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EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF DELAMINATION FAILURE IN

JUTE-COIR FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES

G. SATHYAMOORTHY & S. RAJA NARAYANAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering, M. kumarasamy College of Engineering, Karur, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT

In industry, the use of composites in the manufacturing sector plays a very important role. Natural fibers are

viable to substitute for the synthetic fiber and which are abundant. In this project, a composite was made using jute-Coir

fibers as reinforcement in the epoxy resin. The composites are manufactured for both treated and untreated fibers at

25% and 30% fiber content. Jute-coir fibers were treated with 4% NaOH solution at room temperature. This project

mainly focuses on delamination failure of hybrid composites during the drilling process. Drilling process was conducted

at various speed levels and feed rate as its input parameter and delamination failure as its response. The response was

optimized using Taguchi method and ANOVA to reduce the delamination factor in the jute-coir reinforced composite.

KEYWORDS: Fiber Matrix Composites, Natural Fiber, Plate Formation, Delamination Failure & Applications

Received: Feb 18, 2018; Accepted: Mar 08, 2018; Published: Mar 19, 2018; Paper Id.: IJMPERDAPR2018116

INTRODUCTION

Recent years, composite materials have made a mechanical change in modern divisions. Present and

future innovative headways plan to make a decent quality, conservative and natural insurance in mechanical

divisions. Every creation is strived to satisfy their necessities in the mechanical parts. In 1935, Owens Corning

propelled the fiber strengthened polymer industry by presenting the primarily manufactured fiber. In the 1940s, the

Fiber strengthened polymers composite industry from inquiring about into real generation [1]. By 1947 a

completely composite body car had been made and tried. This auto was sensibly effective in the year 1953 and it

was made utilizing engineered fiber performs impregnated with gum and shaped in coordinated metal bites the

dust. A hindrance of the manufactured fiber is non-biodegradable, susceptible to a few people and a more

electrostatic charge is created by rubbing. This issue was redressed by utilizing common filaments [2, 3].

In order to develop the products with more desirable properties, we go for synthetic based materials

which possess what we need. But, the making of those synthetic materials and their uses produce harmful effects

on the environment. Effects caused by the use of synthetic materials and the problem associated with their

handling are, Emission of harmful gases while processing. Dispose of non-biodegradable wastes. Synthetic fibers

burn more readily than natural. Prone to heat damage and melt relatively easily [4,5]. It is not possible to avoid the

usage of synthetic materials completely, so as to eliminate the environmental effects caused by them. There is also

some problem associated with the use of natural fibers like, Poor fiber matrix adhesion because of waxes present

in the natural fibers [6].

Orig

inal A

rticle

International Journal of Mechanical and Production

Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD)

ISSN (P): 2249-6890; ISSN (E): 2249-8001

Vol. 8, Issue 2, Apr 2018, 1001-1010

© TJPRC Pvt. Ltd

1002 G. Sathyamoorthy & S. Raja Narayanan

Impact Factor (JCC): 6.8765 NAAS Rating: 3.11

MATERIALS DESCRIPTION PROCESS

Coir Fiber

Coir is a characteristic fiber extricated from the husk of the coconut. Coir is the sinewy material found between

the hard, an inner shell and the external layer of a coconut. Different employments of darkcolored coir (produced using

ready coconut) are in upholstery cushioning, sacking and agriculture. White coir, gathered from unripe coconuts, is utilized

for making better brushes, string, rope and angling nets[7,8]. The two assortments of coir are dark colored and white. Dark

colored coir reaped from completely aged coconuts is thick, solid and has high scraped spot protection. Develop dark

colored coir strands contain more lignin and less cellulose than filaments, for example, flax and cotton, so are more

grounded yet less adaptable [6]. White coir strands collected from coconuts before they are ready are white or light, dark

colored in shading and are smoother and better, yet in addition weaker.

Figure 1: Untreated Coir

Figure 2: Treated Coir with 4% NaOH

JUTE FIBRE

The fiber is a standout amongst the most profitable parts of the jute plant. Jute fiber is gotten from the plant of co

chorus family [11-12]. It is the second most cultivation of the natural fiber in the world. It possesses a good specific

strength, modulus, and stiffness with respect to lingo-cellulosic fiber to form composites [13]. It has the advantages of

good insulating and antistatic properties and low moisture retention [9-10].

Figure 3: Untreated Jute

Experimental Analysis of Delamination Failure in Jute-Coir Fiber Reinforced Composites 1003


Figure 4: Treated Jute with 4% NaOH

CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF FIBERS

To enhance the composites mechanical properties and an interfacial bond between the jute-coir fiber and epoxy

gum, compound treatment of jute-coir strands were done. At first, jute and coir fiber were washed with refined water for 5

min and after that, the strands were treated with NaOH arrangement at 4% focus for 3 hours at room temperature.

[14]After 3 hours the strands were washed with tap water to evacuate NaOH arrangement on the surface of the filaments.

At last, the strands were washed with refined water till the pH 7 was accomplished and afterward dried at room

temperature for 24 hours.

FABRICATION OF COMPOSITE PLATES

The composite material was made with jute-coir fiber reinforced epoxy resin. Initially, fibers were chopped at the

30mm size and then the fibers were treated with NaOH solution at 4% concentration for 3 hours at room temperature [13]

Figure 5: Untreated Fiber Reinforced Composites, 25% Treated Fiber Reinforced

Composites, 30% Treated Fiber Reinforced Composites

After 3 hours the fibers were washed with tap water to remove NaOH solution on the surface of the fibers Mixing

the jute and coir fibers with equal ratio i.e. 1:1. Epoxy and hardener were mixed at 10:1 ratio. Both fibers and epoxy resin

were compounded with different fiber mixing volume content (25% and 30%) using compression molding at 80oC in 40

min and prepared the test specimen.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Flexural Test

Flexural strength was conducted by the both treated and untreated composite specimens in 3 points bending test.

The test was performed at a crosshead speed of 2.0 mm/min in a universal testing machine and gauge length was 65 mm.

In figure 6 shows the variation of flexural strength on untreated and treated fibers. It was a 20% increases in 25% treated

fiber the than untreated fiber composite specimen.

1004

Impact Factor (JCC): 6.8765

Table 1: Flexural Strength of Untreated Fiber and Treated

Fiber

Untreated fiber

Figure

From the results, flexural modulus 17% increase

plate. This paper studied, when fiber volume content was increase

modulus were gradually decreased.

IMPACT TEST

Impact strength was conducted b

machine. Izod test was conducted and

shows the variation of impact strength of

untreated fiber composite specimen. This paper studied, when fiber volume content

strength goes gradually decreased.

Table 2: Impact S

Figure

G. Sathyamoorthy

Impact Factor (JCC): 6.8765

Table 1: Flexural Strength of Untreated Fiber and Treated Fiber Content

Fiber Content Flexural Strength (MPa)

Untreated fiber 16.56

25% 19.82

30% 15.9

Figure 6: Flexural Strength in Graphical Form

From the results, flexural modulus 17% increase in the 25% of fiber content than the untreated fiber composite

plate. This paper studied, when fiber volume content was increased 25% to 30%, the Flexural strength and flexural

Impact strength was conducted by the both treated and untreated composite specimen

machine. Izod test was conducted and the specimen was fixed as a cantilever according to ASTM Standard. In figure

of untreated and treated fibers. It was a 20% increases in 25% treated fiber than

untreated fiber composite specimen. This paper studied, when fiber volume content increase

Table 2: Impact Strength of Untreated Fiber and Treated Fiber Content

Fiber Content Izod Impact Strength

Untreated fiber 0.25

25% 0.30

30% 0.25

Figure 7: Impact Strength in Graphical form

G. Sathyamoorthy & S. Raja Narayanan

NAAS Rating: 3.11

Fiber Content

in the 25% of fiber content than the untreated fiber composite

25% to 30%, the Flexural strength and flexural

y the both treated and untreated composite specimens at the impact testing

ording to ASTM Standard. In figure 7

20% increases in 25% treated fiber than the

increased 25% to 30%, the impact

trength of Untreated Fiber and Treated Fiber Content

Experimental Analysis of Delamination Failure in Jute

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SEM ANALYSIS

Scanning electron microscopy is used very effectively in microanalysis and failure analysis of

material. It is performed at high magnification and high

shows high magnification SEM of a fracture surface of impact specimens. It can be observed that there are gaps between

fiber and resin. The presence of gap indicate

Figure 8(a): Jute - Coir Untreated at

Figure

ANALYSIS OF DELAMINATION FACTOR

Drilling was carried by the radial drilling machine and

factor was noted using digitalvernier caliper in the composite specimen. S/N ratio was used to find optimum value

delamination factor. A response of raw data and S/N ratio of delamination fac

was delamination factor of S/N data. In Table 1.5 shows, ANOVA indicate

delamination factor of the drilled specimen.

Experimental Analysis of Delamination Failure in Jute-Coir Fiber Reinforced Composites

Scanning electron microscopy is used very effectively in microanalysis and failure analysis of

material. It is performed at high magnification and high -resolution images and also measure

fracture surface of impact specimens. It can be observed that there are gaps between

of gap indicate the poor fiber-matrix adhesion with untreated fib

Coir Untreated at Fracture Portion Figure 8(b): Jute - Coir 25% at

Figure 8(c): Jute - Coir 30% at Fracture Portion

ANALYSIS OF DELAMINATION FACTOR

Drilling was carried by the radial drilling machine and a data value of the maximum diameter of delamination

vernier caliper in the composite specimen. S/N ratio was used to find optimum value

esponse of raw data and S/N ratio of delamination factors was obtained in

n factor of S/N data. In Table 1.5 shows, ANOVA indicates the selected parameters significantly affect the

delamination factor of the drilled specimen.

1005

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Scanning electron microscopy is used very effectively in microanalysis and failure analysis of the composite

resolution images and also measures small objects. Figure 8

fracture surface of impact specimens. It can be observed that there are gaps between

matrix adhesion with untreated fiber content.

Coir 25% at Fracture Portion

maximum diameter of delamination

vernier caliper in the composite specimen. S/N ratio was used to find optimum values of

tors was obtained in Table 1.3 and Table 1.4

the selected parameters significantly affect the



CONFIRMATION TEST

Mechanical tests were conducted by the Jute- coir reinforced epoxy resin and also to optimize the drilled

composites during machining at optimum levels of two factors. The optimal factor for drilling process was set and two

samples were conducted and tabulated. Table 1.6 shows the experiments are same setting level and the delamination factor

was 0.17% error in Predicted value compared to experimental value using mini tab 16 software.

Table 3

Factors Delamination Factor

Trail No S/N Ratio

Speed (A) Feed (B) 1 2 Avg

1 1 1 1.160 1.150 1.155 -1.25172

2 1 2 1.150 1.175 1.163 -1.30836

3 1 3 1.250 1.275 1.263 -2.02505

4 2 1 1.175 1.250 1.213 -1.67779

5 2 2 1.225 1.275 1.250 -1.93994

6 2 3 1.300 1.325 1.313 -2.36238

7 3 1 1.225 1.250 1.275 -1.85135

8 3 2 1.250 1.350 1.313 -2.28529

9 3 3 1.325 1.375 1.350 -2.60816

Table 4: Response of Raw Data and S/N Ratio of Delamination Factor

Parameter Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

Cutting Speed (A) -1.528 -1.993 -2.248

Feed rate (B) -1.594 -1.845 -2.332

Table 5: ANOVA for delamination factor (S/N ratio)

Source DF SS MS F-Value P-Value

Cutting Speed 2 0.79943 0.399713 30.04 0.004

Feed rate 2 0.84546 0.422732 31.77 0.004

Error 4 0.05323 0.013307 - -

Total 8 1.69812 - - -

S = 0.1154 R-Sq = 96.87% R-Sq (adj) = 93.73%

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF DELAMINATION FACTOR

Minimize the delamination factor at an optimal level of two factors were found within the interval of predicted

optimum quality characteristics. The linear regression equation is

Delamination factor (Fd) = 0.935 + 0.000198 Speed + 0.157 Feed

In Figure 9 shows, speed (A) is level 1 and feed (B) is level 1 were the best choice of delamination factor and

analysis the data to estimate the optimum value of control factor and perform ANOVA.

ANOVA was used to estimate the percentage of errors and to predict the parameters.



Figure 9: Main Effects Plot for S/N ratios

Table 6: Comparisons of Optimal Factors

Optimal Factors

Experimental Value Predicted

- (Average of Trail 1&2) Confirmation value

Value

Setting Level A1B1 A1B1 A1B1

Delamination Factor 1.155 1.148 1.150

CONCLUSIONS

From this experiment, mechanical testing was conducted for a Jute-Coir reinforced composite plate with two

combinations of fiber volume content. The delamination factor was analyzed using ANOVA and S/N ratio approach.

Based on S/N ratio, Optimum parameters of the delamination factors were cutting speed at 600 rpm and feed rate

at 0.6 mm/rev. In drilling, the cutting speed and feed rate were low of minimum delamination. In Jute-Coir reinforced

composites were tested with different fiber volume content. 25 % of the treated fiber volume content loaded composite

were high in flexural strength and impact strength. In this paper shows 25% of Jute-Coir reinforced composites had an

optimum set of mechanical properties.

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