The Expansion of The Expansion of Egypt under CleopatraEgypt under Cleopatra

Ptolemaic EgyptPtolemaic Egypt

Expansion via CaesarExpansion via Caesar

Return of Cyprus

Expansion via Antonius in 37Expansion via Antonius in 37

‘the kingdoms of Phoenicia, Coele Syria, Cyprus, and a large part of Cilicia; in addition

he gave her the balsam-producing part of Judaea, and all that part of Arabia of the Nabataeans which slopes toward the Red

sea.’Plutarch Life of Antonius 36

Expansion via Antonius in 34Expansion via Antonius in 34

So why does Antonius do this?So why does Antonius do this?

Continuing the Roman policy of using Continuing the Roman policy of using client kings on a grand scale?client kings on a grand scale?

Creates a stable, secure east to Creates a stable, secure east to support a war against Parthia (or support a war against Parthia (or elsewhere…)?elsewhere…)?

Or is he just madly, passionately in Or is he just madly, passionately in love with Cleopatra and trying to be love with Cleopatra and trying to be a king himself?a king himself?

Offence this caused to OctavianOffence this caused to Octavian

Once Antonius had conquered Once Antonius had conquered Armenia, he held a ‘triumph’ in Armenia, he held a ‘triumph’ in Alexandria, not in Rome.Alexandria, not in Rome.

Antonius set himself and Cleo up on Antonius set himself and Cleo up on golden thrones. Very un-Roman.golden thrones. Very un-Roman.

Caesarion was declared the Caesarion was declared the legitimate son of Caesar – a direct legitimate son of Caesar – a direct attack on Octavian himself. attack on Octavian himself.