Expansion of the Expansion of the CountryCountryManifest DestinyManifest Destiny

Topics You Need to KnowTopics You Need to Know Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny John L. O’SullivanJohn L. O’Sullivan Florida (1819)Florida (1819) Adams-Onis TreatyAdams-Onis Treaty Texas annexationTexas annexation Oregon boundaryOregon boundary Texas (1845)Texas (1845)

War of IndependenceWar of Independence AlamoAlamo Battle of San JacintoBattle of San Jacinto Annexation of TexasAnnexation of Texas

Oregon Country Oregon Country (1846)(1846)

James K. PolkJames K. Polk Mexican American Mexican American

WarWar Zachary TaylorZachary Taylor Treaty of Guadalupe Treaty of Guadalupe

HidalgoHidalgo Mexican Cession Mexican Cession

(1848)(1848) CaliforniaCalifornia

Gold RushGold Rush Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso Gadsden Purchase Gadsden Purchase

(1853)(1853)

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny The phrase was first employed by The phrase was first employed by John L. O'SullivanJohn L. O'Sullivan in 1845 in 1845 O'Sullivan claimed, O'Sullivan claimed, "our manifest "our manifest

destiny to overspread the destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions."yearly multiplying millions."

““American Progress” American Progress” by John Gast, 1872by John Gast, 1872

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny It expressed the belief that it was It expressed the belief that it was

Anglo-Saxon Americans' providential Anglo-Saxon Americans' providential mission to expand their civilization mission to expand their civilization and institutions across the breadth and institutions across the breadth of North America. This expansion of North America. This expansion would involve not merely territorial would involve not merely territorial aggrandizement but the progress of aggrandizement but the progress of liberty and individual economic liberty and individual economic opportunity as well.opportunity as well.

Mexico and American Mexico and American RelationsRelations

““Pobre Mexico, tan lejos del dios y Pobre Mexico, tan lejos del dios y tan circa a el Estados Unidos”tan circa a el Estados Unidos”

““Poor Mexico, so far from God and Poor Mexico, so far from God and so close to the United States”so close to the United States”

Porfirio DiazPorfirio Diaz

TexasTexas Moses Austin-Moses Austin- during Spanish during Spanish

period- is given a land grantperiod- is given a land grant Moses petitioned the Spanish Moses petitioned the Spanish

government and was given government and was given permission to colonize/settle 300 permission to colonize/settle 300 Anglo families on 200,000 acres of Anglo families on 200,000 acres of land near San Antonio. Moses dies land near San Antonio. Moses dies before Anglos settle in Texas.before Anglos settle in Texas.

Mexican Revolution 1822 occurs- Mexican Revolution 1822 occurs- later- later- Stephan AustinStephan Austin fulfills father’s fulfills father’s plans to settle Anglos in Texas.plans to settle Anglos in Texas.

Anglos in TexasAnglos in Texas Anglo settlers wanted to come to Anglo settlers wanted to come to

Texas for cheap land. Texas for cheap land. However settlers had to follow However settlers had to follow

certain rules:certain rules: Learn SpanishLearn Spanish Follow Mexican LawFollow Mexican Law Convert to Roman Catholic ReligionConvert to Roman Catholic Religion

Key Figures in Texas Key Figures in Texas Independence,Independence, 1836 1836

Sam Houston(1793-1863)

Steven Austin(1793-1836)

Mexican Government Mexican Government Reacts to Anglo Reacts to Anglo

ImmigrationImmigration Problems Develop:Problems Develop: The colony gradually developed more Anglo The colony gradually developed more Anglo

than Mexicanthan Mexican Anglo settlers outnumbered Mexican nationals in Anglo settlers outnumbered Mexican nationals in

Texas.Texas. By By 1830 there were between 20,000 and 30,000 1830 there were between 20,000 and 30,000

Anglo settlers and 2000 slaves in TexasAnglo settlers and 2000 slaves in Texas.. Anglo settlers- were Anglo settlers- were protestantprotestant, , wanted to be part of wanted to be part of

the United States and some wanted slaverythe United States and some wanted slavery in order in order to profit from the to profit from the cottoncotton industry. industry.

The Mexican government outlawed slavery in 1824 The Mexican government outlawed slavery in 1824 and Austin was able to get approval for Texans to and Austin was able to get approval for Texans to own slaves. own slaves.

Santa AnnaSanta Anna 1833 Santa Anna1833 Santa Anna takes over- popular takes over- popular

with some Mexican leaders and wants to with some Mexican leaders and wants to reform and strengthen the Mexican reform and strengthen the Mexican Government’s control throughout Mexico.Government’s control throughout Mexico.

He wanted to He wanted to reduce:reduce: Anglo immigration Anglo immigration Anglo Trade Anglo Trade End slaveryEnd slavery

““Either the government occupy Texas Either the government occupy Texas now, or it is lost forever.”now, or it is lost forever.”

Texas War of Texas War of IndependenceIndependence

1835 Texans revolt they want:1835 Texans revolt they want: To keep their autonomy To keep their autonomy Keep their Anglo way of lifeKeep their Anglo way of life Eventually join the United StatesEventually join the United States Santa Anna refused to allow this and Santa Anna refused to allow this and

jailed Stephen Austin for some time.jailed Stephen Austin for some time. Texans decided to secede from the Texans decided to secede from the

Mexican Republic and begin to form a Mexican Republic and begin to form a militia.militia.

AlamoAlamo Texans and some Mexicans unite to Texans and some Mexicans unite to

fight Santa Anna.fight Santa Anna. Sam Houston- appointed General of Sam Houston- appointed General of

Texan ArmyTexan Army 1836- The Alamo-1836- The Alamo- Battle of San Jacinto- Santa Anna Battle of San Jacinto- Santa Anna

Captured and forced to sign peace Captured and forced to sign peace treaty-treaty-

Texas is independentTexas is independent

Davey Crockett’s Last Davey Crockett’s Last StandStand

The Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas

The “Lone Star Republic”The “Lone Star Republic” October 1836 Texas is an independent October 1836 Texas is an independent

country.country. Houston Elected PresidentHouston Elected President Southern Boundary of Texas claimed Southern Boundary of Texas claimed

by Texans- the Rio Grande.by Texans- the Rio Grande.

Houston wanted US to Annex- but Houston wanted US to Annex- but Jackson did not agree. (slavery issues)Jackson did not agree. (slavery issues)

James K. Polk: “Young James K. Polk: “Young Hickory”Hickory”

Democrat/Fierce Democrat/Fierce Expansionist-Expansionist- Embodiment of Embodiment of Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

Won presidency over Whigs in Won presidency over Whigs in 18441844 TylerTyler saw it as a go saw it as a go ahead to acquire Texas (3 days ahead to acquire Texas (3 days before he left office)before he left office)

Arranged annexation by joint Arranged annexation by joint resolution because the needed resolution because the needed 2/3 vote would never be secured 2/3 vote would never be secured in senate because of the slavery in senate because of the slavery issueissue

Texas become Texas become 28th state in 28th state in 18451845 after resolution passed after resolution passed

The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 54’ 40º or Fight!40º or Fight!

By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land. The joint British-U. S. occupation ended in 1846.

Oregon Boundary dispute Oregon Boundary dispute resolved resolved

Oregon country mostly wilderness- once Oregon country mostly wilderness- once claimed by Spain, Russia, GB, and USclaimed by Spain, Russia, GB, and US

Russia retreats to Russia retreats to 54 40’ line in 1824-2554 40’ line in 1824-25 treaties with US and GBtreaties with US and GB

British had a strong claim through the British had a strong claim through the Hudson Bay co.Hudson Bay co.

Borders almost negotiated in Treaty of Borders almost negotiated in Treaty of 1818 setting the line at 49th parallel1818 setting the line at 49th parallel

Treaty approved in Senate 1846-Treaty approved in Senate 1846-

Mexican American WarMexican American War Mexico Angry over Annexation of Mexico Angry over Annexation of

TexasTexas Polk and Expansionists wanted Polk and Expansionists wanted

California- California- Richard Henry DanaRichard Henry Dana 1840 700 Americans in California1840 700 Americans in California 6000 Californios-6000 Californios- Polk tried to buy California + New Polk tried to buy California + New

Mexico $30 BillionMexico $30 Billion

The Mexican War The Mexican War (1846-(1846-1848)1848)

Mexican WarMexican War July 1845 Polk sent General Zachary July 1845 Polk sent General Zachary

TaylorTaylor and 1,500 troops to Texas, near and 1,500 troops to Texas, near the boarderthe boarder

Dispute- Mexican did not recognize the Dispute- Mexican did not recognize the Rio Grande as the boundary.Rio Grande as the boundary.

April 1846- war began when Mexican April 1846- war began when Mexican troops entered Texas territory and troops entered Texas territory and American troops fired…American troops fired…

Polk asked Senate for declaration of Polk asked Senate for declaration of war May, 1846war May, 1846

Polk’s War MessagePolk’s War Message The United States has made The United States has made “Every effort “Every effort

at reconciliation… Mexico has passed the at reconciliation… Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory, and shed American blood our territory, and shed American blood upon the American soil.”upon the American soil.”

OpponentsOpponents said US had provoked the war- said US had provoked the war- to satisfy slave interest (Whigs)to satisfy slave interest (Whigs)

Lincoln will be one Congressman who will Lincoln will be one Congressman who will complaincomplain

Wilmot Proviso Causes Wilmot Proviso Causes Slavery issue to enter the Slavery issue to enter the

Debate over expansionDebate over expansion Many Northern democrats did not want Many Northern democrats did not want

slavery to expand into the territories.slavery to expand into the territories. Known as “Free Soilers” Wilmot was one.Known as “Free Soilers” Wilmot was one.

They believed that whites should not compete They believed that whites should not compete with Slave laborwith Slave labor

This amendment did not pass the SenateThis amendment did not pass the Senate But But foreshadowed the debateforeshadowed the debate and conflict and conflict

new territory would cause.new territory would cause.

Wilmot Proviso, 1846 “Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. (Not approved by Senate)

Representative David Wilmot(D-PA)

The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic

John C. Frémont

The Revolt June 14, 1845

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.the U. S. California, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, NevadaU. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).Mexico lost 1/3 of claimed territory

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl.TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

Results of Mexican WarResults of Mexican War Created two popular Whig generals

who ran for President. Zachary Taylor John C. Fremont Manifest Destiny realized. Many American officers gained

experience in the war and will later fight each other in the Civil War.

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession

GOLD!GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, At Sutter’s Mill, 18481848

John A. Sutter

California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849

49er’s

Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853

Gadsden Purchase Gadsden Purchase (1853)(1853)

President PiercePresident Pierce Needed to build a rail line in Needed to build a rail line in

Southern Arizona and New MexicoSouthern Arizona and New Mexico $10 Million dollars$10 Million dollars