgkti`.
xx
Kffrivlktljms
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;
Gurrimtcy, ojri tbkm k flccljm pijpci krjum` tbi dcjfi clvi lm lmk`iqukti bjuslmd.
Jmi lm iviry ajur pijpci jm tbi pckmit clvis lm tbi Wjutb Kslk ridljm, km` ojri tbkm
;0 pirgimt ja Wjutb Kslkms bkvi mj bjois jr clvi lm sugb lmk`iqukti bjuslmd ks
urfkm scuos km` squkttir sittcioimts. Wjutb Kslks bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi
okreits kri `ymkolg, fut clolti` lm tbilr jutrikgb, gktirlmd tj uppir-lmgjoi
drjups. Pbi loprisslvicy bldb drjwtb rktis ja tbisi okreits dlvi bjpi tbkt bjuslmd
km` bjuslmd almkmgi sirvlgis bkvi tbi pjtimtlkc tj fi ixpkm`i` tj ol``ci- km` ivim
cjwir-lmgjoi akolclis. Lm sjoi gjumtrlis, sugb ks Lm`lk, tbls sblat ls kcrik`y kajjt.
Pbi gbkccimdi ls tbkt Wjutb Kslk ls bjoi tj kfjut bkca ja tbi wjrc`s pjjr pijpci,
km` tbisi pijpci riqulri ojri gjopcix bjuslmd sjcutljms figkusi ixlstlmd okreit
tiros kri mjt `lrigtcy kaajr`kfci ajr tbio.
Pbi gjmtrlfutljm ja tbi bjuslmd km` rikc istkti sigtjr tj jvirkcc igjmjolg
drjwtb, sjglkc upclat, km` iopcjyoimt ls gjmsl`irkfci lm tbi gjmtixt ja tbi rkpl`cy
ixpkm`lmd igjmjolis. ^irsjmkc risl`imgis kggjumt ajr 49 pirgimt ja bjusibjc`wikctb lm ioirdlmd-okreit gjumtrlis, wblgb kojumts tj tbrii tj slx tlois tbilr
kmmukc lmgjoi. Bjuslmd riprisimts ;90> pirgimt ja tbi ojmtbcy ixpim`lturi ja
bjusibjc`s wjrc`wl`i. Wlolckrcy, igjmjolg `ivicjpoimt lmvistoimt lm bjuslmd
kggjumts ajr ;979 pirgimt ja kddridkti lmvistoimt, wbiriks bjuslmd gjmstrugtljm
km` bjuslmd-rickti` sigtjrs gjmstltuti kpprjxlokticy < pirgimt ja tbi ckfjr ajrgi
wjrc`wl`i. Lm Wjutb Kslk, 0>9> lm`ustrlis kri gjmsl`iri` tj fi `lrigtcy clmei`
wltb bjuslmd gjmstrugtljm. K umlt lmgriksi lm ixpim`lturi lm tbls sigtjr bks k
ouctlpclir iaaigt km` tbi gkpkglty tj dimirkti lmgjoi ks drikt ks alvi tlois tbi gjst
ja tbi umlt. La tbi igjmjoy drjws kt tbi rkti ja ;> pirgimt, tbi bjuslmd sigtjr bks
tbi gkpkglty tj drjw kt ;0 pirgimt km` dimirkti 7.6 olccljm miw hjfs jvir k `igk`i(Tjrc` Fkme 6>>2k). Lm Lm`lk, ajr ixkopci, ajr iviry rupii lmvisti` lm bjuslmd,
Vi >.42 dits k``i` tj tbi mktljmkc D@ . Pbi Mktljmkc Bjuslmd Fkme ja Lm`lk
Lmtrj`ugtljm
;Gbkptir
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6
Ixpkm`lmd Bjuslmd Almkmgi tj tbi Ym`irsirvi` lm Wjutb Kslk
;
istloktis tbkt tbi gjmstrugtljm sigtjr prjvl`is `lrigt iopcjyoimt tj ;1 pirgimt ja
Lm`lks wjreajrgi5 km` tbi bjuslmd sigtjr kcjmi ls tbi sigjm`-ckrdist iopcjyoimt
dimirktjr katir kdrlgucturi, kggjumtlmd ajr 92 pirgimt ja tbi wjreajrgi lm tbi gjm-strugtljm sigtjr. Kctbjudb tbi ^kelstkml gjmstrugtljm sigtjr bks jmcy k 6.7 pirgimt
sbkri lm D@^, lts sbkri ja tbi iopcjyi` ckfjr ajrgi ls `lsprjpjrtljmkticy ckrdi
(4 pirgimt). Gjmstrugtljm lm ^kelstkm bks fiim drjwlmd kt km kvirkdi kmmukc rkti
ja ;>.6 pirgimt jvir tbi ckst alvi yikrs (`ktk arjo ^kelstkms Bjusi Fulc`lmd
Almkmgi Gjrpjrktljm).
Bjuslmd almkmgi pckys k grltlgkc rjci lm tbi `ivicjpoimt prjgiss fy suppjrt-
lmd strjmd bjuslmd okreits, wblci strimdtbimlmd tbi almkmglkc sigtjr km` gjm-
trlfutlmd tj jvirkcc igjmjolg drjwtb. Tltb strjmd bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi
okreits gjoi okmy igjmjolg km` sjglkc fimialts, sugb ks driktir gjmsuoir
skvlmds, ojri sjglkc km` ckfjr ojflclty, km` lmgriksi` lmvistoimt. Lm k``ltljm,strjmd bjuslmd okreits suppjrt hjf griktljm lm gjmstrugtljm km` okmuakgturlmd,
km` tbiy loprjvi clvlmd gjm`ltljms km` fkslg lmarkstrugturi. Pbi kvklckflclty ja
bjuslmd almkmgi kcsj bks sjglkc lopclgktljms. Tbiri tbi rkpl` acjw ja pjpucktljm
tj gltlis puts prissuri jm tbi bjuslmd suppcy, km` wbiri iltbir miw gjmstrugtljm
ls umkfci tj eiip up wltb isgkcktlmd `iokm` jr tbi ckge ja almkmglmd okeis
bjuslmd umkaajr`kfci, scuos prjclairkti. Gjmvirsicy, wbim ojrtdkdi almkmglmd ls
kvklckfci, tbi okreit ajr bjuslmd drjws, km` k ckrdir sbkri ja tbi pjpucktljm gkm
figjoi bjoijwmirs.
Bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi fulc` kssits km` clviclbjj`s, km` tbus gjmtrlfuti
tjwkr` pjvirty ri`ugtljm. Bjwivir, k bjuslmd almkmgi systio gjuc` prjvl`i fimialts
tj tbi igjmjoy fiyjm` `ivicjpoimt ja k bjuslmd okreit km` gjmtrlfutljms tj
iopcjyoimt km` drjwtb. Ajr ixkopci, lmstltutlmd k sjum` prjpirty ridlstrktljm sys-
tio wjuc` imkfci imtriprimiurs tj usi tbilr prjpirty ks gjccktirkc ajr fuslmiss cjkms.
Tltb trkmspkrimt cim`lmd ajr bjuslmd, wbiri rlses gkm fi oiksuri` km` oltldkti`,
almkmglkc lmstltutljms wjuc` fi kfci tj put gkpltkc tbkt tbiy oldbt jtbirwlsi bkvi
bic` kdklmst risl`imtlkc ojrtdkdis tj jtbir prj`ugtlvi usis, sugb ks fuslmiss cim`-
lmd. Lm k``ltljm, bjuslmd almkmgi riprisimts km lopjrtkmt kssit gckss lm tbi almkmglkc
sigtjrkm kssit gckss tbkt gjuc` bicp `ivicjp k cjmd-tiro almkmgi okreit ajr jtbir
lm`ustrlis, lmgcu`lmd lmarkstrugturi `ivicjpoimt. Km` prlvkti sigtjr cim`lmd ajrbjuslmd wjuc` arii sgkrgi djvirmoimt risjurgis ajr jtbir sjglkc km` igjmjolg
mii`s. Ojrtdkdi almkmgi gjmtrlfutis tj almkmglkc sigtjr drjwtb km` kggjumts ajr k
slzkfci pkrt ja k clfirkclzi` almkmglkc sigtjr. Lm tbi gjmtixt ja tbi dcjfkc almkmglkc
grlsls, lt figkoi gcikr tbkt bjuslmd almkmgi ls grltlgkc tj igjmjolg stkflclty5 km` tbi
sigtjr riqulris gkriauc ajgus km` pru`imt `ivicjpoimt.
Wjutb Kslkm gjumtrlis bkvi cjw civics ja ojrtdkdi `ift jutstkm`lmd (rkmdlmd
arjo >.; pirgimt tj 4.> pirgimt), ricktlvi tj kcc jtbir ridljms dcjfkccy (alduri ;.;)
(Tjrc` Fkme 6>>2k). Pbi cjw pimitrktljm lopclis rjjo ajr drjwtb. K muofir ja
gjumtrlis lm tbi Wjutb Kslk ridljm kri `ivicjplmd riajro kdim`ks tbkt wjuc`
strimdtbim tbilr bjuslmd almkmgi systios. Ks k risuct, k``ltljmkc `ktk, ojri lmajr-oktljm jm djj` prkgtlgi lm bjuslmd almkmgi riajros, km` gjumtry-spiglalg ixkopcis
kri lm bldb `iokm`.
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Drjwtb ^jtimtlkc ja Bjuslmd Almkmgi Okreits
Pbi wjrc` pjpucktljm ls ixpigti` tj rikgb 4..< flccljm fy 6>9>. Tltblm tbi mixt
twj `igk`is, 1> pirgimt ja tbi wjrc`s pijpci wlcc risl`i lm urfkm kriks. Yrfkm
drjwtb rktis kri bldbist lm tbi `ivicjplmd wjrc`, wblgb kfsjrfs km kvirkdi ja 9 olc-
cljm miw urfkm risl`imts iviry ojmtb km` ls rispjmslfci ajr >2k). Vkpl` igjmjolg drjwtb lm
tbi Wjutb Kslk ridljm, gjupci` wltb sldmlalgkmt pjpucktljm lmgriksis km` drjwlmd
urfkmlzktljm trim`s (alduris ;.6 km` ;.7), okei ajr k gjmsl`irkfci pjtimtlkc ajr
Lmtrj`ugtljm
;
7
>.;7.0
7.>
4.>
;.>
1.>
;9.>
06.>
;4.>
61.>
Fkmdck`isb
KadbkmlstkmWjutbKslk
Lm`lk
^kelstkm
WrlCkmek
Gblmk
IurjpikmYmljm
Okckyslk
Pbklc
km`
> ;> 6> 7> 0>
pirgimt
gjumtry/ridljm
9>
Alduri ;.; Vktlj ja Bjuslmd @ift tj D@ , Wicigti` Kriks km` Gjumtrlis
Wjurgi8 Tjrc` Fkme 6>>2k.
Alduri ;.6 D@^ Drjwtb Vkti, 6>>4 km` 6>>2
>
0
2
;6
;1
6>
pirgimt
1.0 1.2
1.>1.>1.6
;1.6
6>>4 6>>2
Fkmdck`isb Wrl Ckmek Lm`lk
gjumtry
^kelstkm Kadbkmlstkm
Wjurgi8Tjrc` Fkme 6>>
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bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi drjwtb. Pbi akgtjrs gjmtrlfutlmd tj urfkm oldrktljm
kri driktir igjmjolg drjwtb, rlslmd lmgjoi civics, miw iopcjyoimt jppjrtumltlis
lm tbi gltlis, jggupktljmkc sblat arjo kdrlgucturi tj okmuakgturlmd km` sirvlgis, km`
gbkmdlmd kttltu`is tjwkr` gjmsuoptljm km` claistyci. Bjusibjc` slzi ls sbrlmelmd,
km` k sldmlalgkmt ol``ci gckss wlcc fi ajrolmd lm tbi gjolmd `igk`is, ojstcy gjo-
pjsi` ja yjumd pijpci wbj kri ikdir tj bkvi tbilr jwm, kcfilt oj`ist, bjois. Pbls
lmgriksi` `iokm` wlcc k`` tj kcrik`y ixlstlmd urfkm bjuslmd sbjrtkdis. Pbi kttl-
tu`is tj `ift kri gbkmdlmd, km` k `igrikslmd kvirsljm tj fjrrjwlmd ls jfsirvi`, pkr-
tlguckrcy ajr bjoi jwmirsblp. Bldb igjmjolg drjwtb km` riolttkmgis bkvi grikti`
k pcimtlauc ol``ci gckss, wlcclmd km` kfci tj pky ajr k bjoi5 fut tbisi akgtjrs kcsj bkvi
pusbi` up urfkm prjpirty prlgis. Pbisi `ivicjpoimts kri prjpltljus tj k sgkci`-up
jutrikgb ja bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi okreits.
Lt ls `laalguct tj okei priglsi istloktis ja tbi drjwtb pjtimtlkc ja tbi bjuslmd km`
bjuslmd almkmgi sigtjrs lm Wjutb Kslk5 bjwivir, lt ls pjsslfci tj okei sjoi timtktlvi
prjhigtljms. Kadbkmlstkms pjtimtlkc almkmglmd mii`s kojumt tj $641 olccljm k yikr
ajr bjoi loprjvioimt km` miw gjmstrugtljm lm Ekfucs lmajrokc bjuslmd sigtjrkcjmi, lmvjcvlmd tjtkc alxi` prlvkti gkpltkc lmvistoimt ja $6.9 flccljm (ixgcu`lmd ckm`
vkcui). Olgrjalmkmgi gclimts lm Kadbkmlstkm bkvi `iojmstrkti` k ckrdi `iokm` ajr
bjuslmd cjkms, jatim um`ir tbi dulsi ja fuslmiss olgrjcjkms. Lt ls istlokti` tbkt
6>69 pirgimt ja fuslmiss cjkms tbiri oky bkvi fiim usi` ajr bjoi gjmstrugtljm km`
loprjvioimt (`ktk arjo @k Kadbkmlstkm Fkme). Lm Fkmdck`isb, auccy 7.9 olccljm
pijpci lm rurkc kriks kri wltbjut sbictir. Lm urfkm kriks, kfjut 6; olccljm pijpci
ficjmd tj tbi cjwir-lmgjoi drjups, risl`lmd lm ;. olccljm (ojstcy tiopjrkry)
`wicclmds tbkt riqulri lmgrioimtkc gjmstrugtljm km` ripklr (`ktk arjo Fkmdck`isb
Bjusi Fulc`lmd Almkmgi Gjrpjrktljm). Pbus, tbi pjtimtlkc bjuslmd almkmgi `iokm`
ls gjmsl`irkfci. Lm Lm`lk, tbi Mktljmkc Bjuslmd Fkme istloktis lmvistoimt ajr oiit-lmd bjuslmd mii`s tj 6>;6 kt $;>2 flccljm. Lm urfkm ^kelstkm, ajr 6>>< kcjmi, prj-
higti` iaaigtlvi `iokm` kojumts tj 04>,>>> bjuslmd umlts, kt k tjtkc gjmstrugtljm
0
Ixpkm`lmd Bjuslmd Almkmgi tj tbi Ym`irsirvi` lm Wjutb Kslk
;
Alduri ;.7 Yrfkm ^jpucktljm, 6>>2
>
;9
;>
9
6>
69
7>
79
0>
pirgimtjatjtkcgjumtry
pjpucktljm
64.;6
Kadbkmlstkm Fkmdck`isb Lm`lk
gjumtry
^kelstkm Wrl Ckmek
Wjurgi8Tjrc` Fkme 6>>
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gjst ja $9.1 flccljm, jr k riqulrioimt ja $6.> flccljm (;.61 pirgimt ja ^kelstkms D@^)
lm almkmglmd. Ojrtdkdi almkmglmd riqulrioimts lm Wrl Ckmek kri prjhigti` kt up tj
$2.2 flccljm fy 6>6> (`ktk arjo tbi Gimtrkc Fkme ja Wrl Ckmek).
Wuookry ja Eiy Gbkccimdis
Lm Wjutb Kslk, bjuslmd almkmgi rikgbis tbi uppir-lmgjoi pjpucktljm drjups5 km`
tbi oklm gbkccimdi ls tj ixpkm` kggiss tj tbi ol``ci- km` cjwir-lmgjoi drjups,
`ivicjplmd bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi okreits tbkt kri fjtb sjum` km` kggisslfci.
Pbi okreits mii` fkckmgi` aum`lmd oj`ics km` k `lvirslali` tjjcfjx ja lmstruoimts
ajr `laairimt cim`irs. Gjopclgktlmd akgtjrs lmgcu`i tbi rkpl` lmgriksi ja ckm` prlgis
lm ojst gjumtrlis jvir tbi pkst `igk`i5 pjjr cidkc lmarkstrugturi5 `ialglimt almkmglkc
systios5 k `ikrtb ja cjmd-tiro aum`lmd kt alxi` rktis5 clolti` `ivicjpir almkmgi5 km`
prjfcioktlg kggiss tj bjuslmd almkmgi ajr cjw-lmgjoi, rurkc, km` lmajrokc pjpuck-
tljm drjups (fjx ;.;). Wjum` km` pru`imtlkc riducktljms ajr bjuslmd almkmgi, lmmj-
vktlvi bjuslmd almkmgi prj`ugts, km` lmgriksi` ojrtdkdi kaajr`kflclty wlcc gjm-
trlfuti tj km ixpkm`i` okreit ajr bjuslmd km` tj vlfrkmt km` akst-drjwlmd bjuslmd
almkmgi systios km` prj`ugts. Lsckolg almkmgi ls km krik tbkt gjuc` oktgb `iokm` lm
um`irsirvi` okreit sidoimts, km` lt mii`s tj fi `ivicjpi`. K sbkrpir ajgus jm sig-
jm`kry okreit almkmgi ls kpprjprlkti5 ojrtdkdi rialmkmglmd gjopkmlis kri eiy tj
tbi prjvlsljm ja cjmd-tiro aum`lmd, stkm`kr`lzktljm, km` stkflclzktljm ja ojrtdkdiokreits.
Jmi ja tbi ojst `laalguct jfstkgcis tbkt tbi bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi sigtjrs
kri akglmd kt tbi ojoimt ls tbi lmiaalglimgy ja tbi jvirkcc riducktjry ridloi, lmgcu`-
lmd ajrigcjsuri km` ckm` k`olmlstrktljm arkoiwjres. Ckm` km` tltclmd prjgi`uris,
ridlstrktljm prjgi`uris km` gjsts, km` k pjjr riducktjry arkoiwjre ajr bjuslmd km`
rikc istkti stlaci bjuslmd okreits, ks `jis tbi ckge ja km jrdkmlzi` `ktkfksi km` eiy
lmajroktljm jm tbi bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi sigtjrs. Jtbir gbkccimdis lmgcu`i
lmsuaalglimt `ivicjpi` ckm` km` lmkpprjprlkti ckm` pckmmlmd km` urfkm `ivicjpoimt
Lmtrj`ugtljm
;
9
Lm Fkmdck`isb, loprjvlmd tbi cjkm tiros arjo ;>- jr ;9-yikr okturlty km` ;0;9 pirgimt lmtir-
ist rktis tj 6>-yikr okturlty kt 2 pirgimt lmtirist wjuc` `jufci tbi pjpucktljm tbkt gkm kaajr`
ojrtdkdi almkmgi arjo >.62 olccljm tj >.91 olccljm bjusibjc`s. Cjwirlmd tbi kvirkdi prjpirty
prlgi arjo k typlgkc Pe 6.> olccljm ($6>>) tj Pe >.4 olccljm ($;>,>>>) quk`rupcis tbi okreit tj
6.60 olccljm bjusibjc`s, jr 0> pirgimt ja tbi urfkm pjpucktljm.
Wjurgi8 Kutbjrs gkcgucktljms.
Fjx ;.; Pwlm Gbkccimdis8 Bldb ^rjpirty ^rlgis km` Ixpimslvi Ojrtdkdis
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pjclglis `rlvlmd up rikc istkti prlgis, scuddlsb fulc`lmd suppcy, pjjr djvirmoimt
suggiss lm k``risslmd cjw-lmgjoi bjuslmd mii`s, km` ckge ja gjooirglkccy vlkfci
bjuslmd olgrjalmkmgi cim`lmd. ^ufclg-prlvkti pkrtmirsblps km` griktlvi gjjpirktlvisjcutljms ajr cjw-gjst bjuslmd kri ispiglkccy prjolslmd.
Jfhigtlvis ja tbi Vipjrt
Pbi ripjrt rivliws eiy lssuis kaaigtlmd tbi stkti ja `ivicjpoimt ja tbi bjuslmd km`
bjuslmd almkmgi systios lm tbi Wjutb Kslk ridljm, lmgcu`lmd Kadbkmlstkm,
Fkmdck`isb, Lm`lk, ^kelstkm, km` Wrl Ckmek. Ajur eiy `loimsljms ja bjuslmd almkmgi
tbkt kaaigt tbi okreit lmgcu`i bjuslmd kvklckflclty, almkmglkc lmstruoimts km` lmstltu-
tljms, cjw-lmgjoi bjuslmd, km` ojrtdkdi okreit lmarkstrugturi. ^jclgy km` riajrojptljms tj loprjvi tbi arkoiwjre ajr bjuslmd almkmgi kri `lsgussi` lm tbi gjmtixt
ja tbi Wjutb Kslk ridljm. Pbi ripjrt spiglalgkccy ajgusis jm tkelmd stjge ja tbi gur-
rimt stkti ja bjuslmd almkmgi lm Wjutb Kslkm gjumtrlis, l`imtlaylmd grltlgkc kriks ajr
cjmd- km` sbjrt-tiro riajro km` sbkrlmd cissjms arjo riajroirs fjtb wltblm km`
jutsl`i tbi ridljm.
Tbim `lsgusslmd bjuslmd almkmgi lm Wjutb Kslk, jmi ls akgi` wltb k sidoimti`
okreit. Pbi okreit gktirs tj uppir-lmgjoi drjups, wbiri suppcy ls kopci arjo
fjtb `ivicjpirs km` almkmglkc jutalts. ^rlgis lm tbls okreit kri mjt kaajr`kfci tj tbi
ol``ci- km` cjwir-lmgjoi drjups. Pbi bjuslmd almkmgi okreit bks ixblflti` akst
drjwtb, viry bikctby `ivicjpoimt, km` gjmsl`irkfci suggiss km` sjpblstlgktljm,`rlvim fy stik`y prjpirty prlgi isgkcktljm lm tbi pkst `igk`is. Pbi uppir-lmgjoi
okreit bks rioklmi` umkaajr`kfci ivim tj ol``ci-gckss akolclis, bjwivir. Pbls
ripjrt migisskrlcy ajgusis jm tbi okreit sbjrtgjolmds ks tbiy gjmgirm tbisi ol``ci-
km` cjwir-lmgjoi bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi okreits5 km` ariquimtcy lt `jis mjt
`lsguss lm tbjrjudb `itklc tbi uppir-lmgjoi, sojjtbcy aumgtljmlmd bjuslmd km`
bjuslmd almkmgi okreits lm tbi ridljm.
Wgjpi ja tbi Vipjrt
Pbls ripjrt ls fksi` jm alvi gjumtry-spiglalg stu`lis gjm`ugti` fy tbi Tjrc` Fkme
Drjup, wblgb wiri riwrlttim km` up`kti` ks mii`i`, km` suppcioimti` fy aurtbir
risikrgb jm cjgktljm.; Cjjelmd ajrwkr`, tbls ridljmkc iaajrt bjpis tj ixtim` lts sgjpi
tj kcc gjumtrlis lm Wjutb Kslk, fksi` jm aurtbir bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi wjre
gkrrli` jut lm tbi ridljm, mjtkfcy ixtim`lmd tbi wjre tj Fbutkm, Okc`lvis, km`
Mipkc.
Mjti;. Pbi gjumtry-spiglalg stu`lis kri Ojmltjr Drjup (6>>4) km` Tjrc` Fkme (6>>0, 6>>1, 6>>4,
6>>2f).
1
Ixpkm`lmd Bjuslmd Almkmgi tj tbi Ym`irsirvi` lm Wjutb Kslk
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Viairimgis
Ojmltjr Drjup. 6>>4. Ixpkm`lmd tbi Bjuslmd Almkmgi Okreit tj Gjvir Cjwir Ol``ciLmgjoi Widoimts lm Lm`lk. Ympufclsbi` okmusgrlpt pripkri` ajr tbi Tjrc` Fkme km` tbi
Almkmglkc Wigtjr Viajro km` Wtrimdtbimlmd Lmltlktlvi, Gkofrl`di, OK.
Tjrc` Fkme. 6>>0. Bjuslmd Almkmgi Viajros lm Fkmdck`isb8 Ymciksblmd Wuppcy tj Oiit
Drjwlmd @iokm`. Wjutb Kslk ^rlvkti km` Almkmglkc Wigtjr, Tksblmdtjm, @G.
. 6>>1. Loprjvlmd tbi ^irajrokmgi ja tbi Bjuslmd, Pjurlso, km` Vitklc Wigtjrs.
Ajrildm Lmvistoimt K`vlsjry Wirvlgi, Tksblmdtjm, @G.
. 6>>4. Bjuslmd Almkmgi lm Wrl Ckmek8 Jppjrtumltlis km` Gbkccimdis. Wjutb Kslk
rlvkti km` Almkmglkc Wigtjr, Tksblmdtjm, @G.
. 6>>2k. Almkmglmd Bjois8 Gjopkrlmd Viducktljms lm 06 Gjumtrlis. Tksblmdtjm,
@G.
. 6>>2f. Bjuslmd Almkmgi lm Kadbkmlstkm8 Gbkccimdis km` Jppjrtumltlis. Wjutb Kslk
^rlvkti km` Almkmglkc Wigtjr, Tksblmdtjm, @G.
. 6>>>
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pirgimt ja tbisi umlts
riqulri` lm urfkm kriks. Lm Fkmdck`isb, bjuslmd mii`s ixtim` tj kfjut 9 olccljm
umlts, wltb ;.>;.9 olccljm mii`i` lm urfkm kriks. Pbi urfkm bjuslmd fkgecjd lm
Lm`lk ls istlokti` kt 64 olccljm, km` k okhjr pkrt ja lt ls lm tbi cjw-lmgjoi gktidjry.Kfjut 4; pirgimt ja urfkm bjusibjc`s lm Lm`lk clvi lm jvirgrjw`i` `wicclmds.
Pbi bjuslmd fkgecjd lm kelstkm wks kt km istlokti` 4.94 olccljm umlts lm 6>>,>>> bjuslmd umlts lm Wrl Ckmek, km` tbi jvirkcc sbjrtkdi gjuc` ixgii`
19>,>>> umlts lm 6>;>. Lm dimirkc tiros, wjrsi urfkm sbjrtkdis kri bl`lmd fiblm`
squkttir sittcioimts km` bldbir pirsjms-pir-rjjo `imsltlis. Pbi kvirkdi pirsjms-
pir-rjjo gjumt lm urfkm kriks ls bldb8 7.9 lm Lm`lk km` ^kelstkm. Pbkt `imslty ls
gjopkrkfci ridljmkccy, fut wjrsi tbkm lm ivicjpi` gjumtrlis8 imslty ls >.9 pirsjms
pir rjjo lm tbi Ymlti` Wtktis km` ;.; lm tbi Iurjpikm Ymljm. @imslty lm Wrl Ckmek
ls km jutclir kt ;.; pirsjms pir rjjo.;
Wjutb Kslkm scuos km` lmajrokc sittcioimts kri jvirgrjw`i` km` bkvi umskml-
tkry clvlmd gjm`ltljms8 mj prjpir icigtrlglty suppcy, ckge ja gcikm `rlmelmd wktir
Bjuslmd @iokm`
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;>
Ixpkm`lmd Bjuslmd Almkmgi tj tbi Ym`irsirvi` lm Wjutb Kslk
6
km`/jr biktlmd. Ojrijvir, figkusi prjpirtlis lm sbkmtytjwms kri `ivjl` ja cidkc
tltcis, ajrokc almkmglmd `jis mjt rikgb tbisi lmajrokc sittcioimts. Pbi kfsimgi ja
cidkc tltcis km` tbi gjmstkmt aikr ja filmd ixpicci` arjo gurrimt `wicclmds kcsj
lsgjurkdi pijpci arjo lmvistlmd lm bjusi lmarkstrugturi km` loprjvlmd tbilr
bjois. Lmajrokc sittcioimts prjvl`i sbictir ajr 2> pirgimt ja Ekfucs pjpucktljm
(6.00 olccljm pijpci) km` gjvir 1< pirgimt ja Ekfucs risl`imtlkc ckm`, lmgcu`lmd
;>,>>> pijpci clvlmd lm timts km` 9,>>> clvlmd lm `istrjyi` fulc`lmds. Lm tbi lmajr-
okc sittcioimts ja Ekfuc (fjtb cidkc km` lccidkc), lt ls istlokti` tbkt ojri tbkm twj
tblr`s ja bjusis kri jggupli` fy ojri tbkm jmi akolcy. Kcojst < ja iviry ;> akol-
clis lm lmajrokc bjuslmd clvi lm jmcy jmi jr twj rjjos (tkfci 6.;) (`ktk arjo @k
Kadbkmlstkm Fkme).
>
;>
9
;9
6>
69
7>
79
;; ;7
Wrl Ckmek
7;
^kelstkmLm`lk
gjumtry
;2
Fkmdck`isb
79
Kadbkmlstkm
pirgimt
Alduri 6.; Bjuslmd Wbjrtkdis lm Wjutb Kslk, 6>>2
Wjurgis8 Tjrc` Fkme (6>> pirgimt ja tbi Ekfuc pjpucktljm (6.00 olccljm) clvis lm scuos.
Fkmdck`isb Pbiri kri 6,;>> scuos5 ojri tbkm 6 olccljm pijpci lm @bkek iltbir
clvi lm scuos jr kri wltbjut kmy prjpir sbictir.
Lm`lk Pbiri kri 96,>>> scuos bjc`lmd 2 olccljm urfkm bjusibjc`s,
riprisimtlmd kfjut ;0 pirgimt ja tbi tjtkc urfkm pjpucktljm.
^kelstkm Ekrkgbl kcjmi bks 1>>2>> scuos, sbictirlmd kfjut
4.1 olccljm pijpci (jr ; olccljm bjusibjc`s) jut ja tbi tjtkc glty
pjpucktljm ja ;9.; olccljm pijpci.
Wrl Ckmek K gjmsl`irkfci sbkri ja tbi pjpucktljm ja Wrl Ckmek clvis lm
pckmtktljms, scuos, km` sbkmtlis.
Wjurgis8@ktk arjo kppim`lxis K tbrjudb I ja tbls vjcuoi.
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Fkmdck`isb bks ojri tbkm 6,;>> scuos, km` ojri tbkm 6 olccljm pijpci lm @bkek
iltbir clvi lm scuos jr kri wltbjut kmy prjpir sbictir. Ja tbi 7 olccljm urfkm cjw-
lmgjoi Fkmdck`isbl bjusibjc`s, rjudbcy bkca kri istlokti` tj fi cjgkti` lm scuos(fjtb jwmir jggupli` km` rimti`), sjoitlois jm squktti` ckm`. Ajrokc scuos (wltb
aucc ckm` jwmirsblp, fut lm fk` oklmtimkmgi gjm`ltljm km` fk`cy jvirgrjw`i`
figkusi ja urfkmlzktljm) tkei kmjtbir qukrtir ja tbi `wicclmds lm tbls drjup. Jtbir
gktidjrlis ja cjw-lmgjoi bjuslmd lmgcu`i djvirmoimt-prjvl`i` squkttir risittci-
oimt gkops, pcjts ja ckm` wltb fkslg sirvlgis tbkt kri prjvl`i` jm k ciksibjc` fksls5
iopcjyii bjuslmd gjmslstlmd ojstcy ja sokcc kpkrtoimts lm bldb-rlsi gjopcixis
prjvl`i` fy tbi djvirmoimt5 okeisblat bjusis fulct fy squkttirs jm lccidkccy jggu-
pli` pufclg jr prlvkti ckm`5 km` pkvioimt `wicclmds (`ktk arjo Fkmdck`isb Bjusi
Fulc`lmd Almkmgi Gjrpjrktljm).
Pbi scuos km` squkttir sittcioimts lm Lm`lk muofir 96,>>> km` bjc` 2 olccljmurfkm bjusibjc`s, riprisimtlmd kfjut ;0 pirgimt ja tbi tjtkc urfkm pjpucktljm.
kelstkms cjwir-lmgjoi drjups ixpkm` lmtj lccidkc bkfltkts km` squkttir sittcioimts
lm okhjr gltlis. Ojri tbkm 9> pirgimt ja tbi urfkm pjpucktljm clvis lm scuo kriks lm
^kelstkm. Ekrkgbl kcjmi bks fitwiim 1>> km` 2>> sbkmtytjwms, sbictirlmd ojri tbkm
4.1 olccljm pijpci jut ja tbi tjtkc glty pjpucktljm ja ;9.; olccljm pijpci. Wcuos kri
mjt ks privkcimt lm Wrl Ckmek (jmcy ;.9 pirgimt), kctbjudb istkti bjuslmd ls gbkrkg-
tirlzi` fy kfhigt clvlmd gjm`ltljms.
Mjti
;. Ymciss jtbirwlsi mjti`, kcc `ktk prjvl`i` lm tbls gbkptir kri arjo fkgedrjum` pkpirs pripkri`
fy Xkldbko Vlzvl lm 6>>>>
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;7
Gurrimt Wtkti ja Bjuslmd
Mjt kcc bjusis lm Wjutb Kslkm gjumtrlis kri pirokmimt `wicclmds (tkfci 7.;).
Kadbkmlstkms bjuslmd stjge ls lm pjjr gjm`ltljm, `kokdi`, jr `istrjyi`, wltb k
okhjrlty ja bjuslmd umlts cjgkti` lm umpckmmi` kriks. Lm Fkmdck`isb, jmcy 67 pirgimt
ja bjuslmd lm urfkm kriks km` oiricy 6 pirgimt lm rurkc kriks ls pirokmimt bjuslmd.;
Ivim kojmd tbi bjuslmd `ialmi` ks pirokmimt, tbiri kri okmy typis ja `wicclmd
pckgis wltb sjoi `idrii ja pirokmimgy, rkmdlmd arjo gjmstrugtljm wltb frlge
oksjmry km` rilmajrgi` gioimt gjmgriti plcckrs tj tlm-rjjai` km` tlm-wkcci` bjusis.
Gcjsi tj bkca ja kcc bjuslmd umlts lm Fkmdck`isb kri gjmstrugti` imtlricy ja tiopjrkry
oktirlkcs km` kri pri`jolmkmtcy jggupli` fy tbi rurkc pjjr. Auccy 7.9 olccljm pijpci
lm rurkc kriks kri wltbjut sbictir. Lm urfkm kriks wbiri lmgjois kri bldbir, tbi cjwist-
lmgjoi drjups kri istlokti` kt 4> pirgimt ja tbi pjpucktljm (kfjut 6; olccljm pijpci
lm 7 olccljm bjusibjc`s). Yrfkm `wicclmd umlts kri istlokti` kt fitwiim 7.9 km`0.> olccljm, ja wblgb ;. olccljm kri tiopjrkry. Pbi bitirjdimilty ja bjuslmd
okeis lt `laalguct tj istlokti gjmstrugtljm km` bjuslmd oktirlkcs gjsts, km` gjopcl-
gktis tbi oiksurioimt ja rikc istkti prlgi lm`ixis.
Pbi Lm`lkm bjuslmd okreit ls bldbcy arkdoimti`, wltb tbi umjrdkmlzi` sigtjr
kggjumtlmd ajr ojri tbkm 4> pirgimt ja tbi bjuslmd umlts gjmstrugti`. Lt ls istlokti`
tbkt, kt tbi fidlmmlmd ja 6>>1, tbi tjtkc bjuslmd stjge lm tbi gjumtry stjj` kt
6;;.21 olccljm umlts (;97.>7 olccljm umlts lm rurkc kriks km` 92.27 olccljm umlts lm
urfkm kriks), jut ja k tjtkc ja 666. olccljm bjusibjc`s lm urfkm kriks). Ja tbi tjtkc istlokti`
bjuslmd stjge, ;;4.17 olccljm bjusis kri puggkbjusis, 19.97 olccljm umlts kri siol-
puggkbjusis, km` tbi rioklmlmd 62.4> olccljm umlts kri eutgbkbjusis tbkt mii`
ripckgioimt.6
Bjuslmd Wuppcy
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;0
Ixpkm`lmd Bjuslmd Almkmgi tj tbi Ym`irsirvi` lm Wjutb Kslk
7
Lm ^kelstkm, kfjut jmi tblr` ja kvklckfci bjuslmd umlts kri urfkm, km` tbi rist kri
rurkc. Kpprjxlokticy 0> pirgimt ja bjusis kri siol-puggk(siol-pirokmimt) bjusis,ojst wltbjut pckmmi` skmltktljm jr siwirkdi systios5 7< pirgimt kri eutgbk(tio-
pjrkry) bjusis wltb olmlokc wktir suppcy km` skmltktljm jr `rklmkdi sirvlgis5 km`
jmcy 6; pirgimt kri oj`irm frlge gjmstrugtljms.
Lm Wrl Ckmek, fulc`lmd umlts kri gcksslali` ks bjuslmd umlts (lmgcu`lmd slmdci
bjusi, kttkgbi` bjusi, ackt, istkti Uclmi rjjo_ bjusi, km` scuo/sbkmtytbi ckst
filmd ;.7 pirgimt ja kcc bjuslmd umlts) jr jtbir `wicclmds (lmgcu`lmd gjccigtlvi clvlmd
qukrtirs, lmstltutljms, km` mjmbjuslmd umlts). Gjcjofj fulc`lmds kri kfjut 26 pir-
gimt bjuslmd umlts km` ;2 pirgimt jtbir `wicclmds. Istkti bjuslmd ls mjt prisimt
lm Gjcjofj, fut ls viry privkcimt lm rurkc kriks. Ajr rjjalmd, ojstcy tlcis kri usi`
(92.1 pirgimt), ajccjwi` fy ksfistjs km` oitkc sbiits. Kfjut 99 pirgimt ja tbi bjusi-
bjc`s bkvi frlge wkccs km` 6> pirgimt bkvi wkccs ja gioimt fcjge5 2> pirgimt bkvi
gioimt acjjrs. Mktljmwl`i, 6> pirgimt ja bjusis stlcc bkvi ou` acjjrs.
@ivicjpoimt ja Bjuslmd Wtjge
Pbi sbiir sgkci ja bjuslmd sbjrtkdis okeis lt lopjsslfci ajr djvirmoimt kcjmi tj
prjvl`i suaalglimt bjuslmd ajr cjw-lmgjoi drjups. Pbi gjmsl`irkfci bjuslmd
sbjrtkdis riqulri k ckrdi-sgkci sjcutljm tbkt rikclstlgkccy gkm fi prjvl`i` jmcy fy kaumgtljmlmd okreit. Lm sjoi gjumtrlis, sugb ks Lm`lk, prlvkti `ivicjpirs bkvi fiim
stipplmd lm ks tbiy `lsgjvir tbkt gbikpir bjuslmd ls kgtukccy gkpkfci ja prisimtlmd
djj` gjooirglkc jppjrtumltlis. Bjwivir, ojst ja tbi lm`ustry lm Wjutb Kslk bks
rioklmi` ajgusi` jm tbi uppir-lmgjoi im` ja tbi sgkci. Pbkt ajgus gkm fi gjst iaaig-
tlvi fksi` jm trk`ltljmkc prj`ugts km` prjgissis, wltbjut tbi mii` ajr gjstcy lmmj-
vktljm. Akstir rijrlimtktljm ja tbi fulc`lmd lm`ustry tj cjwir-lmgjoi gjmstrugtljm ls
pri`lgkti` jm twj gjm`ltljms8 `ivicjpir almkmgi km` iaalglimt ckm` k`olmlstrktljm.
Wjum` djvirmkmgi, prjaissljmkc stkm`kr`s km` mjros, trkmspkrimgy, km` djj`
gjmsuoir prjtigtljm wlcc bicp ks wicc.
Pbi gurrimt ckm` `ivicjpoimt arkoiwjre ls lmiaalglimt lm sjoi gjumtrlis,7 km` ltkgts ks k grltlgkc fjttcimige tj tbi kvklckflclty ja `ivicjpi` ckm` lm tbi okreit. Lm
sjoi gjumtrlis, tbi djvirmoimt stlcc bks tj rijrlimt arjo bjuslmd prjvlsljm tj
Pkfci 7.; ^rivkcimgi ja Piopjrkry Bjuslmd lm Wjutb Kslk
Gjumtry Piopjrkry Bjuslmd
Kadbkmlstkm Mj riclkfci ktk
Fkmdck`isb 9> pirgimt ja kcc bjuslmd
Lm`lk 09 pirgimt ja kcc bjuslmd
^kelstkm 7< pirgimt ja kcc bjuslmd
Wrl Ckmek 6> pirgimt ja bjuslmd umlts bkvi ou` acjjrs
Wjurgi8Xkldbko Vlzvl, 6>>
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riducktljm. Ckm` `ivicjpoimt ls pckdui` wltb cidkc km` k`olmlstrktlvi fur`ims,
wblgb lmgriksi tbi gjsts km` tloi ajr `iclviry km` ri`ugi tbi kvklckflclty ja `ivic-
jpi` ckm`. Pbi lmstltutljmkc arkoiwjre ajr l`imtlaylmd, kgqulrlmd, km` sirvlglmd ckm`kvklckfci ajr gjmstrugtljm, km` sufsiquimtcy sicclmd tbi gjmstrugti` bjuslmd umlts, ls
um`ir`ivicjpi`. Wjoi ja tbi akgtjrs gkuslmd tbls sbjrtgjolmd kri pjjr okstir pckm-
mlmd, djvirmkmgi lssuis kt mktljmkc km` cjgkc djvirmoimt civics, ouctlpci lmstltutljms
km` k`olmlstrktlvi prjgi`uris, prjfcioktlg zjmlmd ristrlgtljms, ristrlgtlvi fulc`lmd
gj`is, km` umriclkfci utlclty gjmmigtljms. Lm k``ltljm tj riducktjry lmiaalglimglis,
pbyslgkc ckm` sgkrglty ls k gjmstrklmt (ajr ixkopci, lm Fkmdck`isb). Pbi gjmvirsljm ja
rurkc ckm` lmtj urfkm ckm` kt tbi tjwm pirlpbiry ls k eiy oikms ja lmgrikslmd tbi
suppcy ja ckm`, wblgb sbjuc` fi ojst fimialglkc ajr tbi cjwir gckssis (lmgcu`lmd
akroirs). Pbi prjgiss ls ok`i prjfcioktlg fy cjgkc km` prjvlmglkc djvirmoimts lcc-
lmsplri` lmtirvimtljms, bjwivir. Jvircy ristrlgtlvi fulc`lmd gj`is km` ckws jm suf-`lvlsljm clolt tbi iaalglimt usi ja urfkm ckm` km` lmgriksi tbi prlgi tj gjmsuoirs,
ispiglkccy lm zjmis wbiri ckm` prlgis kri bldb. ^jjr lmgimtlvis km` pjjr iaalglimgy
wltblm djvirmoimt-gjmtrjcci` gjopkmlis, ispiglkccy lm pjwir km` dks lm`ustrlis,
gkm `icky ckrdi-sgkci gjmstrugtljm prjhigts gjmsl`irkfcy. Wgkrglty ja `ivicjpi` ckm`
kt kaajr`kfci prlgis fiyjm` tbi bldbist-lmgjoi drjups bks fiim tbi flddist gbkccimdi
ajr pjclgy okeirs km` tbi bjuslmd sigtjr.
Pbiri kri rjudbcy 2>> `ivicjpirs lm Fkmdck`isb, km` tbi okreit ls kgtlvi km` ric-
ktlvicy gjopitltlvi. Pbi bjuslmd `ivicjpoimt prjgiss ls cimdtby km` gjstcy. Pbkt
risucts arjo pjjr pripkrktljm ja okstir pckms km` tbi `ikrtb ja pckmmlmd prjais-
sljmkcs lm tbi Fkmdck`isb pufclg sigtjr, km` arjo lmk`iqukti lmarkstrugturi prjvl-
sljm, ckm` kgqulsltljm, `ivicjpoimt, gjmstrugtljm, km` ojrtdkdi almkmglmd.
Lm Lm`lk, bjuslmd gjmstrugtljm ls okmkdi ojstcy fy tbi jwmirs wbj imdkdi tbi
sirvlgis ja sokcc gjmtrkgtjrs. Lm sjoi ckrdir oitrjpjcltkm kriks, fulc`irs km` `ivicjp-
irsbkvipckyi`k rjci lm suppcylmd bjuslmd fyfulc`lmd bldb-rlsi,ouctlakolcyumlts km ,
ojri rigimtcy, fy `ivicjplmd ckrdi-sgkci virtlgkc km` bjrlzjmtkc risl imtlkc gjopcixis.
^kelstkm ls kmjtbir ixkopci wbiri tbi gurrimt ckm` `ivicjpoimt arkoiwjre ls
bldbcy lmiaalglimt km` kgts ks k grltlgkc fjttcimige tj tbi kvklckflclty ja `ivicjpi` ckm`
lm tbi okreit. ^rlvkti `ivicjpirs lm ^kelstkm kri ricktlvicy `ymkolg km` bkvi fiim
imdkdlmd lm gjmsl`irkfci kgtlvlty, lmgcu`lmd ckrdi lmarkstrugturi prjhigts.Lm Wrl Ckmek, tbi `ivicjpir okreit ls mjt ks kgtlvi5 km` sica-gjmstrugtljm ls tbi
mjro figkusi jwmirs priair tj kgt ks tbilr jwm dimirkc gjmtrkgtjrs.
Qlrtukccy kcc `ivicjpir kgtlvlty lm Wjutb Kslk ls ajgusi` jm tbi uppir-lmgjoi sig-
tljm ja tbi pjpucktljm. Kctbjudb tbi bldb-im` okreit ls sokcc lm kfsjcuti muofirs,
lt ls ckrdi imjudb tj tkei ojri tbkm tbi suppcy ja bjuslmd tbkt fulc`irs kri gkpkfci ja
prj`uglmd, km` tj prjvl`i bldb okrdlms km` k qulge turmjvir. Pbkt cikvis k gjmsl`-
irkfci dkp lm bjuslmd `ivicjpoimt km` prjvlsljm ajr ol``ci- km` cjwir-lmgjoi
drjups. Lm Lm`lk, bjwivir, sjoi oi`luo km` sokcc ivicjpirs sii cjw-lmgjoi bjus-
lmd ks k djj` gjooirglkc jppjrtumlty, km` tbiy bkvi `ivicjpi` vlkfci km` prjaltkfci
oj`ics tj sirvi cjwir-lmgjoi drjups. Pbilr iaajrts kri wjrtby ja ioucktljm kgrjsstbi ridljm (kppim`lx G, fjx G.; km` tbi Bjuslmd Olgrjalmkmgi km` Cjw-Lmgjoi
Bjuslmd sigtljm). ^ufclg-prlvkti pkrtmirsblps bkvi kcsj fiim ixtrioicy iaaigtlvi lm
Bjuslmd Wuppcy
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lmtirmktljmkc ixpirlimgi lm ksslstlmd km` imgjurkdlmd sokcc-sgkci `ivicjpirs tj fulc`
kaajr`kfci bjuslmd.
Gjmstrugtljm [ukclty km` Imajrgioimt ja Gjmstrugtljm Wtkm`kr`s
^jjr gjmstrugtljm qukclty km` mjmgjopclkmgi wltb gjmstrugtljm stkm`kr`s risuctlmd
arjo pjjr imajrgioimt kri gjoojm aikturis ja tbi Wjutb Kslkm bjuslmd okreit.
Pbiri ls k ckge ja qukclty gjmtrjc lm tbi oktirlkcs sigtjr, lmk`iqukti supirvlsljm, km`
clolti` imajrgioimt ja fulc`lmd gj`is. Lm tbi kfsimgi ja jvirsldbt, ojst bjoi gjm-
strugtljm ajccjws miltbir tbi gj`i mjr kpprjvi` fcuiprlmts. Ojrijvir, ojst bjusis
tbkt kri filmd fulct kri mjt `urkfci km` riqulri ougb oklmtimkmgi. Pbiri ls viry
clolti` kppclgktljm ja rjfust, cjw-gjst tigbmjcjdlis lm tbi ridljm, kctbjudb sugbgjmstrugtljm ls grltlgkccy mii`i`. Ojst bjuslmd `ivicjpoimts kri filmd `jmi fy
cjgkc, pjjr-qukclty gjmstrugtljm gjopkmlis5 ixgipt lm Lm`lk, mj sirljus kttiopts
bkvi fiim ok`i tj istkfclsb tigbmlgkc gjcckfjrktljm wltb dcjfkccy kgemjwci`di` cjw-
gjst gjmstrugtljm tigbmjcjdy prjvl`irs.
Bjuslmd Gjsts
Lm tbi ckst `igk`i, tbiri bks fiim km umprigi`imti` rlsi lm Wjutb Kslkm prjpirty
prlgis. Pbls rlsi bks lopklri` kaajr`kflclty gjmsl`irkfcy, ispiglkccy ajr cjw- km`
ol``ci-lmgjoi akolclis. Lmgriksis lm bjuslmd prlgis kri `rlvim ojstcy fy tbi gjsts ja
ckm` km` gjmstrugtljm oktirlkcs, wblgb lm turm kri lmgriksi` fy rlslmd `iokm`,
urfkmlzktljm, bldb igjmjolg drjwtb, lmgrikslmd riolttkmgis, clolti` kvklckflclty ja
ckm`, spigucktlvi trk`i lm rikc istkti, km` rlslmd lmtirmktljmkc oktirlkcs prlgis.
Lm Kadbkmlstkm, tbi gjst tj gjmstrugt cjw-lmgjoi bjuslmd oldbt rkmdi arjo $;9
tj $6> pir squkri ajjt. Bldb-lmgjoi `wicclmd prlgis stkm` kt $;< pir squkri ajjt.
Bjoi loprjvioimt gjsts rkmdi fitwiim $;>> km` $9,>>> pir bjuslmd umlt. Lm
Fkmdck`isb, prlgis bkvi drjwm kt ;9;1 pirgimt, ougb kfjvi tbi dimirkc gjst-ja-
clvlmd civic. Pbi cikst ixpimslvi risl`imtlkc ckm` lm @bkek gjsts kpprjxlokticy $64 pir
squkri ajjt, km` upsgkci kriks gkm fi prlgi` ks bldb ks $1> pir squkri ajjt. Lm tbi gksija Lm`lk, kctbjudb urfkm bjuslmd prlgis bkvi rlsim fy 7>0> pirgimt kmmukccy, skckrlis
bkvi lmgriksi` fy km kmmukc kvirkdi ja 6> pirgimt jvir tbi ckst twj yikrs. Lm Wjutb
Ouofkl, tbi prlgi pir squkri ajjt lmgriksi` arjo $6;9 lm 6>>0 tj $07> lm 6>>1. Lm
gimtrkc @icbl, ckm` prlgi pir squkri ajjt `jufci` arjo $;>9 tj $724 lm 6>>1.
Ajr k typlgkc prjpirty lm Ouofkl, kaajr`kflclty bks `igclmi` arjo 0.0 tlois lm 6>>0
tj 9.9 tlois lm 6>>1 (km` prlgis `igclmi` lm 6>>2, risuolmd tbilr ksgimt tbirikatir).
Lm ^kelstkm, gjsts rkmdi arjo $ pir squkri ajjt ajr cjw-gjst bjuslmd,
arjo $;1.4 tj $;9. Fulc`lmd oktirlkcs tbkt ridlstiri`sufstkmtlkc prlgi lmgriksis slmgi ;4> pirgimt), tlofir (912 pir-
gimt), km` frlges (142 pirgimt). Ckfjr gjst lmgriksi` fy mikrcy 69> pirgimt `urlmd
;1
Ixpkm`lmd Bjuslmd Almkmgi tj tbi Ym`irsirvi` lm Wjutb Kslk
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tbkt pirlj`. Wjoi gjumtrlis (sugb ks Lm`lk) bkvi suggissauccy gjumtirkgti` tbi ckm`
prlgi lmgriksis fy gkriauccy grkati` ckm`-usi pjclglis km` urfkm pckmmlmd, dlvlmd k
gbkmgi kt bjuslmd kaajr`kflclty tj ol``ci- km` cjwir-lmgjoi bjusibjc`s.
Bjuslmd ^rlgi Lm`ix
Pbi lopjrtkmgi ja bjuslmd km` rikc istkti ks okhjr kriks ajr griktljm ja fjtb pbys-
lgkc km` almkmglkc kssits km` tbilr gjmtrlfutljms tj jvirkcc mktljmkc wikctb suddist tbi
mii` ajr sittlmd up k oigbkmlso tbkt gjuc` trkge tbi ojvioimt ja prlgis lm tbi ris-
l`imtlkc bjuslmd sidoimt. Viduckr ojmltjrlmd ja bjusi prlgis gkm fi usiauc lmput ajr
k vkrlity ja bjuslmd sigtjr stkeibjc`irslmgcu`lmd pjclgy okeirskm` gkm prj-
ojti sigjm`kry bjuslmd okreits. Lm`lk ls tbi jmcy gjumtry lm Wjutb Kslk wltb kbjuslmd prlgi lm`ix, tbi VIWL@IR, ckumgbi` fy tbi Mktljmkc Bjuslmd Fkme lm 6>>4
(sii kppim`lx G). ^rlgi lm`ixis kri usiauc ks tjjcs ajr fjtb bjuslmd pjclgy km` almkm-
glkc stkflclty suppjrt.
Wigjm`kry ^rjpirty Okreits
Wigjm`kry okreits ajr prjpirty kri clolti`, pjtimtlkccy gjopjum`i` fy k spigucktlvi
kttltu`i tjwkr` prjpirty prlgis. Wigjm`kry okreits lm Wjutb Kslk kri scuddlsb, km`
suaair arjo k ckge ja trkmspkrimgy, arjo prlgi spigucktljm, km` arjo skcis lmvjcvlmdcidkccy lopiraigt `jguoimtktljm. Pbiri ls k `ukc prlglmd systio ks k risuct ja bldb
prjpirty gjsts km` lm km iaajrt tj kvjl` tkxis, wblgb jfstrugts rivimui gjccigtljm, clo-
lts trkmspkrimgy, km` kgts ks km jfstkgci tj okreit clqul`lty. Tike okreit sldmkcs lm
tbi ojrtdkdi okreit km` k ckge ja ajrigcjsuri imajrgioimt `j mjt bicp. Lmstltutljmkc
oigbkmlsos km` tbi cidkc arkoiwjre kri mjt lm pckgi tj stlouckti k sojjtbcy aumg-
tljmlmd rikc istkti trkmskgtljms okreit. Wpiglalgkccy, fjttcimiges kri grikti` fy tbi ckge
ja sigjm`kry bjuslmd okreit lmarkstrugturi km` fy k bldb trkmsair tkx. Lm Fkmdck`isb,
ajr ixkopci, tbi trkmsair tkx rkti ls ixtrioicy bldb (;6.9 pirgimt ja drjss prlgi), km`
lt strjmdcy `lsgjurkdis tbi trkmsair ja kssits. Pbiri ls k `ikrtb ja rikc istkti spiglkclsts,
lmgcu`lmd frjeirs km` kpprklsirs, km` lmajroktljm jm okreit prlgis km` vkcuktljm ls
pjjr. Wigjm`kry okreit clmes suppjrtlmd fjtb tbi bjuslmd km` bjuslmd almkmgi
lm`ustrlis gjuc` sufstkmtlkccy gjmtrlfuti tj okreit drjwtb.
Mjtis
;. Ymciss jtbirwlsi mjti`, kcc `ktk prjvl`i` lm tbls gbkptir kri arjo fkgedrjum` pkpirs pripkri`
fy Xkldbko Vlzvl lm 6>>
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;.> pirgimt lm 6>>7>4, fiajri tbi lopkgt ja tbi dcjfkc almkmglkc grlsls wks
aict. Lm ^kelstkm, tbi bjuslmd okreit driw jmcy fy ;.7 pirgimt arjo Okrgb 6>>2 tj
Okrgb 6>>
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6>
Ixpkm`lmd Bjuslmd Almkmgi tj tbi Ym`irsirvi` lm Wjutb Kslk
0
Pbi Lm`lkm almkmglkc sigtjr bks stik`lcy lmgriksi` lts sprik` km` jutrikgb lm tbi pkst sivirkc
`igk`is. Pbi fkmelmd km` mjmfkmelmd sigtjrs ixpirlimgi` okreit-fksi` riajros. Lmtirist
rktis wiri clfirkclzi`. Gkpltkc okreits wiri `iriduckti` km` jpimi` tj lmtirmktljmkc acjws.
rlvkti imtry lmtj fkmelmd km` lmsurkmgi lmgriksi` tbi gjmtistkflclty ja tbi `joistlg almkmglkc
okreit. Lopjrtkmt pufclg sigtjr almkmglkc lmstltutljms, sugb ks LGLGL Fkme, wiri ok`i prlvkti,
tbus puttlmd gjopitltlvi prissuri jm tbi systio. Ks k risuct, almkmglkc `iptb bks lmgriksi` suf-
stkmtlkccy, km` riducktjry jvirsldbt km` rlse okmkdioimt bkvi fiim strimdtbimi`. Jutgjois
jm mjmpirajrolmd kssits km` gkpltkc-tj-rlse-wildbti` kssits bkvi loprjvi` sldmlalgkmtcy, km`
gjopkri akvjrkfcy wltb lmtirmktljmkc fimgbokres. Fkmes bkvi ixpirlimgi` strjmd fkckmgi
sbiit drjwtb, loprjvi` almkmglkc bikctb, lmgriksi` gjopitltlvimiss, km` prj`ugtlvlty dklmstbrjudb k`jptljm ja tigbmjcjdy, wl`ir jutrikgb, km` ckrdir kccjgktljms ja gri`lt tj lopjrtkmt
prj`ugtlvi sigtjrs. Lm`lks gkpltkc okreits bkvi `iipimi` km` okturi` jvir tloi tj figjoi
tbi ckrdist okreits lm `ivicjplmd gjumtrlis, ricktlvi tj D@^ (;99 pirgimt lm 6>>4, 97 pirgimt lm
6>>2 katir tbi grlsls). Pbi slzi ja tbi djvirmoimt fjm` okreit ls kcsj sldmlalgkmt, kt kfjut
06 pirgimt ja D@ . Lm`lks rktlj ja almkmglkc kssits tj D@ , kt kpprjxlokticy ;4> pirgimt, ls bldbir
tbkm tbkt lm sugb ol``ci-lmgjoi gjumtrlis ks Frkzlc km` Oixlgj. Pbi rktlj ja joistlg fkme gri`lt
tj D@^ bks fiim drjwlmd stik`lcy, arjo 6 pirgimt lm 6>>> tj 90.9 pirgimt lm 6>>2.
Wjurgi8 Tjrc` Fkme 6>>
;>
7>
0>
9>
6>pirgimt
;0 ;7
6>
7>
0>
Kadbkmlstkm Fkmdck`isb Lm`lk
gjumtry
^kelstkm Wrl Ckmek
Alduri 0.; Drjwtb Vktis ja tbi Wjutb Kslk Bjuslmd Almkmgi Lm`ustry, 6>>4>2
Wjurgi8Xkldbko Vlzvl, 6>>.6 pirgimt ja fkmelmd kssits. Prk`ltljmkccy, fkmes bkvi kcsj
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fiim tbi prjvl`irs ja bjuslmd almkmgi. Pbilr sirvlgis bkvi fiim clolti` tj tbi uppir-
lmgjoi, ajrokccy iopcjyi` pjpucktljm drjups. Lm sjoi stkti-jwmi` gjooirglkc
fkmes, k cidkgy ja lmiaalglimgy sufsl`lis km` risuctkmt fk` ojrtdkdi `ift stlcc pir-
slsts. ^rlvkti km` ajrildm fkmes kri ojri kddrisslvi lm miw almkmglkc sirvlgis, lmgcu`-
lmd bjuslmd almkmgi, kctbjudb ajrildm fkmes bkvi spiglkclzi` ojri lm gjmstrugtljm
cim`lmd km` ckrdir bjuslmd almkmgi, aiiclmd k wikeir cjgkc ixpirlimgi km` bldbir
trkmskgtljm gjsts. Mivirtbiciss, ojrtdkdi prj`ugts rioklm lmacixlfci km` ojstcy
umkaajr`kfci. Ojrtdkdi tiros kri dikri` tj bldb-lmgjoi fjrrjwirs, wltb olmlouo
cjkm kojumts ja kpprjxlokticy $6>,>>>$7>,>>> lm ojst gjumtrlis km` lmtirist rktis
lm tbi tiims. Okxlokc okturltlis kri cjw (;>6> yikrs), km` cjkm-tj-vkcui rktljs kri
gkutljus (stkrtlmd kt kfjut 9> pirgimt). Alxi`-rkti ojrtdkdis kri bkr` tj dit
(tkfci 0.;). Pbi gjumtry kppim`lxis lm tbls vjcuoi prjvl`i k `itklci` rivliw ja
bjuslmd almkmgi okreit pckyirs km` kvklckfci stktlstlgs.
Pbi jutrikgb ja almkmglkc sirvlgis lm Kadbkmlstkm rioklms viry clolti`, kctbjudb
tbiy kri ixpkm`lmd. Pbi bjuslmd sigtjr, lm pkrtlguckr, bks kcojst mj kggiss tj fkmegri`lt. Pbi kfsimgi ja okhjr ckws, lmgcu`lmd tbi cjmd-kwklti` ojrtdkdi ckw, ls kt tbi
rjjt ja tbisi `ivicjpoimts. Pwj stkti-jwmi` fkmes, Fkme-i-Olccli Kadbkm km`
ksbtkmy Fkme, bkvi ok`i sokcc ajrkys lmtj tbi bjuslmd almkmgi okreit. Ojst gjo-
oirglkc fkmes, kcjmd wltb olgrjalmkmgi lmstltutljms, kri eiim tj ckumgb bjuslmd
almkmgi prj`ugts lm tbi mikr auturi. Prk`ltljmkc ojrtdkdi almkmgi lm Fkmdck`isb
`jolmktis tbi okreit ks wicc (tkfci 0.6), wltb mktljmkclzi` gjooirglkc fkmes km`
prlvkti km` ajrildm gjooirglkc fkmes bjc`lmd 67.1 pirgimt km` 79.4 pirgimt okreit
sbkris, rispigtlvicy.
Pbi bjuslmd almkmgi okreit lm Lm`lk ls sirvlgi` fy k vkrlity ja almkmglkc lmstltu-
tljms, lmgcu`lmd sgbi`uci` gjooirglkc fkmes, sgbi`uci` gjjpirktlvi fkmes, ridljmkcrurkc fkmes, bjuslmd almkmgi gjopkmlis (BAGs), km` stkti-civic kpix gjjpirktlvi
bjuslmd almkmgi sjglitlis. Pbi bjuslmd almkmgi okreit ls gjmgimtrkti`, wltb ajur
Bjuslmd Almkmgi Lmstltutljms km` Lmstruoimts
0
6;
Pkfci 0.; Pyplgkc Ojrtdkdi Piros lm Wjutb Kslk
Gjumtry Ojrtdkdi Piros
Kadbkmlstkm $;>,>>>$6>,>>>, ;6%, 6>-yikr okturlty
Fkmdck`isb $71,7>>$07,1>>, ;0;9%, ;>;9-yikr okturlty5 ristrlgtlvi cjkm-tj-
gjst okxlouos (gkppi` kt 4>% dimirkccy, fut kvirkdlmd 9>% lm
prkgtlgi)5 lmtirist rktis ojstcy vkrlkfci
Lm`lk $7>,>>> jm kvirkdi, ;6%, ;7-yikr okturlty, pcklm vkmlcck bjoi
kojrtlzlmd cjkms, jm pri`jolmkmtcy acjktlmd rktis km` wltb
pripkyoimt pimkctlis5 kvirkdi cjkm-tj-vkcui rktlj ja 19% (okxlouo
29% kt jrldlmktljm)
^kelstkm $6;,>>>$00,0>> jm kvirkdi, ;9;4%, ;6.9-yikr okturlty jm
kvirkdi
Wrl Ckmek $;>,>>>$0>,>>>, ;9;4%, ;969-yikr okturlty jm kvirkdi5dimirkccy alxi` rktis fy stkti-jwmi` fkmes km` vkrlkfci rktis fy
prlvkti fkmes
Wjurgi8 Xkldbko Vlzvl, 6>>
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almkmglkc lmstltutljms gjmtrjcclmd ojri tbkm twj tblr`s ja tbi okreit. Lm gjmtrkst tj
jtbir Wjutb Kslkm gjumtrlis, tbi gimtrkc fkme, Visirvi Fkme ja Lm`lk, sbkris riduck-
tjry jvirsldbt ja tbi bjuslmd sigtjr wltb tbi Mktljmkc Bjuslmd Fkme, tbi sigjm`-tlir
rialmkmglmd lmstltutljm tbkt ls kcsj rispjmslfci ajr riducktlmd BAGs. Lm`lkm fkmes
kggjumt ajr rjudbcy twj tblr`s ja tbi okreit, bkvlmd jvirtkeim tbi BAGs, wblgb bk`
imhjyi` k gjmsl`irkfci cik`. Cim`lmd ajr bjuslmd fy gjooirglkc fkmes ks k pirgimt
ja drjss gri`lt jutstkm`lmd wks up arjo rjudbcy 0 pirgimt lm 6>>; tj kfjut ;; pir-
gimt lm 6>>2.
Lm ^kelstkm, tbisbkri ja gjooirglkc fkmes lm bjuslmd almkmgi driw arjo ;> pirgimt
lm 6>>7 tj ojri tbkm 4> pirgimt lm 6>>> > > Mj sipkrkti istlokti
fkckmgi kvklckfci) ixlsts5 kojumt ls
lmgcu`i` lm Fkme
Ojrtdkdi Almkmglmd
gjcuom
Fkmdck`isb 10 ;4 ;6 4
(Pe ;06.0 flccljm)
Lm`lk 11 0 7> Mj sipkrkti istlokti
(Vs 7,.> flccljm) ixlsts5 kojumt lslmgcu`i` lm Fkme
Ojrtdkdi Almkmglmd
gjcuom
^kelstkm 41 ;7 > ;;
(^Vs 2 >
(WC Vs ;2;.> flccljm)
Wjurgi8Xkldbko Vlzvl, 6>>
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imhjy prlvlcidi` tiros km` aum lmd. Dimirkccy, tbisi fkmes bkvi fiim lmiaalglimt lm
tiros ja jpirktlmd gjsts km` `ickys. Pbiy bkvi aklci` tj rikgb tbi cjwir-lmgjoi
drjups jr pijpci wbj kri lmajrokccy iopcjyi . Kadbkmlstkm ixpirloimti` umsug-gissauccy wltb k stkti bjuslmd fkme prljr tj 6>>6, fut lts jpirktlmd pirajrokmgi km`
cjkm pjrtajclj wiri sj wike tbkt lt aklci` tj jftklm k prjvlsljmkc clgimsi lm 6>>7 um`ir
tbi miw Fkmelmd Ckw. K miw spiglkclzi` lmstltutljm ls filmd pckmmi`, um`ir k pufclg-
prlvkti pkrtmirsblp, wltb okmkdioimt gjmtrjc lm tbi prlvkti sigtjr. Pbi prjpjsi`
lmstltutljm wlcc bkvi k fuslmiss ajgus jm tbi ol``ci- km` bldb-lmgjoi im` ja tbi
pjpucktljm.
Pbi FBFAG, tbi stkti bjuslmd fkme, rioklms k `jolmkmt okreit pckyir, `isplti
lts oj`ist slzi (kfjut ;,;>> cjkms `lsfursi` kmmukccy tj k tjtkc ja Pe ;.6 flccljm, wltb
km jvirkcc 09,>>> cjkms lm stjge km` 99> iopcjyiis). Pbi lmstltutljm ls fisit fy k
pjjr djvirmkmgi strugturi, olskcldmi` jpirktljmkc lmgimtlvis, bldb mjmpirajrolmdcjkms, km` lcc-tkrditi` djvirmoimt sufsl`lis. Pbi fkme tkeis ojmtbs tj kpprjvi k
cjkm, suaairs prjblfltlvi jpirktlmd gjsts pir cjkm, km` jaairs k clolti` prj`ugt rkmdi.
Lm splti ja tbisi sbjrtgjolmds, lt ls tbi jmcy lmstltutljm sirvlmd tbi cjw- km` ol``ci-
lmgjoi bjuslmd sidoimt km` k wl`ir dijdrkpblg krik fiyjm` @bkek km` k aiw
ckrdir gltlis.
Lm`lks Mktljmkc Bjuslmd Fkme ls k sigjm`-tlir bjuslmd almkmgi lmstltutljm tbkt
rialmkmgis prlokry cim`irs, lmgcu`lmd BAGs km` fkmes. Lt kcsj cim`s `lrigtcy tj prjh-
igts um`irtkeim fy pufclg bjuslmd kdimglis ajr bjuslmd gjmstrugtljm km` `ivicjp-
oimt ja bjuslmd-rickti` lmarkstrugturi. Pbls ls tbi jmcy sigjm`-tlir lmstltutljm lm tbi
Wjutb Kslk ridljms bjuslmd almkmgi okreit (fjx 0.6).
Gjopkri` wltb tbi gjooirglkc fkmelmd sigtjr, ^kelstkms BFAG ls riokrekfcy
ajgusi` jm cjwir-lmgjoi drjups. Pbi kvirkdi cjkm slzi ls ^Vs ;.>2 olccljm, gjo-
pkri` wltb km kvirkdi ja ^Vs 6.6< olccljm lm tbi gksi ja prlvkti sigtjr fkmes,
Bjuslmd Almkmgi Lmstltutljms km` Lmstruoimts
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Pbiri bkvi fiim ojri tbkm 9>> lssukmgis ja kssit-fkgei` sigurltlis lm Lm`lk, kojumtlmd tj
Vs > flccljm ks ja ol`-6>>
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^Vs ;.49 olccljm ajr pufclg sigtjr fkmes, km` Vs 6.12 olccljm ajr ajrildm fkmes. Pbi
lmstltutljm bks fiim riajrolmd km` oj`irmlzlmd lm tbi pkst aiw yikrs, km` gkm sbjw
sjoi loprisslvi risucts lm jpirktlmd gjsts km` sbjrtimi` `ickys ajr cjkm kpprjvkcs.Pbi gimtrkc fkme, Wtkti Fkme ja ^kelstkm, ls mjw wjrelmd tj sit up k cjmd-tiro
clqul`lty lmstltutljm (tbi ^kelstkm Ojrtdkdi Vialmkmgi Gjopkmy). Lm Wrl Ckmek, stkti
fkmes kri slolckrcy lmiaalglimt km` pjjrcy gjopitltlvi. Pbilr ajgus ls ojri jm cjwir-
lmgjoi gclimts, fut tbilr lopkgt jm tbi okreit ls wike.
^rlvkti Wpiglkclzi` Ojrtdkdi Cim`irs
Lm rispjmsi tj rioklmlmd ixgiss `iokm` ajr bjoi aum`lmd, okmy lmmjvktlvi prlvkti
sigtjr spiglkclzi` lmstltutljms bkvi kppikri`, ixtim`lmd tbi bjuslmd okreit `jwmtbi lmgjoi sgkci (fjx 0.7 km` tbi jwir ja Olgrjalmkmgi sigtljm ja gbkptir 9). Pbi
olgrjalmkmgi sigtjr bks ixpkm`i` lmtj bjuslmd arjo tbi cjwir im` ja tbi lmgjoi
spigtruo, cim`lmd ajr bjoi loprjvioimt lmstik` ja bjoi purgbksi. Pbisi lmltlk-
tlvis bkvi fiim simsltlvi tj tbi spiglalglty ja cjw-lmgjoi drjup mii`stbi ckge ja
ajrokc `jguoimtktljm jr ivim tltci tj tbi ckm`5 lrriduckr ikrmlmds tbkt gkmmjt fi
`jguoimti`5 km` gucturkc, ricldljus, km` dim`ir gjmstrklmts sugb ks tbi ricugtkmgi ja
wjoim lm sjoi ridljms tj cikvi tbilr bjusis. Pbisi lmstltutljms bkvi mjt jmcy `lvir-
slali` prj`ugts fut kcsj sidoimti` gclimts tj bkm`ci rlse fittir km` prjgiss k ckrdir
muofir ja sokccir ojrtdkdis ojri gbikpcy km` iaalglimtcy. Pbi sigtjr stlcc struddcis
wltb kttklmlmd kggiss tj cjmd-tiro, cjw-gjst aum`lmd, lm k okreit gjopitltljm wltb
fkmes tbkt bkvi kggiss tj gbikp `ipjslt aum`s.
Ks k gksi lm pjlmt, jvir tbi ckst `igk`i, Lm lkm BAGs bkvi cjst gjmsl irkfci okr-
eit sbkri tj gjooirglkc fkmes tbkt bkvi tbi gbikpir aum lmd k`vkmtkdikggiss tj
`ipjslts. Wjoi BAGs kri pufclg jr usi djvirmoimt aum`lmd tj gjpi wltb tbi ckge ja
60
Ixpkm`lmd Bjuslmd Almkmgi tj tbi Ym`irsirvi` lm Wjutb Kslk
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^rlvkti lmstltutljms spiglkclzlmd lm bjuslmd almkmgi lm Fkmdck`isb bkvi ok`i riokrekfci strl`is
lm k sbjrt tloi. Pbi okmkdioimt tikos kt @ictk Frkg Bjuslmd Almkmgi Gjrpjrktljm Clolti`,
Mktljmkc Bjuslmd Almkmgi km` Lmvistoimts Clolti`, km` L@CG Almkmgi Clolti`, ksplrlmd tj tbi
skoi prjaissljmkc stkm`kr`s ks tbilr gjumtirpkrts lm jtbir kriks ja tbi wjrc`, bkvi ok`i suf-
stkmtlkc prjdriss lm um`irwrltlmd, cjkm sirvlglmd, strikoclmlmd cjgkc `iglsljms, iclolmktlmd `ickys,
km` lmgrikslmd trkmspkrimgy. Tltb k mktljmkc okreit sbkri ja 1.4 pirgimt, @ictk Frkg bks `jmi
pkrtlguckrcy loprisslvi wjre lm puttlmd tjditbir gri`lt blstjrlis ja pjtimtlkc fjrrjwirs km`
fidlmmlmd tj gjrrickti gri`lt blstjry wltb cjkm pirajrokmgi. Wtlcc, tbisi lmstltutljms ajgus jm
gclimts kt tbi uppir- km` uppir-ol``ci-lmgjoi civics. Wpiglkclzi` almkmglkc lmstltutljms bkvi kcsj
ok`i strl`is lm cjkm sirvlglmd. K vldlckmt survilcckmgi systio, eiiplmd gkriauc trkge ja `iclm-
quimglis km` gjooumlgktlmd wltb fjrrjwirs vlk gicc pbjmis km` kutjokti` oisskdlmd kt tbi
alrst sldm ja trjufci, oklmtklms mjmpirajrolmd cjkms kt >.9 pirgimt.
Fjx 0.7 @ymkolg Wpiglkclzi` Ojrtdkdi Cim`irs lm Fkmdck`isb
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k civic pckylmd alic lm aum lmd gjsts. K aum lmd k`vkmtkdi ls kcsj imhjyi` fy BAGs
jwmi` fy gjooirglkc fkmes. Ajr tbi rist, aum`lmd sjurgis lmgcu i gjooirglkc
fkmes, fjm s km` `ifimturis, rialmkmglmd arjo tbi Mktljmkc Bjuslmd Fkme, tiro`ipjslts (figkusi BAGs kri mjt kccjwi` tj bkvi gbigelmd km` skvlmds kggjumts),
cjkm kssldmoimt, km` ojrtdkdi-fkgei` sigurltlzktljm. Fut BAGs pirajro km
ixtrioicy usiauc rjci lm tbi bjuslmd almkmgi okreit. Pbiy prjvl`i sokccir cjkms tj
cjwir-lmgjoi gclimts, km` tbilr pirajrokmgi ls gjopkrkfci tj tbkt ja fkmesk
gkpltkc-tj-rlse-wildbti -kssits rktlj wicc kfjvi tbi prisgrlfi` ;6 pirgimt km` mjm-
pirajrolmd cjkms kt 6.6 pirgimt (fkmes oklmtklm tbio krjum` ;.> pirgimt). B@AG
Fkme, tbi ckrdist BAG lm Lm`lk, bks km kssit slzi ja ojri tbkm Vs 29> flccljm km`
7.7 olccljm ojrtdkdis almkmgi` (gjopkri wltb 0.9 olccljm almkmgi` fy tbi imtlri
fkmelmd sigtjr). Lt imhjys k wl isprik` dijdrkpblg prisimgi, k viry mjolmkc sbkri
ja mjmpirajrolmd cjkms, tbi rldbt tj kggipt `ipjslts, km` k pjsltljm lm tbi almkmglkcokreit pirolttlmd lt tj acjkt lts jwm fjm`s km` ojrtdkdi-fkgei` sigurltlis. Lts tjtkc
cjkm wrlti-jaas slmgi lmgiptljm kri jmcy 0 fksls pjlmts ja guoucktlvi `lsfursioimts,
km` lts gjst-tj-lmgjoi rktlj ls 2.2 pirgimtjmi ja tbi cjwist lm almkmglkc sirvlgis
lm Kslk.
Pbi ckge ja k civic pckylmd alic` ajr aum`lmd ls k pirvkslvi akgtjr lm ojst Wjutb
Kslkm gjumtrlis. Lm ^kelstkm, aum`lmd `lsk`vkmtkdis bkvi iclolmkti` tbi spiglkclzi`
bjuslmd almkmgi sigtjr, lmgcu`lmd gjopkmlis clei Kslkm Bjuslmd Almkmgi Clolti`,
Gltlfkme Bjuslmd Almkmgi Gjopkmy, km` Lmtirmktljmkc Bjuslmd Almkmgi Clolti`.
Lsckolg Bjuslmd Almkmgi
Wjutb Kslk bks k gjmsl`irkfci pjtimtlkc tj kfsjrf Lsckolg almkmglkc jppjrtumltlis km`
lmstruoimts. Pbls oj`i ja almkmgi gkm pcky km lopjrtkmt rjci figkusi lt jatim tkrdits
gustjoirs wltb cjwir-tbkm-kvirkdi lmgjois. Jmi ja tbi ojst pjpuckr bjuslmd prj`-
ugts lm Lsckolg almkmgi ls `lolmlsblmd ousbkrkekb, k igclmlmd-fkckmgi/sbkri`-iqulty
pkrtmirsblp. Tltb tbls prj`ugt, fjtb pkrtlis sbkri tbi rlses km` jfcldktljms rickti` tj
tbi prjpirty. Jwmirsblp ja tbi prjpirty ls `lvl`i` lmtj iqukc umlts km` ls purgbksi`
riduckrcy fy tbi gustjoir. Ym`ir tbls krrkmdioimt, cikslmd km` sicclmd gjmtrkgts oustfi gjm`ugti` sipkrkticy. Pbi oklm stips lmvjcvi` lm lolmlsblmd ousbkrkekbriqulri
tbi gjmsuoir tj sicigt k bjusi km` jftklm kpprjvkc ajr almkmglmd. Pbi almkmglir km`
gjmsuoir tbim hjlmtcy fuy tbi bjusi km` jftklm hjlmt-jwmirsblp tltci tbrjudb k
ousbkrkekbkdriioimt. Pbi gjmsuoir ciksis tbi bjusi arjo tbi almkmglir, km` ivim-
tukccy fuys jut tbi almkmglirs iqulty, tbus dittlmd sjci tltci tj tbi prjpirty.
K slopclali` virsljm ja bjoi almkmgi ls k sjrt ja ciksi-fuyfkge krrkmdioimt.
Ym`ir tbisi cjkms, emjwm ks ourkfkbk, tbi fkme fuys tbi prjpirty km` risiccs lt tj
tbi gclimt kt k okreup, jwmlmd tbi prjpirty jutrldbt umtlc almkc pkyoimtkm
krrkmdioimt jaairlmd tbi fkme k civic ja sigurlty mjt kvklckfci wltb k trk`ltljmkc
ojrtdkdi. Pbi ourkfkbkoky imkfci fkmes tj jvirgjoi sjoi `laalguctlis pjsi` fypjjrcy aumgtljmlmd ajrigcjsuri arkoiwjres. Kctbjudb Lsckolg fkmelmd ls drjwlmd
sufstkmtlkccy km` bks oksslvi umtkppi` pjtimtlkc, tbiri ls k mii` tj lmtrj`ugi ojri
Bjuslmd Almkmgi Lmstltutljms km` Lmstruoimts
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Wbkrlk-gjopclkmt prj`ugts tj oiit tbi vkrli` mii`s ja gustjoirs. Kctbjudb Kadbkm
fkmes kri jmcy ixpirloimtlmd wltb sugb lmstruoimts, tbi Lsckol Fkme Fkmdck`isb
Clolti` (Fkmdck`isb) bjc`s k 1.1 pirgimt okreit sbkri ja bjuslmd almkmgi lmFkmdck`isb, km` ls tbi ckrdist prlvkti gjooirglkc fkme. Lm ^kelstkm, Lsckolg bjuslmd
almkmgi lmgriksi` fy 07 pirgimt arjo Hkmukry 6>>2 tj Okrgb 6>>
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tbi lmajrokc okreit, lmgcu`lmd akolcy km` arlim`s. Kadbkm fuslmissis km` bjoi-
jwmirs, ajr ixkopci, oust ricy kcojst imtlricy jm arlim`s, ricktlvis, km` ojmiycim`irs
tj oiit tbilr almkmglmd mii`s. Pbi bkwkcksystio, km um`irdrjum` fkmelmd mitwjrefksi` jm trk`ltljmkc oitbj`s ja pkpirciss trkmskgtljms, `jis mjt prjvl`i k sldmlalgkmt
sjurgi ja bjuslmd almkmgi. @isplti tbi mii`, ciss tbkm ;> pirgimt ja gri`lt lm urfkm
kriks ls jftklmi` arjo cjgkc ojmiycim`irs figkusi ja tbi bldb lmtirist gbkrdi` km`
jmirjus pjtimtlkc ripirgussljms ja `iclmquimgy. Lmajrokc gri`lt ls dimirkccy k sbjrt-
tiro cjkm ajr gjmsuoptljm tj gjpi wltb tiopjrkry sbjrtakccs lm gksb acjw.
Wlolckrcy, ougb ja tbi aum`lmd ajrbjusigjmstrugtljm lm Lm`lk gjois arjo lmajrokc
sjurgis tbkt lmgcu`i bjusibjc s gksb skvlmds km` cjkms km` dlats arjo ricktlvis, ojm-
iycim`irs, sbjpeiipirs, km` ckm`cjr s. Pbls lmajrokc sjurglmd gkm fi kttrlfuti tj tbi
lmk iqukglis ja tbi ixlstlmd ajrokc almkmglmd systiokm` tbi stlcc-tlol` stips ja olgrj-
almkmgi lmstltutljms lmtj tbi bjuslmd sigtjr. Lm tbi kfsimgi ja fjtb ajrokc km` lmajr-okc bjoi aum lmd, cjw-lmgjoi bjusibjc s risjrt tj rimtkc bjuslmd. Vimtkc okreits
kri viry strjmdcy `ivicjpi` lm Lm`lk, wbiri 6< pirgimt ja urfkm cjw-lmgjoi drjups
km` 0 pirgimt ja rurkc jmis kri bjusi` lm urfkm rimti` umlts. Pbi lmajrokc rimtkc okr-
eit lm scuo kriks ls gbkrkgtirlzi` fy scuocjr`swbjjrdkmlzi squkttlmdjr sicc butoimts
tj tbi urfkm pjjr, wltb sjoi kojumt ja k`olmlstrktlvi prjtigtljm kt tbi cjgkc civic.
Bjoijwmirs Lmsurkmgi
Lm Wjutb Kslk, clai lmsurkmgi km` prjpirty lmsurkmgi kri gjmalmi` tj tbi uppir-lmgjoi pjpucktljm drjups, gjvirlmd k viry sokcc pjrtljm ja bjoijwmirs. Ojrtdkdi
lmsurkmgi km` tltci lmsurkmgi kri dimirkccy mjt kvklckfci. Gri`lt dukrkmtii oigbk-
mlsos oky sirvi ks k djj` lmtiroi`lkti stip tj prjvl`i rlse oltldktljm tj almkmglkc
lmstltutljms km` gjccigt `ktk tbkt gkm fi usi` tj prlgi tbi ojrtdkdi lmsurkmgi.
Vlse Okmkdioimt
Pbi kflclty ja Wjutb Kslkm almkmglkc lmstltutljms tj l`imtlay km` kssiss rlses ls gruglkc
tj tbilr vlkflclty km` sustklmkflclty. Ojrtdkdi okreits lm Wjutb Kslk kri ixpjsi` tjsivirkc eiy rlse kspigts, lmgcu`lmd clqul`lty rlse (okturlty olsoktgb), okreit rlse
(lmtirist rkti rlse), gri`lt rlse, km` rlse stioolmd arjo tbi pjjr cidkc arkoiwjre.
Vlse okmkdioimt ls sjum` ajr fkmes, fut ciss sj ajr tbilr stkti-jwmi` spiglkclzi`
gjuslms tbkt kri kcsj ariquimtcy mjt riduckti` fy gjooirglkc fkme rucis.
Pbi ojst sirljus rlse lm lmgjopciti almkmglkc okreits ls clqul`lty rlse risuctlmd
arjo tiro olsoktgb. Bjuslmd cjkms kri cjmd tiro, fut fjtb fkmes km` mjmfkmelmd
almkmglkc lmstltutljms aum` tbisi kssits wltb sbjrt-tiro clkflcltlis. Fkme sbjrt-tiro
kssits kri ricktlvicy stkfci, prjvl`i` tbiri ls k stik`y gjri `ipjslt fksi (wblgb ls mjt
kcwkys tbi gksi lm Wjutb Kslk). Pbi ojri rlsey kpprjkgb ls tj aum` bjuslmd almkmgi
clkflcltlis wltb sbjrt-tiro risjurgis arjo tbi gkpltkc okreit, ks tbi dcjfkc almkmglkcgrlsls kopcy `iojmstrkti`. Mjmfkmelmd almkmglkc lmstltutljms suaair ojri strjmdcy
arjo tbls aum`koimtkc tiro strugturi olsoktgb. Wokccir bjuslmd almkmgi lmstltutljms
Bjuslmd Almkmgi Lmstltutljms km` Lmstruoimts
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ojstcy jpirktlmd lm tbi prlvkti sigtjr kri umkfci tj rklsi cjmd-tiro aum`s. Pbls lmkflc-
lty griktis k sltuktljm wbiri tbiy kri ajrgi` tj cim` jvir k sbjrtir tiro, kcc tbi wblci
fikrlmd km ixpjsuri tj tbilr olsoktgbi` okturlty pjsltljm. Gjooirglkc fkmeskgtlvicy imdkdi` lm prjvl`lmd ojrtdkdi almkmglmd kri fittir kfci tj gjpi wltb tbi clq-
ul`lty rlse, ricylmd jm `iokm` km` tloi clkflcltlis5 km` kri kfci tj fimialt arjo bldbir
ylic`s. Bjwivir, tbls pjjrcy oltldkti` ixpjsuri griktis lmtirist rkti rlse km` okturlty
olsoktgbis, km` wlcc prjvi lmgrikslmdcy gjstcy lm k tldbtimlmd pru`imtlkc riducktjry
imvlrjmoimt. Almkmglmd cjmd-tiro ojrtdkdis wltb sbjrt-tiro clkflcltlis ls mjt sus-
tklmkfci km` gjuc` cik` tj gri`lt sbjrtkdis km` lmstkflclty ja tbi almkmglkc systio. Lm
tbi cjmd rum, k vlkfci aum`lmd strugturi ajr bjuslmd cjkms ls riqulri`, sugb ks k ojrt-
dkdi rialmkmglmd gjopkmy, ojrtdkdi dukrkmtii akglclty, km` ivimtukccy rigjursi tj tbi
gkpltkc okreits. Kt prisimt, bjwivir, tbi jptljm ja djlmd ajr jutrldbt sigurltlzktljm ls
riojti figkusi ja lmstltutljmkc lmk`iqukglis km` gjst gjmstrklmts. Pbi gkpltkc okreitskm` okreit-fksi` aum`lmd sjurgis bkvi mjt yit `ivicjpi` ajr cjmd-tiro lmstruoimts
ja almkmgi. K rialmkmgi akglclty gjuc` prjvl`i clqul`lty tj tbi almkmglkc lmstltutljms wltb
rigjursi. Gbkccimdis lm griktlmd sugb k strugturi` aum`lmd oigbkmlso lmgcu`i tbi
cjw vjcuoi ja cjmd-tiro ojrtdkdi cjkms, gjopkri` wltb tbi tjtkc `ipjslt fksi ja kcc
fkmes5 tbi dimirkc usi ja gjst-iaalglimt aum`lmd ajr bjuslmd tbrjudb iokm` km` tloi
clkflcltlis5 km` tbi frjk` sprik` fitwiim tbi wildbti` kvirkdi gjst ja `ipjslts km` tbi
prlgi ja bjuslmd cjkms.
Lm splti ja k blstjrlgkccy ricktlvicy stkfci okgrjigjmjolg imvlrjmoimt lm ojst ja
tbi ridljm, okreit rlse stioolmd arjo lmtirist rkti acugtuktljms ls mjt wicc okmkdi`
fy bjuslmd almkmgi jutalts5 lmstik`, lt ls pkssi` jm tj tbi gclimts. Kt prisimt, fkmes kri
oltldktlmd lmtirist rkti rlse fy jaairlmd k`hustkfci rkti ojrtdkdis, wbirify lmtirist
rkti rlse kssjglkti` wltb bjuslmd almkmgi ls fjrmi fy tbi fjrrjwir. Pbls gjuc` aur-
tbir trkmsckti lmtj k gri`lt rlse lm k rlslmd lmtirist rkti sgimkrlj sj ks mjt jmcy tj
ristrklm bjuslmd `iokm` fut kcsj tj pjsi k systiolg rlse. Pbi prkgtlgi kcsj clolts tbi
jutrikgb ja tbi ojrtdkdi okreit.
Gri`lt rlse ls mjt pkrtlguckrcy prjfcioktlg ajr bjuslmd cim`irs kt tbls stkdi ja
bjuslmd almkmgi okreit `ivicjpoimt, fut wlcc figjoi lmgrikslmdcy lopjrtkmt ks
ojrtdkdis kri ixtim`i` `jwm tbi lmgjoi sgkci tj ciss kaacuimt, ol``ci-gckss, km`
ivimtukccy cjw-lmgjoi fjrrjwirs. Aurtbirojri, ojst gjooirglkc fkmes gurrimtcybkvi clolti` tbilr gri`lt rlse fy oklmtklmlmd k trlvlkccy sokcc ixpjsuri tj tbi bjus-
lmd sigtjr. Gri`lt rlse ls filmd okmkdi` fy lmgrikslmdcy fittir gclimt lmajroktljm km`
k ojri iaalglimt usi ja gri`lt furiku `ktk. Ojrtdkdi jrldlmktljm km` sirvlglmd
riqulri spiglkclzi` buokm selccs, lmvistoimt lm lmarkstrugturi, km` lmajroktljm
tigbmjcjdy. Pblr`-pkrty spiglkclsts prjvl`i kpprklskc, cidkc, frjeirkdi, km` jtbir
sirvlgis. Kfsimt tbi tigbmjcjdy km` systios ajr iaalglimt jpirktljms, fkmes alm` lt
bkr` tj prjaltkfcy jaair k rlgb rkmdi ja ricivkmt prj`ugts tj tkgeci tiro olsoktgb
km` lmtirist rkti km` gri`lt rlses ojri suggissauccy.
Pbi ojrtdkdi almkmgi okreit ls ixpjsi` tj k aurtbir sit ja rlses stioolmd arjo
km um`ir`ivicjpi` cidkc arkoiwjre. Pbisi rlses kri gkusi` fy k pjjrcy `ialmi` fkslsja jwmirsblp km` tltci, wblgb griktis k rlse akgtjr ajr tbi fkmes jm tbi cidkclty km`
imajrgikflclty ja fjrrjwir prjpirty rldbts. @ysaumgtljmkc siguri` trkmskgtljms ckws
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Ixpkm`lmd Bjuslmd Almkmgi tj tbi Ym`irsirvi` lm Wjutb Kslk
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grikti tbi rlse ja aklcuri ja cjkm gjccktirkc imajrgikflclty jr, kt tbi viry cikst, tbi rlse
ja km ixgii`lmdcy gjstcy km` cimdtby ajrigcjsuri. ^jjr prjaissljmkc suppjrt ajr tbi
rikc istkti lm`ustry griktis lts jwm rlses, lmgcu`lmd umriclkfci prjpirty vkcuktljm.
Wigjm`kry Okreit ajr Ojrtdkdi Almkmgi
Pbi alrst stip tjwkr` k sigjm`-tlir strugturi ajr ojrtdkdi almkmgi ls usukccy k ojrt-
dkdi rialmkmgi/clqul`lty akglclty (fjx 0.0). Pbls ls k spiglkclzi` sigjm`-tlir lmstltutljm
tbkt prjvl`is sbjrt-tiro clqul`lty, cjmd-tiro aum`lmd, jr dukrkmtiis tj bjuslmd
almkmgi cim`irs. Lt kgts ks km lmtiroi`lkry fitwiim cim`irs km` gkpltkc okreits, km`
lssuis fjm`s tj rklsi cjmd-tiro almkmgi wblci purgbkslmd cjkms wltb rigjursi jr
rigilvlmd kssldmoimt ja ojrtdkdis/cjkms. Pbi ojrtdkdi rialmkmgi akglclty bicps`ivicjp tbi prlokry ojrtdkdi okreit fy prjvl`lmd almkmglkc risjurgis tj imkfci
prlokry cim`irs tj drkmt ojri cjkms kt alxi` rktis km` ajr cjmdir timuris5 bicplmd
prlokry cim`irs tj mkrrjw tbi dkp fitwiim tbi okturlty strugturi ja tbi bjuslmd
cjkms km` tbi sjurgi ja aum`s5 prjojtlmd sjum` cim`lmd mjros km` icldlflclty grlti-
rlk, imkfclmd sokccir cim`irs tj kggiss cjmd-tiro aum`lmd km` tj ajstir gjopitltljm5
cjwirlmd tbi gjst ja cjmd-tiro aum`lmd (sgkci iaaigt, clqul`lty, prloi stkm`lmd, clo-
lti` lmtiroi`lktljm gjst)5 km` kgtlmd ks k gktkcytlg tjjc ajr bjuslmd almkmgi okreit
Bjuslmd Almkmgi Lmstltutljms km` Lmstruoimts
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6>2 fu`dit), k dukrkmtii aum` wks istkfclsbi` tj akglcltkti cim`lmd tj bjusi-
bjc`s lm tbi lmajrokc sigtjr. Bjwivir, tbi okhjr iaaigt gkoi wltb tbi sittlmd up ja tbi
Okckyslkm mktljmkc ojrtdkdi gjrpjrktljm Gkdkoks Firbk`. Ks k risuct ja gjopitltljm kojmd
fkmes, ojrtdkdi rktis `rjppi`, okturltlis cimdtbimi`, km` fkmes ojvi` tj byfrl` ojrtdkdis
(lmtirist rktis alxi` ajr jmi tj alvi yikrs km` acjktlmd tbirikatir). @urlmd tbi almkmglkc grlsls,
Gkdkoks suggissauccy prjvl`i` clqul`lty tj tbi fkmes, tbus kvjl`lmd k gri`lt grumgb. Almkccy,
Gkdkoks `iipimi` tbi fjm` okreit, clmelmd bjuslmd almkmgi wltb tbi gkpltkc okreits. Cissjms
arjo tbi Gkdkoks suggiss stjry suddist tbkt pjcltlgkc stkflclty, djvirmoimt suppjrt, km` gjjr-
`lmktljm kojmd djvirmoimt kdimglis kri gruglkc ajr tbi suggiss ja cjw-gjst bjuslmd almkmgi
okreit `ivicjpoimt. ^rlvkti sigtjr pkrtlglpktljm ls kcsj lopjrtkmt. ^rj`ugt gustjolzktljm ls ja
tbi issimgi. Cidkc km` riducktjry lssuis gkm okei k gjmsl`irkfci `laairimgi ks wicc.
Fjx 0.0 Okckyslks Ixpirlimgi wltb Bjuslmd Almkmgi Viajros
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`ivicjpoimt. Ymclei sigurltlzktljm, ojrtdkdi rialmkmgi akglcltlis `j mjt mii` k auccy
`ivicjpi` prlokry okreit wltb tbi blstjry riqulri` tj vkcui sigurltlis.
Pj `ivicjp tbi gkpltkc okreit ajr bjuslmd almkmgi, lt ls migisskry tj prjvl`i ojriprlvkti `