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    DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

    LAB

    (Subject Code: ETCS-357)

    FACULTY NAME: Mrs. Neetu Gupta STUDENT NAME : AshishChaudhary

    ROLL NO :0361482808

    SEMESTER :V

    BATCH :ECE 123

    MAHARAJA AGRESEN INSTECEUTE OF

    TECHNOLOGY

    PSP AREA,SECTOR-22,

    ROHINI,NEW DELHI-110085

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    Experiment no- 1

    Table creation-

    SQL> connect

    Enter user-name: system

    Enter password:

    Connected.

    SQL> create table student ( name varchar2(10),roll_no number(3),branch varchar2(10));

    Table created.

    Adding data into tables-

    Add data to all attributes in the order mentioned during table

    creation:add a record in student table-

    SQL> insert into student values('ashish','101','ECE');

    1 row created.

    Add data to all the attributes in the different order:add a record in

    student table

    SQL> insert into student(roll_no,branch,name) values('102',' ECE','vinay');

    1 row created.

    Add data to few attributes:add a record to student table (only to

    roll_no and name)

    SQL> insert into student(roll_no,name) values(103,'mayank');

    1 row created.

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    Adding multiple rows using one query-

    SQL> insert into student values('&name','&roll','&branch');

    Enter value for name: smith

    Enter value for roll: 104

    Enter value for branch: ECE

    old 1: insert into student values('&n ame','&roll','&branch')

    new 1: insert into student values('smith','104',' ECE')

    1 row created.

    SQL> /

    Enter value for name: siya

    Enter value for roll: 201

    Enter value for branch: CSE

    old 1: insert into student values('&name','&roll','&branch')

    new 1: insert into student values('siya','201','CSE')

    1 row created.

    SQL> /

    Enter value for name: amit

    Enter value for roll: 202

    Enter value for branch: CSE

    old 1: insert into student values('&name','&roll','&branch')

    new 1: insert into student values('amit','202','CSE')

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    1 row created.

    SQL> /

    Enter value for name: tripti

    Enter value for roll: 203

    Enter value for branch: CSE

    old 1: insert into student values('&name','&roll','&branch')

    new 1: insert into student values('tripti','203','CSE')

    1 row created.

    SQL> /

    Enter value for name: tripti

    Enter value for roll: 203

    Enter value for branch: CSE

    old 1: insert into student values('&name','&roll','&branch')

    new 1: insert into student values('tripti','203','CSE')

    1 row created.

    Viewing data of a table-

    All columns and all rows - to view all the details of all the students

    from student table

    SQL> select * from student;

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    NAME ROLL_NO BRANCH

    ------------------------------

    ashish 101 ECE

    vinay 102 ECE

    mayank 103

    smith 104 ECE

    siya 201 CSE

    amit 202 CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

    8 rowsselected.

    All columns and selected rows - to view all the details of all the

    students in ECE branch from student table-

    SQL>select*fromstudentwherebranch='ECE';

    NAME ROLL_NO BRANCH

    ------------------------------

    ashish 101 ECE

    vinay 102 ECE

    smith 104 ECE

    selected columns and all rows to view roll_no and name of all the

    students from student table-

    SQL>selectroll_no,namefromstudent;

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    ROLL_NO NAME

    --------------------

    101 ashish

    102 vinay

    103 mayank

    104 smith

    201 siya

    202 amit

    203 tripti

    203 tripti

    8 rowsselected.

    Selected columns and selected rows to view roll number and

    name of all the students in ECE branch from student table

    SQL>selectroll_no,namefromstudentwherebranch='ECE';

    ROLL_NO NAME

    --------------------

    101 ashish

    102 vinay

    104 smith

    Eliminatingduplicaterowswhenusingselectstatement:

    To view the distinct branch names from student table

    SQL>selectdistinct(branch)fromstudent;

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    BRANCH

    ----------

    ECE

    CSE

    Toviewthedatainsortedform-

    Sorted in ascending order to view the details of all the students

    order by name in ascending order:

    SQL>select*fromstudentorderbyname;

    NAME ROLL_NO BRANCH

    ------------------------------

    amit 202 CSE

    ashish 101 ECE

    mayank 103

    vinay 102 ECE

    siya 201 CSE

    smith 104 ECE

    tripti 203 CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

    8 rowsselected.

    OR

    SQL>select*fromstudentorderbynameasc;

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    NAME ROLL_NO BRANCH

    ------------------------------

    amit 202 CSE

    ashish 101 ECE

    mayank 103

    vinay 102 ECE

    siya 201 CSE

    smith 104 ECE

    tripti 203 CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

    8 rowsselected.

    Sorted in descending order to view the details of all the students

    order by name in ascending order:

    SQL>select*fromstudentorderbynamedesc;

    NAME ROLL_NO BRANCH

    ------------------------------

    tripti 203 CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

    smith 104 ECE

    siya 201 CSE

    vinay

    102

    ECE

    mayank 103

    ashish 101 ECE

    amit 202 CSE

    8 rowsselected.

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    Creatingtablefromanexistingtable:

    SQL>create

    table

    student1(sname,sroll,sbranch)

    as

    select

    name,roll_no,branch

    fromstudent;

    Tablecreated.

    Addingdataintoatablefromanexistingtable:

    SQL>createtablestudent2(s_namevarchar2(10),s_roll number(3),s_branch

    varchar2(10));

    Tablecreated.

    Query to add data from existing table:

    SQL>insertintostudent2selectname,roll_no,branch fromstudent;

    8 rowscreated.

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    Experiment No 2

    Deletingrecordsorrowsfromatable

    Deleting few rows:

    Status before deleting

    SQL>select*fromstudent2;

    S_NAME S_ROLL S_BRANCH

    ---------- ---------- ----------

    ashish 101 ECE

    vinay 102 ECE

    mayank 103

    smith 104 ECE

    siya 201 CSE

    amit 202 CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

    8 rowsselected.

    Delete all the details of roll number 101 from student2 table:

    SQL>deletefromstudent2wheres_roll=101;

    1rowdeleted.

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    Status after deletion

    SQL>select*fromstudent2;

    S_NAME S_ROLL S_BRANCH

    ---------- ---------- ----------

    vinay 102 ECE

    mayank 103

    smith 104 ECE

    siya 201 CSE

    amit 202 CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

    7 rowsselected.

    Deleting all the rows:

    Status before deletion

    SQL>select*fromstudent2;

    S_NAME S_ROLL S_BRANCH

    ------------------------------

    vinay 102 ECE

    mayank 103

    smith 104 ECE

    siya 201 CSE

    amit

    202

    CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

    7 rowsselected.

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    To delete all the records of student2 table

    SQL>deletefromstudent2;

    7 rowsdeleted.

    Status after deletion

    SQL>select*fromstudent2;

    norowsselected

    updatingthecontentsofatable:

    updation using where clause:update the name of a student from

    Riya to Siya in student table:

    status of student table before updation:

    SQL>select*fromstudent;

    NAME ROLL_NO BRANCH

    ---------- ---------- ----------

    ashish 101 ECE

    vinay 102 ECE

    mayank 103

    smith 104 ECE

    siya 201 CSE

    amit 202 CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

    8 rowsselected.

    Update query

    SQL>updatestudentsetname='riya'wherename='siya';

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    1rowupdated.

    Status of student table after updation

    SQL>select*fromstudent;

    NAME ROLL_NO BRANCH

    ------------------------------

    ashish 101 ECE

    vinay 102 ECE

    mayank 103

    smith 104 ECE

    riya 201 CSE

    amit 202 CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

    8 rowsselected.

    Update without where clause: add 100 to roll number of all the

    studemts in student table:

    SQL>updatestudentsetroll_no=roll_no+100;

    8 rowsupdated.

    Status of student table after updation:

    SQL>select*fromstudent;

    NAME ROLL_NO BRANCH

    ---------- ---------- ----------

    ashish 201 ECE

    vinay 202 ECE

    mayank 203

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    smith 204 ECE

    riya 301 CSE

    amit 302 CSE

    tripti 303 CSE

    tripti 303 CSE

    8 rowsselected.

    Modifyingstructureofatable

    Adding new columns to a table: add contact (numeric size-10) to

    student table

    SQL>altertablestudentadd(contactnumber(10));

    Tablealtered.

    Status of student table after adding new column:

    SQL>select*fromstudent;

    NAME ROLL_NO BRANCH CONTACT

    ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

    ashish 201 ECE

    vinay 202 ECE

    mayank 203

    smith 204 ECE

    riya 301 CSE

    amit 302 CSE

    tripti 303 CSE

    tripti 303 CSE

    8 rowsselected.

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    Deleting existence column of a table : delete the contact

    attribute from student table

    SQL>altertablestudentdropcolumncontact;

    Tablealtered.

    Status of student table after droping contact attribute:

    SQL>select*fromstudent;

    NAME ROLL_NO BRANCH

    ---------- ---------- ----------

    ashish 201 ECE

    vinay 202 ECE

    mayank 203

    smith 204 ECE

    riya 301 CSE

    amit 302 CSE

    tripti 303 CSE

    tripti 303 CSE

    8 rowsselected.

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    Modifying the column datatype or size: change the branch attribute

    datatype from varchar2 to char and size from 10 to 12

    SQL>altertablestudentmodify(branchchar(12));

    Tablealtered.

    Renamingatable

    Change the name of the table student1 to s1:

    SQL>renamestudent1tos1;

    Tablerenamed.

    Truncatingatable:

    Status of s1 before truncate command

    SQL>select*froms1;

    SNAME SROLL SBRANCH

    ---------- ---------- ----------

    ashish 101 ECE

    vinay 102 ECE

    mayank 103

    smith 104 ECE

    siya 201 CSE

    amit 202 CSE

    tripti 203 CSE

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    tripti 203 CSE

    8 rowsselected.

    Query:

    SQL>truncatetables1;

    Tabletruncated.

    Status of s1 after truncate command

    SQL>select*froms1;

    norowsselected

    destroyingtable:destroys1table:

    SQL>droptables1;

    Tabledropped.

    Findingoutthetable/screatedbyauser

    TNAME TABTYPE CLUSTERID

    ------------------------------ ------- ----------

    STUDENT TABLE

    STUDENT2 TABLE

    SQLPLUS_PRODUCT_PROFILE TABLE

    PRODUCT_PRIVS VIEW

    PRODUCT_USER_PROFILE SYNONYM

    HELP TABLE

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    6 rowsselected.

    Displaying thetablestructure:

    SQL>descstudent;

    Name Null? Type

    ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------

    NAME VARCHAR2(10)

    ROLL_NO NUMBER(3)

    BRANCH CHAR(12)

    OR

    SQL>describestudent;

    Name Null? Type

    ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------

    NAME VARCHAR2(10)

    ROLL_NO NUMBER(3)

    BRANCH CHAR(12)

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    Experimentno-3

    Primarykey

    Primary key declaration at column level

    SQL>createtablestudent(roll_nonumber(3)primarykey,namevarchar2(10),branch

    varchar2(10));

    Tablecreated.

    Primary key declaration at table level

    SQL>createtablestudent1(roll_nonumber(3),namevarchar2(10),branchvarchar2(1

    0),primarykey(roll_no));

    Tablecreated.

    Foreignkey

    Foreign key declaration at column level

    SQL>createtableresult1(roll_no number(3)referencesstudent(roll_no),mathsnum

    ber(3),sciencenumber(3),english number(3));

    Tablecreated.

    Foreign key declaration at the table level

    SQL>createtableresult(roll_nonumber(3),mathsnumber(3),sciencenumber(3),eng

    lishnumber(3),foreignkey(roll_no)referencesstudent1(roll_no));

    Tablecreated.

    Uniqueconstraint

    Unique constraint declaration at column level

    SQL>createtableemp(e_idvarchar2(4)primarykey,e_namevarchar2(10),e_contact

    number(10)unique);

    Tablecreated.

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    Unique constraint declaration at table level

    SQL>createtableemp1(e_idvarchar2(4)primarykey,e_namevarchar2(10),e_contact

    number(10),unique(e_contact));

    Table

    created.

    Notnullconstraint(can only be declared at column level)

    SQL>createtableemp2(e_idvarchar2(4)primarykey,e_namevarchar2(10)not

    null,e_contactnumber(10));

    Tablecreated.

    Checkconstraint

    Check constraint declaration at column level

    SQL>createtableemp3(e_idvarchar2(4)primarykeycheck(e_idlike'E%'),e_name

    varchar2(10)not nullcheck(e_name=upper(e_name)),e_depttvarchar2(3)check(e_deptt

    in('ECE','CSE','EEE','ECE','MAE')));

    Tablecreated.

    Check constraint declaration at table level

    SQL>createtableemp4(e_idvarchar2(4)primarykey,e_namevarchar2(10)not

    null,e_depttvarchar2(3),check(e_id like

    'E%'),check(e_name=upper(e_name)),check(e_depttin('ECE','CSE','EEE','ECE','MAE')));

    Tablecreated.

    Naming theconstraintsduringtablelevelcreation

    Assigning names to primary key,notnull,unique,check at column

    level

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    SQL>createtablestudents(rollnumber(3)constraintpkprimarykey,namevarchar2(10)

    constraintckcheck(name=initcap(name)),branchvarchar2(10)constraintnnnot

    null,contact number(10)constraintuunique);

    Tablecreated.

    Assigning names to primary key,unique,check at table level

    SQL>createtablestudents1(rollnumber(3),namevarchar2(10),branch

    varchar2(10),contactnumber(10),constraint pk1primarykey(roll),constraint ck1 check

    (name=initcap(name)),constraint u1unique(contact));

    Tablecreated.

    Assigning name to foreign key at column level

    SQL>createtableresult(rollnumber(3)constraintfkreferencesstudent(roll_no),math

    number(3),sciencenumber(3),englishnumber(3));

    Tablecreated.

    Assigning name to foreign key at table level

    SQL>createtableresult1(rollnumber(3),mathsnumber(3),sciencenumber(3),english

    number(3),constraint fk1foreignkey(roll)referencesstudent(roll_no));

    Tablecreated.

    Settingconstraintsusingaltercommand

    First of all tables student,student1,result,result1 are created as

    follows

    SQL>createtablestudent(rollnumber(3),name varchar2(10),branchvarchar2(10),contact

    number(10));

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    Tablecreated.

    SQL>createtablestudent1(rollnumber(3),namevarchar2(10),branch

    varchar2(10),contactnumber(10));

    Tablecreated.

    Query to create result table:

    SQL>createtableresult(rollnumber(3),mathsnumber(3),sciencenumber(3),english

    number(3));

    Tablecreated.

    SQL>createtableresult1(rollnumber(3),mathsnumber(3),sciencenumber(3),english

    number(3));

    Tablecreated.

    Primary key,unique and check constraints

    SQL>altertablestudentadd(primary

    key(roll),check(name=upper(name)),unique(contact));

    Tablealtered.

    Adding constraints with name

    SQL>altertablestudent1add(constraintpk2primarykey(roll),constraint ck2

    check(name=upper(name)),constraint u2unique(contact));

    Tablealtered.

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    Notnull

    Adding null constraint without name

    SQL>altertablestudentmodify(branchnotnull);

    Tablealtered.

    Adding null constraint with name

    SQL>altertablestudent1modify(branchconstraintnn1notnull);

    Tablealtered.

    Foreignkey

    Adding foreign key constraint without name

    SQL>altertableresultaddforeignkey(roll)referencesstudent(roll);

    Tablealtered.

    Adding foreign key constraint with name

    SQL>altertableresult1addconstraintfk2foreignkey(roll)referencesstudent(roll);

    Tablealtered.

    Droping

    constraints

    Foreignkey

    Dropping foreign key using constraint name

    SQL>altertableresult1dropconstraintfk2;

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    Tablealtered

    Experimentno-4

    Computation done on table data:

    Created a table employee and add data to it as follows:

    SQL>createtableemployee(e_name varchar2(10),e_idvarchar2(4)primarykey,e_deptt

    varchar2(3),e_salarynumber(10));

    Tablecreated

    SQL>insertintoemployeevalues('&e_name','&e_id','&e_deptt','&salary');

    Entervaluefore_name:amar

    Entervaluefore_id:E101

    Entervaluefore_deptt:ECE

    Entervalueforsalary:20000

    old 1:insertintoemployeevalues('&e_name','& e_id','&e_deptt','&salary')

    new 1:insertintoemployeevalues('amar','E101',' ECE','20000')

    1rowcreated.

    SQL>/

    Entervaluefore_name:ashish

    Entervaluefore_id:E102

    Entervaluefore_deptt:ECE

    Entervalueforsalary:30000

    old 1:insertinto employeevalues('&e_name','&e_id','&e_deptt','&salary')

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    new 1:insertintoemployeevalues('ashish','E102','ECE','30000')

    1rowcreated.

    SQL>/

    Entervaluefore_name:sonali

    Entervaluefore_id:E103

    Entervaluefore_deptt:ECE

    Entervalueforsalary:25000

    old 1:insertintoemployeevalues('&e_name','&e_id','&e_deptt','&salary')

    new 1:insertintoemployeevalues('sonali','E103',' ECE','25000')

    1rowcreated.

    SQL>/

    Entervalue

    for

    e_name:

    dinesh

    Entervaluefore_id:E104

    Entervaluefore_deptt:ECE

    Entervalueforsalary:28000

    old 1:insertintoemployeevalues('&e_name','&e_id','&e_deptt','&salary')

    new 1:insertintoemployeevalues('dinesh','E104',' ECE','28000')

    1rowcreated.

    SQL>/

    Entervaluefore_name:neha

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    Entervaluefore_id:E105

    Entervaluefore_deptt:ECE

    Entervalueforsalary:45000

    old 1:insertintoemployeevalues('&e_name','&e_id','&e_deptt','&salary')

    new 1:insertintoemployeevalues('neha','E105',' ECE','45000')

    1rowcreated.

    SQL>/

    Entervaluefore_name:kanika

    Entervaluefore_id:E106

    Entervaluefore_deptt:CSE

    Entervalueforsalary:30000

    old 1:insertintoemployeevalues('&e_name','&e_id','&e_deptt','&salary')

    new 1:insertintoemployeevalues('kanika','E106','CSE','30000')

    1rowcreated.

    SQL>/

    Entervaluefore_name:mohit

    Entervaluefore_id:E107

    Enter

    value

    for

    e_deptt:

    CSE

    Entervalueforsalary:19000

    old 1:insertintoemployeevalues('&e_name','&e_id','&e_deptt','&salary')

    new 1:insertintoemployeevalues('mohit','E10 7','CSE','19000')

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    1rowcreated.

    SQL>/

    Entervaluefore_name:smith

    Entervaluefore_id:E108

    Entervaluefore_deptt:CSE

    Entervalueforsalary:45000

    old 1:insertintoemployeevalues('&e_name','&e_id','&e_deptt','&salary')

    new 1:insertinto employeevalues('smith','E108','CSE','45000')

    1rowcreated.

    SQL>/

    Entervaluefore_name:mayank

    Entervaluefore_id:E109

    Entervalue

    for

    e_deptt:

    CSE

    Entervalueforsalary:20000

    old 1:insertintoemployeevalues('&e_name','&e_id','&e_deptt','&s alary')

    new 1:insertintoemployeevalues('mayank','E109','CSE','20000')

    1rowcreated.

    SQL>/

    Entervaluefore_name:ramesh

    Entervaluefore_id:E110

    Entervaluefore_deptt:CSE

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    Entervalueforsalary:33000

    old 1:insertintoemployeevalues('& e_name','&e_id','&e_deptt','&salary')

    new 1:insertintoemployeevalues('ramesh','E110','CSE','33000')

    1rowcreated.

    SQL>select*fromemployee;

    E_NAME E_ID E_D E_SALARY

    ---------- ---- --- ----------

    amar E101 ECE 20000

    ashish E102 ECE 30000

    sonali E103 ECE 25000

    dinesh E104 ECE 28000

    neha E105 ECE 45000

    kanika

    E106

    CSE

    30000

    mohit E107 CS E 19000

    smith E108 CSE 45000

    mayank E109 CSE 20000

    ramesh E110 CSE 33000

    10

    rows

    selected.

    Arithmaticoperators:

    To find annual income of all the employees with employee name

    from employee table

    SQL>selecte_name,e_salary*12 "annual" fromemployee;

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    E_NAME annual

    ---------- ----------

    amar 240000

    ashish 360000

    sonali 300000

    dinesh 336000

    neha 540000

    kanika 360000

    mohit 228000

    smith 540000

    mayank 240000

    ramesh 396000

    10rows

    selected.

    OR

    SQL>selecte_name,e_salary*12asannualfromemployee;

    E_NAME annual

    ---------- ----------

    amar 240000

    ashish 360000

    sonali 300000

    dinesh 336000

    neha 540000

    kanika 360000

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    mohit 228000

    smith 540000

    mayank 240000

    ramesh 396000

    10rowsselected.

    Logicaloperators

    To display the details of employee having salary ranging between

    20000 to 35000

    SQL>select*fromemployeewheree_salary>=20000ande_salaryselect*fromemployeewheree_salary>25000ande_deptt=' ECE';

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    E_NAME E_ID E_D E_SALARY

    ---------- ---- --- ----------

    ashish E102 ECE 30000

    dinesh E104 ECE 28000

    neha E105 ECE 45000

    To display details of employees having salary >=30000

    department=CSE

    SQL>select*fromemployeewheree_salary>=30000ore_deptt='CSE';

    E_NAME E_ID E_D E_SALARY

    ---------- ---- --- ----------

    ashish E102 ECE 30000

    neha E105 ECE 45000

    kanika E106 CSE 30000

    mohit E107 CSE 19000

    smith E108 CSE 45000

    mayank E109 CSE 20000

    ramesh E110 CSE 33000

    7rows

    selected.

    To display details of employees where salary is not ranging

    between 20000 to 35000

    SQL>select*fromemployeewhere NOT(e_salary>=2000ande_salary

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    E_NAME E_ID E_D E_SALARY

    ---------- ---- --- ---------

    neha E105 ECE 45000

    smith E108 CSE 45000

    Patternmatching

    To find details of all the employee where name begins with A

    character

    SQL>select*fromemployeewheree_namelike'a%';

    E_NAME E_ID E_D E_SALARY

    ---------- ---- --- ----------

    amar E101 ECE 20000

    ashish E102 ECE 30000

    To find details of all the employees where second character of the

    name is o

    SQL>select*fromemployeewheree_namelike'_o%';

    E_NAME E_ID E_D E_SALARY

    ---------- ---- --- ----------

    sonali E103 ECE 25000

    mohit E107 CSE 19000

    mayank E109 CSE 20000

    To find the details of all the employees where third character of the

    name is h:

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    SQL>select*fromemployeewheree_namelike'__h%';

    E_NAME E_ID E_D E_SALARY

    ---------- ---- --- ----------

    neha E105 ECE 45000

    mohit E107 CSE 19000

    mayank E109 CSE 20000

    To find details of all the employees where name ends with t

    character:

    SQL>select*fromemployeewheree_namelike'%t';

    E_NAME E_ID E_D E_SALARY

    ---------- ---- --- ----------

    mohit E107 CSE 19000

    To find detailos of all the employees where second character of the

    name is o or n:

    SQL>select*fromemployeewheree_namelike'_o%'ore_namelike'_n%';

    E_NAME E_ID E_D E_SALARY

    ---------- ---- --- ----------

    ashish E102 ECE 30000

    sonali E103 ECE 25000

    mohit E107 CSE 19000

    mayank E109 CSE 20000

    To find details of all the employees where second character of the

    name is o and name is of total four characters:

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    SQL>select*fromemployeewheree_namelike'_o__';

    E_NAME E_ID E_D E_SALARY

    ---------- ---- --- ----------

    mayank E109 CSE 20000

    inandnotin

    To find na,e and salary of employees with enployee

    id=E101,E103,E105,E106(using in):

    SQL>selecte_name,e_salaryfromemployeewheree_idin('E101','E103','E105','E

    106');

    E_NAME E_SALARY

    ---------- ----------

    amar 20000

    sonali 25000

    neha 45000

    kanika 30000

    To find id and salary of employees named ashish,smith,ramsh(using

    in):

    SQL>selecte_id,e_salaryfromemployeewheree_namein(' ashish','smith','ramesh');

    E_ID E_SALARY

    ---- ----------

    E102 30000

    E108 45000

    E110 33000

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    To find id and salary of employees other than ashish,

    smith,ramesh(using not in):

    SQL>selecte_id,e_salaryfromemployeewheree_namenotin(' ashish','smith','r

    amesh');

    E_ID E_SALARY

    ---- ----------

    E101 20000

    E103 25000

    E104 28000

    E105 45000

    E106 30000

    E107 19000

    E109 20000

    7 rowsselected.

    Aggregatefunctions:

    AVG (averege)

    To find average of salary of all employees in employee table:

    SQL>selectavg(e_salary)fromemployee;

    AVG(E_SALARY)

    -------------

    29500

    SUM (Sumation)

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    To find sum of salary of all employees in employee table:

    SQL>selectsum(e_salary)fromemployee;

    SUM(E_SALARY)

    -------------

    295000

    To display maximum salary from employee table:

    SQL>selectmax(e_salary)fromemployee;

    MAX(E_SALARY)

    -------------

    45000

    MIN (Minimum)

    To display minimum salary from employee table:

    SQL>selectmin(e_salary)fromemployee;

    MIN(E_SALARY)

    -------------

    19000

    COUNT

    To find the number of rows in table employee

    SQL>selectcount(*)fromemployee;

    COUNT(*)

    ----------

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    10

    To find the number of employees in table employee having salary

    greater than 25000

    SQL>selectcount(*)fromemployeewheree_salary>25000;

    COUNT(*)

    ----------

    6

    Oraclefunctionsusingdualtable:

    ABS(n):returns absolute of n

    SQL>SELECTABS(-15)"Absolute"FROM DUAL;

    Absolute

    ----------

    15

    POWER(m,n):returnsmraisedtothenthpower

    SQL>SELECTPOWER(3,2)"Raised"FROM DUAL;

    Raised

    ----------

    9

    ROUND(n,m):Returnsn,roundedtomplaces

    SQL>SELECT ROUND(15.19,1)"Round"FROM DUAL;

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    Round

    ----------

    15.2

    SQL>select ROUND(10/3,1)"Round"FROM DUAL;

    Round

    ----------

    3.3

    SORT(n):Returnssquarerootofn

    SQL>SELECTSQRT(25)"Square Root"FROM DUAL;

    Square Root

    -----------

    5

    SQL>SELECTSQRT(3)"Squareroot"FROM DUAL;

    Squareroot

    -----------

    1.73205081

    EXP(n): Returnseraisedtonthpower(wheree=2.71828183)

    SQL>SELECTEXP(5)"Exponent" FROM DUAL;

    Exponent

    ----------

    148.413159

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    GREATEST(expr1,exp2,expr3,.....expr n):Tofindthegreatestof

    givenexpressionsornumbers.

    SQL>SELECTGREATEST(4,5,17)"Num" FROM DUAL;

    Num

    ----------

    17

    SQL>SELECTGREATEST(10/4,10+5,20*17)"Num" FROM DUAL;

    Num

    ----------

    340

    LEAST(exp1,exp2,exp3.....expn):Tofindthesmallestofgiven

    expressionsornumbers

    SQL>SELECTLEAST(10/4,10+5,20*1 7)"Num"FROM DUAL;

    Num

    ----------

    2.5

    SQL>SELECTLEAST(4,5,17)"Num" FROM DUAL;

    Num

    ----------

    4

    MOD(m,n):Returnsremainderofm/n

    SQL>SELECTMOD(15,7)"Mod1",MOD(15.7,7)"Mod2" FROM DUAL;

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    Mod1 Mod2

    ---------- ----------

    1 1.7FLOOR(n): Returnsthelargestintegervaluethatisequaltpless

    thananumber

    SQL>SELECT FLOOR(24.8)"Flrl",FLOOR(13.15)"FLr2"FROM DUAL;

    Flrl FLr2

    --------------------

    24 13

    CEIL(n): Returnsthesmallestintegervaluethatisgreaterthan

    orequaltoanumber

    SQL>SELECTCEIL(24.8)"Ceil",CEIL(13.15)"Ceil" FROM DUAL;

    Ceil Ceil

    --------------------

    25 14

    LOWER(char):Returnschar,withallthelettersinlowercase

    SQL>SELECTLOWER('DBMSlAB')"Lower"FROM DUAL;

    Lower

    --------

    dbmslab

    INECECAP(char): Returnschar,withthefirstletterofeachword

    inuppercase

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    SQL>SELECT INECECAP('DBMSLAB')"initcap"FROM DUAL;

    initcap

    --------

    DbmsLab

    UPPER(char): Returnschar,withallthelettersinuppercase

    SQL>SELECTupper('dbmslab')"upper"FROM DUAL;

    upper

    --------

    DBMSLAB

    SUBSTR(string,start_posiyion,length);Returnsaportionof

    characters,beginningatcharacterm,andgoinguptocharactern

    SQL>SELECTSUBSTR('thisisatest',6,2)"Extracted"FROM DUAL;

    Ex

    --

    is

    SQL>SELECTSUBSTR('thisisatest',6,5)"Extracted" FROM DUAL;

    Extra

    -----

    isa

    SQL>SELECTSUBSTR('thisisatest',6,7)"Extracted"FROM DUAL;

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    Extract

    -------

    isate

    ASCII(single-character):ReturnsASCII valueofasinglecharacter

    SQL>SELECTASCII('A')"ASCII"fromdual;

    ASCII

    ----------

    65

    SQL>SELECTASCII('a')"ASCII"fromdual;

    ASCII

    ----------

    97

    SQL>SELECTASCII('a')"ASCII_a",ASCII('z')"ASCII_z"fromdual;

    ASCII_aASCII_z

    --------------------

    97 122

    LENGTH(word): Returnsthelengthofaword

    SQL>SELECTLENGTH('HELLO WORLD')"length"FROM DUAL;

    length

    ----------

    11

    LTRIM(char,set): Removesfromleftofcharwithinitial

    charactersremoveduptothefirstcharacternotinset

    SQL>SELECTLTRIM('NISHA','N')"Length"FROM DUAL;

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    Leng

    ----

    ISHA

    SQL>SELECTLTRIM('NISHA','NI')"Length"FROM DUAL;

    Len

    ---

    SHA

    SQL>SELECTLTRIM('NISHA','NIS')"Length"FROM DUAL;

    Le

    --

    HA

    SQL>SELECTLTRIM('NISHA','NISH')"Length"FROM DUAL;

    L

    -

    A

    SQL>SELECT

    LT

    RIM('

    NISHA','

    NISHA')

    "Length

    "FROM

    DUAL;

    L

    -

    RTRIM(char,set):Returnschar,withfinalcharactersremoved

    afterthelastcharacternotinset

    SQL>SELECT

    RT

    RIM('

    NISHA','

    NISHA')

    "Length

    "FROM

    DUAL;

    L

    -

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    SQL>SELECT RTRIM('NISHA','ISHA')"Length"FROM DUAL;

    L

    -

    N

    SQL>SELECT RTRIM('NISHA','SHA')"Length"FROM DUAL;

    Le

    --

    NI

    SQL>SELECT RTRIM('NISHA','HA')"Length"FROM DUAL;

    Len

    ---

    NIS

    SQL>SELECT RTRIM('NISHA','A')"Length"FROM DUAL;

    Leng

    ----

    NISH