expedition 6, lesson 8 animated moviesandover.dadeschools.net/andover/file/grade 7 reading...
TRANSCRIPT
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Expedition 6, Lesson 8
The Early Days of Animation
1Asmall,blackmousewithlarge,roundearstapdancesacrossafloor.Apipe-smokingsailorswallowsspinachoutofacan.Hesuddenlygrowsbulgingarmmusclesandpunchesabullyintothenextcounty.Along-eared,carrot-chompingrabbithopsoutofhishole.“Eeyah,what’sup,Doc?”heasks. 2DoyourecognizeMickeyMouse,Popeye,andBugsBunny?Inthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,thesecharacterscapturedtheimaginationoftheateraudiences.Theyappearedinthefirstanimatedcartoons.Thesecartoonsweremainlyshortfeatures.In1937,theWaltDisneycompanycreatedthefirstfull-lengthanimatedmovie.ThemoviewasSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs.Ittookthreeyearstoproduce. 3Animationfortelevisionappearedinthe1950s.Weeklycartoonprogramssoonbecamepopular.TheyincludedshowssuchasHuckleberry HoundandThe Flintstones.Mostofthemwerecreatedforchildren.But,forthemostpart,thequalityofTVanimationwasn’tasgoodasthatformovies.Hand-drawnanimationtookalongtime.Itcosttoomuchtoproduceweekly.
Animated Movies
Roy Sato, senior animator, working on a digital animation feature
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Expedition 6, Lesson 8
How Animation Is Created
4Animationiscreatedbytakingpicturesofaseriesofdrawings.Whenthestillimagesareshowninfastsequence,theygivethefeelingofmotion.It’snoteasytoachievethiseffect,though.Artistsmustmakethousandsofdrawings.Eachsecondoffinishedfilmrequires24frames,orimages.Thisrequiresasmanyas24drawings,dependingonthetypeofmovementbeingshown.Fastermovementsrequiremoredrawings.Eachframemustblendsmoothlywiththenextone. 5Ananimationartistbeginswithageneralsetofdrawings.Thedrawingslooklikeagiantcomicstrip.Theyillustratethemajoractioninastory.Theartistalsohasarecordingofthestory’sdialogue.Thisguidesthetimingofthedrawings.Italsohelpstheartistmatchthecharacters’movementswiththeirspeech. 6Inoldercartoons,thebackgroundoftenstayedthesame.Anartistdrewandpaintedtheimagesonclearfilm.Thesecouldbestackedontopofthebackground.Eachdrawingshowedacharacterinaslightlydifferentposition.Tomakethetaskmoreefficient,oneartistdrewthemostimportantframes.Thenanotherartistdrewtheframesinbetweenthese.Afterallthedrawingswerefinished,eachwasphotographedwithaspecialcamera.
“Peanuts” animator,
Bill Melendez, in his studio
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Expedition 6, Lesson 8
7Supposeyouwantedtocreatean8-minuteanimatedcartoon.Herearesomeofthesuppliesyouwouldneed:7,000sheetsofpaper,50felt-tippens,50pencils,5erasers,20paintbrushes,2-1/2gallonsofpaint,1/2pintofink,and720feetofcolorfilm!
Try Your Hand at Animation
8Haveyouevermadeaflipbook?Thiswillgiveyouanideaofwhathand-drawnanimationislike.First,thinkofashortactionyouwouldliketoshow.Youcouldshowapersonhittingahomerun.Youmightshowachildbouncingaball.Oryoucouldshowachickhatchingfromanegg.You’llneedalargesheetofdrawingpaper.You’llalsoneedabout12sheetsof4-inchby6-inchpaperandabinderclip.Don’tforgetapencil.Followthesestepsinorder:
1.Onthesheetofdrawingpaper,makeroughsketchesofthemovementyouwanttoshow.Sketchthemainactions,fromstarttofinish.Youwillusethisasyourguide.
2.Nowmakeyourfirstdrawing.
3.Clipasecondsheetofpaperontopofyourfirstdrawing.
4.Drawthesecondpicture.Varythedrawingjustalittletoshowthebeginningsofmovement.
5.Withonehand,liftthesecondpageupanddown.Thiswillhelpyouseethe“movement”youarecreating.Makeanynecessarycorrectionstotheseconddrawing.
6.Clipathirdpieceofpaperontopofyourseconddrawing.Makeyourthirddrawing.
Artists often draw comic strips with pen and ink.
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Expedition 6, Lesson 8
7.Putyourfingersbetweenthepagesand“roll”allofthemupward.Doesthisrevealtheactioninyourdrawings?
8.Keepaddingandcheckingyourdrawingsuntilyoucompleteyouractionsequence.
9.Whenyou’refinished,useyourthumbtoflipthroughallthepages.Didyoucreateasenseofmovement?
9Imaginehowmanydrawingsareneededtoshowacomplicatedseriesofmovements.It’snowonderthatsomeearlyanimatedmoviestookyearstomake.
How Computers Changed Animation
10Computershavecreatedanewageinanimation.Theuseofcomputershaschangedthewayanimatedmoviesandcartoonsaremade.Framescanbeautomaticallycreated.Imagescanbestoredincomputermemory.Thismeansthatlessworkisneededtoshowasetofactions.Computertoolscanguidehowimageschangeovertime.Anartistcanalsousethesetoolstochangethecolorsofobjectsorthedistancesbetweenthem.Evenmoreimportant,theimagescanbesharedamongartistsworkingondifferentcomputers.Severalartistscanworkonthesameprojectatthesametime. 11ThefirstmoviecreatedentirelywithcomputerimageswasToy Story,producedin1995.Evenusingcomputers,themovierequired27artists.Italsotook800,000machinehourstomake.Sincethen,manyothermovieshavebeenmadeusingcomputers.ShrekandFinding Nemo,forexample,arecompletelycomputer-animated. 12Hand-drawnanimationcanlookflat.Ithasonlytwodimensions,heightandwidth.Computerscanaddasenseofdepth.Thiscanmakeanimationseemmuchmorelifelike.Ontheotherhand,somepeoplecomplainthatcomputerimageslooktoocoldortooperfect.Asthetechnologycontinuestodevelop,theimageswillcontinuetoevolve. 13Whatwillanimatedmovieslooklikeinthefuture?Newtechnologywillshapeanimationinnewways.Andartistswillfindnewwaystocreatenewworldsonfilm.Computeranimationwillcontinuetopushthelimitsofourimaginations—farbeyondtheworldsofMickeyMouse,Popeye,andBugsBunny.
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Expedition 6
• What role does the computer play in your life?
• What things have changed with the invention of the computer?
• What is the role of computers in previous Expeditions?
computers changing times
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Expedition 6, Lessons 1 and 2
1supposeyoucouldinterviewtheworld’sgreatinventors.Whattraitswouldyouexpectthemtoshare?Theywouldbedreamers,ofcourse.Theywouldbededicatedandhardworking,sothattheirdreamscouldcometrue.Theywouldmostlikelybecourageousbecausethereisalwaystheriskoffailure.Whataboutgenius?InventorAnWangfeltthatsuccesshadmoretodowithcommonsensethanwithgreatintelligence. 2WangwasborninChinain1920.Inhighschool,Wangshowedanaturaltalentforscienceandmath.Afterhighschool,hewenttocollegeinShanghaitopursueadegreeinengineering.However,hiseducationwasinterruptedbywar. 3JapaninvadedChinainthelate1930s.Whileincollege,Wangknewthatthewarwouldaffecthislife.JapanesesoldierssweptacrossChina.TheymadetheirwaytoShanghai.Wangfledtothemountains.Thereheworkedtodefeattheinvaders.TheChinesegovernmentandtroopsneededradiossotheycouldstayintouchwitheachother.TheyalsoneededtotrackthepositionsofJapanesesoldiers.However,theyhadfewpartsandnowaytogetnewradios.Wangusedhisknowledgeoftechnologytobuildradiosfromsparepartshefound.
Idea Man
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Expedition 6, Lessons 1 and 2
4In1945,thewarwasfinallyending.Japan’sarmywouldsoonbedefeated.Duringthistime,WangwasofferedthechancetostudyatHarvardUniversityintheUnitedStates.Wanghadlostmuchofhisfamilyinthewar.HedecidedtocometoAmericatostartanewlife.
From Adding Machine to Calculator
5In1948,aftergettinganadvanceddegreeatHarvard,Wangworkedasascientist.Hehelpedotherscientistsdevelopcomputers.Atthattime,computerswereverylarge.Onecomputerfilledanentireroom.Thescientistswantedtocreatemachinesthatweresmallerandeasiertouse.Wanghadtheideaofusingmagneticmemorytostorelettersandnumbers.Magneticenergyistheforcebywhichcertainobjectsattractotherobjects.Now,allcomputersuseWang’sinvention. 6In1951,Wangstartedhisowncompany.“IfoundedWangLaboratories,”heexplained,“toshowthattheChinesecouldexcelatthingsotherthanrunninglaundriesandrestaurants.”Wang’scompanymadevariouselectronicproducts. 7WhileWangwasbuildinghiscompany,hehadanotheridea.Hewouldusemagneticmemoryinsideacalculator,adeviceforsolvingmathproblems.Today’scalculatorsfitinthepalmofyourhand.Before1965,though,peopleusedbulkyaddingmachinesthatcouldonlyaddandsubtract.Usershadtopullonahandleforeachprocess. 8Wangworkedforseveralyearsonthedevelopmentofacalculatorwithmagneticmemory.Hiscompanybegansellingaversionofelectroniccalculatorsin1965.Theywerenotthesmalldevicesweusetoday.Buttheywereagreatimprovementonaddingmachines.
From Typewriter to Word Processor
9Sixyearslater,Wangwasstillplayingwithideas.Atthattime,mostbusinessesusedtypewriterstocreateletters,forms,andreports.Atypewriterisamachinewithakeyboard.Whenyoupressoneofthekeys,ametalletterstrikesaninkedribbon.Thisprintstheletterontopaper.Mistakesmadewithatypewriterarehardtocorrect.Wangdecidedtoimproveonthetypewriter.Hewouldusemagneticmemorytocreateawordprocessor.
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Expedition 6, Lessons 1 and 2
10Wordprocessorshelpyoucreateandmanipulatetext.Mistakesareeasytocorrect.Wordsandsentencescanbemovedaroundeasily. 11Wangspentyearsdevelopinghiswordprocessor.First,headdedmagneticmemory.Thenheaddedascreen,likethescreenonaTV.Finally,in1976,Wangproducedthefirstwordprocessor.Itwasanevenbiggersuccessthantheelectroniccalculator.Thenewmachinemadebusinesswritingeasier.Peopleoutsideofthebusinessworldalsodiscoveredtheeaseofusingawordprocessor.
From Word Processors to Computers
12Afterhissuccesseswithcalculatorsandwordprocessors,Wangbegantodevelopcomputers.In1979hedesignedasmallcomputerforbusinesses.Wangwentontoholdmorethan35patents,orclaims,relatedtocomputersduringhiscareer. 13In1988,twoyearsbeforehisdeath,Wangearnedagreathonor.HebecameamemberoftheNationalInventorsHallofFame.AnWang’sideasarepartofthetechnologythatweusetoday.Hiscommonsenseandhisgeniusstilltouchourlives.
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
The Life of
An Wang
Born near Shanghai
Enters Harvard University
Helps Chinese war effort
Begins work as scientist
Starts Wang Laboratories
Sells first electronic calculator
Introduces word processorsSells small office computers
Retires
Joins National Inventors Hall of FameDies
1951
19761979
1982
1988
1948
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Expedition 6, Lessons 3 and 4
1Whoaretwoofthemostfamousmovierobotsofalltime?IfyouguessedC3POandR2D2fromStar Wars,you’reright.Theserobotswereclever,loyal,andlovable.Theirpersonalitiescharmedmovieaudiences.Inmucholdermovies,robotswereoftenlarge,clunky,andclumsy.Iftheyspokeatall,theirvoicesweremachine-like.Theywereascharmingastincans.Thesedays,movierobotsaremorelikehumans.Theyspeakandmovelikehumans.Theyfallinlove.Somehelphumanssolvecrimes,andsomeevencommitcrimes. 2Movierobotsareseldomlikerobotsinreallife,though.Real-liferobotscouldnotbemistakenforhumans.Somerobotsmighthavearmsorlegsthatworkinthesamewayashumanarmsandlegsdo.Butsofar,robotsmostlylookandactlikemachines.Theymayappeartobeintelligent,butthisisbecausethepeoplewhodesignthemareintelligent.
Robots
Star Wars fan with characters from the movie
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Expedition 6, Lessons 3 and 4
What Is a Robot?
3Arobotisatypeofmachinewithmovingparts.Insomeways,itislikeawashingmachine.Itworksonitsowntodoajob.Robotswerecreatedtotaketheplaceofhumans.Someoftheearliestexampleslookedandmovedmoreliketurtles,though!Builtinthe1940s,thesesmallrobotshadelectricmotors.Theycouldmoveslowlyinanydirectionbutcoulddolittleelse.Thefirsttruerobotswereinventedinthe1960s. 4Arobot“feels”thingsarounditbyusingcamerasandotherdevices.Butarobotneedsa“brain”tocarryoutthisoranyotheraction.Acomputerorcomputer-likepartservesasarobot’sbrain.Withoutthecomputer,eventhemostcomplicatedrobotisnosmarterthanascrewdriver. 5Allofarobot’sinstructionscomefromacomputerprogram.Thissetofinstructionstellstherobotwhattodo.Arobotcannotuselogicorcommonsenseonitsown.Neithercanitbeillogicalonitsown.Itcanonlyfollowinstructions.Someinstructionsaregiventotherobotfromadistantcomputer.Othersaregivendirectlytotherobot’sinternalcomputer.Manyrobotscanreceiveinstructionsinbothways. 6Humanswritetheinstructionsthatguidearobot’sactions.Haveyouheardtheexpression,“Garbagein,garbageout”?Incomputerlanguage,thismeansthatbadinstructionsmakeforbadresults.Itappliestocomputerinstructionsforarobottoo.Arobotcannotworkwellwithoutaneffectivecomputerprogram.
What Robots Do
7Robotsdomanytasksforhumans.Someofthejobsareroutine. Arobotmightcleanakitchenfloororcarryobjectsfromoneplacetoanother.Otherjobsaredangerous.Forexample,somerobotsfindanddestroybombs.Robotscanoftendotasksmorequicklyandaccuratelythanhumanscandothem.Unlikehumans,robotsdon’tgettired.Theycanworklonghours,andtheydon’tgetbored.
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Expedition 6, Lessons 3 and 4
8Manyfactoriesuserobots.Robotsdotaskssuchaswrappingfoodandpaintingcars.TheyareusedintheassemblyofTVsetsandairplaneparts.Theserobotsareusuallylargeandheavy.Theymayhavearms,hands,legs,andfeet.Theyaremadetodothesametasksoverandover. 9Scientistssendrobotstoexplorespace.Recently,theysentrobotstoexploreMars.ThespaceshipsthatcarriedtherobotstoMarswerethemselvesrobots.Nohumanswereonboard.ThespaceshipswereprogrammedtolandonMars.Thensmallrobotscalledroversleftthespaceshipstoexploretheirregularsurfaceoftheplanet.TheserobotswerecalledSpiritandOpportunity.Theroverscarriedcamerasandotherinstrumentsforexploringandcollectingsamplesofsoil.Whentheyranintosomethingtheycouldn’tclimbover,acomputerprograminstructedtherobotstobackupandturn.
Designing a Robot
10Supposeyouwanttodesignarobot.Howwillyoudoit?First,youneedtodeterminewhatyouwantyourrobottodo.Let’ssayyouwanttherobotsimplytomovearoundonitsown.Youwantittobackupandturnifitbumpsintosomething. 11Next,youneedtodecideontherobot’sform.Makeafewdrawingsoftherobotyouhaveinmind.Will
A cellular phone controls this robot.
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Expedition 6, Lessons 3 and 4
itlooklikeaperson?Orwillitlookmorelikeamachine?Youmightwanttomakeyourrobotsmall.Thatway,itwon’tneedalotofpowertowork.Showallofitspartsinyourdrawings. 12Then,youhavetoaddpartsthatactlikesenses,suchastouchorsight.Thesepartstelltherobotwhenanobjectisinitsway.Doyouwanttobuildarobotthatcansenseheatandlight?Thinkofwaystodothis.Makemorenotesanddrawings. 13Finally,youneedsomeonetowriteacomputerprogramfortherobot.Thistellstherobotwhattodo.Thepersonwhowritestheprogrambreaksdowneachrobotactionintoitssmallestparts.Thenthatpersonwritesalongstringofcommandssuchasthese: •“Roboton.” •“Moveforward.” •“Backup.” •“Turntotheleft.” 14Youcanseethatevenasimpleprogramsuchasthisoneinvolvesmanysteps.Nowthinkaboutarobotthatdoesmuchmorethanjustmovefromplacetoplace.Somecarmakersuserobotstopaintnewcarstheybuild.Justimagineallthestepsneededtotellarobottopickupacar,turnitover,anddipitintoahugevatofpaint.EvenR2D2andC3POwouldbeimpressed.
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Expedition 6, Lessons 6 and 7
1IfalltheInternetpagesweregatheredintoonebook,thebookwouldhavemorethaneightbillionpages.Canyouimaginetryingtoreadallofthesepages?Evenifyoucouldview8,000pagesaday,itwouldtakemorethan2,700yearstogothroughthemall! 2ThankgoodnessforcomputerprogramscalledWeb“searchengines.”Theyhelpusfindourwaythroughthiscomplicatedassortmentofinformation.SearchenginessuchasGoogle™andYahoo®!offeranefficientwaytodothis.Youjusttypeinakeywordorphrase.ThesearchenginethenfindsalistofWebsitesconnectedtothewordorphrase.Thesiteslistedfirstmostcloselyrelatetoyourtopic.
Understanding Web Pages
3NamesofWebsitesonasearchenginelistappearinblueandareunderlined.Thesearecalledlinksbecausetheyconnectyoutootherpages.Whenyouclickonalink,aWebpageappearsonthescreen. 4ManyWebpagesarecrowdedwithtextandpictures.Whileyou’rereadingaWebpage,small“windows”maysuddenlyappearonthepage.
Searching for a Job
Online
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Expedition 6, Lessons 6 and 7
Thesearecalledpop-ups.Theirpurposeistotrytosellyousomething.Thereareotherwaysthatadvertiserscompeteforyourattention. 5SupposeyouvisittheWebsiteofyourfavoritemusicartist.You’llseelinkstoothersites.Somelinkswillleadyoutomoreinformationabouttheartist.Otherswillleadyoutoads.AdvertisinglinksmightappearinaseparatecolumnonaWebpage.Theymightalsoappearasphotosormovingpicturesonthepage. 6TheInternethasbeencalledan“informationsuperhighway.”Peopletravelonahighwayforvariousreasons.TheyvisittheInternetfordifferentreasonstoo.SomepeoplesearchtheInternetforinformation.Othersgoonlinetobuyproducts.SomepeopleevenusetheInternettofindjobs.
Filling Out an Online Job Application
7Searchingonlineforajobissimilartolookingforajobinotherways.Youbeginbyfindingajobcategorythatinterestsyou.Thenyounarrowyoursearch.Inanewspaper,youlookthroughjobcategorieslistedinalphabeticalorder.Online,youcanuseasearchengineforthistask.Youmighttypeinaphrasesuchas“jobsearch.”Thesearchenginewillshowyouseverallinks.Whenyouclickonalink,you’llseecategoriessuchas“banking”or“foodservice.”Chooseacategory,ortypeoneinthebox.Thenchooseacityandstate.Severaljobchoiceswillappear.Readtheinformationabouteachjob.Afterthis,youcanapplyforthejobthatseemslikeagoodfitforyourskills. 8Whenyoufilloutajobapplicationonpaper,youuseapen.Ifyoumakeamistake,youhavetocrossitout,whichlooksmessy.Oryoucanstartoverwithanewapplication.Whenyoufilloutanapplicationonline,youcaneasilycorrectmistakes.Otherthanthisdifference,fillingoutanapplicationonlineislikefillingoneoutinperson.Mostofthequestionsareroutine.Takealookatthesampleonlineform.Thinkabouthowyouwouldanswereachquestion. 1 About You Fillininformationaboutyourself.Thisincludesyourname,address,phonenumber,andSocialSecuritynumber.YoumusthaveaSocialSecuritynumbertogetajob.Typetheinformationintotheboxes. 2 Job Applied For Onapaperapplication,youmightnotseethissection.Anonlineapplicationformmightbeusedforseveraldifferentjobsatthesamecompany,though.Besuretoshowthejobyou’reapplyingfor.
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Expedition 6, Lessons 6 and 7
3 Availability Are you currently employed?Simplytype“yes”or“no.”Nodetailsareneededyet.Are you applying for full-time or part-time work?Areyoustillinschool?Thenyoumaybelookingforpart-timework.Clickthebuttonnextto“part-time.”What days and hours are you available? Answerthisquestionhonestly,aswiththeotherresponsesontheform.Acompanywillwanttoknowifyourworkhoursareflexible.Insomecases,
Last Name:
First Name:
Middle Name:
Social Security Number:
Street Address:
City:
State:
Zip Code:
Daytime Telephone:
Evening Telephone:
If you are underage 18, do you have a
certificate of ageor employment?
What position are youapplying for?
Are you currentlyemployed?
Have you ever workedhere before?
If yes, when?
Are you applying for full-time or part-time work?
Please Choose
Online Job ApplicationFill in each box. Point and click to type your information.
PERSONAL INFORMATION
AVAILABILITY
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Name and address of school
Dates attended
Did you graduate?
Company Name
Address
Telephone
Your Title
Dates Employed
Responsibilities
Reason for Leaving
Company Name
Address
Telephone
Your Title
Dates Employed
Responsibilities
Reason for Leaving
Company Name
Address
Telephone
Your Title
Dates Employed
Responsibilities
Reason for Leaving
EDUCATION (cont.)
Full-time Part-time
Yes No
EMPLOYMENT HISTORYList your most recent employer first.
What days and hours are you available?
What date are youavailable to begin work?
Name and address of school
Dates attended
Did you graduate?
Name and address of school
Dates attended
Did you graduate?
EDUCATION
Yes No
Yes No
I agree that the statements in this application are true and complete. I understand that false statements on this application may be grounds for rejection or immediate termination of employment. I grant permission to verify any information I have given on this application.
Agree Disagree
SUBMIT
1
3
2
4
5
6
Example of an online job application
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Expedition 6, Lessons 6 and 7
yourabilitytoworkavarietyofdaysandhoursmayimproveyourchancesofgettingthejob.When can you start?Fillinadatethatyouarefreetobeginwork. 4 Education Fillinthenameandaddressofyourschool.Typeinthemonthsandyearsthatyouhaveattendedtheschool.Did you graduate?Answer“yes”or“no.” 5 Work History Thisexampleasksyoutolistyourmostrecentjobfirst.Evenifanapplicationdoesnotaskyoutolistjobsinacertainorder,it’sbesttoshowthemostrecentonesfirst.Typeinthefullnameofthecompany.Thentypeinthedates—inmonthsandyears—thatyouworkedatthisjob.Includethecompany’saddressandphonenumber.Inthespaceprovided,explainyourjobdutiesandgivethenameofyoursupervisor.Ifyouareaskedtogiveareasonforleavingajob,answerasbrieflyaspossible. 6 Agreement Mostonlinejobapplicationswillhavethissection.Byclickingon“Agree,”youshowthatyourinformationistruthful.Youalsogivethecompanypermissiontocheckanyinformationyouhaveprovided.Readtheformagainbeforeclickingon“Agree.”Makeanychangestoensuretheaccuracyofyourresponses.Correctanyspellingmistakes.Ifyouareaskedtoremitanapplicationfeeorsomeotherpayment,double-checkthecompany’sWebsite.Askanadulttohelpyoudecidewhetheritcanbe
trusted.Whenyouaresurethatyourapplicationisinorder,clickon“Agree.” 9Finally,clickon“Submit”tosendtheapplicationtothecompany.Nowit’suptothecompanytocontactyouforaninterview.Inthemeantime,youcansearchonlineforotherjobsincasethisonedoesn’tworkout.Goodluck!