experimental methods for motivation objective...• viscosity directly affects friction and fluid...
TRANSCRIPT
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR
MULTI-GENRE NETWORKS
Tribology Behavior of Novel PEEK-MAX
or PEEK-MAB Composites during Fuel
Lubricated Sliding
Caleb Matzke
Mechanical Engineering
University of North Dakota
ARL Mentor: Dr. Stephen Berkebile
Directorate / Division: VTD / VICTOR ERP
Project Duration: 06/01/2020 to 08/21/2020
Motivation• High pressure fuel pumps are a vital component in Unmanned
Aerial Systems
• Wear and scuffing are major issues due to low lubricity fuel in
fuel pumps, fuel injectors and valves [1]
• Lubricity = Chemistry + Viscosity + Solid Lubricants
• Chemistry varies between fuels which results in different
material interactions (polar, non-polar, etc.)
• Viscosity directly affects friction and fluid film thickness
Objective• Overall: Expand operational capabilities to increase lifetime and
robustness of diesel fuel systems run with lower viscosity fuel
• Objective: Determine wear and coefficient of friction of MAX or
MAB phase composites with PEEK which are lubricated with
fuels of different chemistries (alkane, alcohol, hydrocarbon mix)
• Hypothesis: Addition of MAX/MAB-phase additions to PEEK will
decrease wear vs. PEEK during wet sliding (Dr. Gupta’s group
has validated this concept in dry sliding)
Plunger TappetCamshaft
assembly
High Pressure
Fuel Pump
Experimental Method• CSM Instruments Tribometer– Linear velocity: 31.4 cm/s
– Sliding distance of 500 m
– Load of 5, 10, and 20 N
– Disk radius of 10 mm
– 6 mm diameter alumina ball
• Syringe Pump– Lubricant flow rate of 0.5 mL/min• Ethanol, F-24 fuel, Dodecane
• Wear– Measure weight before and after with precision scale
Pin on Disk method
BackgroundMAX/MAB phases• Ternary solids
• Used to enhance tribological properties
• Desirable properties– Highly Damage resistant
– Creep resistant
– Readily machinable
– Conductive
– High oxidation resistance
• MAX/MAB phases of interest– Cr2AlC (MAX phase)
– MoAlB (MAB phase)
– These show promising wear results during dry sliding
• The MAX/MAB phases are being used as reinforcements in
composites
PEEK/MAX-PHASE OR PEEK/MAB-PHASE COMPOSITES• Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) – semicrystalline thermoplastic
polymer
• MAX/MAB phase reinforcements in PEEK have been shown to
act as a solid lubricants during dry sliding
• No liquid lubrication studies yet
[2] SEM SE image of the polished surface of: (a) PEEK–5%312Si
PEEK (inset shows the SEM SE polished surface of PEEK) surface,
(b) BSE image of the same region, (c) PEEK–10%312Si PEEK, (d)
BSE image of the same region, (e) PEEK–20%312Si PEEK, (f) BSE
image of the same region, (g) PEEK–30%312Si PEEK, and (h) BSE
image of the same region.
Fig A
Fig B Fig C
Fig A: Magnuson, M., & Mattesini, M. (2017). Chemical bonding and electronic-structure in MAX phases as viewed by X-ray spectroscopy and density functional theory.
Fig B: Kota, S., Zapata-Solvas, E., Ly, A. et al. Synthesis and Characterization of an Alumina Forming Nanolaminated Boride: MoAlB.
Fig C: Zhu, J. et al Recent advance in MXenes: A promising 2D material for catalysis, sensor and chemical adsorption
Discussion and Conclusions• Experiments with increased time duration should be conducted
to study the affect of MAX or MAB phase reinforcements under
F-24 lubrication
• Larger wear seen in the samples lubricated by F-24 compared to
those lubricated with ethanol– May be due to the chemical interactions of the fuel with the PEEK but more
experiments and analysis must be done to confirm
• Reliability should be increased with more replicate experiments
• PEEK-10% MoAlB is promising under ethanol lubrication as it
displays lower wear at 5 N and 20 N loads compared to Pure
PEEK
AcknowledgementsOther contributorsNikhil Murthy, Nickolas Johnson, Ryan Riihinen, Maharshi Dey, Sabah Javaid
Funding SourcesU.S. Army CRADA, Dean Professorship awarded to Dr. Gupta,
Army Educational Outreach Program College Qualified Leaders
Path Forward• Increase sample size
• Increased experiment duration for F-24 lubricated experiments
• Additional fuels– Dodecane
• Additional compositions– Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) - MAX/MAB
– 52100 steel – MAX/MAB
Results
0
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.1
0.125
0.15
0 100 200 300 400 500
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
)
Sliding Distance (m)
Pure PEEK
0
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.1
0.125
0.15
0 100 200 300 400 500
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
)
Sliding Distance (m)
PEEK-10% Cr2AlC(3 runs)
0
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.1
0.125
0.15
0 100 200 300 400 500
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
)
Sliding Distance (m)
PEEK-10% MoAlB(3 runs)
averaged µ
Pure PEEK 0.063
PEEK-10% Cr2AlC 0.060
PEEK-10% MoAlB 0.040
0
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.1
0.125
0.15
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
)
Average of All Runs
(3 runs)
Ethanol, Load: 5 N
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0 100 200 300 400 500
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
)
Sliding Distance (m)
Pure PEEK
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0 100 200 300 400 500
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
)
Sliding Distance (m)
PEEK-10% Cr2AlC(3 runs)
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0 100 200 300 400 500
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
)
Sliding Distance (m)
PEEK-10% MoAlB
averaged µ
Pure PEEK 0.056
PEEK-10% Cr2AlC 0.043
PEEK-10% MoAlB 0.072
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
) Average of All Runs
(3 runs)
(3 runs)
Ethanol, Load: 10 N
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0 100 200 300 400 500
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
)
Sliding Distance (m)
Pure PEEK
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0 100 200 300 400 500
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
)
Sliding Distance (m)
PEEK-10% Cr2AlC
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0 100 200 300 400 500
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
)
Sliding Distance (m)
PEEK-10% MoAlB
averaged µ
Pure PEEK 0.042
PEEK-10% Cr2AlC 0.053
PEEK-10% MoAlB 0.046
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
) Average of All Runs
(3 runs) (3 runs)
(3 runs)
Ethanol, Load: 20 N
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0 100 200 300 400 500
Co
effi
cein
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
)
Sliding Distance (m)
Pure PEEK
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0 100 200 300 400 500
Co
effi
cen
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
)
Sliding Distance (m)
PEEK-10% Cr2AlC
(5 runs)
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0 100 200 300 400 500
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
)
Sliding Distance (m)
PEEK-10% MoAlB(5 runs)
averaged µ
Pure PEEK 0.048
PEEK-10% Cr2AlC 0.079
PEEK-10% MoAlB 0.058
0
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.1
0.125
0.15
Co
effi
cien
t o
f Fr
icti
on
(µ
) Average of All Runs
(5 runs)
F-24 Fuel, Load: 20 N
1.0E-07
1.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.0E-02
Wea
r R
ate
(mm
3/ N
*m)
Load (N)
Wear under Ethanol Lubrication
Pure PEEK
PEEK-10% Cr2AlC
PEEK-10% MoAlB
5 20101.0E-07
1.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.0E-02
Wea
r R
ate
(mm
3/ N
*m)
Load (N)
Wear under F-24 Lubrication
Pure PEEK
PEEK-10% Cr2AlC
PEEK- 10% MoAlB20
• PEEK-10% MoAlB – Negligible wear under ethanol lubrication at a 5 N load
– Lowest wear under ethanol lubrication at 20 N
• Pure PEEK – Least wear under ethanol lubrication at 10 N
• Wear with F-24 fuel greater than with ethanol
[1] Qu, J. et al. (2005). Wear, 259(7-12), 1031-1040.
[2] S. Ghosh, st al. (2016). Journal of Engineering Tribology
Photo credit: Nikhil Murthy
Manufacturing ProcessA B C D E
PEEK Powder90 vol% PEEK
10 vol% MAX/MAB
Pure PEEK PEEK-10%
Cr2AlC
A. Scale – Measure appropriate amount of
powders
B. Ball mill – Mix powders for 5 minutes
C. Cold press – Press the powders in a 1-inch die
at 210 bar for 30 secs, twiceD. Hot press – Green body is press at 500 °C and
about 117.3 MPa
E. Rotary polisher – Substrate is polished to a
surface roughness of less than 1 µm
UND Advisor: Dr. Surojit Gupta
Assoc. Prof. of Mechanical Engineering
University of North Dakota