experimental study of “shin- poh” judoka’s way of feeling

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PHYSIOLOGY OF EXERCISE

Kazuhiko KuboyamaIPU Department of Health Science, Faculty of Physical Education (Japan)e-mail: [email protected]

Experimental study of “Shin- Poh”. Judoka’s way of feelingSubmission: 11.12.2012; acceptance: 05.03.2013

Key words: riai (The rational relationship of interactive movements between oneself and the opponent. Riai aspect of a psychological and physical), shin-poh (riai: a psychological aspect), gi-hoh (riai: a physical aspect)

AbstractAt Mount Kinpo (2599 m, Nagano, Japan) we measured an autonomic nerve of a judo-ka. We used a small electrocardiograph with an active tracer (AC301A,GMS. Co. Ltd., Japan) for an experiment. We measured a sympathetic and a parasympathetic stimulation in the body while the judo-ka was climbing up to the top of the mountain. We found the characteristics of the judo-ka from the data including sympathetic and the parasympathetic nerve reaction after climbing the mountain.

SummarySpectrum analysis was based on electrocardiogram and the high (HF) and low frequency (LF) power high frequency power (LF/HF) evaluated using an active tracer (AC301A,GMS. Co. Ltd.,Japan) [Hosonuma, Asano 2010].Sympathetic nerve activity index : LF/HF [Table 1]Parasympathetic nerve activity index : HF [Table 1]

Table 1. Judo-ka’s “Shin-Poh”, the relationship of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic

Sympathetic nervous system (LF/HF↑) Parasympathetic nervous system (HF↑) Active condition No activity

Tense Sleep.Stress Relaxation

Judo playing Meditation before and after Judo playingModified from J.C. Kincaid. (Medical Physiology 4thedition, Chap. 6, Fig. 6.1, 2012)

© Idōkan Poland Association “IDO MOVEMENT FOR CULTURE. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology”,

Vol. 13, no. 2 (2013), pp. 89-93 DOI: 10.14589/ido.13.2.7

Introduction

During the Warring States period of Japan (15th ~ 16th century), there was a history of fighting between the districts for more than 180 years (Onin War, 1428- raising of the Edo Shogunate,1605). The warriors actively practised “martial arts”: mental (shin-poh) and physical training (gi-hoh) for the fight, fighting techniques, weapons and armour skills were greatly developed. In this study, we focused on the bare hand martial arts “judo (jujutsu)” and “kappo” (medical technique and self-defense) [Kuboyama 2012a].

Kappo is the art of survival. Both martial arts were correspondingly used by great warriors

during the Warring States period. Kappo was a way of dealing with one’s own physical (Gi-hoh) and mental damage (Shin-poh) that occurred as a result of the opponent’s “Sappo”.

Today, kappo is a part of the medical system. However, in those times kappo was used by warriors, and therefore considered a martial art. In other words, kappo was one of the alternative techniques of “sappo” martial arts [Kuboyama 2012b]. In addition, in that era, the life of a warrior was not very valuable, so priority was given to “sappo”. Kappo as a part of martial arts, became a system of medical techniques (like the modern judo seifuku today) treating fractures, dislocations, sprains, and

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90 “IDO MOVEMENT FOR CULTURE. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology”, Vol. 13, no. 2 (2013)

bruises.Kappo and sappo in judo, shin-poh of the martial

arts are successful till now. We thought LF/HF or HF will be able to confirm the state of mind of the judoka (shin-poh). As a result, judoka’s way of feeling (shin-poh) became clear by an experiment [cf. Murayama 1990; Todo, Seki 1992; Magara 1993; Sasaki 2004; Murata, Toudou 2005; Sasaki, Brad, Murata 2005; Kuboyama 2006; Tezuka 2011; Iteya et al. 2011; Figure 1].

Subject Information

Descriptive characteristics of the subject are shown in Figure 1. A male subject was 48 years old. He graduated from Nippon Physical Education University in the Department of Martial Arts, with the level 5 in Judo. Recently, he has taught Judo to children, elderly persons and the disabled. He is a Judo-ka as well as a Judo-Therapist. “In other words, he is a master of Kappo” [Tezuka 1978; Asami 2000; Kuboyama 2012b].

Study Protocol (Method of Shin-poh, an investigation)

We attached AC301A to the subject. The subject, researcher and other parties started to climb the steep mountain (2599 m. Oct. 6, 2012) [Table 2, Photo 1].

The experiment for analysis of judoka’s feeling (HF↑↓or LF/HF↑↓) was the first time as an experimental study of “Shin- Poh”. In other words this experiment was not a physical fitness test for the judoka. We measured “the fluctuation of the feeling” [Table 2, Figure 2].

Figure 1. Modified from J. C. Kincaid. (Medical Physiology 4th edition. Chap.6, Fig.6.4, 2012)

(1)We attached AC301A and tested autonomic nerve.

(2) The experiment involving climbing Mt. Kinpo (Nagano)

(3)We arrived to the top. (2599m)

(4)We measured LF/HF and HF

Table 2. The photograph which is climbing a mountain (1,2,3,4).

Figure 2. Exercise (climbing) Protocols. Modified from Kuboyama.(Japan Society Mountain Medicine. Report of

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91Kuboyama K. — Experimental study of “Shin- Poh”. Judoka’s way of feeling

As a result of experiment

Experimental results supported the hypothesis. We observed LF/HF peculiar to a judoka’s and a wave pattern of the HF [Karabulut et al. 2006].

Table 2. showed the reaction of LF/HF and HF. For example, the wave pattern of [LF/HF↑] showed [Heart Rate/Force↑] . Contrarily, the wave pattern of [HF↓] showed [Heart Rate/Force↓].

During mountain climbing there were waveforms at [LF/HF↑],[HF↓]. It shows a predominance in the state of the sympathetic stimulation. And it is in a state (Figure 3, Dilation of the pupil). On the other hand, during “a break” of the mountain climbing, it was expected that it presents [LF/HF↓], a waveform of [HF↑]. And it is (Figure 3, Constriction of the pupil), [Johnson 1987; Masami, Eckhard 2012; Mikae, Kazunori 2012; Sudo, Saito, Nagai 2012].

Experimental result of judoka’s feeling (Wave pattern of LF/HF and HF)

Waving of LF/HF, [Figure 4-1 (Sympathetic stimulation)] and waving of HF, [Figure 4-2 (Parasympathetic stimulation)] were used to analyze

Shin-poh. The waves of LF/HF(↑↓) the change of the strain, and the wave of HF(↑↓ ) were the change of the slacking mind. (He was in a state of relaxation.)

The wave pattern of the sympathetic nerve underwent a change of a high reaction during mountain climbing. On the other hand, the parasympathetic nerve showed a low reaction at a mountain climbing. However, there were several times of strong reactions of FH. These reactions were a relaxation during activity. We thought the reaction peculiar to a judoka. Thus, we analyzed “judo-ka’s feeling” by using Anza, Shizen Hontai and Randori (Figure 5).Judo-ka was sitting with crossed legs, and he was in meditation during the Agura, before and after climbing. Shizen Hontai is an attitude of respect and thoughtfulness to one’s training partners, opponents, and all other people. Randori is an exercising of the Judo with a partner.In spite of the whole intense mountain climbing, we could confirm a wave pattern similar to Agura and Shizen Hontai (Figure 5, Zone 1, Zone 2). In addition, the wave pattern of FH↑ (Green Line shows a wave pattern of FH climbing a mountain) was generated “assuming to be that Shizen Hontai and Agura” during climbing. “Meditation of the Judo (Judo-ka’s feeling)” seemed to be carried out during mountain climbing. We thought that these reactions were judo-ka’s unique way of feeling.Conclusion

Shin-poh is “a way of feeling” of martial artists. We were able to draw it. And we were able to clarify “Shin-poh” climbing a mountain by this experiment. In addition, we were able to depict that a judo-ka’s

Table 2. Responses of Effectors to Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Stimulation

Effector Sympathetic ParasympatheticSkin Sweat glands Secretion [LF/HF↑] None [HF↑] Piloerector muscle Contraction[LF/HF↑] None [HF↑]

Skeletal muscle Dilatin[LF/HF↑] None[HF↑] Heart Rate/Force Increase[LF/HF↑] Decrease[HF↑]

Modified from J.C. Kincaid. ( Medical Physiology 4thedition. Chap.6 Figu.6.1 ,2012.)

Figure 3. Responses of Effects to Sympathetic (LF/HF) and Parasympathetic (HF) Stimulation.

Dilation of the pupil: Sympathetic (LF/HF ↑)

Constriction of the pupil: Parasympathetic (HF↑)

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Figure 4-2. Waving of HF during the activity of climbing a mountain. (HF: Average of 5 minutes)

Figure 4-1. Waving of LF/HF during the activity of climbing a mountain. (LF/HF: Average of 5 minutes)

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92 “IDO MOVEMENT FOR CULTURE. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology”, Vol. 13, no. 2 (2013)

experience (and feeling) of Judo and climbing a mountain (Figure 5).

As the result, we obtained the result that parasympathetic stimulation (HF↑) having expressed the psychological condition of Agura of the Judo-ka at the beginning of mountain climbing. During mountain climbing (“when he felt that took a break”), HF↑ represented a wave pattern of Agura and Shizen Hontai (Figure 5, Gap, Zone 1-2). These data suggested that the wave patterns during Judo playing could be similar to that of climbing.

Further reseach will be required to write the ethnography and to research Shin-poh. We will continue an investigation for Shin-poh whole aspect elucidation.

References

1. Asami T. (2000), Effects of Kappo Resuscitation Techniques in Budo, “Society of Mind-Body Science”, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 43-56.

2. Hosonuma I., Asano K. (2010), Studies on the Effects of Acupuncture and Moxibustion for Actute Mountain Sickness During Short Staying at the Summie of Mt. Fuji, “Japan Journal of Mountain Medicine”, vol. 30, pp. 169-177.

3. Iteya M., Murata N., Takahashi S., Colin T. (2011), A study of reasons for practitioner continuing to study Judo, “Japanese Academy of Budo”, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 13-23.

4. Johnson M. (1987), The Body in the Mind (The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason), The University of Chicago.

5. Karabulut M., Cramer J.T., Ryan E.D., Anderson R.L., Hull H.R., Sato Y., Abe T., Bemben M.G. (2006), Effects of KAATSU on muscular function during isometric exercise, ”International Journal of KAATSU Training Research”, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 19-28.

6. Kuboyama K. (2006), The present conditions and problem about the technical education in the Judo Therapy training school, Tokyo private school meeting for the study, 54.

7. Kuboyama K. (2012a), Study of Kappo, part 1.- Introducing JUDO THERAPY to Diploma of International Sport Studies (DISS) staff in NEW ZEALAND (IPC),”International Pacific University Bulletin”, vol. 6, pp. 223-230.

8. Kuboyama K. (2012b), Study of Kappo-Transformation of the Jujutsu Atemiwaza, “Japanese Academy of Budo”, vol. 45, p. 55.

9. Magara H. (1993), Technique of Takeuchi-Ryu Jiujitsu, Meiji Univ. collection of treaties, vol. 258, pp. 39-57.

10. Masami I., Eckhard S. (2012), Differential control of efferent sympathetic activity revisited, “The Journal of Physiological Sciences”, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 275-298.

11. Mikae F., Kazunori T. (2012), Relationship Between Salivary a-Amylase Activity and Heart Rate for Evaluation of the Sympathetic Nervous System of Children with Aurism, “The Japanese Journal of Special Education”, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 671-684.

Figure 5. Analyzing mountain climbing in JUDO (KAZU wrote, 2012) Red Line shows a wave pattern of LF/HF climbing a mountain. And Green Line shows a wave pattern of FH climbing a mountain. In other words Red and Green show a stimulation state of sympathetic nerve and the parasympathetic of each nerve. In the figure, Red frame and Green frame (Illustrations) show Agura (Green), Shizen Hontai (Green), Randori (Red) in JUDO.Agura : Sitting with crossed legs. And meditation performed in the Agura and Seiza before and after training.Shizen Hontai : An attitude of respect and thoughtfulness to one’s training partners, opponents, and all other people, for all Nature. Randori : An exercising of the Judo with a partner.

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93Kuboyama K. — Experimental study of “Shin- Poh”. Judoka’s way of feeling

12. Murata N., Toudou Y. (2005), A study on the origin of Jigoro Kano’s concept of mutual benefit in Judo, “Kodokan”, no. 10, pp. 7-13.

13. Murayama T. (1990), A cultural view of Budo licence in Budo and in Buddhist esotericism, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, no. 5.

14. Sasaki T. (2004), Judo activity of the people with a disability, “Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Fukushima University. Education, Psychology”, vol. 76, pp. 11-19.

15. Sasaki T., Brad B., Murata A. (2005), The Possiblility of Kinesitherapy for the Mentally Ill People Applying the Characteristics of the Martial Arts (Budo), “Bulletin of Center for Research and Development of Education, Fukushima University”, vol. 48, pp. 89-95.

16. Sudo H., Saito J., Nagai M. (2012), The odor of lavender maintains the pattern of autonomic nervous actives during sleep in humans exposed to stress, “Mt.Fuji Study”, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 9-15.

17. Tezuka M. (1978), Experiment physiologic study of “Ochi” by the judo choke Bunkasibou, Co. Ltd., Japan.

18. Tezuka M. (2011), Think about Ochi and Kappo, “Journal of Judo”, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 72-73.

19. Todo Y., Seki S. (1992), A study of Kano’s view of Budo Keeping Bujyutsu and a relation with Aiki Budo, “Bull. Inst. Health and Sport Sciences, Univ. of Tsukuba”, no. 15, pp. 37-43.

Badania doświadczalne “Shin-Poh”. Sposób odczuwania judoki

Słowa kluczowe: riai (racjonalny związek interak-tywnych ruchów między sobą a przeciwnikiem), riai (aspekt psychiczny i fizyczny), shin-poh (aspekt psychologiczny), gi-hoh (aspekt fizyczny)

StreszczenieCelem autora było zbadanie samopoczucia judoki w trakcie wspinaczki wysokogórskiej i porównanie wyników do uzyskanych w czasie walki.W czasie wspinaczki na Mount Kinpo (2599 m n.p.m., Nagano, Japonia) autor dokonał pomiaru autonomicznych nerwów judoki, używając małego elektrokardiografu z aktywnym tracerem (AC301A, GMS. Ltd., Japonia). Pomiar dotyczył współczulnej i przywspółczulnej stymulacji w organizmie podczas wspinania się na szczyt góry oraz stworzenia charakterystyki judoki. Podmiotem badania był 48-letni judoka (5 dan) z doświadczeniem w pracy z dziećmi, osobami starszymi i niepełnosprawnymi.Autor mówi także o technikach walki: mentalnych (shin-poh) i fizycznych (gi-hoh), przedstawia wyjaśnienia dotyczące „kappo” (sposobu radzenia sobie z fizycznymi i psychicznymi defektami), metody uważanej za element systemu sztuk walki.W rezultacie eksperymentu stwierdzono, że wysiłek podejmowany w czasie walki judo jest podobny do rezultatu osiągniętego w czasie wspinaczki wysokogórskiej.

experimental study of “shin- poh” judoka’s way of feeling

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