experiment 2 - batch fermentation of e coli in bio reactor
TRANSCRIPT
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EXPERIMENT NO. 2
BATCH FERMENTATION OF RECOMBINANT E.COLI IN BIOREACTOR
USING DIFFERENT CONTROL CONDITION
OBJECTIVES
To study the growth kinetics of E coli in benchtop bioreactor using different
control condition
BACKGROUND
Escherichia coli Bacteria
E. coli is classified as nonphotosynthetic and mesophiles bacteria. There are
hundreds of different types of E. coli recognized by the combination of sugars and
proteins displayed on the bacterial surface. E. coli bacilli have long rods without
separation when grown under limiting conditions. It is enterotoxigenic – secretes toxins
that specifically affecting cells of intestinal mucosa, causing vomiting and diarrhea. The
toxins are; Cholera-like, heat-labile toxin (LT) - adenylate cyclase activator and heat-
stable toxin (ST) - intestinal membrane-bound guanylate cyclase activator. The toxicity
factor must be taken into consideration to ensure safety of handling and product.
Growth kinetic of E. coli (doubling time) has been recognized at 40°C is 0.35
hours. Meanwhile, the minimum, optimum and maximum growth temperature of E. coli
are 10°C, 37°C, and 45°C respectively. As a neutrophile, pH optimum of E. coli has been
identified between 6 and 7 with the lower limit 4.4 and upper limit 9.0.
There are several advantages of using E. coli. It is one of the most-studied
organisms for recombinant protein synthesis and the best-studied microorganism where
its genetics and physiology are far better understood than any other living organism,
which greatly facilitates genetic manipulations. E. coli also do not require any growth
factors: they can synthesize all essential purines, pyrimidines, amino acids and vitamins,
starting with their carbon source, as part of their own intermediary metabolism. Peptone
used in this project (in the media preparation) contains carbon source for that purpose. In
addition, a wide range of mutations with specific characteristics and the well-defined
vectors and promoters are available, which has greatly speeded up the development of an
appropriate biological catalyst. Furthermore, it is easy to attain a very high volumetric
productivity because E. coli has a relatively high growth rate and it can reach a very high
cell concentration (>50 g dry wt/l), as well as high expression levels by selecting a
combination of specific vector and promoter (about 25% to 50% more of total protein).
Finally, the production cost of protein is low since E. coli can grow on simple and
inexpensive media, and the operational cost of the fermentation process is also relatively
low.
However there are also disadvantages of using E. coli. One major problem is it
does not normally secrete protein, therefore the active protein present intracellularly is
limited due to the either proteolytic degradation or the formation of inclusion body and it
makes the product separation and purification difficult. This problem can be solved by
protein secretion. And also, production of recombinant proteins in E. coli typically, is
severely curtailed under slow-growth conditions, such as during the production stage of
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fed-batch cultivation, due to the intense competition between normal cell function
maintenance and recombinant protein production for the limited available metabolic
machinery. So, careful medium selection and controlled growth rate is important.
Growth Kinetics
Growth phase of microorganism consists of 4 phases; first, the lag phase – in this
phase cell synthesizes new components and ready to divide. Second, the exponential/log
phase – microorganism grows and divides at maximum rate possible. Third, the
stationary phase – population growth ceases and growth curve becomes horizontal.
Usually attained at a population level of around 109 cells per ml. Reasons are nutrient
limitation, limited oxygen availability and accumulation of toxic waste products. And the
final phase is, death phase – decline in number of viable cells, caused by depletion of
nutrients and buildup of toxic wastes.
There is also mathematical consideration of growth. During the exponential phase
each microorganism is dividing at constant intervals. Thus, the population will double in
number during a specific length of time called the generation time or doubling time.
Because the population is doubling every generation the increase in population is always
2n, n is number of generations. The resulting population increases is exponential or
logarithmic.
Bioreactor Experimental Design
The bench top bioreactor, 2-litre B-Braun fermenter, is set to operate at the
optimum growth condition for E. coli. The design of experiment is shown in Figure 1 and
Bioreactor’s parameters are set according to Table 1.
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1: Low Level 2: High Level F: Factor
Table 1: Design of Experiment (DOE) by Taguchi Method
Table 1: Reference for designed experiment for bioreactor condition optimization
Parameters F1
Airflow (vvm)
F2
Agitation
F3
Temp (oC)
Run 1 0.5 200 35
Run 2 0.5 300 37
Run 3 1 200 37
Run 4 1 300 35 F: Factor
Prior to the inoculation, the DCU Tower control unit is switched on, and the culture
medium parameter such as pH, partial oxygen pressure (pO2), agitation, aeration, and
temperature are set according to the predetermined optimum values. pH is calibrated by
using standard solution of pH 4.0, 7.0 and 10. pO2 is calibrated by using nitrogen gas
(N2).
Media for fermentation is prepared without autoclave. Top plate of the bioreactor
vessel is unscrewed and lifted-off. The media then is poured into the bioreactor vessel,
and closed by screwing back the top plate. The bioreactor vessel then equipped with air
sparger, 1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, 1M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution,
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antifoam solution, pH probe, pO2 probe, and temperature probe. The bioreactor vessel is
then autoclaved.
Preparation of E. coli cell culture
E. coli source is taken from stock culture stored at -80C freezers. The tube is thawed, and a wire loop was used to transfer E. coli into a bijou bottle containing 10ml
media. The culture is incubated for overnight at 37 °C.
Preparation of inoculum
The first requirement for a batch scale process is sufficient inoculum culture to
start full-scale process. A one tenth volume (10%) inoculum was used to achieve rapid
growth without a lag phase.
Using aseptic technique, 1 ml of E. coli liquid culture is pipetted into a bijou
bottle containing 9 ml of media, and incubated for 5 hours at 37 °C. The 10ml starter
culture in the bijou bottle is then transferred into a 250 ml flask containing 90 ml media
resulting 100 ml culture, and then allowed to incubate in a thermostatted rotary shaker set
at 37 °C and 300 rpm for 6 hours (for inoculation in bioreactor). The 100 ml inoculum is
transferred aseptically into the inoculum flask.
Cell Cultivation in Stirred Tank Bioreactor
The inoculum flask is taken to the sterilized bioreactor vessel. By using aseptic
technique, the connection tube of the inoculum flask is connected the inoculum pipeline
of the bioreactor vessel. The connection tube was clamped-off, and by gravity action, the
inoculum inside the inoculum flask will flow through the connection tube into the culture
vessel. The inoculum vessel needs to be lifted quite high to ensure stable flow of the
inoculum. Finally, after all the inoculum has been transferred into the sterilized bioreactor
vessel, the connection tube was disconnected aseptically.
Do fermentation with conditions as shown in Table 1. The agitation, temperature,
pO2 level, and pH are monitored during the fermentation process.
Sampling
Sampling will be carried out by closing the airflow supply first. Then the plunger
of the syringe is pushed down, which opened the outlet tubing. Hose clamp is removed
from the connected tube to the culture vessel, and outlet tubing is clamped-off. The
plunger of the syringe is slowly pulled to suck the sample through the sampling tube into
the sampling reservoir tube. Required amount of sample is transferred into the sampling
reservoir tube, and then the plunger is pushed back a little to empty the sampling tube
from the culture. This action avoids residues of previous samples in the sampling tube.
The hose clamp is removed from the outlet tubing and the transfer tubing from the culture
vessel is clamped-off. The outlet tubing is led into a collector (bijou bottle or yellow-
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capped test tube). Sample is transferred into the collector by slowly pushing the plunger
of the syringe. Sample is driven through the rising tubing of the sample and the outlet
tubing into the collector. Flame and ethanol 70% is used during sample collecting for
aseptic purpose.
Sample of 10 ml will be withdrawn every 60 minutes a bijou bottle during
fermentation for measuring the optical density/absorbance (OD, A600), TCN ad CDW,
substrate (glucose), and protein concentration. For protein and glucose concentration
assay, 5ml samples is withdrawn into a yellow-capped test tube, and centrifuged at 5000
rpm before undergo analysis.
Optical density (OD), Total Cell Number and Cell Dry Weight Analysis
Please refer to Experiment 1.
Substrate analysis (Glucose)
Innova YSI 2700 Select biochemistry analyzer with YSI 2710 Turntable is used
for direct analysis of glucose (dextrose) concentration. The enzyme Glucose Oxidase is
immobilized in the YSI Dextrose Membrane (YSI 2365):
Glucose (Dextrose) + O2 H2O2 + D-Glucono-£-lactone
Glucose-oxidase
1ml of sample is transferred into an Eppendorf tube, and centrifuged for 5 minutes
at 10,000 rpm. Then, the sample was transferred into a cuvette, put onto the turntable, and
analyzed.
Protein concentration assay
The supernatant obtained from the cell lysis is used to determine the protein
content. Seven hundred and eighty micro liter phosphate buffer (100mM) and 20μl
supernatant is pipetted into Eppendorf tubes. Then, 200μl Biorad Protein Assay reagent is
added carefully, as it is highly viscous and toxic. The mixtures are shaken and left for a
minimum time of 5 minutes and maximum 1 hour, to allow the reaction. The content of
the Eppendorf tubes then transferred into cuvettes. The spectrophotometer is set to a
wavelength of 595nm and calibrated using a blank, which consist of 800μl phosphate
buffer and 200μl Biorad Protein Assay. Standard curve was prepared earlier by using
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), which replaces the supernatant. The standard curve then
was used to determine the concentration of the protein from the OD value measured.
Growth kinetic study
μmax, maximum specific growth rates are determined after the specific growth rate
became constant. The OD600 values of the cultures are determined every one hour until 8
hour. The natural logarithms of these OD600 values were plotted against time and the
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slope of the resulting linear regression line was taken as µmax. The values obtained
for
µmax were highly reproducible. Using Michelis-Menten kinetics; for batch growth culture,
specific growth rate μ, is equal to maximum specific growth rate μmax
Ks is known as the saturation constant or half-velocity constant and is equal to the
concentration of the rate limiting substrate. In other words, the Monod model implies that
Ks can be calculated from measured µmax and residual glucose concentrations when
µmax/2, Ks been determined.
True yield such as YX/S, and YP/S are often difficult to evaluate. Although true
yields are essentially stoichiometric coefficients, the stoichiometry of biomass production
and product formation is only known for relatively simple fermentations. However,
theoretical yields can be related to observed yields such as Y’X/S and Y’P/S, which more
easily to determine by plotting graph. The true yields can only determined by expression
from theoretical yields.
ANALYSIS
Parameters for Run 1-4
Time
(min)
RPM pO2 pH OD Glucose Protein Enzyme
60
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
Question:
1) Plot the graph and compare for other Runs
2) Which condition to get the highest μ, td and yield coefficient (YX/S and YP/S)
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