ICEM15

EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS (NEW TRENOS ANO PERSPECTIVES)

Editors

J.F. Silva Gomes, Mário A.P. Vaz

Edições INEGI (2012)

Published by

lNEGI-lnstituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão In:1ustrial Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200465 Porto, Portug Tel'+35I 229578710; Em.,l: megl@megl.up.pt

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Ju!)'.2012

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Prcface

Organizing Committccs

ICEMl5 Trncks and Symposia

Acknow!cdgrncnts

A. KEYNOTE PAPERS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

3815-KP MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANO-TAILORED ADHESIVES FOR SELF-HEALTH MONITORING DF AI RCRAFT. Shakcr A. Mcguid.

3827-KP EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS IN AERONAUTICS: BEHIND THE LEGACY 500 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT. Gustavo B. Guimarães.

xxxvii

xxxix

xli

xlii

3

5

3820-KP HIGH-SPEED, HIGH ACCURACY AND LOW COST SHAPE MEASUREMENT 7 SYSTEMS USING PHASE ANALYSIS OF GRA TlNG PROJECTED BY MULTI-UNE LED LIGHT SOURCES. Yoshiharu Morimoto, Akihiro Masaya, Motoharu Fujigaki, Daisuke Asai.

3819-KP THE OPTICAL METHOD OF CAUSTICS FOR THE SOLUTlON OF FRACTURE MECHANICS PROBLEMS. EmmanucI Gdoulos.

2649-KP THE MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETA TlON OF MATERIAL AND STRUCTURALBEHA VIOURS IN MICRO LA TTICE STRUCTURES MANUFACTURED USING SELECTlVE LASER MELTING. Robcrt A.W. Mines, Rafidah Hasan.

9

II

3821 -KP SPEEDING UP CREEP TESTS OF NOVEL HlGH TEMPERA TURE COMPOSITES. 13 Sergei T. Milciko.

3045-KP FORENSIC DETERMINA TION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES FROM FRACTURE SURFACES. Michacl B. Prime, Adrian T. DcWald, Michacl R. Hill.

15

3825-KP EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AND HUMAN 17 ENHANCEMENT. Mário A.P. Vazo

J826-KP MECHANICAL CHARACTERlZA TION OF STRUCTURES - FROM THE 19 MICROSCOPIC LEVEL OF MATERlALS UP TO THE STRUCTURAL LEVEL OF BUILDrNGS. J. Filssl. K. de Borst, B. Pichlcr, J. Eberhardsteiner.

3831-KP HOW TO MEASURE THE REAL FRACTURE TOUGHNESS IN BRITTLE MATERJALS? PAST, PRESENT ANO FUTURE TECHNIQUES. José Ygnacio Pastor.

3823-KP EXPERIMENTAL DYNAMIC ANAL YSIS IN EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERlNG RESEARCH. Alfredo Campos Cosia.

B. TRACKS I MAIN TOPIS

TRACK_A: TESTlNG AND DIAGNOSTlCS

2642

2866

A TENSILE CIRCULAR RlNG METHOD FOR MEASURlNG YOUNG'S MODULUS DF THIN FLEXIBLE MULTI-LA YEREO MATERIALS. Atsumi Ohtsuki.

COMPLEX YOUNG MODULUS FOR RUBBERCORK COMPOSITES. I. Guelho, L. Reis, M. Fontul.

21

23

25

27

29

3 I

J 51!J Jnfernational COllference 011 Experimental Mechanics

2951

3811

3050

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2960

3135

2612

3161

3055

2H51

2843

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2818

2727

RESIDUAL STRESS MEASUREMENT IN NICKEL-BASE ALLOY SINGLE CRYSTAL

TURBINE BLADES. M. Belassc1, J. Pineault, M. Brauss.

RESIDUAL STRESS FIELD AND LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF INCONEL718-PLUS SUPERALLOY. V. Dattoma, M. De GlOrgl, R. Noblle.

FULL FIElO METHODS AND RESIDUAL STRESS ANAL YSIS IN ORTHOTROPIC

MATERIAL: A SIMPUFIED APPROACH. Anlomo Baldl.

THE EFFECT OF POST QUENCH DELA Y ON RESIDUAL STRESSES IN COlO COMPRESSED ALUMINIUM FORGlNGS. Jeremy S. Robinson, David A. Tanner, Peler

Tieman. MAKING THE CUT FOR THE CONTOUR METHOD. P. John Bouchurd, Peter Ledgard,

Stnn Hiller. RESIDUAL STRESS CHARACTERIZATION OF A LASER WElOED TlTANn;M RlNG USING MULTIPLE TECHNIQUES. John O. Milcwskl, Mlchael L. Stemzlg, BJom

Clauscn, Ching-Fong Chen. DIFFRACTlON MEASUREMENT OF PLASTIC STRAIN IN A533B FERRITIC STEEL _ A FEASIBILlTY STUDY. Simon J. Lewis, Christopher E. Truman.

RESIDUAL STRESS MEASUREMENT OF A FRICTION STlR WELDED STRINGER TO SKIN LAP JOINT BY NEUTRON D1FFRACTIO~. Michael Bach, Mlchnel Ghnrghouri, Ronald Rogge, Ali Merati, Bobert Sell, Xm Wang.

RESIDUAL STRESS MEASUREMENT USING THE CONTOUR METHOD: PROCEDURE OPTIMIZATlON. Daniel F.O. Braga, Valcntm Rlchter-Trummer, Paulo

M.S.T. Castro. NEW METHODOLOGY TO MEASURE RESIDUAL STRESSES BASED ON FBG SENSORS. P.M.G.P. Moreim, J.E.P.C. RibeirO, R. Barbosa.

ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN WElOED ELEMENTS ANO STRUCTURES. Yuri F. Kudryavtsev.

TEMPORARILY THERMAL RELAXATION OF RESIDUAL STRESS. Chcn-Wu Wu.

EXPERIMENTAL VALlDATlON OF DIFFERENT CALCULATlON METHODS BY HDM RESIDUAL STRESS MEASUREMENTS. ~alerina Cusavola, GlOvannl

Pappalettera, Cannine Pappalettere, Francesca Tursl.

EVALUATION OF RESIDUAL STRESS ON WElOS USING LASER INTERFEROMETRY. Kyeongsuk Kim, Dongsoo Kim, Hyunchul Jung, Dongpyo Hong,

Sungmo Yang, Changdoo Kee, Hoseob Chang.

SYMP 21: SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS

- TEMPERATURE ASSESSMENT OF TINI SHAPE MEMOR Y ALLOY SUBJE~~ED TO 2921-IP COMPRESSION AT QUASISTATlC AND DYNAMIC STRAIN RATES. ~.A.I ,~czyska.

H. Tobushi, K. Takeda, K. Kulasinski, Z. Kowalewskl, W. Mocko, J. Luckncr (lnvlted

2858

2949

2816

Papcr). IN SITU STUDY OF THERMOMECHANICAL CYCLlNG. OF SHAPE MEMORY . ALLOYS. Francisco Braz Fernandes, Karimbi K. Mahesh, Filipe Neves, Andreas Stark,

Norbert Schcll. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERlZATION BY X-RA Y DIFFRACTlON OF LASER WELDED SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS. F.~. Braz Femand:s, K.K. Mahesh, C.M. Craciunescu, J.P. Oliveira, N. Schell, R.M. Miranda, J.L. Ocana.

EFFECTS OF PROCESSING PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL CYCLlNG OF. L LASER WELDED SMAS. J.P Oliveira, L.A. Vieira. F.M. Braz Fernandes, R. Mu.mda, J ..

Ocana.

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1117

1119

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xxxiv Porlo/Portl/gal, 22-27 lI/I)' 2012

EXPERiMENTAL NfECHANICS. Neli' Trend'i Qnd Perspeclives

29ó3-IP ANOMALOUS PLASTlC BEHA VIOR \VITH LOCALlZED LA TTICE ROTATION IN GUM METAL. Shigeru Kuramoto, Daigo Setoyama, Tadahiko Furuta, Elisabeth Withey, John W. Morris Jr. (Invited Paper).

SVMP _22: EXPERIMENTAL METHÇOS IN THERMAL SCIENCES

3007-IP TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT OF AIR INFILTRATlON IN SPACES AND FORCED VENTILATION IN AIR DUCTS. Clito F. Afonso (lnvited Paper).

3803 DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW DEVICE FOR HVAC AIR FLOW MEASUREMENT. António R. Silva, Clito F. Afonso.

3 179 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A V ARlABLE AREA RA TIO STEAM EJECTOR. Szabolcs Varga, Annando C. Oliveira, Xiaoli Ma, Siddig A. Omer, Wei Zhang, SafTa 8. Riffat.

3108 MODELlNG AND SIMULATlON OF COOLlNG OF A FOOD PACKAGED IN GLASS CYLlNDRlCAL GEOMETRY. Jesus Barrera, Hemán Estrada.

3 121 OPTlMIZATlON OF A REFRlGERATION SYSTEM FORCOOLlNG DRAFT BEER. João Faria, Clito F. Afonso, Joaquim Gabriel, Annando Araujo, Jorge Pires, Cristina Silva, Annando Oliveira.

296 1 SHEET METAL FORMING USING HEATED STEAM ENERGY. Mohscn Saidi, Mohamed-Ali Rezgui , Mahfoudh Ayadi, Mourad Bouafia, Walid Nnsri, Ali Zghnl.

3755-IP CONTROLLING AIR TEMPERATURE VARlATlONS INSIDE REFRlGERATION CABINES BASEO ON ANN AND EXPERIMENTS. Carlos C. António, Clito F. Afonso (lnvited Papcr).

2991 HYDRAULlC PATHS FOLLOWED BY SOILS DURlNG SUCTlON MEASUREMENT WITH DEW-POINT PSYCHROMETER. Rafacla Cardoso, Enrique Romero.

SYMP _23: OVNAMICS, ST ABlLlTV ANO CONTROL IN STRUCTURAL MECHANICS

3011 EXPERIMENTAL V ALlDATION OF A SIMPLlFIED NUMERlCAL METHOD IN THE MODAL ANALYSIS OF THIN PIPES. Luísa Madureira, Francisco Q. Melo, Nuno V. Ramos, Jaime Monteiro, Mário A.P. Vazo

3 114 LOAD TRANSMISSION TOWARD A PLASTlC RING VIA AN ELASTlC MEDIA WITH SEVERAL STIFFNESS. Jacinto Cortés, Fernando N. Gurcía, Francisco M. Sánchcz, Alberto Reycs, Rodrigo J. Montalvo.

2914 ANALYSIS OF STABILlTY IN BORlNG OPERATlON WITH SECONDARY EFFECTS. M.Ruja Sckharn Rao, M.B.5.S. Reddy, K.Rama Kotaiah, Ch. Ratnam.

3048 STABlLlTY OF A NONLlNEAR 2 DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM VEHICLE SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE TIME-DELA YS. Raghavendra D. Naik, Pravin M. Singru.

3059 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINATION OF DESIGN LOAD FOR EXCA VATOR ATTACHMENTS FROM FIELD MEASUREMENT. Ju-Ho Kwak, 8yung-Joo Kim,Jae­Ohk Lee, Hyun-Koo Cho.

3083 NUMERICAL MODELLlNG OF TWO WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS STRENGTHENED WITH CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POL YMERS STRlPS. Dragos Banu, Rui C. Barros, Nicolac Taranu.

2890 COMPLEX MODAL ANAL YSIS OF A SLENDER VERTICAL ROTOR BY FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD. Cristiano E. Agostini, Edson A.C. Sousa.

30R4 NUMERlCAL MODELLING OF STRUCTURAL RESPONSE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE PLATES WITH CUT-OUTS STRENGTHENED WITH CARBON FIBER REfNFORCEO POL YMERlC COMPOSITES STRIPS. Dragos Banu, Rui C. Barros, Nicolae Taranu.

Table o/Contel/fs

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xxxv

15111 lntemationa/ Conference 011 Experime1ltal lIfechanics

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'" "'"

00 .

"" '"

o. ' .,

' ., ......... -

... GOF USIIl!J smooth Imol~ [5,S[

.... GOF u~ smooth)mols [10,10)

---'- ---------------.

.. -. -. -'. -_. - .•. . . - -. -- .... .• b2 mm (JIi~ dcn:Ay

Figure I - Goodness of fit for difTerenl smoo[hing parame[ers

,'OO •• IIIIi'iir".iljii""iL=:·lr!:::::=::j'===''IT,==:!''P~ •• r .... •oo

Figure 2 - Residual slress map obtaincd by the contour method for lhe maximum valuc ofGOF

It was concluded that the optimum results are obtained with an interpalation grid density equal to the CMM rneasurement grid density. Conceming the nurnber af srnoothing knots it was concluded that its value rnay only be fully tuned by trial and errar but engineering judgrnent can help to obtain ncar optimum parameters.

REFERENCES

[I]-M. B. Prime, R. Sebring, J. Edwards, D. Hughes, and P. Webster. Laser surfacc­contouring and spline data-smoothing for residual stress measurement. Experimental Mechanies, 44(2): 176-184,2004.

[21-M. B. Prime. Cross-sectional mapping of residual stresses by measuring the surface contour after a cu!. Journal of Engineering MateriaIs and Technology, 123(2): 162-168, 200 L

[3]-V Richter-Trummer. Characterization ofDifferent Alluminium Alloys ofthe Series 6000 and their Joining Processes. Master thesis, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, February 2008.

1132 Porto/Portl/gal, 22-27 JlI~V 2012

EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS. Neli' Trends and Perspectives

PAPERREF: 2851

NEW METHODOLOGY TO MEASURE RESIDUAL STRESSES BASED ON FBG SENSORS

P.M.G.P. Moreiral'o" J.E.P.C Ribeiro', R. BurbosaI

[Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal 1Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal (O)Emai/: pmgpm@fe.up.pt

ABSTRACT

Residual stresses are locked-in stresses which exist in a structural part without the application of any service or other extemalloads. The effects of residual stress rnay be either beneficiai ar detrirnental, depending upon the magnitude, sign, and distribution of the stress with respect to the in service applied loads. In most cases, residual stresses arise from the production processo

In arder to measure residual stress mechanical1y, the locked-in stress rnust be relieved so that a sensor can register the change in stmin caused by the relaxation of the stress. One of the most common methods to measure residual stresses is the hole drilling method, which can be considered almost non-destructive due to the hole small diameter. Electrical stmin gage rosettes are the sensors commonly used in this method. This type ofsensor can be problematic when used on industrial environments. In arder to eliminate this drawback the present study is focused on the development of a new methodology to replace thesc electrical sensors with fiber optie Bragg sensors. The results obtained, partieularly with the 3.2mm length grating sensors, were encouraging. The residual stress profile is in agreement with the one obtained for the electrical sensors.

INTRODUCTION

Today, due to weight and cost reduction policies there is an increasing pressure to bettcr understand the effect af residual stresses on the mechanical properties of a component/structure. lts failure ean be due to externaI loading eonjugated with loeked-in residual stresses. In most cases, residual stresses are created due to mechanically induced plasticity or by thermal effeets (Withers and Bhadeshia, 2001). Quantitative estimation of residual stresses is impartant for a safe perfonnance of structuraI components, (Venkitakrishnan et aI., 2007).

In arder to measure residual stress mechanical1y, the locked-in stress must be relieved so that a sensor can register the change in stmin caused by the relaxation of the stress. One of the most common methods to measure residual stresses is the hole drilling method, which can be considered almost non-destructive due to the hole small diarneter (Mathar 1934). This method, technique widely accepted for rneasuring residual stresses, involvcs drilling a small hole ioto the surface of a component at the centre of a special strain gage rosette and measuring the relieved strains. This type of sensor can be problematic when used on industrial environrnents, rnainly due to electrical noise and magnetic fields. In arder to eliminate this drawback, this study is focused on the development of a new rnethodology to replace the electrical sensors with fiber optie sensors, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. Afier installation and residual stress measurements, this new type af sensors can also be used to monitor the strain loading ofthe component during service.

Symp _19: Advanced lvfechanics for Residual Stress Measllrement 1133

15th JllIemational COIiferel1ce 011 Experimental Mechallics

RESULTS

A MIG welded plate was used as a component containing residual stresses. Two fiber optic rosettes, with 1.6 and 3.2mm gratings, were developed and tested. For comparison, two similar electric strain gage rosettes were also used. A detai! of a FBG rosette is presented in Figure 1. The results obtained for the 3.2mm sensor length, for the case of an clectrical and a FBG rosette, are presented in Figure 2.

Figure I - Experimental sctup, libcr optical roscttc. Figure 2 - Residual stress lield, 3.2mm Icngth scnsors.

CONCLUSIONS

The results obtained, particularly with the 3.2mm length grating sensors, were encouraging. The residual stress profile is in agreement with the one obtained with eleetrical sensors. New developments are being perfonned in arder to improve the methodology already developed.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

P. Moreira acknowledges POPH (Programa Operacional Potencial Humano) QREN (Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional) - Tipologia 4.2 promotion of scientific employrnent funded by the ESF (European Soeial Fund) and MCTES (Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia c Ensino Superior). The support of Universidade do Porto Pluridiseiplinar projects program is also acknowledge. The FBG sensors were kindly supplied by FiberSensing.

REFERENCES

[I]-Withers P. and Bhadeshia H., Overview - Residual stress part 2 - Nature and origins. Materiais Seience and Technology, 2001. 17(4): p. 366-375.

[2]-Venkitakrishnan P., Philip J. , and Krishnamurthy R., An assessment of stresses in thin walled welded tubes through hole drilling and sectioning methods. Joumal of Materiais Processing Technology, 2007. 185(1-3): p. 228-232.

[3]-Mathar J., Detennination oflnitial Stresses by Measuring the Defonnation Around Drilled Holes. ASME Transactions, 1934.56(4): p. 249-254.

1134 Porto/Portugal, 22-27 Ju(1' 2012

EXPER1 JvlENTAL MECHANICS. New Trelld~ and Perspecrives

PAPER REF: 2R43

ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN WELDED ELEMENTS AND STRUCTURES

Yuri Kudryavtscv(')

Structurallntegrity Tcchnologics Inc., Markham, Ootario, Canada (.)Emai/: ykudryavlsev@sintcc.ca

ABSTRACT

The objective of the study dcscribed in this paper is to identify the residual stress distribution and relaxation in standard welded specimens, large-scale welded panel imitating criticai, from the fatigue point ofview, zones ofwe!ded structure. The RS were measured after welding and in the process of fatigue loading of welded elements by the UltraMARS system that is based on using ultrasound.

INTRODUCTION

The residual stresses (RS) are one of the main faetors detennining the fatigue strength of materiais, parts and welded elements and this faetor should be taken into aceount during the design and manufacturing of different products (Trufyakov, 1995). Although certain progress has becn achicved in the developrnent of different experimental techniques, a considerable effort is still required to develop efficient and cost-effeetivc methods of residual stress analysis (Kudryavtsev, 2008). The application of an ultrasonic non-destructive method for residual stress measurernents had shown that, in many cases, this tcehnique is very efficicnt and allows measuring the residual stresses both in Iaboratory conditions and in real structurcs in field for a wide range ofmaterials (Kudryavtsev. 1985).

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The rneasurements af welding residual stress were perfonned for 8 and 15 mm thick specimens with longitudinal attachments welded from both sides and a large-scale welded pane!. The main plate dimensions are 700x115mm and 600x70mm for 15mm and 8mm thick specimens, respectively. The process ofresidual stress rneasurement in 15 mm thick specimen by using the UltraMARS system is presented in Figure I.

Figure I - Process af mcasurcmcnt ofrcsidual strcsscs in a wc!dcd spccimcn using the UltraMARS-7 systcm

s..vmp_19: Advanced Meclwllicsfor ResidI/ai Srress /lleasllremelll 1135