experimental and numerical characterization of supersonic ... · 2017, a merge of two neutron...
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UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Alexandra Zadvornaya
24 September 2019
Experimental and Numerical Characterization of
Supersonic and Subsonic Gas Flows for
Nuclear Spectroscopy Studies
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
2
Plan:
A. Stopping and transport of nuclear reaction products in subsonic helium flow
1. Multinucleon-transfer (MNT) reactions within Elemental Nucleosynthesisstudies at University of Jyväskylä
2. Experimental and numerical characterization of efficiency of ion survival in subsonic helium flow
3. Outlook
2
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
3
Plan:
A. Stopping and transport of nuclear reaction products in subsonic helium flow
1. Multinucleon-transfer (MNT) reactions within Elemental Nucleosynthesisstudies at University of Jyväskylä
2. Experimental and numerical characterization of efficiency of ion survival in subsonic helium flow
3. Outlook
B. In-gas-jet laser ionization spectroscopy in supersonic argon jets1. In-gas laser ionization spectroscopy in heavy element region2. PLIF-spectroscopy experiments at KU Leuven3. Results- Validation of PLIF-spectroscopy- Characterization of gas jets formed by de Laval nozzle4. Conclusions
2
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ MAIDENMasses, Isomers and Decay studies for Elemental Nucleosynthesis
N (neutron)
Z (
pro
ton)
P. Campbell, I. D. Moore, and M. R. Pearson, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 86, 127 (2016) 3
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
The main research
question/motivation:
How and where
were the elements
heavier than Fe (Z =
26) created?
MAIDENMasses, Isomers and Decay studies for Elemental Nucleosynthesis
N (neutron)
Z (
pro
ton)
P. Campbell, I. D. Moore, and M. R. Pearson, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 86, 127 (2016)
1957: idea that heavy elements are
synthesized via different stellar
nucleosynthesis paths such as the via r-, s-
and p-processes
2017, a merge of two neutron starts
first confirmation
3
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ MAIDENMasses, Isomers and Decay studies for Elemental Nucleosynthesis
N (neutron)
Z (
pro
ton)
P. Campbell, I. D. Moore, and M. R. Pearson, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 86, 127 (2016) 3
1957: idea that heavy elements are
synthesized via different stellar
nucleosynthesis paths such as the via r-, s-
and p-processes
2017, a merge of two neutron starts
first confirmation
The main research
question/motivation:
How and where
were the elements
heavier than Fe (Z =
26) created?
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ MAIDENMasses, Isomers and Decay studies for Elemental Nucleosynthesis
Multinucleon-transfer (MNT) reactions studies for exploring nuclear structureclose to N = 126 @ University of Jyväskylä
N (neutron)
Z (
pro
ton)
P. Campbell, I. D. Moore, and M. R. Pearson, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 86, 127 (2016) 3
1957: idea that heavy elements are
synthesized via different stellar
nucleosynthesis paths such as the via r-, s-
and p-processes
2017, a merge of two neutron starts
first confirmation
The main research
question/motivation:
How and where
were the elements
heavier than Fe (Z =
26) created?
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄMNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook
Magnet Si detector 2
Si detector 1
Target chamber
54136 Xe
54136 Xe
83209 Bi
4
Multinucleon-transfer (MNT) reactions studies
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄMNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook
Magnet Si detector 2
Si detector 1
Target chamber
54136 Xe
54136 Xe
83209 Bi
Gas cell
Beam dump
Target wheel
Ion guide
54136 Xe
83209 Bi
4
Multinucleon-transfer (MNT) reactions studies
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Multinucleon-transfer (MNT) reactions studies
Magnet Si detector 2
Si detector 1
5
54136 Xe
June 2019Si detector 2
MNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Initial gas cell design
6
Gas inflow
CFD Module
Laminar Flow:
compressible flow;
boundary conditions – no slip.
Transport of Diluted Species:
convection and diffusion.
MNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook
Gas outflow
(exit diameter of 1.2 mm)
Helium
Temperature T0 = 300 KExit diameter of 1.2 mm
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Initial gas cell design
6
Gas inflow
Gas outflow
(exit diameter of 1.2 mm)
Helium
Temperature T0 = 300 KExit diameter of 1.2 mm
’jet’-like structure and
recirculation region
are visible
MNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook
CFD Module
Laminar Flow:
compressible flow;
boundary conditions – no slip.
Transport of Diluted Species:
convection and diffusion.
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Initial gas cell design
6
Gas inflow
Gas outflow
(exit diameter of 1.2 mm)
Gas cell design had to be optimized to enable more efficient and fast
transportation
’jet’-like structure and
recirculation region
are visible
MNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook
CFD Module
Laminar Flow:
compressible flow;
boundary conditions – no slip.
Transport of Diluted Species:
convection and diffusion.
Helium
Temperature T0 = 300 KExit diameter of 1.2 mm
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Optimization of gas cell design using CFD Module
7
MNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook
Gas inflow
Gas outflow
(exit diameter of 1.2 mm)
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Gas inflow
Gas outflow
(exit diameter of 1.2 mm)
Optimization of gas cell design using CFD Module
7
Obstacle
Honeycomb
structure
Velocity magnitude (m/s)
MNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Gas inflow
Gas outflow
(exit diameter of 1.2 mm)
Optimization of gas cell design using CFD Module
7
Obstacle
Honeycomb
structure
More uniform flow structure
Velocity magnitude (m/s)
Velocity field, x component (m/s)
MNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
8
S1
S2
Experimental and numerical characterization of ion survival efficiencyby using α-recoil 88
223Ra source
Decay chain for 88223Ra
MNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
8
5500 6000 6500 7000 7500
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
cp
s
E, keV
in vacuum_before test_calibratedX
Po
Rn1
Bi 1
Rn2
Rn3
Bi 2
Ra2
Ra3
Ra4
S1
S2
Experimental and numerical characterization of ion survival efficiencyby using α-recoil 88
223Ra source
Decay chain for 88223Ra
MNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
8
5500 6000 6500 7000 7500
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
cp
s
E, keV
in vacuum_before test_calibratedX
Po
Rn1
Bi 1
Rn2
Rn3
Bi 2
Ra2
Ra3
Ra4
50 100 150 200 250 300 3500
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
diffu
s.+
reco
mb
in.+
mole
c.fo
rm.+
?(%
)
P0 (mbar)
Source position 1
Source position 2
Tests with -recoil source
S1
S2
Experimental and numerical characterization of ion survival efficiencyby using α-recoil 88
223Ra source
Decay chain for 88223Ra
MNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
8
5500 6000 6500 7000 7500
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
cp
s
E, keV
in vacuum_before test_calibratedX
Po
Rn1
Bi 1
Rn2
Rn3
Bi 2
Ra2
Ra3
Ra4
50 100 150 200 250 300 3500
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
diffu
s.+
reco
mb
in.+
mole
c.fo
rm.+
?(%
)
P0 (mbar)
Source position 1
Source position 2
Tests with -recoil source
50 100 150 200 250 300 3500
20
40
60
80
100Numerical calculations in COMSOL
diffu
s.(%
)
P0 (mbar)
Source position 1
Source position 2
S1
S2
Experimental and numerical characterization of ion survival efficiencyby using α-recoil 88
223Ra source
Only diffusion losses!
Decay chain for 88223Ra
MNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
8
5500 6000 6500 7000 7500
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
cp
s
E, keV
in vacuum_before test_calibratedX
Po
Rn1
Bi 1
Rn2
Rn3
Bi 2
Ra2
Ra3
Ra4
50 100 150 200 250 300 3500
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
diffu
s.+
reco
mb
in.+
mole
c.fo
rm.+
?(%
)
P0 (mbar)
Source position 1
Source position 2
Tests with -recoil source
50 100 150 200 250 300 3500
20
40
60
80
100Numerical calculations in COMSOL
diffu
s.(%
)
P0 (mbar)
Source position 1
Source position 2
S1
S2
Experimental and numerical characterization of ion survival efficiencyby using α-recoil 88
223Ra source
Other loss factors, aside of diffusion
1) Ion survival againts recombination losses?
2) .. against molecular formation with gas impurities?
Only diffusion losses!
Decay chain for 88223Ra
MNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
Outlook
1. Experimental and numerical characterization of efficiency of ion survival
More tests: - cooling gas cell to cryogenic temperatures- evacuation time measurements
More numerical calculations in CFD Module- include other losses factors, e.g. ion losses due to recombination?- evacuation time calculations
9
MNT reactions Efficiency tests Outlook
1
2
Plan:
A. Stopping and transport of nuclear reaction products in subsonic helium flow1. Multinucleon-transfer (MNT) reactions within Elemental Nucleosynthesis
studies at University of Jyväskylä2. Experimental and numerical characterization of efficiency of ion survival in
subsonic helium flow3. Outlook
B. Characterization of supersonic argon jets for in-gas-jet laser ionization spectroscopy1. In-gas laser ionization spectroscopy in heavy element region2. PLIF-spectroscopy experiments at KU Leuven3. Results- Validation of PLIF-spectroscopy- Characterization of gas jets formed by de Laval nozzle4. Conclusions
In-gas laser ionization and spectroscopy (IGLIS) @ LISOL
Louvain-la-NeuveDecember 2014
Previous experiments
3
(argon)
R. Ferrer et al., Nat. Commun. 8, 14520 (2017)
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
Challenges: Low production rates (< 0.1 p.p.s.) and
short live-times (< 1 s) sensitive, efficient and fast technique is needed
+ High spectral resolution to unmask
nuclear structure
In-gas laser ionization and spectroscopy (IGLIS) @ LISOL
Louvain-la-NeuveDecember 2014
Previous experiments
3
(argon)
R. Ferrer et al., Nat. Commun. 8, 14520 (2017)
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
Challenges: Low production rates (< 0.1 p.p.s.) and
short live-times (< 1 s) sensitive, efficient and fast technique is needed
+ High spectral resolution to unmask
nuclear structure -40 -20 0 20 400
100
200
300
gas cell
gas jet
c
ou
nts
in 5
0 s
Freq. - 683,618.211 (GHz)
215Ac
In-gas laser ionization and spectroscopy (IGLIS) @ LISOL
-40 -20 0 20 400
100
200
300
gas cell
gas jet
c
ou
nts
in 5
0 s
Freq. - 683,618.211 (GHz)
215Ac
Louvain-la-NeuveDecember 2014
Previous experiments
3
M < 1
M = 1
M > 1
(argon)
R. Ferrer et al., Nat. Commun. 8, 14520 (2017)
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
Challenges: Low production rates (< 0.1 p.p.s.) and
short live-times (< 1 s) sensitive, efficient and fast technique is needed
+ High spectral resolution to unmask
nuclear structure
In-gas laser ionization and spectroscopy (IGLIS) @ LISOL
-40 -20 0 20 400
100
200
300
gas cell
gas jet
c
ou
nts
in 5
0 s
Freq. - 683,618.211 (GHz)
215Ac
Louvain-la-NeuveDecember 2014
Previous experiments
3
M < 1
M = 1
M > 1
(argon)
𝛒 ↓ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓 ↓
R. Ferrer et al., Nat. Commun. 8, 14520 (2017)
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
Challenges: Low production rates (< 0.1 p.p.s.) and
short live-times (< 1 s) sensitive, efficient and fast technique is needed
+ High spectral resolution to unmask
nuclear structure
Supersonic jets formed by de Laval nozzles
4
𝟏 𝐦𝐦
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
Supersonic jets formed by de Laval nozzles
4
𝟏 𝐦𝐦
nozzlebackground
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
CFD Module
High Mach Number Flow:
turbulence model type – none;
boundary conditions – no slip;
flow conditions for the outflow –
supersonic.
Argon
Temperature T0 = 300 KPressure P0 = 300 mbarNozzle throat diameter of 1 mm
Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF)-technique
5
Cu in argon flow
327.4
0 n
m
578.2
1 n
m
98.6%
Cu
1.4%
𝝉 = 𝟕. 𝟐 𝐧𝐬
63, 65
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF)-technique
5
Cu in argon flow
327.4
0 n
m
578.2
1 n
m
98.6%
Cu
1.4%
𝝉 = 𝟕. 𝟐 𝐧𝐬
63, 65
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF)-technique
5
Cu in argon flow
327.4
0 n
m
578.2
1 n
m
98.6%
Cu
1.4%
𝝉 = 𝟕. 𝟐 𝐧𝐬
63, 65
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
relative density from measurements with broadband laser
Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF)-technique
5
Cu in argon flow
327.4
0 n
m
578.2
1 n
m
98.6%
Cu
1.4%
𝝉 = 𝟕. 𝟐 𝐧𝐬
63, 65
Doppler shift
velocity
𝟐→𝟐′
𝟐→𝟏′
𝟏→𝟏′
𝟏→𝟐′
FWHM temperature
PLIF-spectroscopy
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
relative density from measurements with broadband laser
Laser laboratory
6
T and v
𝝆
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
Jet laboratory
Gas cell chamber
ICCD camera Laval nozzle
IGLIS Gas Cell
0.5 𝐦
Inside gas cell chamber
7
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
Validation of PLIF-spectroscopyMach disk position and density drop in the expansion zone
S. Crist , M. Sherman and D.R. Glass, AIAA Journal Vol. 4, No. 1, 68 - 71 (1966)
H. Ashkenas, M. Sherman, Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Academic. Press, 1965, p. 94
P. L. Owen and C. K. Thornhill, in Aeronautical Research Council Reports and Memoranda (1948)8
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
Validation of PLIF-spectroscopyMach disk position and density drop in the expansion zone
S. Crist , M. Sherman and D.R. Glass, AIAA Journal Vol. 4, No. 1, 68 - 71 (1966)
H. Ashkenas, M. Sherman, Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Academic. Press, 1965, p. 94
P. L. Owen and C. K. Thornhill, in Aeronautical Research Council Reports and Memoranda (1948)8
𝜌 ∝1
x2
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
1.
Validation of PLIF-spectroscopyMach disk position and density drop in the expansion zone
xMd∗
= 0.67 ∗𝑃0Pbg
S. Crist , M. Sherman and D.R. Glass, AIAA Journal Vol. 4, No. 1, 68 - 71 (1966)
H. Ashkenas, M. Sherman, Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Academic. Press, 1965, p. 94
P. L. Owen and C. K. Thornhill, in Aeronautical Research Council Reports and Memoranda (1948)8
𝜌 ∝1
x2
Pbg1
Pbg2
Pbg1 > Pbg2
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
1. 2.
Ma
ch
nu
mb
er
Validation of PLIF-spectroscopyNarrowband PLIF-spectroscopy of 63,65Cu
9
M =flow velocity
velocity of sound(← 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
A. Zadvornaya et al., PRX, 8, 041008 (2018)
Ma
ch
nu
mb
er
Validation of PLIF-spectroscopyNarrowband PLIF-spectroscopy of 63,65Cu
9
M =flow velocity
velocity of sound(← 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
A. Zadvornaya et al., PRX, 8, 041008 (2018)
good agreement between this work
and previous experiments and
analytical solutions
Underexpanded jet Overexpanded jet
Pbg = 1.8 mbar
0.16 mbar
0.07 mbar
4 mbar
20 mbar
30 mbar
50 mm
L
Z
Jets formed by de Laval nozzle
10
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
Underexpanded jet Overexpanded jet
• At extreme cases of pressure mismatch, formation of long jets required for high-
efficient in-jet ionization is not possible
• Diameter of non-uniform jet will vary along its length higher requirements on laser
energy
Pbg = 1.8 mbar
0.16 mbar
0.07 mbar
4 mbar
20 mbar
30 mbar
50 mm
L
Z
Jets formed by de Laval nozzle
10
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
L
Jets formed by de Laval nozzleNarrowband PLIF-spectroscopy of 63,65Cu
Central line of underexpanded jet (Pbg < Popt)
11
FWHM FWHM
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
A. Zadvornaya et al., PRX, 8, 041008 (2018)
Underexpanded jet
CFD Module
PLIF
12
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
L
Jets formed by de Laval nozzleNarrowband PLIF-spectroscopy of 63,65Cu
Central line of quasiuniform jet (Pbg ≈ Popt)
13
FWHM FWHM
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
A. Zadvornaya et al., PRX, 8, 041008 (2018)
Quasiuniform jet
CFD Module
PLIF
14
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
Supersonic gas jets were characterized using PLIF-spectroscopy setup constructed at KU Leuven Partial agreement was reached between experimental results and numerical calculations in CFD
Module for jet’s flow parameters
Conclusions
15
Laser Spectrosc. studies PLIF spectroscopy Results Conclusions
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
30
Acknowledgments
Thanks to Nuclear Spectroscopy group (IKS, KU Leuven)P. Creemers, R. Ferrer, L. Gaffney, C. Granados, M. Huyse, S. Kraemer, Yu. Kudryavtsev, M. Laatiaoui, V. Manea, E. Mogilevskiy, S. Raeder, J. Romans, S. Sels, P. Van den Bergh, P. Van Duppen, M. Verlinde, E. Verstraelen
Thanks to IGISOL group and MNT collaboration (University of Jyväskylä)O. Beliuskina, M. Brunet, L. Canete, P. Constantin, T. Dickel, T. Eronen, R. de Groote, M. Hukkanen, A. Jokinen, A. Kankainen, A. Karpov, I. Mardor, I. Moore, D. Nesterenko, D. Nichita, H. Penttilä, Zs. Podolyak, I. Pohjalainen, S. Purushothaman, M. Reponen, A. de Roubin, V. Saiko, A. Spataru, M. Vilen, A. Weaver
This project has received funding from the European
Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under
grant agreement No. 771036 (ERC CoG MAIDEN).
UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ
30
Thanks for your attention!