expansion and exploration in the 16 th century
TRANSCRIPT
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Expansion and Exploration Expansion and Exploration in the 16in the 16thth Century Century
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I. ExplorationA. Causes
1. Renaissance: new studies – mathematics / literature Fernadez de Oviedo’s – General History of the Indies (1547)
2. New Monarchs: strong centralized states finance exploration 3. New Technology 4. Fall of Constantinople in 1453 – new route to Asia B. Motivation
1. Material profit $$$ 2. Growing Population 3. Religious zeal – Jesuits 4. Commercial Trade
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Overseas Exploration & Conquest: 15th & 16th Centuries
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C. Portugal1. Prince Henry the Navigator
a. University – Portolans (coastal maps) b. Cueta & Timbuktu (Gold Coast)
2. Bartholomew Diaz – Cape of Good Hope3. Vasco da Gama - India4. Pedro Cabral - Brazil5. Amerigo Vespucci – North America
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D. Spain 1. Ferdinand & Isabella 2. Christopher Columbus - Hispaniola 3. Ferdinand Magellan - Circumnavigation
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E. Technology 1. Compass
2. Astrolabe 3. Nocturnal 4. Caravel Ship a. Lateen Sail b. Cannon 5. Cartography (maps)
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Mercator’s Map, ca. 1575
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Waldseemuller’s World Map, 1507
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F. Spanish Conquest1. Hernando Cortès: Aztecs
2. Francisco Pizzaro: Incas*
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3. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) a. Pope Leo VI – separated new world
territories b/w Spain & Portugal to avoid war
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4. Viceroyalties: administrative divisions in the New World a. Viceroy – presided over the audiencia : board of 12 judges b. Mercantilism – economic
theory that trade generates
wealth and is stimulated by
the accumulation of profitable
balances, which a government
should encourage by means of
protectionism.
1) Quinto – 1/5th of all precious metals
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G. Spanish Colonies 1. Mestizos & Mulattos
2. Hacienda system * Spanish plantations
3. Ecomienda system * power to enslave natives
H. Columbian Exchange 1. Biosocial a. Bio: exchange of plant, animal, disease
b. Social: cultural & economic impact
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Old World New WorldPigs Potatoeshorses Maize (corn)Cattle TomatoesGoats TobaccoSugar Cane CacaoSmall Pox SyphilisChristianity IndigoSlavery Cotton Gold / Silver
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I. Results of Contact1. Native Americans
a. 90% dead by 1600b. European cultural imports
2. For Europeansa. Revolution in Dietb. Rise of global empiresc. Rise of capitalism (Commercial Revolution)
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II. Status of women in the 16th & 17th century
A. Protestants 1. rejected celibacy of clergy – encouraged marriage of priest 2. men & women spiritually equal – but women were subordinate to men 3. Marriage: procreation, avoidance of sin, mutual help & companionship a. divorce was allowed
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B. Catholics 1. upheld celibacy of clergy 2. Trident Decree of Tametsi - marriage must be by the church a. wife was to be obedient, silent, and pious b. divorce was forbidden
C. Prostitution – tolerated by both Catholics & Protestants
D. Work: single women (middle & working class) worked in many occupations (midwives, servants)
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E. Witch Hunts (1560-1660) 1. Period of hysteria during the Reformation 2. Church: powers come from either God or the Devil a. Used witch hunts to gain control over village life in rural areas.
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3. Women: 80% of victims (“weaker vessels”) a. Single / widowed older women b. Misogyny (hatred of women) c. Midwifery / folk medicine
4. Religious wars and divisions created a panic environment; scapegoating
a. Leaders tried to gain loyalty of their people; appeared to be protecting them
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5. End of witch hunts a. Scientific Revolution b. Advances in medicine; insurance
companies c. Trials became chaotic; accusers could
be accused d. Protestant Reformation
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The African Slave Trade
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III. Commercial Revolution (ca. 1500-1700) A. Significance: 1. Spurred age of discovery & exploration 2. Rise of capitalism 3. Rise of the middle class (bourgeoisie) B. Causes: 1. Population growth: 70 million in 1500;
90 million in1600 2. “price revolution”: (long slow upward
trend); increased food prices, increased volume of $, influx of gold & silver
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C. Rise in capitalism (laissez-faire): 1. Entrepreneurs; bourgeoisie at the forefront 2. Banking: Fuggers, Antwerp in 16th c., Amsterdam
in 17th c. 3. Chartered companies: state provided monopolies
in certain areas (BEIC, DEIC) 4. joint-stock companies: investors pooled resources
for common purpose (forerunner of modern corporation) 5. stock markets: e.g., Bourse in Germany
6. Enclosure movement; “Putting-out” Industry
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7. New industries: cloth production, mining,
printing, book trade, shipbuilding, cannons &
muskets
8. Consumer goods: rice, sugar, tea
9. Mercantilism: nations sought self-sufficient
economy; “bullionism”