Expansion into the Expansion into the Trans-Appalachian Trans-Appalachian

West: American West: American Indian Resistance Indian Resistance

and Slavery and Slavery

Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763

Prior to the American Prior to the American Revolution, the British Revolution, the British government attempted to government attempted to define boundaries between define boundaries between Native American lands and Native American lands and the colonies. the colonies.

The Proclamation states that The Proclamation states that white inhabitants will not white inhabitants will not pass the Appalachians. pass the Appalachians.

The Proclamation issued by The Proclamation issued by King George did little to King George did little to reduce conflicts between the reduce conflicts between the Native Americans and the Native Americans and the settlers. settlers.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix, Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 17681768

In 1768 the Superintendent of Indian Affairs negotiated a treaty in which the natives forfeited their rights to all In 1768 the Superintendent of Indian Affairs negotiated a treaty in which the natives forfeited their rights to all lands to the south east of the Ohio River. lands to the south east of the Ohio River.

Negotiations were held between the English and the Iroquois only, infuriating many other tribes.Negotiations were held between the English and the Iroquois only, infuriating many other tribes. English settlers quickly moved into the valley and were met with intense resistance.English settlers quickly moved into the valley and were met with intense resistance.

Phillis Wheatley, 1753-Phillis Wheatley, 1753-1784 1784

Phillis Wheatley was taken Phillis Wheatley was taken from West Africa as a young from West Africa as a young girl and sold to John girl and sold to John Wheatley in Boston. Wheatley in Boston.

She learned to read and She learned to read and write and became well write and became well versed in English, Greek, and versed in English, Greek, and Latin. Latin.

In 1773, 39 of her poems In 1773, 39 of her poems were published in London (a were published in London (a publisher could not be found publisher could not be found in Boston to publish an in Boston to publish an African American's work). African American's work).

Poems on Various Subjects, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and MoralReligious and Moral was the was the first collection of poems first collection of poems published with an African published with an African American author.American author.

Her conversion to Her conversion to Christianity is evident in Christianity is evident in much of her work, a much of her work, a predominate percentage of predominate percentage of which are elegies. which are elegies.

““On Being Brought from On Being Brought from Africa to America” byAfrica to America” by

Phillis WheatleyPhillis Wheatley

'Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land,'Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land,Taught my benighted soul to understand Taught my benighted soul to understand

That there's a God, that there's a Saviour too:That there's a God, that there's a Saviour too:Once I redemption neither sought nor knew.Once I redemption neither sought nor knew.Some view our sable race with scornful eye,Some view our sable race with scornful eye,

"Their colour is a diabolic die.""Their colour is a diabolic die."Remember, Christians, Negros, black as Cain,Remember, Christians, Negros, black as Cain,

May be refin'd and join th'angelic train. May be refin'd and join th'angelic train.

Treaties with the Six Treaties with the Six NationsNations

After the Revolution, the After the Revolution, the American government was in American government was in need of revenue. need of revenue.

Through a series of treaties, Through a series of treaties, they obtained land to sell to they obtained land to sell to settlers.settlers.

The Six Nations negotiated a The Six Nations negotiated a treaty in 1784 forgoing their treaty in 1784 forgoing their claims to the land in Ohio. claims to the land in Ohio.

In 1789, tribal In 1789, tribal representatives met with the representatives met with the governor of the Northwest governor of the Northwest Territory to reaffirm the Territory to reaffirm the decision made in 1784. decision made in 1784.

The conference was revisited The conference was revisited again in 1796 to further again in 1796 to further solidify the American's hold solidify the American's hold on the territory.on the territory.

George Washington to the George Washington to the Senate on the Cherokee, Senate on the Cherokee,

17901790““Although the treaty with the Creeks may be regarded as Although the treaty with the Creeks may be regarded as

the main foundation of the southwestern frontier … in the main foundation of the southwestern frontier … in order fully to effect so desirable an object, the treaties order fully to effect so desirable an object, the treaties which have been entered into with the other tribes … which have been entered into with the other tribes … must be faithfully performed on our parts. …”must be faithfully performed on our parts. …”

“…“…information has been received that notwithstanding information has been received that notwithstanding the said treaty and proclamation upwards of five the said treaty and proclamation upwards of five hundred families have settled on the Cherokee Landshundred families have settled on the Cherokee Lands…”…”

““I shall conceive myself bound to exert the powers I shall conceive myself bound to exert the powers entrusted to me by the Constitution in order to carry entrusted to me by the Constitution in order to carry into faith the execution the treaty of Hopewell…”into faith the execution the treaty of Hopewell…”

The Middle PassageThe Middle Passage

12 million Africans were sold as slaves to Europeans and shipped to the 12 million Africans were sold as slaves to Europeans and shipped to the Americas. Americas.

Most slaves were seized inland and marched to coastal forts.Most slaves were seized inland and marched to coastal forts. They were chained below deck in ships for the journey across the Atlantic They were chained below deck in ships for the journey across the Atlantic

or “Middle Passage,” under conditions designed to ship the largest or “Middle Passage,” under conditions designed to ship the largest number of people in the smallest space possible. number of people in the smallest space possible.

Olaudah Equiano: Horrors Olaudah Equiano: Horrors of the Middle Passage, of the Middle Passage,

1780s1780s Olaudah Equiano was Olaudah Equiano was

kidnapped from his family kidnapped from his family when he was 11.when he was 11.

After serving in the British After serving in the British navy, he was sold to a Quaker navy, he was sold to a Quaker merchant from whom he merchant from whom he purchased his freedom in purchased his freedom in 1766. 1766.

His pioneering narrative of His pioneering narrative of the journey from slavery to the journey from slavery to freedom was a bestseller, freedom was a bestseller, first published in London in first published in London in 1789.1789.

Olaudah Equiano, 1789: “Is Olaudah Equiano, 1789: “Is It Not Enough that We Are It Not Enough that We Are Torn From Our Country and Torn From Our Country and

Friends?”Friends?”“…“…I was carried on board. I was immediately handled, and I was carried on board. I was immediately handled, and

tossed up to see if I were sound… I was now persuaded tossed up to see if I were sound… I was now persuaded that I had gotten into a world of bad spirits, and that they that I had gotten into a world of bad spirits, and that they were going to kill me.”were going to kill me.”

““I was not long suffered to indulge my grief; I was soon put I was not long suffered to indulge my grief; I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a down under the decks, and there I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my salutation in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life: so that, with the loathsomeness of the stench, and life: so that, with the loathsomeness of the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat…”able to eat…”

““This wretched situation was… aggravated by the gaffing of This wretched situation was… aggravated by the gaffing of the chains, now became insupportable, and the filth of the chains, now became insupportable, and the filth of the necessary tubs, into which the children often fell, and the necessary tubs, into which the children often fell, and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women, and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. …horror almost inconceivable. … “ “

Confederation Congress: Confederation Congress: Disposing of Lands in the Disposing of Lands in the Western Territories, 1785Western Territories, 1785

At the end of the At the end of the Revolutionary War, the United Revolutionary War, the United States owed huge debts.States owed huge debts.

It also owned vast assets: the It also owned vast assets: the lands between the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. the Mississippi River.

To survey and sell them, To survey and sell them, Congress divided the western Congress divided the western lands into townships six miles lands into townships six miles square. square.

Each township was in turn Each township was in turn divided into 36 sections. divided into 36 sections.

Each section contained 640 Each section contained 640 acres. acres.

Land was to be sold by section Land was to be sold by section at one dollar per acre. at one dollar per acre.

Land Ordinances of the Land Ordinances of the 1780's 1780's

In spite of the limited powers of the In spite of the limited powers of the Confederation Congress, they Confederation Congress, they managed to successfully plan the managed to successfully plan the settlement of the Trans-Appalachian settlement of the Trans-Appalachian West. West.

Negotiations begun with Native Negotiations begun with Native American tribes to persuade them American tribes to persuade them that the Treaty of Paris had that the Treaty of Paris had eliminated their claim to Trans-eliminated their claim to Trans-Appalachian lands. Appalachian lands.

To officially establish control, three To officially establish control, three ordinances were issued. ordinances were issued. Ordinance of 1784: allowed for new Ordinance of 1784: allowed for new

states in the territory to be admitted states in the territory to be admitted as soon as their population equaled as soon as their population equaled that of the smallest current state, that of the smallest current state, never passed. never passed.

Land Ordinance of 1785: ensured the Land Ordinance of 1785: ensured the government would be able to sell the government would be able to sell the lands for a profit.lands for a profit.

Northwest Ordinance: provided for Northwest Ordinance: provided for the establishment of territories in the establishment of territories in what is now Wisconsin, Michigan, what is now Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio; prohibited Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio; prohibited slavery; funds for schools. slavery; funds for schools.

Slave Trade ActsSlave Trade Acts Although the Revolutionary War Although the Revolutionary War

did not end slavery, many did not end slavery, many people were compelled to slow people were compelled to slow its expansion. its expansion.

A series of slave trade acts were A series of slave trade acts were passed from 1794 to 1807 passed from 1794 to 1807 designed to stop the designed to stop the importation and transportation importation and transportation of slaves in the United States. of slaves in the United States. 1794 Slave Trade Act: illegal to 1794 Slave Trade Act: illegal to

transport slaves for the purpose transport slaves for the purpose of being sold to or from any of of being sold to or from any of the ports of the United States.the ports of the United States.

1800 amendment: illegal to 1800 amendment: illegal to work on a ship used for the work on a ship used for the transportation of slaves.transportation of slaves.

1803 Slave Trade Act: illegal to 1803 Slave Trade Act: illegal to have any interaction with a ship have any interaction with a ship used to transport slaves. used to transport slaves.

1807: expanded the penalties 1807: expanded the penalties for anyone involved in the for anyone involved in the importation of slaves.importation of slaves.

Treaty of Greenville, Treaty of Greenville, 17951795

The Treaty of Greenville was The Treaty of Greenville was signed at Fort Greenville, signed at Fort Greenville, Ohio by the United States and Ohio by the United States and a coalition of Native a coalition of Native American tribes. American tribes.

It followed the Native It followed the Native Americans' loss at the Battle Americans' loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and put an of Fallen Timbers and put an end to the Northwest Indian end to the Northwest Indian Wars. Wars.

The United States The United States compensated the Native compensated the Native Americans with money for Americans with money for goods lost in the battles in goods lost in the battles in exchange for land. exchange for land.

Slave AdvertisementsSlave Advertisements Though slavery was under Though slavery was under

attack from many different attack from many different segments of the American segments of the American population, it was still alive population, it was still alive and well at the turn of the and well at the turn of the 19th century. 19th century.

Advertisements were Advertisements were commonly found in commonly found in newspapers and on flyers newspapers and on flyers around the country. around the country.

This advertisement, from This advertisement, from Charleston in 1769, Charleston in 1769, displays how slaves were displays how slaves were sold before the ban on the sold before the ban on the importation of slave was importation of slave was put into place. put into place.

Slave AdvertisementsSlave AdvertisementsFrom The State Gazette &

New-Jersey Advertiser, 1797. In 1800 there were reportedly 12,422 slaves in New Jersey,

the last northern state to abolish slavery.

From Kentucky in 1855 as the

institution neared its end in the United

States.

Louisiana Purchase, Louisiana Purchase, 18031803

When Napoleon took control of When Napoleon took control of France in 1799, Thomas Jefferson France in 1799, Thomas Jefferson worried that the tumultuous worried that the tumultuous situation would hinder trade situation would hinder trade along the Mississippi River. along the Mississippi River.

Jefferson saw the port of New Jefferson saw the port of New Orleans as necessary to the Orleans as necessary to the success of the nation. success of the nation.

Jefferson charged Robert Jefferson charged Robert Livingston, the American Livingston, the American minister in Paris, with the minister in Paris, with the purchase New Orleans.purchase New Orleans.

In April of 1803, however, In April of 1803, however, Napoleon offered to sell the Napoleon offered to sell the entirety of Louisiana for $15 entirety of Louisiana for $15 million (the equivalent of roughly million (the equivalent of roughly $200 million in 2000 dollars). $200 million in 2000 dollars).

Together with James Monroe, the Together with James Monroe, the ambassador to Britain, Robert ambassador to Britain, Robert Livingston agreed upon the sale. Livingston agreed upon the sale.

Early Exploration: The Early Exploration: The Lewis and Clark Expedition, Lewis and Clark Expedition,

1804-1806 1804-1806 In 1803, President Jefferson In 1803, President Jefferson

asked Congress in a secret asked Congress in a secret address to commission an address to commission an exploratory expedition across exploratory expedition across the western United States. the western United States.

The Corps of Discovery, led by The Corps of Discovery, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Meriwether Lewis and William Clark , was the first expedition Clark , was the first expedition to the Pacific coast and back. to the Pacific coast and back.

Jefferson's vision was of Jefferson's vision was of expanding the "empire of expanding the "empire of liberty" and populating it with liberty" and populating it with self-sufficient families and self-sufficient families and farmers. farmers.

After Lewis and Clark, a After Lewis and Clark, a number of other government-number of other government-sponsored expeditions were sponsored expeditions were initiated to ascertain the wild initiated to ascertain the wild territories of the American territories of the American West.West.

CitationsCitations Slide 2: Slide 2: http://www.csulb.edu/~aisstudy/nae/chapter_1/001_002_1.55.jpghttp://www.csulb.edu/~aisstudy/nae/chapter_1/001_002_1.55.jpg Slide 3: Slide 3: http://libr.unl.edu:8888/etext/treaties/treaty.00007.htmlhttp://libr.unl.edu:8888/etext/treaties/treaty.00007.html Slide 4: Slide 4: http://http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/gifs/wheatley.jpgdarkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/gifs/wheatley.jpg Slide 5: Slide 5: http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/wheatley/wheatley.html#wheat42http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/wheatley/wheatley.html#wheat42 Slide 6: http://www.archives.gov/press/press-kits/american-originals-photos/images/iroquois-Slide 6: http://www.archives.gov/press/press-kits/american-originals-photos/images/iroquois-

treaty.jpgtreaty.jpg Slide 7: Slide 7: http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/newnatn/nativeam/gwletter.htmlhttp://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/newnatn/nativeam/gwletter.html Slide 8: Slide 8:

http://www.umary.edu/faculty/jlbrud/HIS271/Webographies/MiddlePassage_files/image008.jpghttp://www.umary.edu/faculty/jlbrud/HIS271/Webographies/MiddlePassage_files/image008.jpg Slide 9: Slide 9: http://hum.lss.wisc.edu/bplummer/hist330/olaudah.jpghttp://hum.lss.wisc.edu/bplummer/hist330/olaudah.jpg Slide 10: Slide 10: http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6372/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6372/ Slide 11: Slide 11: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/vc006503.jpghttp://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/vc006503.jpg Slide 12: http://www.wfu.edu/~zulick/340/maps/usamapNWT.gifSlide 12: http://www.wfu.edu/~zulick/340/maps/usamapNWT.gif Slide 13: http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/SlaveTrade/collection/large/E027.JPGSlide 13: http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/SlaveTrade/collection/large/E027.JPG Slide 14: http://clarke.cmich.edu/nativeamericans/treatyrights/treatygreenville.gifSlide 14: http://clarke.cmich.edu/nativeamericans/treatyrights/treatygreenville.gif Slide 15: http://www.unf.edu/floridahistoryonline/Plantations/images/IndigoSlaveSaleSC1769-Slide 15: http://www.unf.edu/floridahistoryonline/Plantations/images/IndigoSlaveSaleSC1769-

lg.jpglg.jpg Slide 16: http://www.scc.rutgers.edu/njwomenshistory/Period_2/slave.htm, Slide 16: http://www.scc.rutgers.edu/njwomenshistory/Period_2/slave.htm,

http://www.ashp.cuny.edu/Doing/images/page8-2.jpghttp://www.ashp.cuny.edu/Doing/images/page8-2.jpg Slide 17: http://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/Website/Course%20Index/Lessons/4/Slide 17: http://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/Website/Course%20Index/Lessons/4/

LA%20Purchase.html LA%20Purchase.html Slide 18: http://www.explorepahistory.com/images/ExplorePAHistory-a0a8u6-a_349.jpgSlide 18: http://www.explorepahistory.com/images/ExplorePAHistory-a0a8u6-a_349.jpg Slide 19: http://www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/collections/exhibits/images/maps/New-Map-of-Route-of-Slide 19: http://www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/collections/exhibits/images/maps/New-Map-of-Route-of-

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