experimental investigation on volumetric properties … · 2018-06-30 · bituminous concrete mix...

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF

BITUMINUOUS CONCRETE MIXES WITH HOT MIX ASPHALT AND WARM

MIX ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY Aditya Tantry#1, Archana G M#2, G M Shankarmurthy#3, Prashanth Wuruli#4, Praveen R#5

# Department of Civil Engineering, Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology Shobhavana Campus, Mijar, Moodabidri, Karnataka, India-574225

1 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract—Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) is an old technology, which involves in production, laying and compaction at a higher temperature, which emits more pollution and increases the energy requirement. The Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA), which is produced, laid and compacted in temperature, which is much lower than conventional mix. The WMA is produced by adding chemical additives to the bitumen during mixing to obtain same performance at lower temperature. The strength, durability and workability of asphalt paving mixtures have changed significantly due to the use of additives. Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) is an example of such additives, which lowers the temperature of the asphalt mix between 200C to 40°C as compared to conventional HMA. A research study was conducted to evaluate the Dense Bituminous concrete Mix with additives such as Sasobit, Evotherm, Rediset and Zycotherm. These additives were added as per the company specified optimum dosage to the Dense Bituminous concrete Mix(DBM)and the specimens with varying binder content of 4.50%, 5.50% and 6.50% were prepared. These specimens were tested for their volumetric properties by using Marshall Stability test such as Marshall Stability, Flow value, Air voids percentage, Voids filled with bitumen, Marshallquotient, the test results were obtained and correspondingly the results are analysed through graphs. According to the comparative analysis of DBM with different additives, the warm mix asphalt with Sasobit (WMA-S) of dosage 3% at Optimum Bitumen Content of 5.45% was found to be economical and satisfied all the aspects and represents the better performance.

Keyword - WMA1, HMA2, DBM3, Zycotherm4, Evotherm5, Rediset6, Sasobit7.

I. INTRODUCTION

In development of the country and economic growth, construction sector plays a key role in it. In India, construction sector stands as the second largest economic activity while agriculture is the first largest economic activity. Currently, the roads are of Flexible pavement which is surfaced with Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). HMA is recognised as the high quality engineered paved material, since 130 years. The production and placement of HMA is modernized gradually during these periods. The production of HMA is from the combination of well graded aggregates and bitumen mixed together under high temperature of around 1500C to 1700C, through Batch Mix plant or Drum Mix plant. The main concern regarding production of HMA is, it requires large amount of energy with the release of gases to the environment. This created asphalt industry to look for an alternate material or technology which could reduce those facts. Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) is one of those technologies, originated in Europe. WMA allows in sufficient reduction in mixing and compaction temperature of the asphalt mixes by lowering the viscosity of the asphalt binders. WMA can be considered as the modified mixture of HMA which is produced, placed and compacted at 100C to 400C lower than the conventional method (HMA). This technique has been proved that, it provide various benefits including reduction in fuel consumption and emission, extension in construction season, improved compaction and liberal in construction practices. Due to the different mechanism in WMA preparation techniques, the physical and chemical properties can be altered. This results in various short term and long term behaviour. To evaluate this laboratory test of asphalt mixture with regards to various other pavement distress by using various other warm mix additives like Evotherm, Sasobit, Zycotherm and Redisetwith variation in temperature of mixing, compaction and laying. It is conduced based on Marshall Method of bitumen mix design. The Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC) of HMA &WMA is determined. Due to the different mechanism in WMA preparation techniques, the physical and chemical properties can be altered.

ISSN (Print) : 2319-8613 ISSN (Online) : 0975-4024 Aditya Tantry et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)

DOI: 10.21817/ijet/2018/v10i3/181003118 Vol 10 No 3 Jun-Jul 2018 742

II. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

Research work has been carried out on bituminous mixes with addition of chemical additives in bitumen with different dosage. However, the present work is carried out to study the various different properties of bituminous concrete mix with chemical additives when aggregate are heated. At present an attempt is made to investigate the volumetric properties of Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) of grade I, having layer thickness 75-100 mm, and mixes for HMA & WMA using additives like Sasobit, Radiset, Evotherm, and Zycotherm.

A. Types of material selected Bitumen

In the present investigation unmodified bitumen of grade VG30 was used as the mean highest temperature in the investigated region is around 300C. The Bitumen used in this study was tested in laboratory for various physical properties like Penetration, ductility, Softening Point, Specific Gravity and Flash & Fire point were evaluated and the results are tabulated in following Tables3.1.

Table 3.1 Physical Properties of VG30 grade Bitumen

PROPERTY TESTED` TEST METHOD RESULTS SPECIFICATION

Penetration IS 1203-1978 67*1/10 mm 60-70 *1/10mm

Softening point, 0C IS 1205-1978 580C 30 0C -157 0C

Ductility at 27 0C IS 1208-1978 86 cm 70-100 cm

Specific Gravity IS 1202-1978 1.016 0.97-1.02

Flash point,0C IS 1209-1978 2260C 2100C

Fire point,0C IS 1209-1978 2470C -

Aggregate

Aggregate having sufficient strength, hardness, toughness, specific gravity and shape are chosen from the quarry at Edapadavu rural,Mangalore taluk. The properties of aggregates used in the present study are tabulated in Table 3.2

Table 3.2 Properties of aggregate

PROPERTY TESTED` TEST METHOD RESULTS SPECIFICATION Aggregate Impact Value IS 2386(part IV) 26.68% 30%

Los Angeles Abrasion Value IS 2386(part IV) 43.04% 50%

Aggregate Crushing Value IS 2386(part IV) 25.89% 40%

Specific Gravity IS 2386(part III) 2.51 2.5-3.5

Flakiness & Elongation Index IS 2386(part I) 26.98% 30%

Chemical Admixtures

Table 3.3 Properties of chemical admixtures

ADMIXTURE TYPE FORM COLOUR DOSAGE BY WEIGHT OF

BITUMEN

OPTIMUM DOSAGE

PREFERRED Sasobit Organic Crystalline or wax Milky white 3% 3%

Rediset Chemical Liquid Yellowish Gold 0.5% 0.5%

Evotherm Chemical Liquid Brownish Black 0.25 to 0.50% 0.375%

Zycotherm Chemical Liquid Colourless 0.1% 0.1%

Sasobit Redsiset Evotherm Zycotherm

Fig 1: Types of Chemical admixture



B. Aggregate gradation adopted

Selected aggregate gradation satisfied the requirement of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highway (MoRT&H, 2013) specification. For present investigation mid-gradation were considered for base and surface course for Grading-I of DBM having layer thickness 75-100 mm. The same details are represented in the following Table 3.3

Table 3.3 Aggregate gradation

NOMINAL AGGREGATE SIZE 37.5 mm

LAYER THICKNESS 75-100 mm

IS SIEVE(mm) CUMULATIVE % BY WEIGHT OF TOTAL AGGREGATE PASSING

Specified limits

Adopted gradation

Actual weight in grams

37.5 100 100 36

26.5 95-100 97.5 240

19 - - -

13.2 55-75 65 156

9.5 - - -

4.75 38-54 46 228

2.36 28-42 35 132

1.18 - - -

0.6 - - -

0.3 7-21 14 252

0.15 - - -

0.075 2-8 5 108

Bitumen content % by mass of total mix 4% min - -

III. FLOW CHART OF METHODOLOGY

Fig 2.5 Flow chart of the experimental methodology

Characterisation of Dense Bituminous Macadam

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA)

(125OC-135OC)

Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)

(150 OC -170OC)

Consideration of Mid Gradation

Bitumen

Content

4.5%

5.5%

6.5%

Chemical Admixtures

Sasobit (WMA-S) (Dosage- 3%)

Rediset (WMA-R) (Dosage- 0.5%)

Evotherm (WMA-E) (Dosage- 0.375%)

Zycotherm (WMA-Z) (Dosage-0.1%)

Determination of Optimum Performance of DBM Mix by

Marshal Mix design



In this prChemicabitumen for theirpercentagpropertiecontent fmaximumstability, voids fillwith each

A. Bitum

Figure 3.rate withspecificathe bitumcontent w5% air vstudy it wcompactirearrange

resent study ml additives lik(VG30). Mar

r properties age, voids filledes are represenfor Dense Bim bulk speci

flow value, led with bitumh other to dete

minous mix of

.1 shows the h HMA and Wation, air voidsmen content wwas found to boids the bitumwas found thaion effect at ement of parti

mixes (Grade-Ike Sasobit, Rshall Mix desand respectivd with mineranted in the foituminous Mafic gravity anbulk specific

men(VFB) andermine the bes

f Viscosity Gr

variation in aWMA mixes s should be 3%was found to be 5.62% for Hmen content fat WMA-Z is

5.50% bitumcle succeed in

IV. RES

I) are preparedediset, Evothesign is done fovely their maal aggregate, vorm of graphsacadam of grnd maximumgravity, air v

d marshal quost mix.

raded bitumen

Fig 3.1: Bitum

air voids with for DBM gra% to 5 % of bbe 6.63% forHMA mix, 6.3for WMA-S wsucceed to pe

men content fon WMA-Z at 5

Fig 3.2: Bitumen

SULTSAND DIS

d by adding bierm and Zycoor different pe

arshal stabilityvoids filled wis and are comrade-I was fo

m Marshall Stvoids percent

otient obtained

men content v/s Ai

respect to theade-I of layerbituminous mr HMA mix. 37% for WMA

was found to berform with safound to be s5.50% bitume

n content v/s Bulk

SCUSSION

itumen to the otherm addedercentage of by, flow valuith bitumen anmpared amongound by obtaitability. The tage, voids fid at these opti

ir Voids Percent

e incrementalr thickness 75ixes. In the prAt the same A-S, and 5.57be 5.65%, andame compactiosame for bothen content as s

k Specific Gravity

mix by weighd into optimumbitumen mix. e, bulk spec

nd Marshallqug each other. ining the averespective prlled with minimum bitumen

l bitumen con5-100 mm. Aresent investigtime for 4%

7% for WMA-d for WMA-Eon as of HMAh mixes. By same of HMA

y

ht of aggregatem dosage by The samples ific gravity,

uotient are fouThe optimum

erage of 4% roperties like neral aggregatn content are

ntent at 1% inAccording to M

gation for 3%air voids, the

-Z. In the uppE was 6.34%. A mix, signifithis it was f

A mix.

es and the weight of are tested air voids

und. These m bitumen air voids, Marshall

te(VMA), compared

cremental MoRT&H

% air voids e bitumen er limit at From the cantly the

found that



Figure 3.mixes fothe bitumhigher raHMA whWMA-Z ofHMA. lesser vawhich is specific gbitumen

Figure 3.WMA mas per Mthe same12.63% hcontent. BWMA-RHMA.Wefficiencyat all bituHMA.

.2 shows the vr DBM grade

men content 4ate of compachich indicates

is 1.91% whBut at 6.50%

alue than that 4.71% lesser

gravity at thecontent increa

.3 shows the vmixes for DBMMoRT&H. At te WMA-Z hashigher VMA But at the bitu

R is said to haMA-Z showsy decreases atumen content

variation in Be-I of layer th4.50% Bulk spction, at the sa

the lower rathich is higher% bitumen con

of HMA, alsr than that of e bitumen conases. At 6.50%

Fig 3.3

variation in VM grade-I of lathe bitumen cos 9.53% lowethan HMA a

umen contentave the highess the better t the higher tets and it beha

Fi

Bulk Specific Gickness 75-10pecific gravityame bitumen e of compacti

r than HMA antent, the bulo at the same

f HMA. Consintent of 4.50%% bitumen con

3: Bitumen conten

Voids filled wiayer thicknessontent of 4.50er VMA valuand the VMAt of 6.50%, VMst value of VMcompaction a

emperature. Caves almost sa

g 3.4: Bitumen co

Gravity for in00 mm. Bulk y for WMA-Zcontent bulk

ion. Even at 5and WMA-R lk specific grae bitumen conidering the ov

% and 5.50% ntent WMA-S

nt v/s Voids filled

ith Mineral Ags 75-100 mm. 0%, WMA-E e than HMA.

A of WMA-Z MA of all WMMA at the samat 4.50% andonsidering all

ame as the HM

ontent v/s Voids

ncremental bituSpecific GravZ is 1.4% higspecific grav.50% bitumenhas 2.45% lo

avity of HMAntent WMA-Rverall behaviobut the bulk

S shows better

d with Mineral ag

ggregate for iAll the DBMhas 26.88% h. At the bitumis 8.31% less

MA mixes areme bitumen cd 5.50% bitul the mixes, WMA mix. Hen

Filled with Bitum

umen contentvity are withingher than HMity of WMA-n content the bower bulk speA is higher anR has the leasour, WMA-Z specific gravbulk specific

ggregate

ncremental biM mixes for VMhigher VMA tmen content oser than HMAe higher than ontent which umen content

WMA-S showsnce it can be

men

t with HMA an the desired

MA which ind-E is 4.41% lobulk specific ecific gravity nd WMA-S hst Bulk specifshows the hiity gets reduc gravity.

itumen, with HMA have desithan HMA, coof 5.50%, WMA at the samethat of VMA is 25.96% hi

t, but the cos the better coused in replac

and WMA range. At

dicates the ower than gravity of than that

has 0.47% fic gravity igher bulk ced as the

HMA and ired range onsidering MA-R has e bitumen of HMA,

igher than ompaction ompaction cement to



Figure 3.mixes foWMA-Z which is VFB withHMA. AVFB of Hsatisfy deat all bitu

Figure 3.DBM graflow valuvalue shoflow valu1.63 whiS are witthe desiresignificanthe higheWMA mpreferabl

.4 shows the vr DBM gradehad the desi13.64% grea

hin the desireAt the bitumen

HMA is moreesired range oumen content.

.5 shows the vade-I of layerue as comparould not be leues of WMA-ch is lesser ththin the desireed limit, WMntly it can be est flow value

mixes the flow le.

variation in Ve-I of layer thiired VFB andater than HMAed range and an content of 6e than the desof VFB at 6.50 Hence, WMA

variation in flr thickness 75red to HMA, esser than the -R and WMA

han desired valed range. At thA-S is said tostated that WM

e of 4.90 and value of WM

Voids filled wiickness 75-10

d at the same A. At 5.50% at the same po6.50%, WMAsired range. F0%. But signiA-Z can be the

Fig 3.5: Bit

low value for 5-100 mm. It hence this leadesired range

A-Z are withinlue. At 5.50%he bitumen co

o lower amongMA-E is not p6.33 at 5.50%

MA-S is within

Fig 3.6: Bitum

ith bitumen fo00 mm. It was

bitumen conbitumen cont

oint WMA-Z A-Z and WMAFrom overall oificantly it cane replacement

tumen content v/s

incremental bcan be statedads to a drawe as it reducen the specified

% bitumen conontent of 6.50g them and hapreferred as it% and 6.50% n the specified

men content v/s M

or varying bitus found that, antent WMA-Ztent, HMA, Wpossess highe

A-E had theirobservation, itn be state thatt to HMA at h

s Flow value

bitumen conted that usage owback which l

s the workabid limit as per

ntent the flow v% the flow va

as the value oft does not havbitumen con

d range, excep

Marshal Stability

umen contentat 4.50% bitum

Z shows the hWMA-S, WMer VFB whichr VMA withint was found tt WMA-Z satihigher bitumen

ent with HMAf additives releads to Segreility. At 4.50%MoRT&H an

value of HMAalues for all thf 4.90. From t

ve the requiredntent. As a compt 6.50% bitum

t with HMA amen content Hhigher VFB o

MA-Z and WMh is 11.10% hin the desired that HMA hasisfies the requn content.

A and WMA sults in the inegation. Even% bitumen cond flow valueA, WMA-Z anhe mixes are ethe overall obd flow propertmparison of Hmen content, h

and WMA HMA and of 73.62% MA-E had igher than range but

s failed to uired VFB

mixes for ncrease of n the flow ontent, the e of HMA nd WMA-exceeding servation, ty and has HMA and hence it is



Figure 3mixes foHMA an4.50%, Hthan WMcontent 5greater thbinder cothe higheE is prefeminimum

Figure 3mixes foWMA mbinder cothrougho

B. Eval

In the prebulk specconducte

.6 shows the r DBM graded WMA satis

HMA had stabMA-S, also WM5.50%, HMA han that of WMontent of 6.50est stability whferred as it hasm stability, but

.7 shows the or DBM grademixes, have maontents, WMA

out.

luation of DBM

esent investigcific gravity aed to evaluate

variation in e-I of layer thfy the minimubility of 11.65MA-Z had mihas stability

MA-S and W0%, HMA hashich is 69.70%s the higher stt it is lesser w

variation in e-I of layer tharshal quotienA-Z shows th

M mixes at Op

ation Optimumand maximumvolumetric pr

Marshal Stabickness 75-10um stability cr5kN, at the sainimum stabilof 14.60kN, MA-R has mi

s stability of 1% higher than tability at 5.5

when compared

Fig 3.7: Bitum

Marshal Quohickness 75-1nt found withihe best Marsh

ptimum Bitum

m Bitumen Cm marshal stabroperties.

Fig 3.8 (a)

bility for incr00 mm. Accorriteria of 9kName WMA-R lity which 10.at the same Winimum stabil11.19kN which

HMA. From0% and 6.50%d to other mix

men content v/s M

otient for incr100 mm. At bin the desired

hal quotient b

men Content

ontent was debility for HMA

) Air Voids perce

remental bitumrding to MoR

N. In accordanchad maximu

.38% lesser thWMA-E has mlity of about 1h is least comthe overall ob

% bitumen coxes and hence

Marshal Quotient

remental bitumbitumen conte

d range as per ehaviour and

etermined withA and WMA m

ent for OBC

men content wRT&H specificce with the fig

um stability whan the stabilimaximum stab9.70% less th

mpared to all mbservation, it c

ontent. Even thit is least pref

men content went 5.50% anMoRT&H spalso it is wit

h respect to 4 mixes were fo

with HMA ancation, all thegure, for bind

which is 24.19ty of HMA. Fbility which i

han HMA. Simmixes and WMcan be said thhough WMA-ferred.

with HMA annd 6.50% of Hpecification. Fthin the speci

% air voids, mound and test

nd WMA e mixes of er content % greater

For binder is 38.79% milarly for MA-E has hat WMA--Z has the

nd WMA HMA and For all the ified limit

maximum were also



From Figpercentageven thouleads in b

The specgot the hpreferredgravity odenser m

The VMAwith OBMoRT&Hhaving thWMA-Rgot the hi

gure 3.8 (a), thge and also bugh having sabetter packing

cific gravity athigher value od as denser miof WMA-E is

mix.

A values at OC 5.45% hasH at the lessehe same OBC

R is better amoigher percenta

he observationetter performaame OBC, th

g capacity and

t OBC are repof specific grix. Considerins 2.45% great

Fig

OBC are repres the satisfactoer binder conof 5.50%, bu

ong these two age of VMA.

n shows that Wance at lesser

he percentage d compaction.

Fig 3.8 (b) B

presented in thravity which ing WMA-R anter than WMA

g 3.8 (c) Voids fil

esented in the ory value of

ntent. In comput the percentamixes. But fro

WMA-Z with r bitumen conof air voids Hence WMA

Bulk specific grav

he figure 3.8(bis 1.40% greand WMA-E wA-R. In the c

lled with Mineral

figure 3.8(c).VMA which parison of theage of VMA oom the overal

OBC 5.46% hntent. It is notin WMA-E is

A-E is better th

vity for OBC

b).It was foundater than HM

which are haviase of these t

l Aggregate for O

. From the obis greater tha

ese two mixeof WMA-R is ll observation,

has the satisfaticed that WMs 6.19% lesse

han WMA-R.

d that WMA-ZMA. From ove

ing the same Otwo mixes, W

OBC

bservation it wan minimum

es WMA-R an12.56% highe, WMA-R is p

actory value ofMA-R and WMer than WMA

Z with OBC 5rall mixes, WOBC, but Bul

WMA-E is pre

was found thatspecified val

nd WMA-E wer than WMApreferred beca

f air voids MA-E are

A-R which

5.46% has WMA-Z is lk specific eferred as

t WMA-S lue as per which are

A-E, hence ause it has



The percof two m15.36% hE is prefvalue amVFB perc

The Flowwith OBCMoRT&Hhaving thpreferredare prefebetter pro

entages of Vomixes WMA-Rhigher than Wferred among

mong all the mcentage below

w value at OBC 5.45% has H which resulhe same OBC

d because incrrred as they aoperty to the m

oids Filled witR and WMA-

WMA-R due tothese two m

mixes hence itw the desired l

BC are represthe lower flowlts in difficultyC, the flow veased flow va

are having the mix.

Fig 3.8 (d) Voi

th Bitumen at -E, even thouo the change inmixes. Conside

t is highly prelimit as per the

Fig 3.8

ented in the fw value. HMAy while mixinvalue of WMalue leads to s

flow value w

ids Filled with Bi

OBC are reprugh having then the additive ering the oveeferred as it ge specification

8 (e) Flow Value

figure 3.8(e). A is having th

ng. ConsiderinMA-E is 17.59

egregation. Frwhich is within

itumen for OBC

resented in thee same OBC,which gives trall observatigives better cns of MoRT&

of OBC

From the obshe flow valueng the two mix9% greater throm the overan the desired l

e figure 3.8(d) the VFB perthe better comion, WMA-Z ompaction. A

&H hence it is

servation it we lesser than thxes WMA-R ahan WMA-R.all observationlimit as per M

). From the obrcentage of W

mpaction. Hencis having hig

Also WMA-R least preferred

was found thathe desired ranand WMA-E . Here WMAn WMA-S and

MoRT&H and a

bservation WMA-E is

ce WMA-gher VFB is having

d

t WMA-S nge as per which are

A-E is not d WMA-Z also gives



The MarWMA-E to the unithe overapreferred

The Marhas the MConsiderWMA-R

shal Stability which are ha

ique propertieall observatiod whereas WM

shal Quotient Marshal Quoring the two m

R even though

at OBC are reaving same OBes of the additon WMA-E gMA-R is least p

at OBC are rtient value wmixes WMA-they are havin

Fig 3.8(f)

epresented in BC, but the mtive. In this caives the highpreferred as it

Fig 3.8 (g

represented inwithin the spe-R and WMAng same OBC

f) Marshal Stabilit

the figure 3.8marshal stabilitase WMA-E isher stability cot has got the le

g) Marshal Quotie

n the figure 3.8ecified limit aA-E, the mars

C of 5.50%.

ty of OBC

8(f). While comty of WMA-Es preferred as ompared witheast marshall

ent of OBC

8(g). It was foas per MoRTshal quotient

mparing the twE is 93.85% hi

it has the highh all other mistability amon

ound that WMT&H at the le

of WMA-E

wo mixes WMgher than WMher stability. Eixes hence it ng all the mixe

MA-Z with OBesser bitumenis 65.12% hi

MA-R and MA-R due Even from

is highly es.

BC 5.46% n content. igher than



V. CONCLUSION

As per the basis of analysis of result obtained from the present investigation, the OBC of HMA was found 5.20% and for WMA-S is 5.45%, for WMA-R and WMA-E is 5.50% and for WMA-Z is 5.46%. The Flow value plays an important role in homogeneous mix but segregation occurs due to the presence of additives. HMA shows the lower flow value of 2.75mm which results in homogeneous mix. But among the WMA mixes, WMA-S with flow value 3.45mm at OBC 5.45% gives the reasonable flow value. Among overall mixes WMA-E gives the highest stability hence it is preferred as a replacement to HMA mix. By VMA, VFB, Bulk specific gravity, Marshal Quotient, air voids percent, Flow value and Marshal Stability of the WMA-S at OBC 5.45% is suggested at an economical dosage as a replacement for HMA mix.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We owe our profound gratitude to Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology, for supporting and encouraging us throughout.We thank Manisha Construction, Aurangabadfor providing additive for our project work. Finally we express our sincere gratitude for the inspiration, enthusiasm and help given by my parents and friends

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